Rào cản thương mại của mỹ đối với hàng dệt may việt nam thực trạng và giải pháp

2918 LV.ThS dhktqd JI ■ - ■ "5 ■ ■ - ' TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN *** Nguyen Lan Huang RAO CAN THlTONG MAI CUA MY DOI Vffl HANG DET MAY VIET NAM - THUS TRANG VA GIAIPHAP Chuyen nganh: Quan tri kinh doanh quoc te LUAN VAN THAC SY QUAN TRI KINH DOANH NGirori HUONG DAN KHOfl HOC: PGS.TS NGUYEN THI HUONG r-H? Ha Noi, Nam 2008 —4 MUC • LUC • Danh muc cac chu viet tat Danh muc bang bieu, hinh ve Md DAU CHUONG LY LU AN CHUNG VE RAO CAN THUONG MAI QUOC TE VA KINH NGHIEM VUOT QUA RAO CAN THUONG MAI DOI VCJl HANG DET MAY CUA MOT SO NU'OC 1.1 Mot so van de chung ve rao can thuong mai quoc te 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2 Rao can doi voi hang det may thuong mai quoc te 21 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 Su hinh rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may 21 Dac diSm cua cac rao can doi voi hang det may thuong mai quoc te 24 Su can thiet phai vuqt qua rao can thuong mai noi chung va rao can doi voi hang det may noi rieng 25 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 Khai niem rao can thuong mai quoc te Sir hinh cua cac rao can thirong mai quoc te Phan loai cac loai rao can Xu the phat trien cua cac loai rao can thuong mai 19 Khai niem vuqt qua rao can thuong mai 25 Su can thiet phai vuqt qua rao can thuong mai 26 Kinh nghiem vuqt qua rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may cua mot so nude tren the gibi va bai hoc kinh nghiem doi voi Viet Nam 33 1.4.1 1.4.2 Trung Quoc 33 An Do 36 1.4.3 Bai hoc kinh nghiem doi voi Viet Nam .38 CHUONG THUC TRANG VUOT QUA RAO CAN THUONG MAI DOI vdl HANG DET MAY VlfiT NAM NHAP KHAU VAO THI TRUONG MY 40 2.1 Lich su hinh va phat trien cac rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may nhap khau vao thi trubng My 40 2.2 Thue trang cac rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may nhap khau vao thi trudng My va ket qua nhap khau hang det may cua My tir Viet Nam 41 2.2.1 2.2.2 Thue trang cac rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may nhap khau vao thi trubng My 42 Tinh hinh nhap khau hang det may Viet Nam cua My 50 2.3 Cac bien phap Viet Nam da ap dung de vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det may nhap khau tu Viet Nam 63 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 Cac bien phap tu phia cua Chinh phu 63 Cac bien phap tu phia Hiep hoi det may 69 Cac bien phap tu phia cac doanh nghiep 70 Danh gia thuc trang viec vuot qua rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam 72 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 Nhung uu diem viec vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam 72 Nhung tbn tai, han che viec vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai cua My dbi vdi hang det may Viet Nam 73 Nguyen nhan cua cac ton tai 75 CHUONG CAC GIAI PHAP VUOT QUA RAO CAN THUONG MAI DOI VCJI HANG DET MAY VIET NAM NHAP KHAU VAO THI TRUONG MY 78 3.1 Co hoi va thach thuc cua viec Viet Nam xuat khau hang det may sang thi trubng My la vien chinh thuc cua WTO 78 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 Co hoi xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trubng My 78 Thach thuc doi vdi xuat khau det may Viet Nam sang thi trubng My Viet Nam la vien cua WTO 79 Chien luge phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam den 2015 80 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Quan diem phat trien cua nganh det may 80 Muc tieu chien luge cua nganh det may 81 Dinh hudng phat trien cho nganh det may 82 3.3 Du bao ve thi trubng det may My den nam 2010 va nhung rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may cua My 83 3.4 Mot so quan diem ve vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai det may cua My doi vdi hang det may nhap khau tu Viet Nam 85 3.5 Mot sb giai phap vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhap khau vao thi trubng Hoa Ky 86 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 Giai phap tir phia Chinh phu 86 Giai phap tu phia Hiep hoi det may 91 Giai phap tir phia doanh nghiep 94 KET LUAN 100 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO .101 DANH MUC CAC CHU' VIET TAT ATC : Hiep dinh det may DOC : Bo thuong mai My EU : Lien minh chau Au FTC : Uy ban thuong mai lien bang GSP : Che uu dai thue quan cap ITC : Uy ban thuong mai quoc te My MFN : Doi xu toi hue quoc A NAFTA : Khu vuc mau dich tu Bac My USTR : Dai dien thuong mai My WTO : To chuc thuong mai the gioi DANH MUC CAC BANG BIEU, HINH VE Bang bieu Bang 1.1: So lieu ve cac vu dieu tra moi va ap dung cac bien phap chong ban pha gia tCr 1/1997 den 12/2007 12 Bang 1.2: So lieu ve cac vu dieu tra mdi va ap dung cac bien phap chong trp cap 1/1998-12/2007 16 Bang 1.3: Chuang trinh nhat the hoa hang det may 23 Bang 2.1: Bieu thue suat hai hoa cua My (2008) 42 Bang 2.2: Cac budc dieu tra chong ban pha gia (AD) 45 Bang 2.3: Cac budc dieu tra chong tra cap (CVD) 46 Bang 2.4: Kim ngach nhap khau det may cua My tu mot so nude xuat khau chinh 51 Bang 2.5: Tom tat nhung anh hudng cua viec loai bo han ngach det may nam 2005 va nhung yeu to canh tranh chinh Bang 2.6: Cac mat hang det may quan ly bang han ngach 53 58 Hinh ve Hinh 2.1: Tong kirn ngach det may cua My tinh theo ty USD (thaiky 1990-2007) 50 Hinh 2.2: Nhap khau hang det may cua My tu Viet Nam tinh theo trieu USD, 10 nam (1998-2007) Hinh 2.3: Thi phan hang det may tai My (% tinh theo tri gia) 57 61 TRUCJNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN *** Nguyen Lan Huong RAO CAN THUONG MAI CUA MY DOI VOI HANG DET MAY VIET NAM - THUD TRANG VA GIAIPHAP Chuyen nganh: Quan tri kinh doanh quoc te TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY • • Ha Noi, Nam 2008 & -i- TOM TAT De tai “Rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam - Thuc trang va giai phap” dupe lua chon tren co so thuc tien la viec gia nhap WTO da Z A dem lai cho Viet Nam nhieu co hoi viec xuat khau hang det may - mot mat z a a hang xuat khau chu luc cua Viet Nam - sang thi trudng day tiem nang nhu My; A * A nhien, trudc day moi chi co nhung de tai nghien cuu ve cac rao can thuong mai noi chung chu chua co de tai nao nghien cuu ve cac rao can doi vdi hang det may hay rao can d thi trudng My Muc dich cua de tai la danh gia thuc trang vuot qua cac rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det may nhap khau tu Viet Nam va de xuat cac giai phap nham vuot qua nhung rao can doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam den 2010 va cac nam tiep theo Viet Nam la vien cua WTO Do nhung han che ve mat kien thuc, kinh phi cung nhu thdi gian nghien cuu nen de tai chi nghien cuu cac rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi hang det A may Viet Nam tu Viet Nam va My binh thuong hoa quan he nam 1995 De tai cung duoc nghien cuu tren giac vT mo, tuc la nghien cuu cac rao can thuong mai cua My doi vdi cac doanh nghiep det may noi chung chu khong nghien cuu cu the tung rao can doi vdi mot doanh nghiep det may nao r r a a Ket cau cua de tai gom chuong: ' A ' Chuong 1: Ly luan chung ve rao can thuong mai quoc te va kinh r z nghiem vuot qua rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may cua mot so nude z Chuong 2: Thuc trang vuot qua rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam nhap khau vao thi trudng My Chuong 3: Cac giai phap vuot qua rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam nhap khau vao thi trudng My Chuong trinh bay nhung van de khai quat nhat ve rao can thuong mai Trude het, de hieu duoc the nao la rao can thuong mai, muc chuong da dua ap dung de nghien cuu cac rao can toan bo de tai Muc cung neu sir hinh cac rao can lich su phat trien cua thuong mai quoc te, phan loai r r ' r rao can theo tinh chat thue rao can thue quan va phi thue quan, phan tich or r r r * mot so loai rao can bien nhu: han che dinh lupng, cap phep nhap khau, dinh gia hai quan de tinh thue, trp cap, rao can ve chong ban pha gia, cac rao can ky thuat, cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai, rao can ve bao ho quyen so huu tri tue tren cac khia canh: neu dinh nghia, dac diem va xu hubng ap dung cua tung loai rao can, tac dong cua rao can den thuong mai quoc te Cac rao can thuong mai quoc te khong phai bat bien ma luon van dong thay doi, vi vay muc cung de cap den xu hubng phat trien cua cac loai rao can thuong mai Cac xu hubng chinh cua rao can thuong mai quoc te la: cac rao can dupe r mb rong tir thuong mai hang hoa sang thuong mai dich vu; xuat hien cac hieu y y ung lan truyen, mb rong anh hubng tir mot san pham sang nhieu san pham lien r z r a quan, tir mot quoc gia sang mot loat cac quoc gia va tham chi la toan the gibi; y 9 nhieu rao can ky thuat khong ngirng dupe sua doi nang cao tieu chuan, muc chat che de phu hop voi muc song xa hoi cang cao va su tien bo cua khoa hoc ky thuat; cac nubc dang phat trien cang chu hon tbi cac rao can thuong mai Sau da hieu ro the nao la rao can thuong mai cung nhu cac loai rao can thuong gap thuong mai quoc te, muc se di sau phan tich cac rao can doi y voi hang det may - mat hang ma de tai nghien cuu theo cac hubng: lich sir hinh z cac rao can thuong mai doi voi hang det may, dac diem cua cac rao can z doi voi hang det may co nhtrng diem khac biet nao so voi cac rao can noi chung y r tuong ung voi dac trung cua nganh det may la nganh truyen thong va sir dung y y z nhieu lao dong b hau het cac nubc - iii - Cac rao can thuong mai da ton tai, vay co can phai vupt qua cac rao can hay khong, cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam lieu co du dieu kien de vupt qua cac rao can thuong mai? Tat ca nhung cau hoi se dupe tra ldi d muc 3, muc x # tiep theo cua de tai r De co the vupt qua dupe cac rao can khong chi can nghien cuu sau ve cac rao can tren co so ly thuyet ma co the van dung kinh nghiem cua cac nude di trade r muc phan tich kinh nghiem vupt qua rao can thuang mai doi vdi hang det may A AX B cua hai nude xuat khau det may ldn la Trang Quoc va An Do thong qua viec phan tich nhung lpi the ve det may cua mdi nude, tinh hinh xuat khau nhung nam gan day, cac rao can ma mdi nude da gap phai cung nhu cac bien 9 phap ma mdi nude da ap dung de vupt qua cac rao can Tren co sd do, tong ket cac kinh nghiem va rat bai hoc doi vdi Viet Nam Vdi nhung kien thuc tong quat da cd sau nghien cuu chuong 1, chuong r > t di sau nghien cuu ve cac rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may d thi trudng rao can doi vdi hang det may cua cac thi trudng khac, muc dau tien cua chuong se phan tich lich str hinh va phat trien cac rao can thuang mai doi vdi hang det may nhap khau vao thi trudng My Diem noi bat cd the thay la cac rao can at tu cac nude dang phat trien, cac rao can cang dupe the hien dudi nhieu hinh thuc tinh vi, kho nhan biet hon A A Mot so loai rao can cu the dang dupe ap dung doi vdi hang det may d thi trudng My se dupe phan tich chi tiet d muc tuang ung vdi su phan loai cac rao A A A can d chuong 1, la rao can thue quan va rao can phi thue quan Rao can thue quan doi vdi hang det may cua tirng quoc gia chu yeu dua tren cac hiep dinh - 88 - nghiep vi pham Do do, viec co quy dinh cu the ve viec ap dung cac tieu chuan cung nhu dua cac che tai thich hop se giup cho cac doanh nghiep det may vuot qua duoc cac rao can ve tieu chuan chat luong san pham, moi trudng cung nhu rao can chong ban pha gia => Quy dinh ro rang, cu the ve vai trd, chuc nang, nhiem vu cua Hiep hoi det may Truoc day, vai trd cua Hiep hoi noi chung va Hiep hoi det may noi rieng chi duoc nhac den mot each khai quat nghi dinh ND88/2003 cua chinh phu ve lap cac Hiep hoi Trong bdi canh Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, vai trd cua hiep hoi cang trd nen quan thi can cd mot van ban cd tinh phap ly cao hon quy dinh ve vai trd, nhiem vu, chuc nang cua Hiep hoi Khi chua cd dieu kien ban hanh Luat ve Hiep hoi, Chinh phu can cd cac van ban dudi luat mdi de dam bao Hiep hoi det may duoc tham gia dong gop y kien doi vdi nhtrng van de cd lien quan den cac doanh nghiep nganh, khang dinh Hiep hoi khong phai la co quan thuc hien cac bien phap cua Chinh phu nham doi vdi cac rao can thuong mai cua My ma la dai dien cho cac doanh nghiep det may, cung chinh phu dua cac giai phap kha thi, dam bao loi ich cho cac doanh nghiep va cho ca quoc gia Viec cd mot co sd phap ly day du se tao co che thdng thoang de Hiep hoi tiep tuc phan anh nguyen vong cua cac doanh nghiep, phoi hop vdi cac co quan quan ly nha nudc de xay dung mdi trudng kinh doanh thuan loi cho nganh det may, bao ve quyen loi cho cac doanh nghiep chong lai cac rao can xam nhap thi trudng quoc te - Tang cudng sy lien ket giua cac bo, ban, nganh viec xu ly cac van de lien quan den xuat khau hang det may vao Hoa Ky Cach dua cac bien phap ddi vdi rao can ve hang det may My dung len truoc day nhu rao can ve han ngach, co che giam sat hang det may cho thay su lien ket giua cac bo, ban, nganh viec xu ly cac van de cdn rat long leo, thieu hieu qua Vi du nhu, chua co sir noi mang giua Bo - 89 - Thuong mai (nay la Bo Cong thuong) va Tong cue Hai quan nen My ap dung co che giam sat, lien bo budc phai quan ly viec xuat khau cac san pham det may sang My thdng qua hinh thuc cap giay phep xuat khau - mot hinh thuc nang ve thu tuc hanh chinh, gay kho khan cho hoat dong xuat khau Vi vay, can tang cubng su lien ket giua cac bo, ban, nganh de co the dua cac bien phap hop ly nham vuot qua cac rao can det may cua My Don cu nhu Bo Cong thuong cd the trien khai noi mang vdi Tong cue Hai quan, tu cd the cap nhat thdng tin va sd lieu de dieu hanh cong tac giam sat va quan ly gia, tranh dupc cac vu kien lien quan den chong ban pha gia, dong thoi van khong gay kho khan cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau hang det may - Chu dong doi vdi cac rao can det may My dung len Cac rao can ma My dung len ddi vdi hang det may Viet Nam phan ldn cd the du bao trudc dupc dua tren kinh nghiem cua cac nudc xuat khau ldn nhu Trung Qudc hay An Do cung nhu xu hudng phat trien cua cac rao can thuong mai tren the gidi Tuy nhien, thoi gian qua, cac bien phap ma Chinh phu •> r t r t ap dung de vuot qua cac rao can cho thay ro su lung tung vap phai cac rao a r \ can Vi vay, thoi gian tdi, Chinh phu can cd cai nhin dung dan ve tac dong cua cac rao can ddi vdi xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang My tu tich cue dua cac bien phap phong ngua va han che tac dong cua cac rao can Cu the: •=> Ddi vdi chuong trinh giam sat hang det may: Cd nhung bien phap giam sat va quan ly gia binh quan, khong de gia giam dot ngot; tong hop sd lieu kip thoi cua nam nhom hang ma My dat co che giam sat; han che cac lo hang don gian, dang cap thap va gia qua thap; kien toan lai he thdng sd sach lien quan den xuat xu va chi phi dau vao cua lo hang xuat khau Bo Cong thuong can lam viec vdi Bo thuong mai My theo hudng giam bdt cac tac dong, anh hudng cua co che giam sat (giam bdt dien mat hang cd kha nang san xuat khoi danh sach bi giam sat) va minh bach hoa cac tieu chi, dieu kien tu khdi dong dieu tra chong ban - 90 - pha gia hang det may Viet Nam cua My de cac nha nhap khau nuac ngoai va doanh nghiep yen tarn san xuat kinh doanh o Doi voi cac rao can ky thuat: Tiep tuc cung co diem hoi dap ve rao can ky thuat thong qua viec: quy dinh ro rang ve chuc nang, nhiem vu cua diem hoi dap; dam bao ho trq day du ve tai chinh; nguyen tac lam viec cua diem hoi dap phai ro rang, tuan thu theo mot quy trinh cu the, nghiem tuc; doi ngu nhan vien duoc tuyen chon ky luong, co trinh chuyen mon, ky thuat cao, trinh tieng Anh tot, phong each lam viec chuyen nghiep, duoc trang bi cac thiet bi van phdng hien dai; chu dong tham gia vao cac cuoc hop cua Uy ban TBT va cac hoat dong co lien quan khac de co the kip thdi nam duoc xu the va chu dong phoi hop cdng tac TBT, gop phan cap nhat cac thong tin chinh xac cho cac doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khau - Chu nang cao nhan thuc cua doanh nghiep ve tac dong cua cac rao can doi vdi hang det may cua My va ho tro1 doanh nghiep de vuot qua cac rao can ve trach nhiem xa hoi va so1 huu tri tue: Cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam chu yeu van di theo dudng gia cdng xuat khau, chi mdi chuyen sang san xuat theo hinh thuc FOB (doanh nghiep mua nguyen lieu va san xuat theo dan dat hang dudi su dong y cua chu hang) thdi gian gan day Vi vay, hau het cac doanh nghiep deu khong quan tarn den cac rao can nhu chong ban pha gia, nhan hieu thuong mai, ban quyen, xuat khau sang thi trudng My Tuy nhien, de phat trien nganh det may phu hop vdi xu hudng chung cung nhu dem lai lqi nhuan cao han cho cac doanh nghiep va ngudi lao dong nganh, can xay dung mot nganh det may vdi ty le noi dia hoa cao, cd thuang hieu rieng Do do, Chinh phu can ho tra cac doanh nghiep det may viec nang cao nhan thuc ve cac rao can thuong mai cua thi trudng My thong qua viec: Xay dung he thong thong tin huu ich ve thi trudng det may My, day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen va dao tao de cac doanh nghiep hieu mot each day du va sau sac ve Hiep dinh chong ban pha gia cua WTO va - 91 - cac quy dinh ve chong ban pha gia cua My * Chinh phu mot mat can phai long ghep vao chuong trinh bien kien thuc ve hoi nhap kinh te quoc te de nang cao nhan thuc cho cac doanh nghiep ve trien khai thuc hien va dang ky de duoc cap chung chi SA 8000, mat khac Chinh phu cung can ho trp va tu van phap luat va dieu kien vat chat de cac doanh nghiep det may co the vupt qua rao can mot each tot nhat « Nang cao nhan thuc cua doanh nghiep ve nhan hieu, thuong hieu va xuat xu hang hoa; don gian hoa thu tuc, tao dieu kien de doanh nghiep co the dang ky nhan hieu, thuong hieu mot each nhanh chong nhat; cung cap thong tin, tu van cho doanh nghiep ve xay dung va quang ba thuong hieu; 3.5.2 Gidi phap tirphia Hiep hoi det may - Kien toan to chuc de tang cudng hieu qua hoat dong cua Hiep hoi Truoc day, tat ca cong viec deu Ban thuong vu va Ban chu tich giai quyet nen nhieu van de khong the giai quyet mot each triet de va dut diem Vi vay, Hiep hoi can lap tung bo phan chuyen trach de phu trach tung linh vuc su phat trien cua nganh det may va de ho trp doanh nghiep vupt qua cac rao can thuong mai cua thi trudng My nhu: o Bo phan chinh sach se tap trung vao nhung van de ve chinh sach phat trien cho nganh det may va doi vdi cac chinh sach thuong mai tu cac nudc khac, cu the la van de chdng giam sat hang det may sang My hien ■=> Bo phan thdng tin se thu thap va xu ly thdng tin cd tinh chat chuyen nganh ve thi trudng det may My bao gom nhu cau nhap khau hang det may cua My, cac rao can dang ton tai va du bao cac rao can cd the se xuat hien thdi gian tdi, cac thu tuc can biet xuat khau sang My, Mot dieu don gian la muon cho cac doanh nghiep cua nganh det may vupt qua dupe cac rao can thuong mai quoc te, dac biet la - 92 - cac rao can d thi truong My thi phai biet duoc rao can la gi, nhu the nao va bien phap khac phuc hay doi sao? Tuy vay, Hiep hoi chu yeu mdi chi co dupe cac thdng tin ve thi trudng nudc va cac chinh sach thuong mai noi dia chu chua tiep can duoc vdi cac thdng tin chuyen sau phuc vu cho xuat khau noi chung va ddi vdi cac rao can thuong mai noi rieng Hien nay, chung ta edn chua dupc cong nhan la mot nudc cd nen kinh te thi trudng ma chi dupc cong nhan la mot nudc dang phat trien d trinh thap Do dd, Hiep hoi can phai chu dong thu thap thdng tin ve tinh hinh thi trudng va gia ca d mot nudc thu ba, co trinh tuong duong Viet Nam de cd the chu dong viec hau kien vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia va chong trp cap cho cd lpi cho doanh nghiep Viet Nam Bo phan thdng tin cung se la noi cung cap thdng tin, chuyen cac thdng tin den cac vien theo dinh ky thdng qua cac phuong tien thdng tin hien dai nhu e-mail, internet Tuy nhien, d thoi diem hien tai, trang web cua Hiep hoi doanh nghiep thubng xuyen bi loi, kho truy cap, cac thdng tin don gian, thieu cap nhat Vi vay, nhiem vu cua bo phan thdng tin cung la phai xay dung dupc trang Web cua Hiep hoi trd noi cung cap thdng tin va lien lac true tuyen giua Hiep hoi va cac doanh nghiep vien => Bo phan phap che can di sau nghien cuu cac van de ve chong ban pha gia va trp gia, kinh nghiem khdi kien, khang kien cua cac nudc dang phat trien, dong thoi ket hop chat che vdi cac to chuc tu van phap luat nudc va qudc te de san sang khdi kien va khang kien hau het cac nudc, viec khdi kien va khang kien deu cac Hiep hoi chu dong phat dong chu khong phai cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc Vi vay, thoi gian tdi, Hiep hoi can phai chu dong, tich cue hon nua va chuan bi day du cac dieu kien de ho trp cac doanh nghiep vuot qua rao can chong ban pha gia - Dieu hoa quy md san xuat va xuat khau, gia ca va chat luong cac san pham det may de han che cac nguy co- gap phai cac vu kien chong ban pha gia - 93 - Theo quy dinh cua Hiep dinh chong ban pha gia khuon kho cua WTO, nudc nhap khau chi dupe ap dung cac bien phap chong ban pha gia thoa man tieu chuan: Mot la, hang nhap khau bi ban pha gia bien pha gia ldn hon hoac bang 2% gia xuat khau va khdi lupng hang nhap khau tu moi nudc ldn hon hoac bang 3% khdi lupng nhap khau san pham tuong tu; Hai la, viec ban pha gia gay thiet hai hoac de doa gay thiet hai nghiem cho nganh san xuat nudc; Ba la, cuoc dieu tra pha gia dupe tien hanh theo dung thu tuc Nhu vay, de tranh cho cac doanh nghiep gap phai cac rac roi vu kien chong ban pha gia, Hiep hoi can phai chu dong tinh toan va thao luan vdi cac doanh nghiep vien de tien hanh cac bien phap dieu tiet san lupng xuat khau cho khong bang hoac vupt 3% khdi lupng nhap khau / X X cua nudc nhap khau Khi khdi lupng da bang hoac vupt qua 3% thi can chu dong dieu tiet gia xuat khau de bien khong bang hoac vupt qua 2% Trudng hpp tieu chuan thu nhat da khong dap ung dupe thi can chu dong chuan bi cac tu lieu va minh chung de bien ho cho viec chua gay thiet hai nghiem cho nganh san xuat nudc cua ben khdi kien Neu hai tieu chuan tren van chua du ly le de bao ve thi Hiep hoi phai chu dong hau kien hoac khang kien de cho viec ap dung thue chong ban pha gia d muc thapnhap cd the - Mo rong pham vi hoat dong va anh hudng cua Hiep hoi Trudc day, hoat dong cua hiep hoi chu yeu tap trung d nudc, viec tham gia cac to chuc hoac cac Hiep hoi nganh hang quoc te nhu Lien doan Det may ASEAN, Uy ban Quoc te ve Det may, chu yeu mang tinh hinh thuc Vi vay, Hiep hoi det may chua tan dung dupe uy tin cua cac to chuc quoc te viec ho trp cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vupt qua cac rao can cua cac thi trudng nhap khau noi chung va thi trudng My noi rieng Trong thdi gian tdi, Hiep hoi can chu dong tim hieu va tham gia vao nhieu cac to chuc hoac hiep hoi nganh hang quoc te hon, tich cue hudng ung va dua cac y kien de xuat ve hoat dong cua cac to chuc theo hudng nang cao vai tro, uy tin cua - 94 - nganh det may Viet Nam, md rong hop tac voi cac vien cua to chuc viec thuc day xuat khau vao thi trudng My Truc tiep va thong qua cac to chuc quoc te tac dong den Hiep hoi ngudi tieu dung, Hiep hoi cac nha nhap khau san pham det may cua My va kien nghi len chinh phu My de xoa bo co che giam sat doi voi hang det may cua Viet Nam hien va nhung chinh sach ap dat vo ly cua My thdi gian toi 3.5.3 Giaiphap twphia doanh nghiep - Day manh viec nghien cuu thi trudng My, xuc tien thuong mai, tim hieu cac rao can thuong mai doi vdi hang det may cua My bang nhieu phuong phap: khao sat truc tiep, phan tich so lieu, tim kiem thong tin tren internet, De co the chu dong doi va vupt qua cac rao can thuong mai thi can phai day manh cac hoat dong nghien cuu thi trudng de hieu ro hon ve thi trudng My va de cho cac nha nhap khau hieu ro hon ve hang hoa va doanh nghiep minh Chinh vi the, nhieu doanh nghiep chu yeu dua cac phai doan di khao sat thi trudng nuoc ngoai Viec khao sat, nghien cuu la can thiet nhung se phai chiu chi phi dang ke ve thdi gian va tien bac Mat khac, neu khong dupc chuan bi tot ve noi dung, phuong phap cung mang lai hieu qua khong cao Do do, cac doanh nghiep co quy mo nho, pham vi ve mat hang han che co the su dung cac ky nang va phuong phap nghien cuu thi trudng thong qua cac phuong phap phan tich thong ke kinh te tu cac nguon tai lieu co the thu thap dupc nuoc (dac biet la qua internet) Dong thdi co the ket hpp su dung cac phuong phap chuyen gia, su dung cac cong tac vien d nuoc ngoai (trong co quan kinh te, thuong vu cua Viet Nam) hoac thue khoan chuyen gia tu van Hiep hoi det m^^, Doanh nghiep cung can chu dong, tich cuc tim hieu de co the hieu ro va hieu dung cac quy dinh thuong mai quoc te, cac quy dinh ve viec chong ban pha gia va trp gia, cac buoc dieu tra va khdi kien, he thong luat thuong mai My co lien quan den viec hinh cac rao can doi voi hang det may de khong bi dong vap phai mot cac rao can xam nhap vao thi trudng My Khi bi kien doanh nghiep can khan truong lien he voi Hiep hoi - 95 - det may, to chuc chuan bi cac noi dung thong nhat se phai tra loi nuoc nhap khau Doanh nghiep can neu cao tinh than doan ket, huy dong sue manh tong hop cung dau tranh vdi don kien Tranh thu sue manh cua luat su giai quyet don kien - Dau tir, doi moi cong nghe, nang cao nang luc canh tranh quoc te cua doanh nghiep va cac san pham det may xuat khau vao thi truong My Mac du nhieu mat hang det may cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam da xuat khau dupc vao thi trudng My nhung san pham va cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd nang lire canh tranh thap Nang luc canh tranh cua mot doanh nghiep phu thuoc vao cac yeu to: chien lupc kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, trinh khoa hoc cong nghe, san pham cua doanh nghiep, nang suat lao dong, chi phi san xuat va quan ly, dau tu cho nghien cuu, trien khai Muon day manh xuat khau hang hoa, vuot qua dupc cac rao can thuong mai can nang cao nang lire canh tranh cua doanh nghiep thdng qua viec thuc hien mot chien lupc kinh doanh khoa hoc, dung dan; doi mdi san pham ca ve chat lupng, gia ca, mau ma hang hoa; nang cao trinh quan ly va ky nang cua can bo cong nhan vien; Ngoai ra, de tang tinh canh tranh, cac doanh nghiep det may can co gang giam gia san pham thdng qua cac bien phap nang cao nang suat lao dong, giam chi phi cd dinh quan ly, giam tieu hao nang lupng dien san xuat (d Viet Nam thudng cao hon 2,4 den 3,6 lan so vdi cac nudc khu vuc), chia se giua cac doanh nghiep chi phi tiep thi, chi phi thdng tin thi trudng Triet de thuc hien chu truong tiet kiem 10% chi phi cua cac doanh nghiep, coi nhu la co sd de tang kha nang canh tranh cua hang det may Viet Nam so vdi hang det may Trung Qudc Chi cd lam nhu vay, cac doanh nghiep det may mdi tao dupc gia ca san pham co tinh canh tranh tren thi trudng va dupc nhieu nguoi tieu dung chap nhan - Mo rong va tang cuong lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep, cac phan kinh te de nang cao kha nang thich ung voi moi truong canh tranh quoc te Cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai luon su dung ly thuyet ve lpi the theo quy - 96 - md va thudng co nhtrng don hang vdi khoi luong ldn tdi hang tram trieu USD Tuy nhien, doanh nghiep det may cua Viet Nam phan ldn la doanh nghiep vua va nhd nen da khong dap ung duoc yeu cau Vi vay, can hinh va phat trien cac doanh nghiep co quy md ldn thdng qua viec md rong cac hinh thuc lien doanh, lien ket gitra cac doanh nghiep nha nudc vdi va vdi cac phan kinh te khac, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep co von dau tu nudc ngoai Thuc tien cho thay cac vu tranh chap ve thuong mai co lien quan den chong ban pha gia, chong trp cap, neu cd yeu to nudc ngoai cung dung ve phia Viet Nam thi cac phan quyet cuoi cung bao gid cung co loi cho Viet Nam Do do, muon vupt rao can de day manh xuat khau, cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam can chu dong lien doanh lien ket vdi cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai, dac biet la cac cong ty da quoc gia hoac cac tap doan kinh te ldn - Cac doanh nghiep nen xay dung he thong ghi nhan, luu tru- ho so1 san xuat, xuat nhap khau day du, khoa hoc, hien dai nham tao co* so* san sang cho viec ung voi kha nang phai tham gia cac vu kien tranh chap thirong mai X ,X quoc te Hien cd khoang hon 2000 doanh nghiep linh vuc det may doanh nghiep nha nudc chiem 0,5%, doanh nghiep cd von dau tu nudc ngoai chiem 25% lai doanh nghiep tu nhan va cong ty cd phan chiem 74,5% Nhu vay, cd the thay cac cong ty co quy md vua va nhd nganh det may chiem ty rat ldn Tuy nhien, hau het cac cong ty lai co he thdng luu giu chung tu, tai lieu sd sach ke toan theo each truyen thdng la ghi chep, chua su dung cac cong cu ke toan hien dai va internet Vi vay, co yeu cau ve cung cap sd lieu tu phia cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc va Hiep hoi det may, cac doanh nghiep thudng lung tung, cham tre gay kho khan cho viec ung vdi rao can ve ban pha gia ma cac nudc nhap khau dung len - Chii dong ap dung cac he thong quan ly chat luong theo tieu chuan quoc te va dap ung yeu cau bao ve sire khoe va moi tru’erng Do muc song ngudi dan d My rat cao, Hiep hoi ngudi tieu dung cd vai tro - 97 - rat ldn viec chap nhan hoac phan doi ve viec nhap khau mot loai hang hoa nao neu co nhung bieu hien nghi van ve chat luong Vi vay, de vuot qua dupe cac rao can, cac doanh nghiep det may can chu dong, khan truong xay dung cac he thdng ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2000, GMP, HACCP, SA 8000 , lua chon ap dung theo dac thu rieng cua tung doanh nghiep Cac doanh nghiep co the ap dung cung luc cac he thong ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2000, SA 8000 Tich cue su’ dung vai san xuat nuoc de tang ty le noi dia cua san pham xuat khau, du dieu kien diroc cap C/O de hud’ng che uu dai thue quan cap (GSP) Theo luat cua My, de dupe hudng che uu dai thue quan cap hang hoa phai dupe nhap khau true tiep tu nudc hudng lpi vao lanh tho hai quan My va tri gia hang hoa dupe tao tai nudc hudng lpi phai dat it nhat 35% Hang nam, tren co sd de xuat cua Dai dien thuang mai My (USTR) sau tham khao y kien cong chung, Uy ban thuong mai My (ITC) va cac co quan hanh phap, Tong thong se quyet dinh nhung mat hang va nhung nudc dupe hudng GSP Vi vay, de cd the vupt qua rao can ve thue quan, cac doanh nghiep can tang ty le noi dia hoa, su dung nhieu nguyen, phu lieu nudc vao viec san xuat hang xuat khau - Xay dung trang Web cua tung doanh nghiep de thuc day xuc tien thuong mai sang thi truong My Hien nay, chi mot so it cac doanh nghiep det may cd trang web rieng do, cac doi tac My thudng xuyen tim kiem, nghien cuu va sang loc thdng tin trudc lien he true tiep vdi khach hang hoac cac to chuc xuc tien thuong mai de hoi them chi tiet hoac kiem tra thdng tin Vi vay, trang Web se tao cho doanh nghiep nhieu co hoi hon dupe khach hang My biet den Cac doanh nghiep can chu y den mot sd diem xay dung trang Web nhu: * Ten mien trang web phai dd doc, de nhd va de viet de thuan tien cho khach hang truy cap Ten mien trang web cung thudng dupe dung lam dudi dia chi email cua cdng ty nen khong nen qua dai Khong nen dung - 98 - ten mien tieng Viet vi cac khach hang nudc ngoai thudng khong biet va khong co phong chu tieng Viet de truy cap ■=> Trang web can duoc thiet ke chuyen nghiep, bat mat, de su dung va khong nen phuc tap Cac doanh nhan thuong la nhung nguoi ban ron vi vay trang web phai dupc thiet ke de dam bao nguoi su dung tim dupc nhung thdng tin ho can nhanh nhat Muc dich chu yeu cua trang web la gidi thieu cong ty va san pham, thuyet phuc nguoi mua minh la nha xuat khau dang tin cay, nghiem tuc va khuyen khich ho lien he vdi minh De dat dupc muc dich nay, tren muc gidi thieu ve cong ty (About us), ngoai nhung thdng tin nhu ten, dia chi giao dich, lich su cong ty, can phai neu ten tat ca nhung hiep hoi doanh nghiep (nhat la nhung hiep hoi qudc te cd uy tin) ma cong ty la vien; cac tich, danh hieu, churng nhan ma cong ty hoac san pham cua cong ty da dupc cac to chuc nudc va qudc te chung nhan hoac trao tang * Muc dich cua muc gidi thieu san pham (Product) la de khach hang cd nhung khai niem ve san pham cua minh, do trang nen gidi thieu mot sd chi tiet nhung khong nen gidi thieu qua nhieu ve san pham Neu khong cung cap du thdng tin ve san pham thi nguoi mua se khong quan tarn hoac cho rang cong ty khong nghiem tuc Ngupc lai, neu cung cap qua chi tiet ve san pham, nhat la ve gia thi khach hang se khong cd nhu cau lien he va cong ty se khong cd co hoi de dam phan Cac cong ty My rat muon quan he true tiep vdi nha san xuat hon la cac cong ty xuat khau thuan Vi vay, cac cong ty nen cd mot sd hinh anh ve co sd san xuat true tiep tren trang web Cac cong ty My cung rat quan tarn den on dinh chat lupng san pham, vay md ta tom tat qua trinh san xuat hoac dang tai mot sd hinh anh kiem tra chat lupng tai co sd cung se tao them su quan tarn cua khach hang A r o Trang web nham khuyen khich cac khach hang lien he vdi cong ty Do - 99 - vay, muc lien he (Contact us) phai de o vi tri de thay Trang web can phai tri thuong xuyen de khach hang tin tuong neu ho lien he thi se nhan duoc tra loi Tom lai, chuong dd trinh bay nhung co hoi, thach thuc cua viec xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang My Id vien cua WTO, du bao ve thi r r trudng det may My den nam 2010 va ccic rao can mdi co the xuat hien Dua tren nhung co sd cung nhu cdn cir vao chien luoc phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam den nam 2015, chuong cung dua mot so gidi phap vupt qua cac rao cdn thirong mai cua My ddi vdi hang det may tir phia Chinh phu, Hiep hoi det may vd cac doanh nghiep nganh - 100 - KET LUAN • Det may la nganh truyen thong va luon la mot nhung nganh xuat khau chu lire cua Viet Nam Vdi viec chinh thuc la vien cua to chuc thuong mai the gidi (WTO) vao 11/01/2007, det may da cd rat nhieu co hoi de md rong thi trudng va thang nam 2007, det may da trd nganh cd kim ngach xuat khau ldn nhat cua Viet Nam, xuat khau sang thi trudng My chiem khoang 55% My la mot thi trudng rong ldn, nhieu tiem nang ddi vdi det may Viet Nam Tuy nhien, My cung la nudc cd he thdng luat phap phuc tap, he thdng rao can thuong mai da dang va het sue tinh vi, dac biet la ddi vdi mat hang det may, mat hang su dung hon trieu lao dong d qudc gia Vi vay, de cd the thuc day xuat khau det may sang My mot each hieu qua, can cd cac nghien cuu chi tiet ve cac rao can thuong mai ddi vdi hang det may d thi trudng My De dap ung yeu cau dd, de tai da nghien cuu va trinh bay mot sd giai phap co tinh kha thi ca tu phia chinh phu, Hiep hoi det may va doanh nghiep nhan manh den cac giai phap ddi vdi cac rao can thuong mai chu yeu hien la cac rao can ky thuat, rao can ve mdi trudng, trach nhiem xa hoi va chong ban pha gia Do hinh thuc cua cac rao can doi vdi hang det may d thi trudng My cang phuc tap va kho nhan biet nen viec nghien cuu cac tac dong cua rao can thuong mai ddi vdi hang det may cua My can phai duoc tien 7 hanh thudng xuyen, lien tuc de cd the du bao va co cac bien phap thich hop nham vuot qua cac rao can - 101 - DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • Tieng Viet Nguyen Thi Kim Chi (2003), “Chinh sach thuang mai cua Hoa Ky thdi ky sau nam 1990”, Luan van tien sy kinh te, Vien kinh te va chinh tri the gidi Dir an STAR Viet Nam phoi hap cung vien Quan ly kinh te trung uang (2003), “Bao ccto kinh te 2002 — danh gid tac dong kinh te cua hiep dinh thuang mai song phuang Viet Nam - Hoa Ky ” Dinh Quy Do (chu bien) (2000), “Chinh sach kinh te cua My ddi vdi khu vuc chau A - Thdi Binh Duang sau chien tranh lanh ”, NXB chinh tri quoc gia Luat Thuang mai 2005 Nguyen Thi Huang (chu bien) (2001), “Gido trinh kinh doanh quoc te ”, tap 1, NXB thong ke, Ha Noi Nguyen Thi Huang (chu bien) (2003), “Gido trinh kinh doanh quoc te ”, tap 2, NXB Lao dong xa hoi, Ha Noi Vo Thanh Thu (2001), “Chien luac xam nhap thi trudng My”, NXB Giao due Trung tarn tu dien hoc (2007), ‘‘Tic dien tieng Viet 2008”, NXB Da Nang Uy ban quoc gia ve hap tac kinh te quoc te (2003), “Viet Nam vdi tien r r r r trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te”, NXB thong ke r 10 Vien nghien cuu thuang mai (2005), “Rao cdn thicang mai quoc td”, NXB thdng ke - 102 - Tieng Anh 11 Ed: Spencer Henson, John S.Wilson (2005), “77ie WTO and technical barriers to trade", Cheltenham - Northampton: Edward Elgar 12 USITC (2006), “Probable Economic Effect of Providing Quota Textile under ATC” 13 World trade organization (2004), “Technical barriers to trade”, Geneva 14 WTO (2007), “Best practices & Guide book to the management of notification authorities and National enquiry points under the WTO TBTand SPS agreement” Website http://www.moi.gov.vn http://www.vneconomy.com.vn http://www.wto.org http://www.usembassy.state.gov/vietnam http://www.usitc.gov http://www.otexa.ita.doc.gov http://www.adb.org/statistics http://www.chongbanphagia.vn http://www.agtex.com.vn http://thongtindubao.gov.vn