Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead (pb) particles in the air in surakarta city, central java, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RIANSYAH CAPABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHADE PLANT TYPES IN ABSORBING LEAD (PB) PARTICLES IN THE AIR IN SURAKARTA CITY, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2015-2019 Thai Nguyen, 23/09/2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Riansyah Student ID DTN1554290049 Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead Thesis Title (Pb) particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia Prof Dr Ir MTh Sri Budiastuti, M Si Supervisor (s) Prof Dr Ir Djoko Purnomo, M.P Ho Ngoc Son, Ph D Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Developing countries which is being intensified in economic development also faces several other problems such as economic development equitable, population growth and urbanization One of the negative impacts of the urbanization is increase the number of population in a city Increasing the number of vehicles potentially increasing air pollution in the environment This study intended to find out the amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by the leaves of shade plants on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads This research was carried out using non-experimental methods, for the non-experimental method used to determine the lead (Pb) content in the samples, to determine the traffic conditions at a predetermined point and to determine the types of vegetation at predetermined point The method used to determine lead (Pb) content is the Wet Dewatering Method, the samples are analyzed using AAS, and the linear regression equation will be obtained y = ax + b The method used to determine the traffic conditions is survey and observation methods directly at the specified location with the provided form The methods used to determine the types of vegetation is the methods of Identification and Inventory directly at the specified location with the provided form The result show Traffic conditions on Slamet Riyadi road are more crowded than Ahmad Yani road and this also affects the amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by tamarind, mahogany, spanish cherry, amboyna, sea mango and mango leaves are different The type of vegetation in 200 m road segment length on each side for Slamet Riyadi road is more varied than Ahmad Yani road The amount of lead (Pb) content in the leaf samples of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) µg/g, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) 2,3 µg/g, spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi) 1,3 µg/g, amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus) 1,7 µg/g, sea mango (Carbera manghas) 1,4 µg/g and mango (Magnifera indica) 2,25 µg/g The lead (Pb) content in shade plants on the road of Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani in the city of Surakarta ranges from 1.3 - 2.3 µ /g and is classified as moderate or normal levels of lead in plants, that is 0.5 3.0 µg/g Limitations that were encountered throughout the study are the use of manual method in traffic measurement affect to data results, the data measured might not be 100% accurate and due to the time limitations, the number of vegetation measured were limited Keywords Shade plants, Pb, lead, air pollution, green open space, leaf sampling Number of Pages 76 pages Date of Submission ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the author praises and thank Allah SWT Almighty God, because for his blessings and grace, the author is able to finish this bachelor thesis well In the completion of this bachelor thesis the author certainly cannot be separated from obstacles and difficulties This bachelor thesis is indeed not perfect, but the author hopes that this thesis can be useful for those who read it In completing this thesis with the title "Capability analysis of shade plant types in absorbing lead (Pb) particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia" the author cannot be separated from the guidance and motivation from various parties Prof Dr H Jamal Wiwoho, SH, Hum., as Rector of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Prof Dr Samanhudi, S.P., M.Si., as Dean of Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Dr Ir Parjanto, M.P., as Head of Agrotechnology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Ho Ngoc Son, Ph.D of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Prof Dr Ir Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti, M.Si and Prof Dr Ir Djoko Purnomo, M.P of Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, as author’s supervisors The author would like to express the gratitude to the supervisors for the constructive criticism, gave additional knowledge, worthy indications, comments and efficacious supervision, leading to the success of the study All both UNS and TUAF lecturers who have provided lessons so that the author has a knowledge in the future All staffs of UNS and TUAF who helping the author in documents preparation to conduct this research Author’s parents Aba and Mak, and author’s siblings, Anton, Nia and Yop, and also for author’s brothers and sister in law, Rosal, Noval, Nemi Author would like to give the sincerest gratefulness, which without it, author would not have the courage and strength to carry out the study All best friends the TKVDW Casts, Encik Deas and Encik Dwi for the happines and advices during the research study The author’s roommate Ilham, Dicky, Van and Chocky who always gave the endless support to finish the research study And Mbak Indah one of friend and adviser who guide the author how write the thesis All Indonesian friends in Vietnam Thank you for the unending support and giving the positive vibe All parties who have helped and cannot be mentioned by the author one by one Finally, the author realizes that this paper is still not perfect, but the authors hope that this simple scientific work will be beneficial for the development of science and all parties who need it Thai Nguyen, October 2019 Student Riansyah TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES i LIST OF TABLES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research’s Objectives 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.3.1 Research Questions 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Heavy metal 2.1.1 Lead (Pb) 2.1.2 Lead Absorption by Plants 10 2.2 Green Open Space 11 2.2.1 The Requirements for Road Protection Trees 12 2.2.2 The Placement of Plants as Road Shade 13 2.2.3 The Function of Green Open Space 14 2.3 A shade Plants 15 2.3.1 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) 15 2.3.2 Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) 16 2.3.3 Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi L.) 17 2.3.4 Amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) 18 2.3.5 Sea Mango (Cerbera manghas.) 20 2.3.6 Mango (Magnifera indica L.) 21 PART III METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Materials 23 3.2 Methods 24 3.2.1 The Identification and Survey of Traffic Condition 24 3.2.2 The Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree 28 3.2.3 The Selection of Trees to be Sampled 31 3.2.4 Leaf Sampling 32 3.2.5 Determination the Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has Capability of Lead Absorption 32 3.2.6 Data Analysis and Determination kind of tree that most effective in absorbing lead (Pb) 34 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1 Traffic Condition Observations 36 4.1.1 Volume 36 4.1.2 Spot Speed 43 4.1.3 Density 47 4.2 Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree 48 4.3 The Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has Capability of Lead Absorption 50 4.3.1 Lead (Pb) Content of Each Tree Sample 50 4.3.2 Comparison of Lead Content of Each Leaf Samples and Determination Kind of Tree that Most Effective in Absorbing Lead (Pb) 54 PART V CONCLUSIONS 57 REFERENCES 59 APPENDICES 67 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1a Slamet Riyadi road 24 Figure 1b Ahmad Yani road 24 Figure Angles for Using Haga Altimeter 29 Figure 3a Tree diameter measurement using diameter tape 30 Figure 3b Location of breast height measurement 30 Figure Illustration of how to measure crown diameter of a tree 31 Figure Trees Height that be sampled on Slamet Riyadi road 52 Figure Trees Height that be sampled on Ahmad Yani road 54 i LIST OF TABLES Table List of Equipment Used .23-24 Table The List of Materials Used 24 Table 3a Traffic Volume on Slamet Riyadi road from Slamet Riyadi Hospital to Garden Textile 37 Table 3b Traffic Volume on Slamet Riyadi road from Garden Textile to Slamet Riyadi Hospital 37 Table 4a Traffic Volume on Ahmad Yani road from Tirtonadi Bus Station to Balekambang City Park 38 Table 4b Traffic Volume on Ahmad Yani road from Balekambang City Park to Tirtonadi Bus Station 38 Table Value of Equivalent Passenger Car 39 Table 6a Spot Speed on Slamet Riyadi road from Slamet Riyadi Hospital to Garden Textile 43 Table 6b Speed Spot on Slamet Riyadi road from Garden Textile to Slamet Riyadi Hospital 43 Table 7a Speed Spot on Ahmad Yani road from Tirtonadi Bus Station to Balekambang City Park 44 Table 7b Spot Speed on Ahmad 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Ahmad Yani Road v Appendix Sea Mango Tree 68 Leaf samples preparation Pb standard solution and leaf samples 69 Appendix Data of trees that have been taken as sample and raw data of identification and inventory kind of tree Vegetation Survey Form Location Day /Date : Slamet Riyadi road Time : am Weather : Sunny Surveyor : Riansyah Direction : From Slamet Riyadi Hospital to Garden Textile Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 : Tuesday, April 23rd 2019 Vegetation Types Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Sea Mango Sea Mango Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Australian Pine Sea Mango Tamarind Plum Mahogany Sea Mango Tamarind Plum Amboyna Sea Mango Amboyna Tamarind Plum Amboyna Diameter / Meter 1,05 1,24 1,22 1,37 0,53 0,68 1,13 1,44 0,77 0,76 0,94 0,39 0,63 0,64 0,36 0,48 0,41 0,27 1,01 0,87 0,66 Height / Meter 5,3 12 5,7 2,9 4,3 10 6,4 11,3 10 7,8 3,7 8,7 9,5 4,3 9,1 7,8 3,2 7,5 8,3 7,9 Average Crown Diameter/Meter 7,5 6,5 6,5 3,5 6,5 6,5 7,5 2,5 7,7 9,5 9,5 2,5 13 10 70 Appendix Data of trees that have been taken as sample and raw data of identification and inventory kind of tree (Continuation) Vegetation Survey Form Location : Slamet Riyadi road Day / Date : Tuesday, April 23rd 2019 Time : pm Weather : Sunny Surveyor : Riansyah Direction : From Garden Textile to Slamet Riyadi Hospital Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Vegetation Types Spanish Cherry Mahogany Mahogany Spanish Cherry Mahogany Crape Myrtle Crape Myrtle Spanish Cherry Royal Palm Mahogany Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Mahogany Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Mahogany Mahogany Spanish Cherry Diameter / Meter 0,20 0,42 0,46 0,25 0,31 0,46 0,36 0,38 0,58 0,47 0,35 0,26 0,42 0,39 0,41 0,25 0,25 0,34 0,26 0,30 0,35 0,38 0,53 0,29 Height / Meter 7,25 5,5 5,6 6,9 6,9 4,4 6,8 7,1 6,5 7,5 6,3 5,6 5,4 6,1 6,2 5,6 6,7 9,2 4,7 Average Crown Diameter/Meter 2,5 2,5 4,5 6,5 4,5 4,5 5,5 3,5 3,5 2,5 3,5 2,5 3,5 5,5 4,5 8,5 6,5 4,5 71 Appendix Data of Trees that have been taken as sample and Raw data of identification and inventory kind of tree (Continuation) Vegetation Survey Form Location : Ahmad Yani road Day / Date : Wednesday, April 24th 2019 Time : am Weather : Sunny Surveyor : Riansyah Direction : From Tirtonadi Bus Station to Balekambang City Park Tree Vegetation Types 10 11 12 13 Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Spanish Cherry Spanish Cherry Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Ashoka Amboyna Diameter / Height Meter / Meter 0,52 0,41 0,75 0,89 0,23 0,71 0,42 0,39 1,19 0,24 0,95 0,08 0,55 6,9 8,3 7,8 8,75 7,6 7,8 7,1 6,9 5,8 9,4 9,7 5,8 9,5 Average Crown Diameter / Meter 1,5 6,5 6,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5 7,5 6,5 7,5 0,36 7,5 72 Appendix Data of Trees that have been taken as sample and Raw data of identification and inventory kind of tree (Continuation) Vegetation Survey Form Location : Ahmad Yani road Day / Date : Wednesday, April 24th 2019 Time : pm Weather : Sunny Surveyor : Riansyah Direction : From Balekambang City Park to Tirtonadi Bus Station Tree Vegetation Types Diameter / Meter Height / Meter 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sea Mango Sea Mango Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Amboyna Sea Mango Spanish Cherry Mango Mango Sea Mango Mango Sea Mango Mango Mango Mango Sea Mango 0,33 0,43 0,40 0,25 0,71 0,58 0,27 0,16 0,14 0,26 0,23 0,21 0,26 0,45 0,41 0,25 0,27 4,2 4,8 6,5 7,35 7,5 8,2 4,7 4,7 5,1 5,7 4,7 6,3 4,8 5,5 6,7 4,8 Average Crown Diameter / Meter 6,5 3,5 6,5 5,5 7,5 7,5 2,5 3 4 3,5 4,5 3,5 73 Appendix Atomic absorption spectrophotometers leaf samples results 74 Appendix Atomic absorption spectrophotometers leaf samples results (Continuation) 75 Appendix Atomic absorption spectrophotometers leaf samples results (Continuation) 76