Awareness of local people environmental issue and young people’s interest in climate change in surakarta city, central java, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI HUE AWARENESS OF LOCAL PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S INTEREST IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN SURAKARTA CITY, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2016-2020 Thai Nguyen, 26/11/2020 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name NGUYEN THI HUE Student ID DTN1654290016 Thesis Title Awareness of local people environmental issue and young people’s interest in climate change in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia Prof Dr Dang Van Minh Dr.Agr.Sc Ernoiz Antriyandarti S.P.,M.P.,M.Ec Ir.Agustono M.Si Supervisor Supervisor’s signature Abstract: The effects of climate change in the atmosphere are starting to appear This is clear, not only that it impacts the natural world, but also human cultures In Indonesia, according to the IPCC estimates, these impacts are expected to increase over the coming decades The temperature will increase, the amount of rainfall will decline and the rise in the sea level will impact a variety of coastal areas Extreme weather conditions are also becoming more and more common triggering problems such as flooding and droughts Such developments present a significant challenge to human existence, economic growth, and the natural environment on which humans rely primarily for their prosperity Moreover, these changes affect different levels and in different ways in every society This research would have a general context for potential forecasts of the field of focus on climatic factors and climate change The purpose of this study is to assess adolescents and local people on how local people appreciate and care about climate change in the city of Surakarta The effort should also be made to examine for the area the factors that render society's essential realms susceptible to severe weather events The goal of this is to explain at some level the causes that increase the susceptibility of the local community when subjected to different triggers, as the effectiveness of adaptation or mitigation approaches is subject to population dynamics along with other variables Keywords Awareness, Climate change, Local people, Young people, Human behavior, Knowledge Number pages 61 Date of submission 26/11/2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to thank my family My parents gave birth to me in the first place and supported me spiritually throughout my life I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor P r o f D r Dang Van Minh for the continuous support of my research, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge His guidance has helped me to study and write this thesis all the time I couldn't have imagined that I had a better consultant and mentor for my research Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Ir.Agustono M.Si, Dr.Agr.Sc Ernoiz Antriyandarti S.P.,M.P.,M.Ec for their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions Thank you so much I would like to say thank Desta and Iqbal, who helped me to translate my questionnaire and explain what I cannot understand Also, I thank my friend Linda who very sensitive assistant and helped me spread the questionnaire Besides, I thank my friends in Universitas Sebelas Maret Thank you for those people who have never been here during my hard times, because you guys teach me a lot that sometimes the one you're hoping will always stay right next to you during your hard times is the one who's just a small part of your life that you don't even need to remember, and finally, I thank you for being able to cope with every obstacle during this study of procrastinating I appreciate that I've done it very well The researcher Nguyen Thi Hue TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research Objectives 13 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 13 1.3.1 Research Questions 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Scope and Limitations 14 1.5 Significance of Study .15 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The environmental issue in Indonesia 16 2.1.1 Environmental problem 2.2 Awareness and knowledge of climate change 17 2.2.1 Climate Change Knowledge, Views, and Agency 2.2.2 Emotions and Coping in relation to Climate Change 2.3 Human behavior in responding to climate change 19 2.3.1 Adaptation to climate change 2.3.2 Adaptation and mitigation 2.4 The factor that influences the awareness of climate change 23 2.4.1 Education 2.4.2 Age 2.4.3 Personal experience 2.4.4 Access to information 2.4.5 Gender 2.4.6 Income CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Location 31 3.2 Materials 31 3.3 Research Design 31 3.4 Sampling Technique 32 3.5 Data Collection 32 3.6 Hypothesis testing 34 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Survey Analysis 36 4.2 Cross classification and data testing 40 4.3 Factor Analysis that Affects Awareness climate change in Surakarta 46 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 51 REFERENCES 55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Key factors of adaptation to climate change .16 Figure 2: Results in percentages of question “Have you ever heard about climate change?” 36 Figure 3: Results in percentages of question “How important is the issue of climate change to you personally? 37 Figure 4: Results in percentages of question 3: Which of these natural events affects climate change in the region? 37 Figure 5: Results in percentages of question 4: “Who you think should have the main responsibility for tackling climate change?” 38 Figure 6: Results in percentages of question “Do you think that the local authorities are adequately prepared to cope with the possible impacts of climate change?” 39 Figure 7: Results in percentages of question 6: “Have you ever taken or you regularly take, any action out of concern for climate change?” 39 Figure 8: Correlation between age and belief in Climate Change due to human activities 40 Figure 9: Correlation between gender and belief in Climate Change due to human activities 42 Figure 10: Correlation between education level and belief in climate change due to anthropogenic activities 42 Figure 11: Correlation between age and the belief of having experienced extreme weather conditions caused by long-term global climate change 43 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Conceptual differences between adaptation and mitigation orientation 17 Table 2: Respond of people on climate change based on age 40 Table 3: Respond of people on climate change based on education gender 41 Table 4: Respond of people on climate change based on education 42 Table 5: Respond of people on climate change based on age of having experienced weather condition .43 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Climate change which is a method of altering the climate environment over a lengthy period and across a large region due to natural causes or human activities has become a global concern Normal cycles provide a limited impact on climate change, while human action is the most important factor in climate change According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)(1992), explain that climate change is a climate transition that is specifically or implicitly due to human intervention that changes the structure of the global environment and exists in comparison to the normal climate variation found over similar periods Climate change impacts environmental, social and economic processes This limits the supply of healthy food and clean water and threatens wildlife and sustainable breathing conditions This leads to poverty, poor health, and displacement, leaving young people especially vulnerable Impacts of climate change involve but are not limited to, melting ice, rising sea levels and increasing the occurrence of severe weather conditions such as droughts, cyclones or heavy rainfall The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(2014) has stated that proof of a human impact on climate change is well-defined Climate change is related to global economic changes impacting the progress of industrialization, including greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gasses consist of many pollutants, one of which is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is primarily generated through fuel-burning operations The production of CO2 has risen by 31 percent since 1750 (Houghton et al., 2001) which was largely attributed to deforestation, shipping operations, and the manufacturing field Scientists have found certain indicators of climate change: Since 1861, global surface temperatures have risen by 0.6 oC and then by 0.6 ± 0.2 oC over the 20th century Likewise, the global sea level increased from 0.1 to 0.2 meters in the 20th century Finally, snow and ice cover reduced by around 10% Global change is expected to impact both the climate and the human species, while human wellbeing is influenced by environmental factors Climate change negatively affects people, including their wellbeing, in a variety of areas The rising global temperatures are creating issues for people respiratory conditions such as asthma Data recorded a rise in the extreme asthma after a thunderstorm during the pollen with occurrence season owing of to allergy(D’Amato et al., 2007) Another case stated that heavy precipitation, rising temperatures, and wind affect outdoor physical activity, including young people and local people(Chan & Ryan, 2009) Physical activity is one of the determinants of wellbeing Some health consequences of climate change are linked to vector -borne diseases As a consequence of climate change, economic position, vector control capacity, and drug resistance (Githeko et al., 2000) According to this data, climate change and human health are interrelated As a broad archipelago community, Indonesia is one of the countries susceptible to climate change owing to its geographical position and subtropical environment, and also has a high population density that relies on agriculture Higher sea levels, flooding, droughts, and landslides are several types of climate change threats that affect Indonesia According to PEACE (2007) defined environmental change in Indonesia has been recorded since 1990 as a consequence of a temperature rise of around 0.3oC which has happened all year 10 such as the Web, radio and tv, science journals, as well as newspapers and magazines, is the next participants' choice for knowledge outlets Television is a popular means of entertainment in the Indonesian community because of its simplicity and cheapness This result was almost identical to study in India, where around 60 percent respondents claimed that television is their source of knowledge on of climate change(Pandve et al., 2011) Meanwhile, utilizing smartphones or gadgets has also become a common lifestyle in Indonesia According to the Statista survey, smartphone users in Indonesia have grown steadily since 2011 to 2017 By 2017, it is estimated that more than 60 million people in Indonesia will use smartphones nearly 24 percent of Indonesia's total population (Burke-Garcia and Scally,2014.) smartphones may also be a valuable method for disseminating knowledge, including on the effect of climate change on safety This result was aligned with findings that indicated that new media must be taken into consideration as the key resource for promoting public safety, not only as an auxiliary tool for promoting public health Participants' perception of climate change and its effect on public wellbeing is somewhat inconsistent Improving teenage awareness would be compatible with the progress of all citizens, particularly those making decisions in the area of education There are several drawbacks to the area of research Referring to this research, we propose that future research should develop a program to increase the knowledge and awareness of the community as a whole through an integrated program, not only training for youth and residents but also other family members and decision-makers The curriculum should be implemented in a broader context to make a greater effect on society Nevertheless, there is a need to concentrate on creating understanding about climate change in young people, because young people would be able to understand 47 and pass on information to the people around them Common channels, such as Tv, radio, and social media, may also be used to offer proof of climate change through amazing animations Likewise, we recommend that all awareness tests be concluded with a realistic evaluation to include a detailed conclusion Regression equations for the estimation of factor that efects awareness climate change in Surakarta 4.3 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig Coefficients B (Constant) Std Error 52,173 15,723 -,374 ,397 -3,840 Education Experienced Age Gender Income Beta 3,318 ,001 -,122 -,941 ,349 4,758 -,079 -,807 ,422 1,876 ,762 ,250 2,461 ,016 -,268 ,201 -,133 -1,333 ,186 9,498E-006 ,000 ,301 2,440 ,017 Equations: Y= 52.17-0.374X1 -3.84X2 + 1.87X3 -0.261X4 +9.498E -006 X5 Where : Y: Awareness of climate change X1: Age X2:Gender X3: X4 Education : Experience X5 : Income 48 From the equations , we can see that the variable of gender, age,experience does not affect to awareness climate change in Surakarta This indicates that both male and female they have same awareness of climate change this finding is in contrast with previous research that that climate change had the most significant effects on people living in the Global South Women and girls live in rural countries are the most endangered and are 14 times more likely to suffer than men during extreme changes and disasters Females still reflect the bulk of individuals live below the poverty line Gender roles in the Global South are further fragmented between disadvantaged neighborhoods and households, where women perform a more conventional position, such as caring for the home and raising babies (Arora-Jonsson, 2011) The estimated parameter of income is positively significant to awareness of climate change in Surakarta This indicates shows that the person who have higher education and high score will have knowledge and understand surely about climate change and how climate change effects to theirs life However, for the person who have low scores and the education is low mean that they have little knowledge about climate change The effect of education on climate change awareness and conviction is less apparent than anticipated Neither science education nor general education has any significant predictive impact on the knowledge that climate change carbon emissions cause When the standard of general education rises, little to no understanding 49 climate change continues to decline, although the association is only important at the standard of degree and 'other' qualifications The greatest impact of the educational level on all of the 'understanding' factors is to anticipate whether climate change may affect one: as awareness rises, the potential danger of climate change is substantially more probable (up to the first-degree stage, beyond which the predictive effect decreases) However, there is not the same hierarchical association with science education Indeed, sciencebased respondents are slightly less likely to see climate change as a personal danger For income in that table give information that, the person who have higher income with high score more understand awareness of climate change In addition to, the person who has low income will not have any knowledge about climate change.According to Bibbings (2004a) contend that people in higher social groups are actually more comfortable in their understanding of climate change, and not inherently more educated Yet there seem to be a discrepancy between knowledge and action: those on 'very high' incomes are significantly less likely to recycle glass, while lower income groups are less likely to drive glass Motivation is, indeed, important here Higher income respondents who take environmentally relevant actions more often than not out of concern for environmental protection or moral obligation.Very high wage respondents are more likely to learn about climate change from the Media and publications than people with lower incomes Those on 'small' and 'extremely poor' incomes are more optimistic regarding climate change knowledge from government and electricity providers than people on higher incomes Significantly more respondents of higher incomes pointed of fossil fuel emissions as a source of climate change, whereas lower-income classes are more likely to say little or little about climate change and believe like they are not and should not be impacted by climate change 50 PART V: CONCLUSION Knowledge of climate change is important for the community, including teens and all people, as it defines social adaptation capability Providing accurate knowledge on climate change and wellbeing among young people is a success factor in catastrophe risk management Developing this kind of research will be useful for cities in the future, as young people are part of the development of the city Today, we are now witnessing climate change; if we will not take drastic steps, we can continue to so in the future The results of the survey revealed a high level of the vulnerability of the local population, as the prefecture, appears to be one of the many regions that, to a large extent, may face more losses in a number of sectors in the future as a result of climate change, especially if no adaptation measures are taken at municipal and government level, which would otherwise allow and encourage action at the individual level Moreover, the findings of the survey underscore the personal belief in climate change, and that the subsequent phenomena that follow are a matter of urgency for adaptation measures In accordance with the findings by Blennow, et al (2012), the results of the survey also indicate the willingness of the respondents to take active measures to adapt to the impact of climate change There should be no fewer questions about the precision and analysis of the findings of this study On the other side, there are research studies that support the findings of this survey Overall, the question that emerges here is not only one of personal opinion and climate change experience involves adaptation, but also how adaptation strategies should be developed and implemented in different regions of the world where the 51 socio-economic and environmental context is different Therefore, for example, approaches found in wealthier developing nations are not viable to be introduced in any region of the globe Also if the global downturn makes life more difficult, it cannot be viewed as a barrier to intervention A bottom-up approach will allow it more clear and straightforward to adopt interventions that will improve the community's resilient ability, rather than focusing exclusively on long-term prevention and adaptation strategies whose real effect needs to be seen and can not account for existing losses In this thesis, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the awareness of young people who are interested in climate change and local people In addition, the effectiveness of structures from different psychological fields has been considered, with the focus of this study on constructions of linear or non-linear, mindful thinking patterns A total of 100 participants completed a survey By the multiple regression method, it was assessed whether the awareness of young people and locals on the climate of climate change in Surakarta From the results of the multiple regression, it can be concluded that some factors that affect awareness of climate change are education, income Contrary to assumptions, gender, income and education not affect the awareness of young people and local people about climate change 52 REFERENCES Adiyoga, W (2018) Farmers perceptions on climate change in lowland and highland vegetable production centers of South Sulawesi, Indonesia IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 122(1) https://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/122/1/012001 Akhter, S., & Hasan, Z (n.d.) Determinants of public awareness and attitudes on climate change in urban Bangladesh: Dhaka as a case Arora-Jonsson, S (2011) Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 744–751 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005 Ballantyne, R., Fien, J., & Packer, J (2001) School environmental education programme impacts upon student and family learning: A case study analysis Environmental Education Research, 7(1), 23–37 https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620124123 Baynham, M., & Stevens, M (2014) Are we planning effectively for climate change? An evaluation of official community plans in British Columbia Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(4), 557–587 https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.756805 Bemmelen, R (1949) The geology of Indonesia Government Printing Office  ;Martinus Nijhoff Benzie, M., Harvey, A., Burningham, K., Hodgson, N., & Siddiqi, A (2011) Vulnerability to heatwaves and drought: Case studies of adaptation to climate change in south-west England www.jrf.org.uk 53 BPS Provinsi Jawa Tengah (n.d.) Retrieved April 12, 2020, from https://jateng.bps.go.id/publication/2014/10/10/b0a3fef7fa27fffde51a670c/jawatengah-dalam-angka-2014.html Burke-Garcia, A., & Scally, G (n.d.) Perspectives Trending now: future directions in digital media for the public health sector https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt125 Chan, C B., & Ryan, D A (2009) Assessing the effects of weather conditions on physical activity participation using objective measures In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol 6, Issue 10, pp 2639–2654) Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6102639 D’Amato, G., Liccardi, G., & Frenguelli, G (2007) Thunderstorm-asthma and pollen allergy In Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Vol 54 62, Issue 1, pp 11–16) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01271.x De-Graft Acquah, H (n.d.) PUBLIC AWARENESS AND QUALITY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN GHANA: A LOGISTIC REGRESSION APPROACH Díaz Estévez, M., de Frutos García, R A., & Peña Moya, J (2014) Communication of the scientific consensus on climate change to the citizenship: Knowledge and perception of young university students from five countries regarding the media treatment of global warming Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture , 5(1), 51–70 https://doi.org/10.1386/iscc.5.1.51_1 Fritze, J C., Blashki, G A., Burke, S., & Wiseman, J (2008) Hope, despair and transformation: Climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing International Journal of Mental Health Systems , 2(1), 13 https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-2-13 Fujii, T (2016) ADBI Working Paper Series CLIMATE CHANGE AND VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION IN RURAL INDONESIA Asian Development Bank Institute (Issue 622) https://www.adb.org/publications/climate-change-vulnerability-poverty-indonesia Gavouneli, M (2005) Roda Verheyen, Climate Change Damage and International Law: Prevention Duties and State Responsibility (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005), 418 pages Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 16(1), 865–868 https://doi.org/10.1093/YIEL/16.1.865 Gifford, R., & Comeau, L A (2011) Message framing influences perceived climate change competence, engagement, and behavioral intentions Global 55 Environmental Change, 21(4), 1301–1307 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.004 Githeko, A K., Lindsay, S W., Confalonieri, U E., & Patz, J A (2000) Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A regional analysis Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78(9), 1136–1147 https://doi.org/10.1590/S004296862000000900009 Grafton, Q., & R (2010) Adaptation to climate change in marine capture fisheries Marine Policy, 34(3), 606–615 Grothmann, T., & Patt, A (2005) Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change Global Environmental Change, 15(3), 199–213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002 Heijmans, A (2012) Risky Encounters, Institutions and interventions in response to recurrent disasters and conflict (PhD Thesis) Wageningen University Houghton, J T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D J., Noguer, M., Van Der Linden, P J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., & Johnson, C A (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.cambridge.org Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change In Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415416 IPPF (2014) Experience of the Integrated Family Health Program ( IFHP ) Peer Educators as Agents of Change ; 56 Isharyanto (2018) Responding to climate change: Surakarta city tourism on legal and policy perspectives IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 200(1) https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/012047 Kim, Y., Manley, J., & Radoias, V (2017) Medium- and long-term consequences of pollution on labor supply: evidence from Indonesia IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-017-0055-2 Klein, R J T., Lisa, E., Schipper, F., & Dessai, S (n.d.) Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010 Klein, R J T., Nicholls, R J., & Thomalla, F (2003) Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Environmental Hazards, 5(1), 35–45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001 Laukkonen, J., Blanco, P K., Lenhart, J., Keiner, M., Cavric, B., & Kinuthia-Njenga, C (2009) Combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level Habitat International, 33(3), 287–292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.003 Mora, C., Frazier, A G., Longman, R J., Dacks, R S., Walton, M M., Tong, E J., Sanchez, J J., Kaiser, L R., Stender, Y O., Anderson, J M., Ambrosino, C M., Fernandez-Silva, I., Giuseffi, L M., & Giambelluca, T W (2013) The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability Nature, 502(7470), 183–187 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12540 Mubi, A., & ADEBAYO, A (n.d.) AWARENESS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA 57 Myers, T A., Maibach, E W., Roser-Renouf, C., Akerlof, K., & Leiserowitz, A A (2012) The relationship between personal experience and belief in the reality of global warming https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1754 Norton, A., & Leaman, J (2004) The day after tomorrow: Public opinion on climate change MORI Social Research Institute, London, May, 11 http://www.climateprediction.net/wp-content/schools/mori_poll.pdf Ojala, M (2013) Coping with Climate Change among Adolescents: Implications for Subjective Well-Being and Environmental Engagement Sustainability, 5(5), 2191–2209 https://doi.org/10.3390/su5052191 Pandve, H T., Chawla, P S., Fernandez, K., Singru, S A., Khismatrao, D., & Pawar, S (2011) Assessment of awareness regarding climate change in an urban community Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 15(3), 109–112 https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.93200 Patchen, M (2006) PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE What Shapes Them and How to Influence Them Professor Emeritus of Sociology www.purdue.edu/climate Pielke, R A (1998) Rethinking Adaptation Policy 1998 paper.pdf In Global Environmental Change (Vol 8, Issue 2, pp 159–170) Pruneau, D (n.d.) People’s Ideas about Climate Change: A Source of Inspiration for the Creation of Educational Programs Sampei, Y., & Aoyagi-Usui, M (2009) Mass-media coverage, its influence on public awareness of climate-change issues, and implications for Japan’s national campaign to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Global Environmental Change, 58 19(2), 203–212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.005 Sovacool, B K., & Brown, M A (2009) Scaling the policy response to climate change Policy and Society, 27(4), 317–328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.01.003 Tompkins, E L., & Eakin, H (2012) Managing private and public adaptation to climate change Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 3–11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.010 United Nations Framework Convention (1992) 62220 Webb, R J., McKellar, R., & Kay, R (2013) Climate change adaptation in Australia: Experience, challenges and capability development In Australasian Journal of Environmental Management (Vol 20, Issue 4, pp 320–337) Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2013.835285 Weber, E U (2013) Psychology: Seeing is believing In Nature Climate Change (Vol 3, Issue 4, pp 312–313) https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1859 Whitmarsh, L (2008) Are flood victims more concerned about climate change than other people? the role of direct experience in risk perception and behavioural response Journal of Risk Research, 11(3), 351–374 https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870701552235 59 QUESTIONNAIRE Yes No Don't know Have you heard of “climate change”? What you know about it? Where have you heard about climate change? Tick as many as you feel apply: Television Radio News Internet Specialist publications/academic journals Environmental groups (e.g Worldwide Fund for Nature) School/ college/ university How important is the issue of climate change to you personally? Why is it important to you? Government agencies/ information Public libraries Friends/ family Local council Energy suppliers Other (Please write in ) Very important Quite important Not very important Not at all important What you think causes climate change? Which of these natural events affect climate change in the region? High temperature Sea level rise Drought dersertification Severe storm 10 Who you think should have the main responsibility for tackling climate change? The national government Local government Environmental organizations/ lobby groups Worldwide Fund for Nature) Individuals 60 (e.g 11 Do you think that the local authorities are adequately prepared to cope with the possible impacts of climate change?” Yes, definitely Yes, probably No, definitely No, probably Do not know 12 Have you ever taken, or you regularly take, any action out of concern for climate change? Yes No Don't know 13 Are you Female Male 14 Please indicate the age bracket you are in: 16-24 25-34 >60 15 What is your highest qualification? No formal qualifications Degree or equivalent Postgraduate qualification 61