Những giải pháp chủ yếu thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng may mặc việt nam sang thị trường khu vực châu á thái bình dương (apec)

DHKTQD LV ThS 1656 BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN AAAAA X _ /C' NGUYEN THU HUYEN nhGng giai phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau hang may mac viet nam sang thi truing khu vnc ■ ■ ■ CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG (APEC) LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • Chuyen nganh • : Ngu’d’i hudng d£n khoa hoc : KINH TE HOI NGOAI PGS.TS NGUYEN NHU BINH DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGpTAM THONGTInGhWIE Ha noi - 10/2005 ■ MUC LUC Loi noi dau CHLJONG 1: NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG VE XUAT KHAU HANG MAY MAC 1.1 Cac ly thuyet dac tru’ng va vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau 1.1.1 Cac ly thuyet ve xuat khau 1.1.2 Vai tro cua hoat dong xuat khau 1.1.3 Cac yeu to anh hudng den hoat dong xuat khau 10 1.1.4 Mot vai net ve hiep dinh det may ATC 13 1.2 Mot vai net dac diem cua xuat khau hang may mac 16 1.2.1 Dac tru’ng cua san xuat hang may mac 16 1.2.1.1 Dac trirng ve san pham: 16 1.2.1.2 Dac tru’ng ve san xuat: 17 1.2.1.3Dac tru’ng ve thi trudng: 17 1.2.2 Dong gop cua hang may mac tang trirong kinh te tai cac nude dang phat trien .18 1.2.3 Tong quan ve san xuat va buon ban hang may mac tren the gidi 19 1.3 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau hang may mac cua mot so nude 24 1.3.1 Trung Quoc 24 1.3.2 An Do 27 CHU0NG 2: THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG MAY MAC CUA VIET NAM SANG THI TRUdNG APEC 2.1 Mot so dac diem noi bat ve cac nu’dc khoi APEC 30 2.1.1 Khai quat ve APEC 30 2.1.2 Tinh hinh hop tac kinh te Viet Nam - APEC 31 2.2 Thu’c trang xuUt khau hang may mac cca Viet nam sang cac niruc kOoi APEC 34 2.2.1 hoag quna tiah high uuat khUu hnag may mCc can Viet Nnm 34 2.2.2 hOcc trngg uuat khUu hngg may mCc can Viet gym sngg cCc guCc APEC 38 2.2.2.1 high high chugg 38 2.2.2.2 Mot so guCc ghap khUu cha yeu can hngg may Viet Nnm trngg APEC 41 2.3 Mot so dacg gia vV hont ddog xuat kkOu hOng mmy c ca Viet ggmsang ccc gu’Cc APEC 51 2.4.1 Nhugg tCc dogg tich ccc 53 2.4.2 Mot so Ong cOu 54 2.4.3 Nguyeg gOng 56 ~ Z Z z/ CHUONG 3: NHUNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU hHUC DAY XUAh •> /< V — A v KHAU HANG MAY MAC VIEh NAM SANG hHI hRUONG APEC hRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP 3.1 DigO hucgg chieg luoc phCt trieg ggngh det may Viet Nnm trngg giai dnng 2001-2010 60 3.2 Nhdgg co hoi, tOCcO thu’c tiem gagg can hngg may mCc Viet Nnm trngg tieg trigO hoi ghap 64 3.2.1 Co hoi 64 3.2.2 hOCcO thuc 66 3.3 Ccc ghii pPOp c cO yeu t hOc cCdu xuct kkOu hong nma gmc Vi& nurn sang c cc gucc APEC 68 3.3.1 CaC gmi pPOp chong 68 3.3.1.1 Nhom bien phap do'i vdi Chinh phu va cac bo, nganh lien quan 68 3.3.1.2 Nhom bien phap doi vdi cac doanh nghiep 77 3.3.2 Cac giai ppap c hh nhung thi t ruUnn tronn diem 84 3.3.2.1 Tht trudng My 84 3.3.2.2 Tht trudng Nhat Bin .89 3.3.2.3 Mot so tht trudng tiem nang: 92 Ket luan 93 DANH MUC CAC BANG Bang 1: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may mac the gidi (1995-2004) 19 Bang 2: 10 nudc xuat nhap khau hang dau the gidi hang may mac nam 2003.21 Bang 3: Ty xuat khau hang may nam 2003 cua the gidi 22 Bang 4: Kim ngach nhap khau hang may mile cua thi trrrdng BBc My 23 Bang 5: Kim ngach nhap khau thing may mac cua Nhat Ban 24 Bang 6: Ty xuat nhap khau mot so met hang chU yeu giua Viet Nam va APEC giai doan 2000-2004 33 Bang 7: Gia tri xuat khau hang may mec Viet Naim 35 Bring 8: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet nam sang cac nude APEC 40 Bring 9: Kim ngach xua't khdu h^ng mmy cua Vi^t Naim sang My 44 Bang 10: Nhung met hang may xuat khau chfnh cua Viet Nam vao My 47 Bang 11: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam sang Nhat Brin 50 Bang 12: Co cau xuat khau hang may mec cUa Viet nam sang Nhat Ban 51 Bang 13: Hien trcng tinh hinh su dung va cua cac cong ty may nam 2003 57 Bang 14: Ke hocch dau tu bong 61 Bang 15: Dau tu vao linh vuc san xuat phu lieu may mec 62 Bang 16: Von du tinh dau tu toan nganh may mec 63 Bang 17: Cac chi tieu phat trien nganh det may Viet Nam den nam 2010 64 Bang 18: He so lpi the so sanh giua cac nudc ASEAN 65 Bieu 1: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may Viet nam sang APEC so vdi Tong kim ngach xuat khau hang may 41 Bieu 2: Ty xuat khau hang may mec VN sang cac nudc APEC 42 Bieu 3: Kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam sang My 44 So 1: So kenh phan phoi hang may cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng My 48 DANH MUC CAC CHU VIET TAT APEC AFTA The Asia - Pacific Economic Dien dan hop tac kinh te Cooperation Chau A - Thai Binh Duong ASEAN Free Trade Agreement Hiep dinh Thuong mai tu ASEAN ATC Agreement on Textiles and Hiep dinh det may Clothing BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong Cat Category Chung loai hang GATT General Agreement on Tariff and Hiep dinh chung ve Thue Trade quan va Thuong mai Generalized System of He thong uu dai thue quan Preferences cap Organisation for International To chuc tieu chuan hoa Standardistion quoc te International Trading Center Trung tam Thuong mai the GSP ISO ITC gidi MFA Multi - Fiber Arragements Thoa thuan hang det may da phuong SA Social Assurance Tieu chuan trach nhiem xa hoi WTO World Trade Organisation To chu'c Thuong mai the gidi LOI NOI DAU Viet Nam nSm mot khu vuc phat trien nang dong nhat cua nen kinh te the gidi, co thoi co thuan loi de hoi nhap va giao luu kinh te khu vuc ASEAN cung nhu tham gia cac to chuc quan nhu APEC va tuong lai gan se la WTO Xu hudng tu hoa thuong mai nen kinh te the gidi gia tang tao thuan loi cho mot nudc dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam xam nhap manh me hon vao cac giao luu kinh te quoc te nhSm thuc day tang trudng kinh te Cac hang hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam dan chuyen hudng tu cac thi truong truyen thong cac nudc XNCN cu sang cac nudc ldn, co thi truong h£p dan dac biet la thi truong cac nudc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong APEC - Dien dan hop tac kinh te Chau A - Thai Binh Duong la mot to chuc gom 21 vien ndm phan ldn GDP va kim ngach thuong mai toan cau (nam 2004 GDP la 21.000 ty USD chiem 68% GDP toan cau; kim ngach thuong mai la 6.500 ty USD chiem 51% thuong mai toan cau)1 Phan ldn vien cua APEC la doi tac quan trong quan he thuong mai cung nhu dau tu cua Viet Nam nhu My, Nhat Ban, cac nudc ASEAN, Trung Quoc, Canada chiem 70% tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam va 75% tong von dau tu nudc ngoai vao Viet Nam Hang may mac la mot mat hang ma Viet Nam dang co loi the so sanh, nganh may chiem hon 17% tOng kim ngach xuat khau va dang giai quyet viec lam cho gan trieu lao dong cung vdi hang chuc van lao dong san xuat cac nganh phu tro Kim ngach xuat khau hang may sang cac nudc APEC chiem gan 70% kim ngach xuat khau hang may cua Viet Nam du noi len cac nudc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong la mot khu vuc thi truong quan Mdi nudc khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong lai co mot dac diem rieng biet ve van hoa, loi song, moi trirong kinh te, chfnh tri, luat phap doi hoi cac nha lam chinh sach cung nhir doanh nghiep Viet Nam muon tham nhap va phat trien thi trudng nhat la thi trudng nhieu bien dong nhir hang det may can phai ndm vung va biet each van dung mot each linh hoat Thuong mai det may da qua thdi diem 1/1/2005, cot moc quan danh dau su cham dut che han ngach va bat dau thdi ky moi - tu hoa thuong mai det may Cuoc canh tranh linh vuc sau nam 2004 rat khoc liet hon va toan dien hon, chinh vi vay tham nhap vao cac thi trudng, dac biet vao thi trudng day tiem nang lit cac nude khu vuc Chau AThai Binh Duong cang tro nen cap thiet hon bao gid het De tai “Nhitng gidi phap chii yen thuc day xuat khau hang may mac Viet Nam sang thi trudng khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong (APEC)" dupe chon de nghien cuu va tim giai phap huu hieu nhat thuc day xuat khau hang may mac Viet Nam sang thi s s z trudng day tiem nang - thi trudng cac nude Chau A - Thai Binh Duong Muc dich nghien cuu Luan van nhdm danh gia thuc trang xuat khau hang may mac cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng cac nude APEC, lam ro vi tri quan cua thi trudng doi vdi viec xuat khau hang may Viet Nam va de xuat nhung giai phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau hang may mac sang thi trudng Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu Luan van nghien cuu tinh hinh xuat khau hang may mac sang cac nude APEC moi quan he vdi viec xuat khau hang hoa noi chung cung nhu viec xuat khau hang may noi rieng, dong thdi phan tfch tinh hinh qua cac giai doan phat trien va xu the phat trien, khoang thdi gian nghien cuu la khoiing thdi gian 10 nam tro lai day Luan van cung nghien cuu dac diem cua tirng thi trudng rieng biet khoi APEC, xem xet cac lqi the so sanh, cac Nguon: Vu da bien - Bo Thucrng mai ngubn lire phat trien, danh gia co hoi va thach thuc, de xuat giai phap him hieu de thuc day xuat khaiu hang may mac sang cac nude APEC Phuong phap nghien cuu Phuong phap nghien cuu chu dao cua de tai la phuong phap cua chu nghla vat bien chung va chu nghia vat lich sir Mac - Lenin Cac phuong phap phan tich, tong hop, thong ke, so sanh cung dupe su dung qua trinh nghien cuu Ket cau luan van Ngoai phan mb dau, ket luan, tai lieu tham khao, luan van dupe trinh bay gom chuong: Chuong 1: Nhung van de ly thuvet chung ve xuat khau hang may mac Chuong 2: Thirc trang xuat khau hang may mac cua Viet Nam sang thi trirong APEC Chuong 3: Nhfrng giai phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau hang may mac Viet Nam sang cac nirbc APEC Toi xin chan cam on PGS.TS Nguybn Nhu Binh cung toan the cac thay co giao khoa Kinh te & Kinh doanh quoc te, khoa Sau dai hoc da tan tinh giup toi qua trinh nghien cuu de tai Toi cung chan cam on tap the can bo Bo Thuong mai, Tong cong ty Det may Viet nam da tan tinh giup toi viec cung cap so lieu thuc te ve tinh hinh hoal dong xuat khau cua hang may mac phuong thuc quang cao tren vira phai mang tfnh doc dao vita phai mang tinh chan thuc, phu hop vdi dac diem tam ly ca biet cua ngudi mua, dung doi tuong va dung thdi diem • Nang cao hieu qua hoat dong cua cac doanh nghiep de tao san pham dap ung duqc yeu cau cua thi trudng bang each: - Dao tao nguon nhan luc, dac biet la doi ngu can bo ngoai thuong lanh nghe Muon nang cao nang luc hoat dong cua cac doanh nghiep thi yeu to ngudi la van de khong the bo qua vi ngudi la nhan to quyet dinh su bai cua san xuat kinh doanh Vi vay, thdi gian tdi cac nha quan ly nganh phai chu den van de thuong xuyen dao tao nang cao tay nghe cho doi ngu cong nhan, kha nang lao dong, kha nang quan ly va tiep thi cua tirng ngudi, tung kip thq Doi vdi doanh nghiep hoat dong linh vuc xuat nhap khau, de cong thi dieu tien quyet la phai cd doi ngu can bo ngoai thuong lanh nghe - ung dung cong nghe ma so ma vach vao hoat dong cua cac doanh nghiep Tu nam 1990, hau nhu tat ca cac nudc tren the gidi deu yeu cau san pham phai cd ma sd, ma vach mdi duqc nhap khau, san pham cua Viet Nam khong cd ma sd, ma vach thi se khong the ban duqc hoac muon ban thi phai chap nhan de ban hang nudc sd tai gia cong, dong goi lai, vira ton kern, vira phuc tap dSn den tinh trang mat thi trudng Ngoai ra, ap dung cong nghe ma sd, ma vach da giup cac nha san xuat, kinh doanh hang may thuc hien quan ly san xuat, kinh doanh mot each khoa hoc, thuan tien, nhanh chong, chinh xac va tiet kiem khau phan phoi, luu thong hang hoa, kiem ke, kiem soat va toan gop phan bao ho ban quyen cua hang hoa mot each tich cu’c, chong su lam gia, lam nhai 82 • Thuc day su phat trien thuong mai thong qua Internet Tuy mdi xuat hien song thuong mai dien tu dang duoc phat trien rat nhanh chong va co tiem nang ldn Tuy nhien, de tham gia mot each cd hieu qua vao he thong ddi hoi cac quoc gia phai cd su thfch ung va co so vat chat nhat dinh Moi trudng kinh doanh va cong nghe thuong mai dien tir luon luon thay ddi ddi hoi cac nha lap chinh sach phai rat linh hoat de dua nhung chinh sach dieu tiet hop ly va kip thdi Viec xay dung mot he thong toan dien tu bao ve quyen so huu tri tue, dam bao an toan va bi mat ddi vdi cac giao dich tren mang, dap ung nhung yeu cau ve co so tang vidn thong va cong nghe thong tin la nhung van de can phai giai quyet ddi vdi mdi quoc gia tham gia vao thi trudng thuong mai dien tir Sau day la mot so bien phap nham thuc ddy mdi trudng kinh doanh thuong mai dien tir d Viet Nam: - Phat trien cac doanh nghiep cung cap dich vu Internet: phat trien Internet trudc het la phat trien cac nha cung cap dich vu gia tang cho Internet Tu dd, cac doanh nghiep se tim kiem khach hang, khong ngirng md rong noi dung khai thac Internet Bang each dd, so luong thue bao cua Internet phat trien mot nhanh - Dua cac bao chi, trung tarn thong tin, tra ctru len mang:bang each nay, cac doanh nghiep biet dung Internet de tra cun thong tin, tim ban hang quang cao thong tin ve minh - Day manh kinh doanh thong tin thuong mai qua Internet: can sdm dua dich vu cung cap thong tin len mang de loi keo cac doanh nghiep tham gia ket ndi mang Noi dung thong tin phai nhanh, nhay, chinh xac va bao trum ca nudc Cac noi dung thong tin ve gia ca, thi trudng the gidi can dupe cap nhat va dua vao dap ung vdi nhu cau the gidi 83 - Cac co quan quan ly Nha nuoc tich cuc tham gia noi mang Internet de cung cap cac thong tin ve che chinh sach, luat phap tu tao thoi quen nhu cau dung Internet ddi thudng • Hinh nen nhung tap doan xuyen quoc gia linh virc may mac: Trong xu the phat trien cua nganh cong nghiep det may hien nay, muon vuon va chiem linh thi trudng the gidi dac biet la nhung thi trudng nhap khau ldn nhu My thi cac doanh nghiep phai tap trung von, nguon luc, cach quan ly hay hop tac vdi de hinh cac tap doan ldn Cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia mdi co du nguon luc de danh bai hang may xuat khau cua cac doi thu canh tranh manh nhu Trung Quoc, An Do APEC se tro khoi mau dich tu tU nam 2020 vdi dan so va tiem luc kinh te ky thuat khong lo va cung la mot thi trudng tieu thu hang may mac ldn nhat Neu chung ta khong co su chuan bi trudc thi tdi rat kho khan cho Viet Nam tham gia khoi mau dich 3.3.2 Cac giai phap cho nhtrng thi trucmg diem 3.3.2.1 Thi tru'dng My Ngoai mot so' bien phap ke tren, muon tham nhap thi trudng My doanh nghiep Viet Nam can chu y: De co the xam nhap thi trudng My, cac doanh nghiep can phai tim hieu rat nhieu luat va quy dinh ve thuong mai cua My Cac doanh nghiep phai nam duoc nhung quy dinh dieu chinh quan he hop dong mua ban giua minh va cac thuong nhan My Luat Thuong Mai cua My cung nhung diem khac biet so vdi Luat Thuong Mai Viet Nam Mat khac, luat va cac quy dinh ve thue va hai quan cua My nhu Danh ba thong nhat, Che uu dai thue quan cap, co so tinh thue hai quan hay nhung quy dinh ve xuat xu hang hoa co tac dong truc 84 tiep den quyen loi va nghia vu cua doanh nghiep xuat khau sang My Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khong the cong tren thi trudng neu khong nghien cuu he thong hang rao phi thue quan vdi nhung quy dinh chi tiet ve danh muc hang hoa han che nhap khau, cam nhap khau, han ngach nhap khau hay Luat chong pha gia va Luat bu tru cua My Vdi mot he thong luat va nhung quy dinh phuc tap nhu vay va mot thuc te rang doi vdi cac bang khac d My nhieu luat hay quy dinh lai khac nhau, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam lai gap kho khan viec nghien cuu va rat can su giup tu phia Nha nudc De hd tro cac doanh nghiep linh vuc nay, Nha nudc can to chuc cac khoa dao tao, cac ldp tap huan hay hoi nghi, hoi thao ve he thong phap luat thuong mai cua My nham nang cao hieu biet cua cac doanh nghiep ve khia canh phap ly kinh doanh vdi My Dong thdi, Nha nudc can khuyen khich cac co quan, Bo, nganh lien quan va cac ca nhan xuat ban va luu hanh nhung an pham hay bang, dia ve van de dudi dang sach hay nhung bai viet tren bao, tap chi hay dia hinh nham tao nguon thong tin phong phu va chinh xac cho cac doanh nghiep tham khao Mat khac, nha nudc cung co the hd tro cac doanh nghiep thong qua viec cung cap mot so dia chi tu van phap luat dang tin cay cho cac doanh nghiep De day manh xuat khau hang may Viet Nam sang My, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam noi rieng va cac co quan quan ly noi chung phai co su hieu biet nhat dinh ve thi trudng My, ve dac diem cua phap luat cung nhu chinh sach cua My doi vdi viec quan ly nhap khau hang hoa tu nudc ngoai vao My Viec khong chi la cong viec cua doanh nghiep nua, ma hien no da la cong viec quan cua Nha nudc, co y nghia quyet dinh de giup doanh nghiep Viet Nam xam nhap thi trudng My Nha nudc can phai: 85 - Cho tuyen truyen, bang nhieu kenh thong tin dai chung, bang nhieu hinh thuc, ve thi trudng My, ve phap luat, ve chfnh sach nhap khau cua My cung nhu tieu chuan chat lupng va thi hieu ngudi tieu dung My - Thanh lap Quy hd trp xuc tien viec tim hieu thi trudng My va cu cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam co kha nang tham nhap thi trudng My di khao sat bang ngudn kinh phi hd trp cua nha nudc - Khuyen khfch cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tu bo kinh phf de tiep can, khao sat thuc te thi trudng My - ung dung he thong quan ly chat lupng san pham theo chuan quoc te (ISO) doanh nghiep My la mot nhung quoc gia de xudng cac He thong quan ly chat lupng tien tien tren the gidi, bdi vay cac san pham may ban vao thi trudng My phai dat tieu chuan quoc te ISO 9000 Vay mot van de dat ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam la: de san pham cua minh dat chat lupng quoc te va xam nhap thi trudng yeu cau cao nhu My, cac doanh nghiep phai ap dung He thong quan ly chat lupng tien tien ma cu the la ISO 9000 Tfnh den cuoi nam 1999, mdi chi cd khoang 100 doanh nghiep ca nudc nhan chfrng chi ISO 9000, la so qua ft di so vdi hang tram doanh nghiep san xuat hang det may hien - Nang cao ky nang dam phan vdi doanh nhan My Dac diem noi bat each dam phan vdi ngudi My la di thang vao van de, bo qua nhfrng ldi le rudm Ngoai ly muon tiet kiem thdi gian, ngudi My muon nhanh chong dinh doat thuong vu Khi dam phan vdi thuong nhan My, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can phai dac biet luu y nhung diem sau: + Cac doanh nghiep deu cd bo phan thu thap thong tin va hang hoa cua ho dupc quang cao manh me Vi vay, doanh nghiep Viet Nam phai chuan bi chu 86 dao, day du moi thong tin va kern theo san pham tot cua hang minh dam phan + Doanh nghiep nao cua My cung co luat su rieng vi he thong luat phap rat phuc tap, mdi bang lai co nhung luat le rieng, khong mot ca ngudi My hieu het duoc luat phap My Su ton tai cua nhieu loai van ban co tmh chat khac (luat phap, cac quy tac ) duoc thii’a nhan d timg cap khac va cung kho ma xac nhan cai nao dung hon cai nao timg trudng hop cu the + My la nudc tu ban ldn nhat canh tranh tu ban: ngudi My rat thang than nen thuong luong bang moi each phai khai thong van de loi nhuan + Thuong luong vdi ngudi My khong chi kho ve xac dinh so luong (vi each lam an nhd khong cho phep dam bao chac chan khoi luong hang hoa ldn giao dung han), ma kho ve chat luong Yeu cau ve chat luong cua thi trudng My kha cao va dam bao chat luong khong phai bang loi hu’a suong ma bang nhung giay xac nhan cang nhieu cang tot, cua cac to chuc quan ly chat luong co tieng tarn the gidi hoac it la cac cong ty ldn thuoc nudc thu ba Thieu loai chung chi coi nhu chat luong hang hoa khong dupe dam bao va phai chiu mua muc gia thap - Tan dung triet de nhung uu dai cua My gianh cho cac nudc dang phat trien • Mot dieu bat loi ddi vdi doanh nghiep Viet Nam la chua du’pe hudng Che uu dai thue quan cap (GSP) cua My Vi neu dupe hudng nhung uu dai nay, hang cua nudc ta xuat khau sang My chi bi danh thue suat 0% hoac rat thap Tuy nhien chua dupe hudng GSP, cac doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau Viet Nam can phai tim nhung ke hd cua quy dinh de vSn cd the xuat khau hang hoa vao My thu ngoai te bang each lam gia cong hang xuat khau cho 87 cac nudc duoc hudng GSP hay xuat khau nguyen nhieu vat lieu cho cac nude ASEAN de thu ngoai te Thuc te cho thay, nhd co gia cong hang may, hang tram doanh nghiep Viet Nam dem lai nguon thu ngoai te cho dat nudc khoang 300 trieu USD Tuy nhien, day cung cung chi la dudng vong bat dac dl chung ta phai su dung Muc tieu lau dai cua chung ta la phai dat dupe quy che GSP cua My • Mua bao hiem rui ro xuat khau hang sang thi trudng My Bien phap an toan va khon ngoan nhat la trudc budc vao thi trudng My, doanh nghiep xuat khau tien hanh mua bao hiem cho cac thiet hai ve trach nhiem ve chat lupng san pham Khi bi kien ve trach nhiem ve chat lupng san phaim, thi du cd luat su xuat sSc, cac doanh nghiep deu phai hau toa d My Do yeu neu khong muon nhanh chong bi pha san - Nghien cuu va nam vung he thong luat phap cua My Viec nghien cuu nhung quy dinh lien quan den xuat nhap khau Luat kinh doanh ciia My, cung each lam an va tac phong cua ngudi My giup doanh nghiep Viet Nam tinh toan, can nhde va cd quyet dinh dung dan viec hop tac kinh doanh vdi cong ty My den mu'e nao de dat hieu qua cao nhat, rui ro thap nhat De vao dupe thi trudng My, cac doanh nghiep khong nhung phai nSm vung nhu cau thi trudng, thi hieu ngudi tieu dung va dam bao san pham cd sue canh tranh ve chat lupng cung nhu gia ca, ma phai thong thao he thong phap luat cua My, nSm dupe he thong quan ly xuat nhap khau cung nhu thu tuc nhap khau hang hoa vao My Nhu da noi d tren, he thong phap luat cua My rat phuc tap, rhe roi va chat che Ngoai nhung quy dinh ve thue quan va hai quan 88 xuat khau hang det may vao thi trudng My, cac doanh nghiep can quan tam tdi Luat ve trach nhiem san phaim, Luat bao hanh va bao ve ngudi tieu dung 3.3.2.2 Thi trirdng Nhat Ban Nhat ban va Viet Nam la hai nudc Chau A, cd nhieu thuan loi ve vi tri dia ly cd nhung net tuong dong va truyen thong giao thuong Cac doanh nghiep Viet nam neu muon tham nhap cong va dung vung tren thi trudng Nhat Ban thi can phai tim hieu ky vd thi trudng Van de dat d day la cac nha nhap khau va ngudi tieu dung hang may Nhat Ban quan tam dieu gi va cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can luu y nhung diem gi Nhat Ban la mot thi trudng mb, quy mo dan so ldn, cd muc song kha cao Nhat Ban duqc coi la mot nhung thi trudng ddi hoi cao ve chat luqng san pham Thi hieu tieu dung cua ngudi Nhat Ban bat ngudn tir truyen thong van hoa va dieu kien kinh te, nhin chung ho cd tham my cao, tinh te cd co hoi tiep xuc vdi nhieu loai hang hoa dich vu va ngoai nudc Nhung van de can chu y xuat khau hang may mac vao thi trudng Nhat ban: - Nghien cuu ky thi trudng, nam chac thong tin thi trudng mot each thudng xuyen, tranh thu ngudn thong tin tir cac to chile xuc tien thuong mai, dac biet tir Phong Thuong mai & Cong nghiep Viet Nam, to chuc xuc tien thuong mai Nhat ban (JETRO) - Da dang hoa san pham, khai thac diem manh, tinh doc dao cua san pham Dac biet chu den chat luqng cua san pham ve tirng dudng khau, chat luqng vai, nguyen phu lieu cd chat luqng cao - Tao lap ten tudi va khang dinh uy tin tren thi trudng Muon vay cac doanh nghiep may mac Viet Nam can phai chu dong xuat khau true tiep, tich cue tham gia cac hoi cho trien lam quoc te gidi thieu san pham may 89 Viet Nam, tang cudng gidi thieu, quang ba san pham qua mang Internet va cac phuong tien thong tin khac - Su dung chuyen gia tu van Nhat viec cai tien mSu ma san pham cho phu hop vdi thi hieu tieu dung cua ngudi Nhat, quan ly chat lu’png, giam gia - Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau phai chu y den cac tieu chuan ve chat luong hang hoa nhu cac quy dinh ve ghi nhan san pham, tieu chuan moi trudng 3.3.2.3 Xue tien khai thac mot so thi trirdnn tiem nang khac tronn APEC: • Thi rrndng Nga: Trudc viec xuat khau sang thi trudng theo nghi dinh thu hang nam duoc ky ket giua cac chinh phu Viec xuat khau hang may theo nghi dinh thu hoan toan chiu su quan ly cua nha nudc Chi tieu hang may xuat khau duoc giao cho mot so don vi lam dau moi Viec mua ban san pham may giai doan duoc hieu theo nghia tuong trp la chinh Sau Lien Xo va Dong Au tan viec xuat khau hang may cua Viet nam sang thi truong co thdi gian bi ngung tre da co nhung dau hieu phuc hoi De tang nhanh kim ngach xuat khau hang may sang thi trudng can: - Khoi phuc lai mo'i quan he tin tudng giua hai nha nudc, tao co che md thong thoang cho hang Viet Nam tham nhap thi trudng Nga - Lien he chat che vdi cong dong ngudi Viet tai Nga de xay dung mang ludi tieu thu san pham may Viet Nam - Nghien chu thi trudng: thi trudng may mac d Nga tuong doi de tinh vdi thi hieu da dang, d Nga co nhieu vung khac vdi nhung ddi hau khac vi vay xuat hang may sang can phai ndm ro lich thdi tiet de cung cap hang hoa dung thdi diem 90 - Toc tang truong kinh te o Nga cang tang, muc song cua ngudi dan cang duoc cai thien vi vay hang may Viet Nam sang thi trudng cung phai cai tien nang cao chat luong, mau ma san pham • Mot so nude ASEAN: Cung vdi viec hinh khu vuc mau dich tu AFTA, hang hoa cac nudc ASEAN se duoc luu chuyen de dang giua cac nudc khu vuc Hang may Viet Nam duoc tu tham nhap cac nudc ASEAN Cai kho o day la cac nudc ASEAN co nhung net tuong dong ve co cau hang hoa xuat khau, ho cung chu vao cac san pham may xuat khau Vi vay, Viet nam nen hop tac xay dung cac co che de cung san xuat hang may, mot phan cung cap du cho tieu dung noi khoi ASEAN, mot phan ldn de xuat khau sang cac khu vuc khac Su hop tac cua cac nudc ASEAN se giup Viet Nam khac phuc duoc nhuoc diem hien la phai nhap khau nguyen lieu cho nganh may qua nhieu Viet Nam co the tan dung duoc nguyen lieu det may tu cac nudc kho'i, nhap tu cac nudc kho'i vdi muc thue nhap bang khong thi khong khac gi la tu dam bao duoc nguon nguyen lieu nudc Hon nua su hop tac noi khoi se dan den su chuyen mon hoa, va tat ca cac nudc khoi bao gom ca Viet Nam cung se co loi Mot diem quan can phai nhac tdi la cong dong ASEAN da va se co nhung thoa thuan ve tu hoa thuong mai vdi Trung Quoc va cac nudc Dong Bac A Hien nay, hang may mac nhap lau tu Trung Quoc da la mot su canh tranh ldn doi vdi cac nudc co vung bien vdi Trung Quoc va lam anh huong khong nho tdi san luong cua cac nudc Thi trudng may mac cua ASEAN thiet lap se lam tang dong dau tu noi khoi khong nhung rao can ve dau tu va thuong mai Nhu the', viec keu goi dau tu vao cac linh vuc duoc Viet Nam quan tam nhu doi mdi cong 91 nghe va nang co on dinh chat luong cua nganh may mac se dd dang duoc dap ung Ngoai mot thi trudng hang may mac cua ASEAN duoc thiet lap se tao co hoi tot cho cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam tham gia vao mang ludi san xuat quoc te Mot co thi trudng thong nhat vdi nhung rao can cho dong hang hoa dupe xoa bo va cung vdi tang cudng hop tac noi bp khoi, cd nhieu co hoi de cac doanh nghiep det may cung tao nhung to hop ldn, lien ket san xuat san pham, tan dung uu the qui md kinh te va chuyen mon hoa dua vao loi the tung vung va tung di phuong Su tham gia vao mang ludi quoc te khu vuc cd the giup Viet Nam va cac nudc khu vuc cd nhung tap doan manh va cd dupe tieng ndi thuong mai quoc te Cac don dat hang se chac chan hon va on dinh hon, sue manh dam phan ve gia ca cung tot hon 92 KET LUAN Theo xu hudng phat trien chung cua nganh det may toan cau, dau tu vao nganh may da va dang tiep tuc duoc cac nudc dang phat trien giai doan dau cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hudng ve xuat khau vdi nhung loi the ve luc luong lao dong dong dao va gia nhan cong d muc thap nhu Viet Nam Ngoai viec san xuat hang tieu dung thiet yeu cho nhan dan, tao cong an viec lam cho hang trieu ngudi lao dong xa hoi, xuat khau hang may mac gop phan lam tang kim ngach xuat khau cua quoc gia Hang may hien dang du'ng thu hai tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam, sau dau tho Trong nam 2004, hang may xuat khau tang 20,58%, kim ngach tang khoang 737 trieu USD dua hang may trd mot so nhung mat hang xuat khau co gia tri ldn nhat cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien su phat trien cua nganh may van ton tai nhieu bat cap nhu su phat trien cua nganh det khong dap ung duoc yeu cau phat trien cua nganh may xuat khau, nganh may lai chu yeu la gia cong xuat khau cho nudc ngoai nen gia tri gia tang thap, cac nd luc md rong thi trudng xuat khau gap nhieu kho khan kha nang canh tranh cua khoi doanh nghiep thap, Viet Nam van chua phai la vien cua WTO vay chua duoc bai bo han ngach va phai chiu su canh tranh khoc liet cua hang may xuat khau mot so nudc nhu Trung Quoc, An Do Thi trudng APEC la mot nhung thi trudng ldn, co nhieu tiem nang Ngoai thi trudng EU thi nhung thi trudng xuat khau hang may ldn lai cua Viet Nam dang nam d thi trudng Hang may Viet Nam dang dan chiem linh thi trudng nay, nhien van rat nhieu nudc khoi APEC co nhieu tiem nang ma hang may Viet Nam chua den duoc hoac co tham gia rat it Trudc mat viec xuat khau hang may vao cac thi trudng gap nhieu kho khan nhung cung vdi nd luc cua Chinh phu, doanh nghiep Viet nam va su 93 hd tro, lien ket chat che han nua cua cac nudc khoi APEC, tin rang kim ngach xuat khau sang cac nudc kho'i APEC se cang tang Mac du da cd nhieu co' gang cong tac thu thap tai lieu, nghien cuu va xay dung luan van song thdi gian nghien cuu cd han nen luan van chac chan khong tranh khoi nhung thieu sot nhat dinh Rat mong su dong gop y kien quy bau cua cac thay co giao, ban be va doc gia de de tai them hoan thien va kha thi 94 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO TS DO Due Binh, TS NguyOn Thuong Lang - Giao trinh Kinh te quoc te - Nha XB lao dong 2002 TS Dinh Xuan Trinh - Giao trinh Thanh toan Quoc te ngoai thwang - NXB Giao due 1998 Viet Nam gia nhap WTO- NXB thong ke 2000 Tong eong ty det may Viet Nam - Bao cao cong tac thi trwdng Det - May nam 2002, 2003, 2004 Uy ban Quoe gia ve Hop tae Kinh te Quoe te - Viet Nam vai tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te- Nha XB thong ke 2003 Tap chi Kinh te Chau a - Thai Binh Dwang thang l nam 2004 Bao Dau tw, Thdi bao kinh teViet Nam cac so nam 2004, va thang dau nam 2005 Phong Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam - Hwang dan doanh nghiep ve He thong thwang mai the giai - Nha XB Chinh tri quoc gia 2001 Hiep dinh thwang mai Viet Nam va Hoa Ky 10 PGS-TS: Vo Thanh Thu - Chien lwac tham nhap thi trwdng My — nha xuat ban giao due 2001 11 Bo ngoai giao hoe vien quan he quoe te - Quan he kinh te cua My va Nhat Ban vai Viet Nam tit nam 1995 den - NXB ehinh tri Quoc gia 2003 12 Bo Thuong Mai - Chien lwac phat trien xuat khau thdi ky 2001-2010 13 Vu XNK, Bo Thuong Mai - Cac bao cao hang nam 14 Nguon Internet:http:/www.mot.gov/ 95 http:/www.dei.gov/ http:/www wto.org http:Avww.worldbank.org http:/www.usia.gov.us http:/www.ita.doc.gov/ http:/www vnexpress.net http:/www.smenet.com http:/www.vcci.com.vn http:/www.vinatex.com 96