Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.Lập luận trong kịch của Lưu Quang Vũ.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LE THI TRANG ARGUMENTS IN DRAMAS BY LUU QUANG VU Major: Linguistics Code: 9.22.90.20 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON LINGUISTICS HA NOI - 2023 This thesis is done in Hanoi National University of Education Scientific instructors: Prof.PhD Do Viet Hung PhD Vu To Nga Reviewer 1: Prof.PhD Nguyen Van Hiep, Hanoi University of Industry Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Pham Van Hao, Vietnam Institute of Lexicography and Encyclopedia Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Hoang Kim Ngoc, Thang Long University The thesis will be defended in front of the school committee in charge of the doctoral thesis of Hanoi National University of Education at on 2023 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - The library of Hanoi University of Education LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC BY THE AUTHOR Le Thi Trang (2016), “About argumentation in "Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit" (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body) of Luu Quang Vu”, Language Magazine, (6), pg 69-80 Le Thi Trang (2020), “Argumentation connector in drama by Luu Quang Vu”, Language and Life Magazine, 11A (304), pg 45-49 Le Thi Trang (2021), “Argumentation opertator in dramas by Luu Quang Vu”, Language and Life Magazine, 1(307), pg 34-37 Le Thi Trang (2022), “Conclusions of argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu”, Literature and language in the contemporary world of identity and intergration (National Scientific Conference), pg 740747 Le Thi Trang (2022), “Single argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu”, Applied linguistics in the international integration trend (National Conference on Linguistics of 2022), pg 1472-1477 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the topic Argumentation is all around us; it is formed and developed along with the formation and developing journey of language Argumentation even seems to have become a natural, instinctive part of the language of humankind, of each nation, and of each individual That is why, oftentimes, we are not truly aware and not care what argumentation is, how argumentation is made, or how many paths an argumentation can take to reach its goal By choosing to study argumentation, the thesis author wishes to deepen understanding of the mechanism, nature, and form of a familiar linguistic phenomenon that plays an important role in our lives Learning about argumentation in literary works is a new research approach Thanks to that, it is possible to see how the characters in those works, as they participate in the dialogue, illustrate their points, or persuade their communication partners At the same time, it helps clarify the artistic value of the works as well as clearly points out the philosophy, intellect, and talent of the author The language of drama is artistic and at the same time, oral and close to the daily colloquial language Therefore, the study of argumentation in drama not only brings knowledge about argumentation, authors, works, and literary appearance but also has applicability in real life, especially in daily communication As a playwright who had a great influence on social life as well as on national literature in the 80s of the twentieth century, Luu Quang Vu (19481988) was considered as "the greatest playwright of Vietnam" This century (XX), is a culturalist" (Phan Ngoc), a "giant", has a "special aptitude" for the events of life (Ngo Son), a "phenomenon" of life living in literature and art (Pham Thi Thanh)… With her dedication, in 2000, Luu Quang Vu was posthumously awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize for Literature and Art To this day, Luu Quang Vu's plays still have great attraction One of the things that gives life to his plays is the sharp arguments, philosophical but also very mundane However, from a linguistic point of view, there has been no in-depth study of Luu Quang Vu's argument in drama Stemming from the above reasons, we choose A " rgumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu"as the research topic Research objectives and tasks 2.1 Research objectives We set our objective to analyse and evaluate the roles of argumentation with artistic issues in dramas by Luu Quang Vu as well as the roles of it in researching literarture works in general 2.2 Research objectives - Give an overview of theoretical issues as the theoretical basis for the topic They are the problems in the argumentation theory and the research situation about Luu Quang Vu and his dramas - Identify, classify, describe and analyze the formal structure of the argumentation, based on the position and presence of its components, the complexity of the argumentation, and the characteristics of the components such as arguments, conclusions, connector, operator, and topos - Explore the roles of argumentation in building the language of drama and the climax of plays and in expressing characteristics of characters and the artistic notion of the works Through that, the outstanding features in the writing style of this famous author can be revealed The subject and scope of the research 3.1 The research subject The research subject of the thesis is the argumentation of characters in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 3.2 The research scope The thesis studies the argument in the dramas of Luu Quang Vu in such contents as: argument structure (structure forms of argument, argument components, argument instructions, basis of argument), role of argument The role of arguments in expressing the artistic value of the work and the author's thoughts 3.3 Research subjects The drama consists of two lives, namely the life of a play as a performance and the life of a literary script Within the spectrum of this thesis, the author studies the dramas of Luu Quang Vu in the form of scripts Those works are selectively chosen from the series "Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit" (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body), published by Writers’ Association Publishing House in 2013 The series includes five special works by Luu Quang Vu, allocating all writing aspects that he did, from fork-originated works (like Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body), Ong vua hoa ho (The King turned tiger)), to historical-theme works (Ngoc Han cong chua (Princess Ngoc Han)), and modern topics (Toi va chung ta (Me and us), Dieu khong the mat (What can't be lost).) Tìm hiểu năm tác phẩm nêu trên, luận án khảo sát phân tích tổng số 2163 lập luận lời thoại nhân vật Working on these above five plays, the thesis has surveyed and analyzed in a total of 2163 argumentations in the dialogues of characters The research methodology 4.1 Research method - The method of discourse analysis: This method will be utilized to describe and analyze argumentation in correlation with the contexts in order to clarify the characteristics of the argumentation structure, the components and topos in argumentation The discourse analysis method is used to highlight the artistic value of argumentations in the work - The method of description: This method plays a crucial role in this thesis This method is used to clarify the source of survey materials with specific data and content We describe the types of argumentation structure, and the argumentation components and compare them with each other to serve as the basis for the analysis and point out the characteristics of the argumentation in Luu Quang Vu's drama - An interdisciplinary approach: The topic of the thesis is closely related to literature and some fields such as culture, social psychology, and so on, therefore, we have used interdisciplinary research methods of different majors such as linguistics - literature, linguistics - ethnology, etc 4.2 Research technique - The technique of statistics and classification: This is a basic method for the pre-deployment phase of the research We use this method to make statistics of argumentation, types of argumentation, argumentation components, and argumentation instructions present in the dialogues of characters in the work After making statistics of the argumentation, we proceeded to classify them according to the criteria of structures and characteristics of each argumentation component - The technique of modelling: This technique is used to diagrammatically model specific argumentations Through these general models, we can identify the structures, forms, types, and characteristics of argumentation components - The technique of comparison and contrast: This technique is used in comparing and contrasting cases to make an assessment and general judgment about the trend of using aspects of the argumentation Contribution of the thesis 5.1 Theoretically Researching the topic A " rgumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu" contributes to systematizing and clarifying some problems in the argumentation theory: structure and components of argumentation, and the basis of argumentation The thesis also affirms an interdisciplinary research approach of language literature from the perspective of pragmatics, namely the application of argumentation theory to understanding the dialogue of the characters in the drama 5.2 Practically: The thesis shows the applicability of argumentation theory in the work of creating literature as well as in daily conversation The research results on the topic can be useful for the study, teaching and understanding of dramas by Luu Quang Vu This work can also be used as a reference for playwrights The structure of the thesis Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, References, and Appendix, the main content of the thesis is presented in chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation and theoretical basis Chapter 2: Characteristics of the structural features of argumentation in dramas Luu Quang Vu Chapter 3: The value of argumentation in Luu Quang Vu's dramas Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation 1.1.1 The research situation on argumentation 1.1.1.1 In the world Argumentation is a linguistic problem that has been studied very early Originally, argumentation was considered a domain of rhetoric - an "art of speech" It was presented in the work "Rheology" of the famous philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) By the 5th century BC, argumentation was studied in logics In the Middle-Modern period, argumentation was studied in two major directions, namely formal argumentation, and dialectic-informal argumentation The direction of argumentation from the pragmatic-dialectical point of view, the study according to the formal logic, recognizes the argument as a complex of linguistic acts, appearing as a part of natural language activities and having common purposes and particular information The direction of informal logical argumentation provides principles that help people find ways to build argumentation in daily life; it also improves critical thinking and analytical ability in legal, ethical, religious, scientific, and philosophical situations In the second half of the twentieth century, the argumentation theory attracted the attention of many researchers and obtained many results Much research works on arguments was born that provided new interpretations of argumentation Authors with major contributions to this period include Perelman, Olbrechts-Tyteca, S Toulmin, Gize, O Ducror, J Anscombre, etc It can be seen that argumentation has received great attention from researchers Starting from studies it in debates, up to now, this object has been widely studied in general communication by scientists 1.1.1.2 In Vietnam In Vietnam, absorbing the achievements of global linguistics, in 1993, for the first time, argumentation theory was introduced and put into teaching and research in the textbook General Linguistics (Volume 2, Pragmatics Section) by Do Huu Chau Along with this textbook is Pragmatics (Volume by researcher Nguyen Duc Dan The problems presented in these two books are relatively complete and comprehensive in terms of argumentation theory Since then, these books have become the theoretical basis for many research topics on argumentation Thus, the general theory of argumentation has been mentioned by many linguists in the world, including as a field of pragmatics in Vietnam According to our research, there has not been any research on argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu However, around the issue of argumentation and drama, we see that there have been the following studies: First, there are separate studies on the components of argumentation These are works that contribute to giving a theoretical overview of some important linguistic phenomena in argumentation Clarifying the above contents will contribute significantly to affirming the rigor and logic of argumentation in linguistic communication Second, the research works on argumentation in texts are theses that have contributed to deepening understanding of argumentation in a particular type of text These works have successfully applied argumentation theory to discover the value of argumentation for specific types of texts and works Besides, it also shows that argumentation is still an attractive object to be discovered Some of the following works can be cited: "The preferred argument model in advertising discourses" by Tran Thuy Linh (2011), "Arguments in the character's dialogue (through Vietnamese prose material, period 1930 - 1945)” by Chu Thi Thuy Phuong (2016)… Our thesis topic is a continuation of the above studies 1.1.2 The research situation on Luu Quang Vu’s dramas 1.1.2.1 From a literary perspective There have been many studies on Luu Quang Vu's dramas in the literary approach They are articles in magazines, newspapers, and even in-depth studies in thesis and dissertations Luu Quang Vu is an author who interests many literary researchers His drama compositions have been intensively studied from many angles, from individual works to collections of works 1.1.2.2 From a linguistic perspective In terms of linguistics, Luu Quang Vu's drama has been studied in the following aspects: language action ("Question-answer dialogue, imperativeresponse in Luu Quang Vu's play" (2016)– Dam Thi Ngoc Nga), assembly Dialogue (“Conversation movement in the play Truong Ba’s soul, the butcher’s skin by Luu Quang Vu” (2009) – Tran Thi Thanh Van), argues in a specific work (“Arguments in the dialogues of individuals in Truong Ba's soul, butcher's skin" (2016) - Le Thi Trang), perception ("Conceptual metaphor in poetry and drama Luu Quang Vu" (2017) - Tran Lan Anh) With the topic “Argument in drams by Luu Quang Vu”, we hope to contribute to further perfecting our understanding of Luu Quang Vu and his dramatic works from the approach of argument theory 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Overview of argumentation 1.2.1.1 The concept of argumentation Argumentation is giving reasons to lead the listeners to a certain conclusion that the speaker wants to reach At the same time, argumentation is also used to refer to the results of the argumentation including components such as arguments, conclusions, argumentation relations, argument instructions, and topos It can be modelled the argumentation relations among contents in speeches like this: p1, p2, … r In which: p1, p2, … are arguments and reasons; r is the conclusion Example: For example: "Truong Ba: - You can't be one thing inside, another can't be outside (p) I want to be whole (r).” [118, p.69] 1.2.1.2 Arguments and logical reasoning Logical inference towards the goal is the truth value, while the everyday argument towards the goal is effective, leading and convincing A conclusion is drawn from an argument In an argumentation, the conclusion can be present or implicit An argumentation can have one conclusion or multiple conclusions The symbol of it is r 1.2.2.3 Relation of argumentation A relation of argumentation is a relation between an argument and a conclusion, or between arguments In an argumentation, that there is a relation among arguments means that p1 and p2 are put towards a certain conclusion When an argumentation has two or more arguments, the arguments have two types of relations: concurrent argumentation and opposite argumentation 1.2.3 Classification of argumentation 1.2.3.1 Based on the organization of the argumentation’s components - Single argumentation: An argumentation that has only one conclusion - Complex argumentation: An argumentation that has two or more conclusions 1.2.3.2 Based on the position of the argumentation’s components - The deductive type: This is a way of presenting, organizing, and arranging ideas from the general to the particular, the specific, and the argument This type has the conclusion that precedes the argumentations - The inductive type: This is the type of argumentation that goes from individual, specific opinions, then synthesizes and generalizes those opinions later - The synthesis-analysis type: This is a type of argumentation that states a general problem, then break the problem into small parts for consideration or analysis, and finally generalizes again the problem to upgrade it into the analyzed problem In addition to the three types outlined above, in Luu Quang Vu's dramas, we also find the argument with the conclusion standing between the arguments, and the argument with the conclusion or the argument standing independently 1.2.3.3 Based on the presence of the argumentation’s components - Full composition argumentation: This type of argumentation has two components: arguments and conclusions in one argumentation - Argumentations that only have the argument component - Argumentations that only have the argument component 1.2.4 Argumentation instructions 1.2.4.1 Operator Operators are factors that influence an utterance, creating a meaningful orientation that changes the potential of the speaker's argumentation 1.2.4.2 Connector Connectors are elements that combine two or more utterances into a single argumentation such as: if, then, indeed, so For example: "Truong Ba's wife: - I know that, so every day I have to take care of him having a really good kettle of water" [118, p.15] very flexible and diverse structure: partial argumentation can explicitly conclude or implicitly conclude, which can lead to the conclusion of the whole argumentation but can also lead to a different conclusion Out of a total of 790 complex argumentation, there are 378 argumentations of this type, accounting for 47.85% Table 2.2: Complex argumentation type I II III IV V Total r1 p1, p2… 50 44 180 r2 p1,p2… r1, r2 2 51 43 151 r1,r2 p1,p2… 16 p1r1, p2 10 29 r2, p1 r1, r2 p2 0 1 Total 11 10 378 2 In which: I: Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body), II: Ong vua hoa ho (The King turned tiger), III: Ngoc Han cong chua (Princess Ngoc Han), IV: Toi va chung ta (Me and us), V: Dieu khong the mat (What can't be lost) For example: “Hoang Viet: - Don't be sad! (r1) Me too (p1) There is no place for me (p2) My place is created by me (p3) We will create here, this enterprise, our reason for being.” (r2) [118, p.261] This argument has the structure: r1 p1, p2, p3 r2 - Complex argumentation type 2: Argumentations have complexity right from their components, creating a hierarchy and complexity for the organization of argumentation These can be argumentations that are complex with arguments and conclusion, or both arguments and conclusion In our statistics, this type appears 412 cases, accounting for 52.15% of total complex argumentation 157 140 115 55 40 39 14 27 26 LL PH ỨC R 15 20 44 44 34 21 17 LL PH ỨC P LL PHỨC R VÀ PHỨC P Hồn Trương Ba, da hàng thịt Ơn g vu a h óa h ổ Ngọc Hâ n cô ng ch úa Tôi chún g ta Đi ề u khôn g th ể m ất Tổn g 11 Ratio chart of the complex argumentation type in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 2.1.2.1 Full-composition argumentation (Argumentation with both arguments and conclusion component) According to the writer's statistical results, there are 2068 fullcomposition argumentations, accounting for 79.14% During the survey, the author found that the expressions of the full-composition argumentation are very diverse These can be single argumentation or complex argumentation There are argumentations having one or more arguments while there are argumentations having one or more conclusions 2.1.2.2 Argumentation with implicit conclusions Concluding implicit argumentations are argumentations whose conclusions are not on the surface of the words or in the speech of the speaker To find conclusions in these argumentations, listeners need to base themselves on the context, topos, the inherent understanding of mentioned things, and the arguments made In the dialogues of the drama characters of Luu Quang Vu, there are 60 cases of concluding implicit argumentation, accounting for 7.46% 2.1.2.3 Argumentation with implicit arguments According to our research results, in the characters' dialogues, there are 350 argumentations without arguments, accounting for 13.39% 2.1.3 Classification based on the position of the argumentation’s components 2.1.3.1 Argumentation with conclusions at the beginning This deductive type has the following model: r p This type of argument accounts for 24.99% (653/2613 argumentation) 2.1.3.2 Argumentation with conclusions at the end The inductive type has the following model: p1, p2 r According to our statistics, there are 941 argumentations of this type, accounting for 36.01% 2.1.3.3 Argumentation with conclusions at the beginning and the end The synthesis-analysis type has the following model: r1 p1, p2 r2 This type of argument has 180 cases, accounting for 6.89% 2.1.3.4 Argumentation with a conclusion in the middle of arguments There are 294 argumentations of this type (accounting for 11.25%) 2.1.3.5 Argumentation with conclusions or arguments standing separately There are 545 argumentations that only include one main component 12 (argument or conclusion), accounting for 20.86% 2.2 Arguments of argumentations in Luu Quang Vu’s drama 2.2.1 The number and position of arguments in an argumentation 2.2.1.1 The number of arguments Argumentation with only one argument accounted for 26.33% (688/2613 argumentation) Argumentation with two or more arguments accounted for 60.28% (1575/2613 argumentation) Argumentation without arguments accounted for 13.39% (350/2613 argumentation) 2.2.1.2 The position of arguments Arguments have a variety of positions They can be before the conclusion or after the conclusion or around the conclusion 2.2.2 The relation of argumentation 2.2.2.1 The relation among arguments Concurrent arguments accounted for 81.40% of the total number of argumentations with two or more arguments Opposite arguments accounted for 18.60% The stronger arguments are, the closer they are to the conclusion 2.2.2.2 The relation between argument and conclusion There are 2,418 argumentations in which the argument are in line with the conclusion, accounting for 92.54% and only 195 argumentation in which the arguments are against the conclusion, accounting for 7.46% 2.3 Conclusion of argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 2.3.1 Explicit conclusions Argumentations with explicit conclusions accounted for 92.54% of the total number of argumentations studied Explicit conclusions are necessary to have a clear understanding, and to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding because dramatic language is mainly the language of dialogue between characters and the presence of dialogues is very little The majority of one-conclusion argumentation accounts for 62.3% of the total number of argumentation with an explicit conclusion Argumentations with two or more conclusions accounted for 37.7% Argumentations with one conclusion form simple argumentation, and argumentations with two or more conclusions form complex argumentation The position of the conclusion is very diverse, it can be before, after, or in the middle of arguments In an argumentation, there are two or more conclusions, the conclusions can be equal, complementary or overlapping each other 2.3.2 Implicit conclusions 13 In Luu Quang Vu's dramas, argumentations with implicit conclusions account for 7.49% Drama is a dialogue in which the argumentation is not always fully articulated Many times the dialogue is interrupted by stealing the words of the interlocutor, violating the rules of the conversation (politeness in conversation) or expressing the speaker's mood, feelings, or possibly conclusions mentioned in the previous turns of the character or the character in the dialogue, sometimes the implicit conclusion is due to the character's own intentions, showing subtlety, avoiding hurting the listener 2.4 Argumentation instructions in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 2.4.1 Operator The operator appears in all dramas by Luu Quang Vu Most operators lead to conclusions to evaluate the number, and few operators are used to emphasize the importance of the subject matter or the character's attitude Commonly seen operators in dramas by Luu Quang Vu can be mentioned such as chỉ, chính, cả, đến, mới, tận, mỗi… 2.4.2 Connector There are 713/2613 argumentations containing connectors, which accounts for 27.29% The percentage of argumentation containing connectors is not high; however, the connectors used are very diverse There are connectors used for the introduction of conclusions and arguments There are concurrent argument connectors and opposite argument connectors If divided according to the position, there are two-position connectors and three-position connectors Specifically, commonly seen connectors in drama works can be named such as (but), (because), (so), mà (but), (or), (as), (because), nên (so), để (to)… and some structures such as nếu…thì…(if), tuy…nhưng…(although), vì…mà… (because) In 713 times that connector appears, there are 422 times connectors are used for the introduction of argumentations (59.19%), 255 times connectors are used for the introduction of conclusions (35.76%) and 36 connectors are pairs of linking words (5.05%) 2.5 Topos of argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu Argumentation used by characters is both universal topos and individual topos belonging to a particular character After conveying a statistic and classification of topos (according to the popularity criteria), we obtained the results in the following table: Table 2.2: Types of topos in dramas by Luu Quang Vu Types of topos Quantity (argument) 14 Percentage (%) Internal topos 1119 28,26 External topos 2045 51,65 Topos based on people’s behaviors 178 4,50 Topos based on hierarchy 475 12,00 Topos based on the philosophy of 142 3,59 human life Total 3959 100 2.5.1 External topos and internal topos in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 2.5.1.1 External topos External topos are the basis of events that have taken place in practice, on documents, papers, in accordance with regulations, laws, rumours or numbers, etc This is the kind of topos used in dramas by Luu Quang Vu External topos are used in many dramatic situations, which can be descriptions, grounds to prove a statement, or to persuade or express feelings and opinions 2.5.1.2 Internal topos Internal topos reflect the laws of cause and effect, and personal factors such as background, family, ethnicity, religion, education, physical state, and property Argumentation by internal topos often has concurrent connectors and operators or does not require the use of connectors and operators 2.5.2 Topos based on people’s behaviours Common sense about human behavior is used 178 times (accounting for 4.50%) For example: “Nguyen Hue: - Why? You commanded to expose the body of God on my behalf? For what? It only makes people call you petty cruelty You want to harm me? Edit: - No, I just want to show the people the power of Thuong Cong." [118, p 63] Nguyen Hue and Chinh's arguments are based on two different common sense The same act of "exposing the body", Nguyen Hue considers it a bad thing and Chinh considers it a show of power 2.5.3 Topos based on hierarchy in dramas by Luu Quang Vu This kind of common sense is used 475 times, which is 12.00% For example: “Le: - Not so with me We work together And as a wife, I won't allow anyone to weaken his heart, complicate our life that has so many things to worry about Whoever that person is, who is… you understand? Nham: - I understand But rest assured No one has that intention However, even if it's just a little sister, I want to know, like how he's living now, happy or sad, good or bad So I came.” [118, p 373] Both arguments 15 understand that the husband and wife relationship will be closer and more decisive than the cousin-cousin relationship 2.5.4 Topos based on the philosophy of human life in dramas by Luu Quang Vu - Topos about human life and reasons for life - Topos about love and family happiness - Topos about goodness and evilness - Topos by age - Topos by nation beliefs - Topos which believe that death is not the end For example: “Hoang Viet: (Khanh) - To become earth, to ashes But should there be anything left? There are things that cannot die! The people who lived well and usefully, there must be a little bit of them left in this life, in me, in you, in everything we do… Isn't that right? Old Man: (Thinking) - Yes, my friend Each person relies on others to continue living And so, death will be repelled That's an important thing!" [118, p 224-225] Both characters use common sense that death is not the end in their arguments Sub-conclusion of Chapter In chapter of the thesis, we analyzed the argumentation in the dialogues by characters in dramas by Luu Quang Vu 2613 argumentations have been studied on the following aspects: types of argumentations, and components of argumentation such as conclusions, arguments, operators, connectors, and topos The study on the types of argumentation is based on three criteria: the complexity of the argumentation organization, the presence of the argumentation’s components and the position of the components in the argumentation Research has shown that argumentation Luu Quang Vu drama has diverse structures In which, regarding the complexity, the majority is single argumentation (presented under 28 phenotypes), the rest is complext argumentation (presented under main phenotypes) Regarding the presence of argumentation’s components, it can be seen that full-component argumentation accounts for the highest proportion (79.14%), hidden-argument argumentations accounts for 13.39%, and hidden-conclusion argumentations accounts for 7.46% Regarding the position of argumentation’s components, there are five types of argumentations: the highest proportion is the argumentation with a conclusion at the end, the second is the argumentation with a conclusion at the beginning, the third is the argumentation with conclusions and arguments standing separately, the fourth is the argumentation with conclusions in the middle of arguments, and the last is the argumentation with conclusions in the 16 middle of arguments Flexibility in the formation of argumentation in dramas of Luu Quang Vu helps to excites readers and listeners Regarding the argument component, the thesis found that the structure of arguments in argumentation of Luu Quang Vu drama are very diverse and flexible: argumentations with two or more arguments account for the highest proportion, argumentations with one argument rank the second place, and in the last position is the argumentations without any argument Arguments can be in the beginning, the end or the middle of the conclusion Concurrent arguments accounted for a higher propotion than opposite arguments Regarding the conclusion component, through argumentation of characters in Luu Quang Vu drama, the majority of conclusions are explicitconclusion argumentation (92.54%) When appearing in an argumentation, the conclusion can be at the beginning, at the end, or in the middle of the argumentation, or even can stand alone to make up an argumentation Explicit conclusions make the dramas easier to understand Luu Quang Vu often creates argumentations with implicit conclusions in cases such as when the character has not been able to speak and is interrupted by the interlocutor or in special situations when the conclusion does not need to be directly stated but listeners and readers can still easily draw from the context, from the arguments and topos in that argumentation The variety of positions and the presence of conclusions make up the attractiveness of argumentation in Luu Quang Vu's drama External topos, internal topos, topos based on people’s behaviours, topos based on hierarchy, and topos based on the philosophy of human life are the grounds of argumentation commonly used in Luu Quang Vu’s dramas There are argumentations with only one topo, but also argumentations with many types of topos Topos in the same argumentation contribute to complementing each other to create the solidity and persuasiveness of the argumentation Objective topos account for the highest proportion, internal topos rank second, the next is topos based on hierarchy, and then topos based on the philosophy of human life The specific topos account for the lowest proportion but play a crucial role in expressions of the author’s philosophies and perspectives on issues, life–death reasons, the general – the particular, perspectives about love, family happiness, etc Chapter THE VALUE OF ARGUMENTATION IN DRAMAS BY LUU QUANG VU 17