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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI HANG NGA HONORIFICS IN JAPANESE AND EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE Major: Code: Comparative, contrastive linguistics 9.22.20.24 ABSTRACT OF LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS HÀ NỘI – 2023 The work is completed at: LANGUAGE AND CULTURE DEPARTMENT GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisor: Assoc Prof Hoàng Anh Thi Referee 1: Referee 2: Referee 3: The thesis will be defended before Board of Doctoral Thesis Examination at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi At hour … minute, date … month year 2023 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION 1.The urgency of the subject Japanese honorifics is a very important category for learners and users of Japanese Using honorifics well will make an important contribution to communicate in Japanese successfully It is very difficult to use honorifics well Honorifics is not only a matter of language, but it is also related to social culture: position, distance, close relationship, inside and outside relationship The complexity of Japanese honorifics has also attracted the attention of many researchers around the world, as well as in Japan and Vietnam Linguists and Japanese language educators have produced a lot of research works on Japanese honorifics However, up to now, there has not been any clear research of studying Japanese honorifics from a comparative perspective with Vietnamese In fact, many Japanese learners and users, even those who have reached intermediateadvanced level of Japanese, still feel very confused and make many mistakes when using honorifics Therefore, it is necessary to study honorifics in Japanese and compare them with equivalent expressions in Vietnamese The research results will contribute to help teachers, learners and users of Japanese to find an effective approach to Japanese honorifics That's why we carry out the topic: "Honorifics in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese" 2.Purpose and duty of doing research 2.1 Purpose of doing research The purpose of the thesis is to research and analyze to find out the similarities and differences between honorifics in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese 2.2 Duty of doing research To achieve the above goal, the thesis has the following specific tasks: (1) Overviewing important studies, gathering and researching theoretical perspectives on Japanese honorifics (2) Describing methods of expressing honorifics in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese; Analyzing the similarities and differences of honorifics in Japanese with equivalent expressions in Vietnamese (3)Analyzing corpus using honorifics in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese Analyzing some social rules, also national cultural characteristics expressed through honorifics in Japanese Comparing the Japanese honorifics features with equivalent expressions in Vietnamese in terms of grammar and vocabulary (4)Analyzing actual corpus on how to translate Japanese honorifics statements in into Vietnamese Object, scope of research and sources of data 3.1 Object of research The research object of the thesis is honorific expressions in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese in terms of grammar and vocabulary 3.2 Scope of research The thesis studies how to express honorifics in Japanese through grammatical and lexical methods, and compares with these methods used in equivalent expressions in Vietnamese 3.3 Sources of data *Japanese language: The sources of data we use in the thesis is extracted from literary works The three works are: “The Heart” of Natsume Souseki, “I am a Cat” by Natsume Souseki, “The innocent Boy” by Natsume Souseki Data collected from works include rich honorific expressions These are the typical works of famous writers, written in the early twentieth century In addition, we also use documents taken from reputable Japanese books and dictionaries *Vietnamese language: We collect the equivalent expressions of Japanese honorifics in Vietnamese from dialogues excerpted in Vietnamese literary works Six typical literary works of Vietnam in the period equivalent to Japanese novels are used: “Turning out the lights” and “Tents” by Ngo Tat To, “Breaking the dike” and “Red numbers” by Vu Trong Phung, “Dan temple” by Nguyen Tuan, “Novel of new day” by Thach Lam Moreover, we also use documents taken from reputable Vietnamese books and dictionaries Methods of research The thesis uses some following research methods : - The comparative method is used to analyze and compare languages and cultures in order to find similarities and differences in Japanese honorifics expressions and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese - In addition, we also use descriptive methods, contextual and discourse analysis methods, statistical methods, classification, quantitative analysis, and qualitative analysis New scientific contributions of the thesis The thesis has systematized and clarified the theory of Japanese honorifics and analyzed the similarities and differences in the expression of Japanese honorifics compared with equivalent expressions in Vietnamese The thesis has also pointed out and analyzed some features when translating Japanese honorifics into Vietnamese Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical significance The research results of the thesis contribute to clarify the relationship between language and culture, which governs the use of language The thesis clarifies Japanese honorifics with the equivalent expressions in Vietnamese under the influence of similarities or differences in socio-cultural rules 6.2 Practical significance The research results of the thesis contribute to the studying, teaching, using and researching honorifics Japanese in the comprehensive and systematic way The thesis conducts the similarities and differences in national cultural characteristics between Japanese and Vietnamese expressed through honorifics and equivalent expressions The layout of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis is expected to have a structure of chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and theoretical basis Chapter 2: Grammatical methods of expressing honorifics in Japanese and equivalent ones in Vietnamese Chapter 3: Lexical methods for expressing Japanese honorifics and equivalent ones in Vietnamese Chapter 4: Survey on the translation of honorifics from Japanese into Vietnamese through some literary works and Vietnamese translations CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Overview of research situation 1.1.1 General researches on study of Japanese honorifics 1.1.1.1 General researches in the world on study of Japanese honorifics Famous Japanese linguists studying Japanese honorifics such as: 石坂正蔵 (Ishizaka Shouzou), 江湖山恒明(Eguchi Tsuneaki), 辻村敏樹(Tsujimura Toshiki), 宮地裕(Miyaji Yutaka), 大石初太郎( Oishi Hatsutarou) with valuable research works such as: “Honorary treatise” (1944), “Modern Honorifics”(1967）, “Using honorifics”, (1991) “Theory of honorifics” (1992)… Some Western scholars are also very interested in Japanese honorifics, such as Cook, H M., Maynard, S., Chen, W with some famous works such as [67],[68], [69],[70]…The Japanese honorific system has two types: honorifics for the subject and the honorifics for dialogue 1.1.1.2 General researches in Vietnam on study of Japanese honorifics In Vietnam, a number of linguists such as Tran Son [33], Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh [39], Nguyen To Chung [10], have also had a number of research articles on honorifics in Japanese language These works show some features of honorifics in Japanese One of the most recent articles "Honorary expressions in Japanese" was published in the journal "Language Science" No 46, Hanoi University 1.1.2.General researches on study of Japanese honorifics in relation to politeness 1.1.2.1 General researches in the world on study of Japanese honorifics in relation to politeness Honorifics and politeness have an undeniable relationship, attracting the attention of many world scholars Studying honorifics in relation to politeness will reveal more clearly the linguistic and cultural characteristics used in honorifics Many researchers around the world have been interested in this issue such as: Michel Haugh, Xiang Dong Liu, Todd James Allen, Yasuko Obana, Ide Sachiko, Matsumoto Yoshiko Honorifics is an important language tool to espress politeness in Japanese Japanese honorifics adhere to a certain number of norms depending on the linguistic characteristics of Japanese language and cultural characteristics 1.1.2.2.General researches in Vietnam on study of Japanese honorifics in relation to politeness Honorifics and politeness in Japanese has also attracted the attention of many Vietnamese researchers such as: Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh, Hoang Anh Thi, Le Thi Thu Hong, Ngo Huong Lan There are also many studies on politeness in Vietnamese language such as the researches of Vu Thi Thanh Huong, Nguyen Van Khang, Nguyen Thi Luong, Ta Thi Thanh Tam, Many studies of Vu Thi Thanh Huong conduct scientific significance such as "Gender and politeness" (1999), "Calendar manners and methods of showing politeness in Vietnamese supplications, words, gender and social groups from Vietnamese practice” and many other studies Nguyen Van Khang is also a schoolar who has made remarkable studies on politeness in Vietnamese such as "Speech etiquette in family communication of Vietnamese people"; "Sociolinguistics" 1.2.Theoritical basis 1.2.1 Concepts of Japanese honorifics 1.2.1.1 Japanese honorific concepts in dictionaries A number of reputable major Japanese dictionaries refer to the concept of honorifics as follows: Kojien Dictionary defines “Honorifics as a linguistic expression that shows relationships related to status, hierarchy, and familiarity of the speaker or the writer with the synopsis and the dialogue.” [169, p814] In addition, the Shinmeikai Kokugo Jiten dictionary introduces the concept "Honorific is the word that the speaker or the writer uses to show politeness, respect to the homonym, or dialogue" [168, p.409] 1.2.1.2 Japanese honorific concepts of researchers Many famous scholars in the world have expressed their views on Japanese honorifics such as: Mitsuhashi Masahiro, Mitsuya Shigematsu, Tsujimura Yasuto, Kukichi Yasuhito, Obana Yasuko In this thesis, we think it is necessary to use the Japanese term "honorific language" in parallel with the Vietnamese term "polite language" Honorifics is one of the ways expressing politeness with encoding system in some languages as Japanese or Korean, while in other languages like Vietnamese, this encoding system is not available 1.2.2 Classification of Japanese honorifics 1.2.2.1.The first classification direction It is a classification of some scholars based on the beneficiaries of honorifics and divided into subject honorifics and dialogue honorifics (it can also be called direct honorifics and indirect honorifics) The taxonomy of recognizing honorifics from the target audience, was initiated by scholars such as: Brown & Levinson, Tsujimura Yasuto, Mori Yuta, etc These scholars believe that Japanese honorifics have two main types: 理解主体敬語 (subject honorifics) and 話題敬語 (dialogue honorifics) 1.2.2.2 The second classification direction Some important studies follow this trend such as: “Report on Japanese honorifics of the Japanese Cultural Council in 2007”, which divided honorifics into sub-categories and research by 蒲谷博 (Kabaya Hiroshi),(2017), that divided honorifics into 11 subcategories There are many different views on the classification of honorifics in Japanese However, the views are largely unified based on the classification of Japanese honorifics into three categories We agree to divide Japanese honorifics according to their classification into three main categories: respectful speech, humble speech and polite speech 1.2.3 Some features of language and communication culture related to Japanese honorifics 1.2.3.1 Linguistic features of Japanese * Type of language: Japanese is an agglutinative language Suffixes in Japanese include prefixes and suffixes * Sentence structure: According to 仁田義雄(2009), Japanese sentence structure is S-O-V (S is subject, O is object, V is verb) The verb comes at the end of the sentence, after the object Verbs carry the role of performing a very important honorific function, in many cases can "represent" the subject *Synonyms: In Japanese, the Kojiten dictionary also defines 「同義語」 (synonyms), which are words that are similar in meaning but different in sound and semantic nuances such as 「する」(do) and 「なさる」(do).[169] * Words of Chinese origin: Sino-Japanese words and SinoVietnamese words often have more formal nuances than pure Japanese and pure Vietnamese words However, Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese words also have some unique characteristics due to the contact process as well as the inherent different characteristics of the two languages These characteristics also affect the methods of honorifics expressions in Japanese and the equivalents in Vietnamese 1.2.3.2 Features of communication culture in Japanese Speaker, listener and topic are important components of communication, indispensable in the communication process Between the components in a communication there are mutual relationships and interactions, which govern communication in both content and form According to Ide's studies, honorifics is one way to show the relationship between objects participating in communication Those are interpersonal relationships including upper-lower position, familiar-strange relationship, and insideoutside relationship.[97] 1.2.4 Theoretical foundations of comparative linguistics Comparative linguistics can be done in one of two ways One is parallelism, which means that the languages being compared are described, analyzed, and compared on all sides equally Second, taking one language as a basis for guidance, this language is the object language to be analyzed and clarified, the other language will be the means and conditions that allow elucidation of the characteristics of the object language In this thesis, we make the comparison in the second direction Japanese is the guiding language, Vietnamese is used as a means of comparison 1.3 Subconclusion 11 CHAPTER GENERAL METHODS OF SIGNING GLASSES IN JAPANESE AND EQUALITY IN VIETNAMESE 2.1 Grammatical methods of expressing honorifics in Japanese 2.1.1 The methods of using the Japanese honorific prefix 2.1.1.1.Prefix denoting respect 2.1.1.2 Prefix denoting humility 2.1.1.3 Polite prefix 2.1.2 The methods of using the suffix to indicate honorifics in Japanese 2.1.2.1 Suffix indicating respect 2.1.2.2 Suffix indicating humility 2.1.2.3 Suffix indicating polite language 2.1.3 The methods of using prefixes combined with suffixes to denote Japanese honorifics 2.1.3.1.Prefix combined with suffix denoting respect 2.1.3.2.Prefix combined with suffix denoting humility * Survey results on grammatical methods showing honorifics in Japanese Chart 2.2 Grammatical methods expressing Japanese honorifics Among the grammatical methods that express Japanese honorifics, the method of using prefix accounts for 44.5% (257 times of expression) This method accounts for the highest percentage of grammatical methods If the ratio is calculated in the general methods 12 (including among the expressions according to the grammatical methods and the lexical methods), the method using the prefix denoting the Japanese honorifics also accounts for the highest percentage compared with other methods (27.3%) Thus, it can be affirmed that prefixes plays a huge role in the formation of honorific expressions in Japanese 2.2 Equivalent grammatical expressions in Vietnamese 2.2.1.Using the polite subject-subject structure in Vietnamese In Vietnamese, if either subject or predicate is missing, the sentence becomes a unclearn sentence The two basic elements above, in addition to the role of ensuring the completeness to express the content of a sentence, also have an interpersonal function In actual communication, sentences are expressed into utterances, which can have all the core components as mentioned above, or they can also be reduced sentences However, the speech of all components is considered to have a role to show the politeness and respect of the speakers 2.2.2 Using the expletives to show politeness in Vietnamese Expletives is used to distinguish in the relationship between the speakers and the listeners In particular, the word "ạ" is mainly used in the relationship of the lower people with the upper ones to show respect The unique feature of the word "ạ" is that it can appear after all other words to adjust the speakers’ attitude towards the listeners 2.2.3 Polite combination terms in Vietnamese 2.2.3.1 The word "qúy" in the Vietnamese polite combination terms 2.3.3.2 The word "kính" in the Vietnamese polite combination terms 2.3.3.3 Some other words in the Vietnamese polite combination terms 2.3.3.4 Polite combination term "dạ", "vâng" in Vietnamese 13 * Survey results of grammatical methods of equivalent expressions in Vietnamese The survey results in the grammatical methods of showing politeness in Vietnamese is shown in the chart below Figure 2.5 Rate of polite expressions in Vietnamese of grammatical methods The chart above shows that the method using the subject-predicate structure to show politeness in Vietnamese accounts for the highest proportion with 69.1% (174 polite expressions) 2.3 Comparing grammatical methods of Japanese honorifics with equivalent expressions in Vietnamese 2.3.1 Differences in the frequency of using grammatical methods Grammatical methods used to show Japanese honorifics (61.3%) accounted for a higher proportion than lexical methods (39.7%) Meanwhile, for Vietnamese, lexical methods (65.8%) are used higher than grammatical methods (34.2%) This result shows that Japanese honorifics are dominated by grammar more than vocabulary Meanwhile, for Vietnamese, the dominant role of politeness of vocabulary is more than grammar Returning to the grammatical methods showing Japanese honorifics, the tables also show that the prefix agglutination method (44.5%) 14 accounted for the highest frequency, followed by the suffix method (37.8%, the method using prefixes combined with suffixes accounted for the lowest proportion (17.7%) For Vietnamese, among the grammatical methods, the method using the subject-predicate sentence structure (69.1%) accounts for the highest percentage, followed by the method using expletives (19.8%) The method with the lowest frequency is using polite combination, accounting for 11.1% 2.3.2 Differences in expressing forms in grammatical methods Grammatical methods of expressing honorifics in Japanese are used in many forms The form of a word is changed by using prefix or a suffix or both prefix and suffix Most types of real words in Japanese (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) are participate in expressing Japanese honorifics Meanwhile, the equivalent methods in Vietnamese are mainly at the larger level of words and sentences (polite combinations and subject-predicate sentence structure or expletives) 2.4 Subconclusion The main grammatical means of expressing Japanese honorifics are affixes, including prefixes and suffixes The prefix method accounts for a higher percentage than the other methods Vietnamese has three main methods: subject-predicate sentence structure, polite combination and expletives The method of using the polite subject-predicate sentence structure in Vietnamese accounts for the highest percentage compared to other grammatical methods There exists a clear difference between the grammatical methods of expressing honorifics in Japanese and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese The grammatical role prevails in the expression of honorifics in Japanese compared to Vietnamese The method of concatenation of affixes shows the most prominent linguistic morphological features of Japanese that are not available in isolated languages such as Vietnamese Meanwhile, Vietnamese has a method of expressing the morphological characteristics of a typical 15 isolated language, which is the method of using the structure of subject-predicate sentences Regarding the form of honorifics, the method of using affixes in Japanese is very rich Prefixes, suffixes, or a combination of both prefixes and suffixes are used This method can also be combined with verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs…It also shows all three types of Japanese honorifics The above initial results will be the orientation for the thesis to further study the characteristics of using lexical methods to express Japanese honorifics and equivalents in Vietnamese in the next chapter CHAPTER LEXICAL METHODS FOR JAPANESE VALUES AND EQUIVALENCE IN VIETNAMESE 3.1 Lexical methods to show honorifics in Japanese 3.1.1 Japanese honorific vocative terms 3.1.1.1 Personal pronouns denoting Japanese honorifics 3.1.1.2 Vocative kinship terms denoting Japanese honorifics 3.1.1.3 Occupation nouns denoting Japanese honorifics 3.1.2 Polite synonyms denoting Japanese honorifics 3.1.2.1 Japanese honorifics synonyms 3.1.2.2 Polite noun synonyms indicating Japanese honorifics 3.1.2.3 Polite adverbs and adjective synonyms denoting Japanese honorifics 3.1.3 Sino-Japanese words denoting Japanese honorifics The Japanese vocabulary system includes both pure Japanese words (Wago) and Sino-Japanese words (Kango) Sino-Japanese words in Japanese often show more formality than pure Japanese words 3.2 Lexical expressions showing politeness in Vietnamese 3.2.1 Vocative terms showing politeness in Vietnamese 3.2.1.1 Personal pronouns showing politeness in Vietnamese 16 3.2.1.2 Vocative kinship terms showing politeness in Vietnamese 3.2.1.3 Occupation nouns showing politeness in Vietnamese 3.2.2 Polite synonyms for polite expressions in Vietnamese 3.2.3 Sino-Vietnamese words showing politeness in Vietnamese 3.3 Comparing lexical methods of Japanese honorifics and equivalents in Vietnamese 3.3.1 Comparing vocative terms honorifics in Japanese with their equivalents in Vietnamese *Similarities and differences as using personal pronouns In Japanese, a group of pronouns expressing formal nuances appear in the first personal pronouns, the second personal pronouns and the third personal pronouns In Vietnamese, pronouns expressing formal nuances only appear in the second personal pronouns and the third personal pronouns * Similarities and differences as using vocative kinship terms Japanese has two systems of vocative kinship terms for people from the same family and for people who are not from the same family The vocative kinship terms used for people of other families have nuances of respect Meanwhile, Vietnamese only has a system of common vocative kinship terms for superiors, distinguished from kinship for subordinates, regardless of whether they are inside or outside the family In other words, Vietnamese emphasizes the upper-lower relationship, while Japanese emphasizes the difference in the inside-outer relationship * Similarities and differences as using occupation nouns In Japanese, nouns indicating job positions are combined with surnames while in Vietnamese, names are combined with nouns indicating the positions In addition, in Vietnamese, there is also a form of combining the vocative kinship term with a noun indicating a professional position 17 3.2.2 Comparing polite synonyms honorifics in Japanese with their Vietnamese equivalents The frequency using polite synonyms honorifics in Japanese (37.5%) is much higher than in Vietnamese (6.2%) The system of polite synonyms acting as honorifics in Japanese is also much richer than in Vietnamese 3.3.3 Comparing Sino-Japanese honorifics with equivalents in Vietnamese Sino-Japanese words and Sino-Vietnamese words still exist in these two East Asian languages to show solemnity and reverence in some communication situations However, the percentage of using SinoJapanese honorifics is higher than that of Vietnamese 3.4 Subconclusion Both Vietnamese and Japanese use three lexical methods: vocative terms, polite synonyms and Chinese original words as means of expressing polite nuances However, there are many differences in each method of polite expression in Vietnamese and Japanese Both Japanese and Vietnamese have personal pronouns in groups, used to express different polite nuances in communication However, in Japanese, the first personal pronouns have a humble meaning to ensure politeness, while the 2nd and 3rd personal pronouns show the meaning of reverence for the listeners In Vietnamese, the subject plays a very important role to show the politeness, but in a Japanese, the opposite is true In Japanese, nouns indicating job positions are combined with surnames while in Vietnamese, names are combined with nouns indicating the positions In addition, in Vietnamese, there is also a form of combining the vocative kinship term with a noun indicating a professional position In Vietnamese, polite synonyms express both the respect to others and the humility of the speakers In Japanese, this group is divided 18 into much more complex categories, with polite synonyms system of reverence and one of humility Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese words with polite function are included in both nouns and verbs CHAPTER SURVEY ON THE TRANSLATION OF HONORIDICS FROM JAPANESE INTO VIETNAMESE THROUGH SOME JAPANESE LITERARY WORKS AND VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS 4.1 Survey descriptions 4.1.1 Scope and purpose of the survey 4.1.2 The way of conducting the survey 4.2 Survey results 4.2.1 General description of honorifics translation The thesis collected 326 honorific expressions from 182 statements in dialogues of three literary works These honorifics expressions are very diverse and rich in lexical and grammatical methods Altlthough the original Japanese honorifics used grammatical methods has higher rate (65,9%), honorifics translation by lexical methods accounts for a superior proportion (253/476 cases, accounting for 53.2%) compared to grammatical means (223/476 cases, accounting for 46.8%) The important similarity is that the politeness, interpersonal relationships and status between the characters in the dialogue are not changed 4.2.2 Honorifics translation using vocative terms There are three vocative terms in Vietnamese: personal pronouns, vocative kinship terms, professional nouns The translation by vocative terms is actually divided into two cases: 1) The original has vocative terms (or vocative terms combined with other honorific 19 methods), which is equivalently translated by vocative terms in Vietnamese (or by vocative terms combined with other methods); 2) The original uses other honorific methods without vocative terms, which is translated by vocative terms (or by vocative terms combined with other methods) Vocative terms account for a small proportion and not occupy an important position compared to other methods in expressing Japanese honorifics Even so, honorifics expressions have almost been translated into Vietnamese by vocative terms This shows that the vocative terms is a very important polite methods of Vietnamese language to express politeness 4.2.3 Honorifics translation using subject-predicate structure Although subject-predicate sentence structures is not methods used to express Japanese honorifics, it gets the second highest frequency after the method of using vocative terms (with 171 expressions, accounting for 35.9%) in Vietnamese equivalent honorifics translation.Vietnamese translation conveys politeness by subjectsubject sentence structure method or subject-subject sentence structure method combined with other methods 4.2.4 Honorifics translation using expletives Besides the two methods used with the highest rate above, expletives is used to translate Japanese honorifics into Vietnamese with higher rate compared with remaining methods (38 expressions, accounting for 8%) 4.2.5 Honorifics translation using polite synonyms The method of using polite synonyms in Vietnamese to convey the respectful meaning of honorifics in the original Japanese language accounts for the smallest proportion (1.3% with expressions) This method is often combined with other methods to increase the honorific level of the utterance 4.2.6 Honorifics translation using original Chinese words 20 The method of using Sino-Vietnamese words to convey the honorific meaning of the original Japanese utterance accounts for a small proportion (3.2% with 15 expressions) 4.2.7 Honorifics translation using polite combination terms Althouth the method of using polite combination terms to convey the honorific meaning of the original Japanese utterance accounts for a small proportion (2.9% with 14 expressions), it is often indispensable in public speech 4.3 Subconclusion In literary works, Japanese honorifics uses mainly grammatical methods Meanwhile, most honorific expressions are translated into Vietnamese by vocative terms, followed by subject-predicat structure method and then expletives method Other methods are used at a very small rate and often combined with the three main methods above such as: polite synonyms, Sino-Vietnamese words and polite combination terms Some utterances in Japanese and Vietnamese translation are expressed in equal numbers of polite expressions However, some utterances Japanese language get more polite expressions than Vietnamese ones, and conversely, sone utterances in Vietnamese translation get more polite expressions than ones in Japanese The methods and positions expressing politeness in Vietnamese is different from ones in Japanese Japanese honorifics are expressed by affixes combined with verbs, nouns or adjectives, but when translated into Vietnamese, they are mainly expressed by vocative terms at the beginning of the sentence or the subject-predicate structure method with the highest proportion Using the combination of some polite expression methods in Vietnamese to convey honorific meanings in Japanese speech also get great percentage 21 CONCLUSION 1) We agree with the point of view, honorifics and politeness coexist in the Japanese language Honorifics is one of the forms of polite expression in Japanese It has its own system of patterns and forms called Keigo - Honorifics.Japanese honorifics is a way of using the language that the speakers use to show politeness, courtesy, and respect to the remaining participants in the communication: the listenners or the topics or both the listeners and the topics Language is used to express honorifics on both grammatical and lexical features 2) Japanese honorifics is a category indicating social output, it expresses interpersonal relationships in society such as: upper-lower relationship, familiar-strange relationship, inner-outer relationship People below show their respect to people above, reverence is also shown to people who meet for the first time or who are considered partners Modern Japanese honorifics are divided into three basic types: respectful speech, humble speech, and polite speech Respectful speech is used in the case to show respect the listeners Humble speech is expressed by certain forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives when talking about activities, states, properties of the listeners or the topics related to the listeners Humble speech is used to pay homage to the listeners by lowering the position of the speakers when talking about the activities and status of the speakers Humble speech is expressed by certain forms of verbs, nouns when talking about activities, states, properties of the speakers Polite speech or neutral honorifics is used to show politeness Polite language is expressed by certain forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives when talking about activities, states, properties of both the listeners, the speakers and the topics 3) Japanese is an agglutinative language with the outstanding feature that affixes plays a very important role in the grammatical activities 22 of the language Vietnamese is an isolated language, grammatical relationships and grammatical meanings are mainly expressed by expletives and word order.Japanese sentence structure is S-O-V, Vietnamese sentence structure is S-V-O (S is subject, O is object, V is verb) In communication in Japanese, the role of verbs in Japanese sentences is very important Verbs in Japanese statements also contain meanings about the attitude and level of politeness that speakers want to show 4) Both Japanese and Vietnamese have synonyms and Chinese words The original Chinese word in Japanese is called SinoJapanese word, the Chinese word in Vietnamese is called SinoVietnamese word However, Sino-Japanese words and SinoVietnamese words also have some differences due to the contact process as well as the different inherent characteristics of the two languages 5) The main grammatical methods of expressing Japanese honorifics are affixes, including prefixes and suffixes The prefix method accounts for a higher percentage than the other methods.Vietnamese has three main grammatical methods: subject-predicate sentence structure, polite combination and expletives The method of using the polite subject-predicate sentence structure in Vietnamese accounts for the highest percentage compared to other grammatical methods The grammatical role prevails in the expression of honorifics in Japanese compared to Vietnamese The method of concatenation of affixes shows the most prominent linguistic morphological features of Japanese that are not available in isolated languages such as Vietnamese Meanwhile, Vietnamese has a method of expressing the morphological characteristics of a typical isolated language, which is the method of using the structure of subject-predicate sentences 23 Both Vietnamese and Japanese use three lexical methods: vocative terms, polite synonyms and Chinese original words as means of expressing polite nuances However, there are many differences in each method of polite expression in Vietnamese and Japanese Both Japanese and Vietnamese have personal pronouns in groups, used to express different polite nuances in communication However, in Japanese, the first personal pronouns have a humble meaning to ensure politeness, while the 2nd and 3rd personal pronouns show the meaning of reverence for the listeners In Japanese, nouns indicating job positions are combined with surnames while in Vietnamese, names are combined with nouns indicating the positions In addition, in Vietnamese, there is also a form of combining the vocative kinship term with a noun indicating a professional position 10 In Vietnamese, polite synonyms express both the respect to others and the humility of the speakers In Japanese, this group is divided into much more complex categories, with polite synonyms system of reverence and one of humility 11 Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese words with polite function are included in both nouns and verbs In literary works, Japanese honorifics uses mainly grammatical methods Meanwhile, most honorific expressions are translated into Vietnamese by vocative terms, followed by subject-predicat structure method and then expletives method Other methods are used at a very small rate and often combined with the three main methods above such as: polite synonyms, Sino-Vietnamese words and polite combination terms 12 Some utterances in Japanese and Vietnamese translation are expressed in equal numbers of polite expressions However, some utterances Japanese language get more polite expressions than Vietnamese ones, and conversely, sone utterances in Vietnamese translation get more polite expressions than ones in Japanese 24 13 The methods and positions expressing politeness in Vietnamese is different from ones in Japanese Japanese honorifics are expressed by affixes combined with verbs, nouns or adjectives, but when translated into Vietnamese, they are mainly expressed by vocative terms at the beginning of the sentence or the subject-predicate structure method with the highest proportion Using the combination of some polite expression methods in Vietnamese to convey honorific meanings in Japanese speech also get great percentage 14 With limited capacity, the thesis has not been able to study a number of issues related to Japanese honorifics, for example, comparing the uses of Japanese honorifics and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese in specific contexts such as communication in the workplace, communication in the family These are still open issues, hopefully there will be many research works to solve these problems in the future 25 SCIENTIFIC WORKS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE TITLE OF THESIS Nguyen Thi Hang Nga (2020), "Affixes to show honorifics in Japanese", Journal of Lexicography and Encyclopedia, No 2(64)/2020 Nguyen Thi Hang Nga (2020), "Some typical errors and suggestions to avoid errors when using Japanese honorifics (in case of non-Japanese majoring students – Hanoi University of Industry)", Journal of Language and Life , No 11A(304)/2020 Hoang Anh Thi, Nguyen Thi Hang Nga (2022), "Honorifics- polite expressions of Japanese and equivalents in Vietnamese", Journal of Language and Life, No 4(324)/2022