Những điều chỉnh trong chính sách nhập khẩu hàng nông sản của hoa kỳ và vấn đề đặt ra đối với việt nam

TRUONG DA I HO C KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ - B0SoCaW8G8 — : Di’A HOC KTQD ! TT 77-V THU V BUI DUC TU a' ? r r a^ a MG DIEU CHINH TRONG CHINH SACK NHAP KHAU ■ » A 9 a' a' V a' >_ A HANG NONG SAN CUA HOA KY VA VAN DE DAT RA DOI V0I VIET NAM ■ ■ CHUYfiN NGANH: KINH tE E>6l NGOAI LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • • WfS w Ngtfdi htfdng dan khoa hoc: GS.TS DO DUC benh HA NO I.-/ NAM 2013 • LO’I CAM DOAN Ban luan van duac hoan la ca qua trinh nghien cuu nghiem tuc cua toi cung voi su giup da tan tinh cua giao vien huong dan GS.TS Do Dfrc Binh Cac so lieu, ket qua, trich dan luan van co nguon goc ro rang va trung thuc Ha Noi, 15 thang Tac gia y Bui Duc Tu nam 2013 MUC LUC • • LO’I CAM DOAN MUC LUC DANH MUC • TU VIET TAT TIENG VIET • DANH MUC TU VIET TAT TIENG ANH DANH MUC BANG BIEU TOM TAT LUAN VAN i MO DAU CHCONG MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN VE DIEU CHiNH CHINH SACH NHAP KHAU 1.1 Khai niem, cac cong cu, bien phap cua chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa 1.1.1 Khai niem 1.1 Cac cong cu, bien phap 1.1.3 Yeu cau doi vdi dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa 1.2 Tam quan cua dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa 1.2.1 Khai niem dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa 1.2.2 Noi dung dieu chinh 1.2.3 Vai trd cua dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa 1.3 Cac yeu to tac dong toi viec dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang nong san cua Hoa Ky 1.3.1 Nang cao tieu chuan cua san pham nong san nhap khau 1.3.2 Do suc ep cac nha hoat dong xa hoi 10 1.3.3 Do Hoa Ky tham hut thuong mai mot ldn 10 1.3.4 Bao ho nen san xuat nude 11 1.4 Anh hiudng cua dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau nong san Haa Ky doi voi cac nha xuat khau 12 1.5 Kinh nghiem cua mot so nuvc viec ung voi nhirng dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau cua Hoa Ky 14 1.5.1 Kinn nggiem cua Thai Laa 14 1.5.2 Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc 18 1.5.3 Kinh nghiem cua Malaixia 22 1.5.4 Nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem doi voi Viet Nam 24 CHLONG THlTC TRANG DIEU CHINH CHINH SACH NHAP KHAU NONG SAN CUA HOA KY TU* NAM 2008 DEN NAY VA TAC DONG CUA NO DOI VOI HANG NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM XUAT SANG HOA KY 28 2.1 Khai quat ve mat hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam 28 2.1.1 Vai tro cua san xuat hang nong san nen kinh te 28 2.1.2 Vai tro cua hang nong san xuat khau xuat khau hang hoa 29 2.1.3 Co cau hang nong san xuat khau theo mat hang 31 2.1.4 Co cau hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo thi truong 32 2.2 Tinh hinh nhap khau hang nong san cua Hoa Ky tii nam 2008 den 2011 34 2.2.1 Tinh hinh kinh te Hoa Ky tir nam 2008 den 2011 34 2.2.2 Tinh hinh nhap khau hang nong san cua Hoa Ky tir 2008 den 2011 37 2.3 Thue trang nhap khau hang nong san Viet Nam cua Hoa Ky giai doan 2008-2011 39 2.3.1 Thue trang nhap khau hang nong san Viet Nam cua Hoa Ky 39 2.3.2 Danh gia thuc trang nhap khau hang nong san Viet Nam cua Hoa Ky 40 2.4 Thuc trang dieu chinh CSNK hang nong san cua Hoa Ky giai doan 2008- 2011 va tac dong toi xuat khau hang nong san cua Viet Nam 42 2.4.1 Dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang nong san Hoa Ky tang hang rao phi thue quan 42 2.4.2 Thuc trang dieu chinh CSNK hang nong san cua Hoa Ky giai doan 2008- 2011 44 2.4.3 Tac dong cua su dieu chinh CSNK hang nong san cua Hoa Ky doi vdi XK hang nong san cua Viet Nam 50 CHUONG QUAN DIEM VA GIAI PHAP DOI VO'I VIET NAM NHAM UNG PHO VOI NHUNG DIEU CHtNH TRONG CHINH SACH NHAP KHAU HANG NONG SAN CUA HOA KY 60 3.1 Bilbao (beu n hinh chinh s ach n hap khSu n ong san c ua Hoa Ky toi nam 2000 60 r r •> 3.0 COc Sac cSe caa Viet Nam trahg viec whg kSV doi vol sb tCay doi 60 3.2.1 Han che tu phia nen kinh te 62 3.2.2 Han che tu phia co quan quan ly Nha nude 63 3.2.3 Ve phia doanh nghiep 63 3.2.4 Han che van de xec tien thuong mai 65 3.2.5 Han che viec trao doi thdng tin 66 3.3 Qcac diem doi voi Viet Nam hSam wag pSo vvi hSi'nig diuc cCicC tracg cSihC sOcS cCpk hSUc cncg snc caa Haa Ky 66 3.3.1 Thue day xuat Uiau nong san ben vimg la nen tang cua hoat dong xuat khau hang nong san sang Hoa Ky 66 3.3.2 Xuat khau nong san ben vung gop phan bao ve moi trudng sinh thai quoc gia 68 3.3.3 Xuat khau nong san ben vung lam tang kha nang thich nghi voi tinh trang canh tranh gay gat caa hang nong san xuat khau Viet Nam 69 3.3.4 Xuat khau nong san ben vung de phat trien nen nong nghiep hien dai, day manh cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep va nong thon Viet Nam 69 3.4 Giai pkso doi i viViet Nam nhsm ung p kS vol n hang Shay doi i hinh s ach cSpk hSUc Sahg hnhg snh caa Haa Ky 70 3.4.1 Cac giai phap tu phia Nha nude 71 3.4.2 Nhom giai phap tu phia cac doanh nghiep 83 3.4.3 Nhom giai phap tu phia hiep hoi 84 KET LUAN DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A, X i X DANH MUC TV VIET TAT TIENG VIET • STT chC viEt tat • CHf viEt day du CSNK Chinh sach nhap khau NK Nhap khau XK Xuat khau VSATTP Ve sinh an toan thuc pham DANH MUC Ttr VIET TAT TIENG ANH CHUT STT CHU VIET DAY DU DIEN GIAI TIENG VIET VIET TAT CGMP Current Good Manufacturing An toan san xuat Practice EU European Union Lien minh Chau Au FDA Food and Drug Co quan thuc pham va dune Administration pham Hoa Ky Food Safety Modernization Act Luat hien dai hoa va an toan FSMA thuc pham GAP Good Agricultural Practices San xuat nong nghiep ben vtrng GSP FLACCP Generalised System of Che uu dai thue quan Preferences cap Hazard Analysis and Critical He thong diem kiem soat tdi Control Points han va phan tich moi nguy MRL Maximum Residue Limits Du luemg toi da cho phep USDA United States Department of Bo nong nghiep Hoa Ky Agriculture 10 WTO World Trade Organization To chuc thuong mai the gidi DANH MUC BANG BIEU Bang 2.1: Tang truong GDP theo nganh kinh te cua Viet Nam 2001-2011 28 Bang 2.2: Kim ngach hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam giai doan 2001-2011 29 Bang 2.3: Cac mat hang nong san xuat khau chinh cua Viet Nam 2008-2011 31 Bang 2.4: 10 thi truong nhap khau hang nong san lon nhat cua Viet Nam 2008-2011 33 Bang 2.5: GDP nen kinh te Hoa Ky 2008-2011 35 Bang 2.6: Gia tri nhap khau san pham nong nghiep cua Hoa Ky 2008-2011 38 Bang 2.7: Co cau mat hang nong san chinh xuat khau sang thi truong Hoa Ky 2008-2011 40 -W s* TRUONG DA I HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN • ■ - 00S0£3g8G8 BUI DUC TU ~ a' r ? a’ a r NHUNG DIEU CHINH TRONG CHINH SACH NHAP KHAU ■ M A 7 1 Ar /C w nr £ A HANG NONG SAN CUA HUA KY VA VAN DE DAT RA DOI VOI VIET NAM ■ ■ CHUYfiN NGANH: KINH T£' d6i NGOAI TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY • HA MM, NAM 2013 • 75 da dung phuong phap bien doi gien de tao cac giong cay co kha nang khang benh rat cao, ke hoach phai co su phe duyet cua cac co quan co tham quyen ve giong cay nong san de tranh du nhap cac giong kem chat luong hoac khong phu hop voi moi trudng Viet Nam + Quy hoach lai cac co so san xuat giong tap trung dau tu cho cac co so san xuat co quy trinh san xuat khoa hoc va phat trien cac co so san xuat moi Co chinh sach khuyen khich va thu hut von dau tu cho linh vuc san xuat giong va chi cho cac co so co du tieu chuan moi duoc san xuat cay giong va dua vao cung cap cho thi trudng + Nha nuoc can co chinh £ach nghiem cam triet de viec cac cay giong khong biet ro nguon goc, xuat xu, chua duoc kiem dich dua vao luu thong va nuoi vi nhu the de gay thiet hai cho ngudi nuoi va phat tan mam benh vao moi trudng nuoi anh huong den chat luong ve sinh cua hang nong san + Tang cudng giao duc nhan thuc va cung cap cac kien thuc can thiet cho nhung ngudi san xuat va che bien hang nong san ve giong nong san, chi su dung cac giong biet ro nguon goc xuat xu da duoc kiem dinh va kiem dich chung nhan cay giong du tieu chuan dua vao nuoi trong, tranh trudng hop su dung cac cay giong troi noi khong ro nguon goc xuat xu, chua duoc kiem dich, mang mam benh dua vao nuoi nhu hien nay, chap hanh nghiem chinh cac khau, quy trinh nuoi trong, san xuat, che bien hang nong san xuat khau la dieu kien bat buoc hien de co “giay thong hanh” xam nhap thi trudng the gioi - Ye phan bon cho cay Phan bon cho cay hien co dang: phan bon cong nghiep va phan bon tu che bien Phan bon cong nghiep co nguon: san xuat nuoc va nhap khau Thuc trang hien la nhieu loai phan bon ke ca san xuat nuoc va nhap khau kem r r r r chat luong, khong dam bao co ham luong doc to, nam moc vuot qua muc quy dinh va ke ca hang gia dang duoc luu thong bien tren thi trudng 76 Vi vay, can phai quy hoach lai cac co so san xuat phan bon, chi cho phep cac •> r r r co so co du tieu chuan moi duoc phep tien hanh san xuat Khuyen khich cac co so san xuat cac loai phan bon tong hop cho tung loai nong san Doi voi phan bon nhap khau phai duoc kiem dinh Khi lam thu tuc hai quan chi nhung lo hang co giay chung nhan la chat luong dam bao cua co quan kiem nghiem duoc phep chi dinh kiem tra thi moi duoc phep lam thu tuc thong quan, de tranh trudng hop phan bon duoc nhap khau tran lan khong dam bao chat luong Ca hang nhap khau va hang san xuat nuoc phai tuan thu nghiem chinh ve quy che ghi nhan san pham da duoc ban hanh Day la co so tot de cung cap cac thong tin qan thiet cho ngudi su dung, dong thdi la co so de cho cac co quan quan ly Nha nuoc tien hanh kiem tra giam sat cac hoat dong Doi voi phan bon tu che bien thi chua co nhieu cac nghien cuu va dua ket luan cu the ve su tac dong cua phan bon tu che bien den chat luong ve sinh dich te cua hang nong san Nhung theo danh gia cua cac chuyen gia, thi hien viec su dung nguyen lieu de san xuat phan bon va qua trinh che bien, bao quan o cac vung cung rat khac nhau, nhung co nguy co cao lam cho phan bon bi nhiem khuan, nam moc va cac doc to anh huong den chat luong ve sinh dich te cua nong san Do do, can nghien cuu va xay dung quy trinh che bien thuc an cho tung loai nong san tu nguyen lieu san co phu hop voi tung vung san xuat Cac quy trinh phai cu the, don gian, de hieu, de thuc hien, tu khau tuyen chon nguyen lieu, bao quan nguyen lieu de che bien, den khau che bien, bao quan va su dung phan bon de cho cac phan bon dam bao cac chat luong va ve sinh dich te doi voi nong san Cac ky thuat phai duoc tap huan, bien, huong dan cu the den cho nhung ngudi san xuat, co nhu vay moi phat huy duoc hieu qua cua no - ve thuoc bao ve thuc vat phuc vu nuoi nong san Hien nay, mot so co so qua lam dung viec su dung thuoc bao ve thuc vat nuoi nong san Tham chi nhieu ngudi biet la cac loai thuoc bi cam nhung van cu 77 sur dung mot each kha bien Day la cac nguyen nhan chu yeu lam cho hang xuat khau xuat khau co du luong thuoc bao ve thuc vat bi cam vuot qua muc quy dinh Vi vay, can co mot ke hoach, chuong trinh cu the, Nha nudc se dau tu kinh phi de nghien cuu san xuat cac loai thuoc bao ve thuc vat dac tri cho cac benh cua ndng san ma truoc mat la thuoc bao ve thuc vat cho qua long, chom chom, dam bao tieu chuan ve sinh dich te cho ndng san nguyen lieu thay the cho cac loai khang sinh bi cam su dung hien Nghien cuu de nhap khau cac loai thuoc bao ve thuc vat mdi thay the cac loai thuoc bao ve thuc vat va hoa chat bi cam, de giup ngudi san xuat cd thuoc bao ve thuc vat phuc vu hoat dong san xuat ndng san hien Dong thdi cap nhat cac danh muc hoa chat va khang sinh bi cam cac co quan cd chuc nang cua nudc nhap khau cung cap va cd bien phap kiem tra giam sat chat che ngan ngua viec su dung nuoi va che bien ndng san - Ve ky thuat nuoi trong, thu hoach ndng san va bao quan sau thu hoach + Ve ky thuat nuoi Ky thuat nuoi va bao quan sau thu hoach cd tac dong rat ldn den chat luong ve sinh dich te cho ndng san nguyen lieu va ndng san che bien Hien nay, phan ldn cac vung nuoi ndng san d Viet Nam cd quy mo nho, phan tan, phat trien tu phat, chu yeu la cac ho gia dinh cd trinh va ky thuat nuoi han che Vi vay, can nghien cuu xay dung quy trinh nuoi cho cac loai ndng san Yeu cau doi vdi quy trinh: • Quy trinh phai phu hop vdi tung loai ndng san va dieu kien nuoi cu the ve ve quy mo, trang thiet bi, doi ngu can bo, nhan vien • Phai hudng den mot mdi trudng nuoi sach, mo hinh phai vua dam bao cho nguyen lieu sach lai vua dam bao ve nang suat hieu qua mdi thu hut duqc ngudi nuoi ap dung Cac mo hinh nuoi sinh thai hien cho nang suat thap nen it duqc ap dung Trude mat can nghien cuu xay dung mo hinh san xuat ndng san sach, tren co sd quy hoach cac vung san xuat ndng san sach va tien tdi gan nhan sinh 78 thai cho cac san pham nong duoc san xuat o cac vung nay, nang cao uy tin cua cac san pham xuat khau tai thi trudng Hoa Ky Trong quy trinh chu y den cac cong doan quan tac dong den chat luong ve sinh dich te nong san nhu: • Thiet ke cac noi nuoi nong san phai co he thong xu ly chat thai va nuoc thai de han che tinh trang o nhiem moi trudng • Xay dung va thuc hien quy trinh xu ly noi nuoi nong san, chu y ky thuat xu ly cac noi nuoi bi nhiem ban • Thuc hien co hieu qua phuong phap lua chon cay giong, thdi diem thich hop nhat de gieo va thu hoach de cay sinh truong tot va han che duoc dich benh • Co phuong phap lua chon va che bien phan bon, phuong phap cham bon de tan dung het luong phan bon va han che toi da tinh trang o nhiem moi trudng nuoi • Ap dung cac phuong phap phong ngua, phat hien dich benh, minh bach hoa thong tin dich benh va su dung thuoc bao ve thuc vat: loai thuoc, lieu luong va thdi gian su dung de tranh cac loai nong san du luong thuoc bao ve thuc vat + ve ky thuat thu hoach va bao quan sau thu hoach: Can thiet ke quy trinh thu hoach hop ly, su dung cac thiet bi co kha nang thu hoach, xu ly va bao quan tuong doi hoan chinh, doi ngu ngudi san xuat co trinh ky thuat cao, quan tam den chat luong nong san Quy trinh nen duoc dua vao kiem nghiem thuc te de rut kinh nghiem va hoan thien e Tang cuaqg cdng tac quan lyu Odem tra nham dam bao chat Iwang ve sinh dinh te hanq nonq sOn xunt khau Tang cudng cong tac quan ly, kiem tra tra cac co so san xuat, che bien, xuat khau nong san va cac co so co lien quan tuan thu cac quy dinh ve yeu cau ky 79 thuat, ve sinh dich te va co bien phap xu ly se gop phan quan trong viec nang cao chat luong, ve sinh dich te cho hang nong xuat khau - Cac co quan quan ly cua Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon, cac bo nganh co lien quan va cac Sb cua tinh phai thuong xuyen soat va hoan thien cac quy dinh nham dam bao chat luong ve sinh dich te cho hang nong san tu khau san xuat giong den nuoi trong, thu hoach, che bien, xuat khau, san xuat thuoc bao ve thuc vat va phan bon cho nong san dong thoi nghien cuu trinh chinh phu mot quy trinh quan ly thuoc bao ve thuc vat, hoa chat bi cam va han che su dung de tranh viec cac loai thuoc bao ve thuc vat, hoa chat bi cam duoc luu thong va su dung bien nhu hien - Pho bien cu the va tuyen truyen cac quy dinh ve chat luong ve sinh dich te cho tat ca co sb san xuat, che bien kinh doanh hang nong san va cac co sb co lien quan Khong ngung nang cao chat luong, ve sinh dich te, coi day la yeu to then chot nang cao kha nang canh tranh, tao uy tin day manh xuat khau, la yeu to then chot de hang nong san Viet Nam ung voi nhung thay doi chinh sach nhap khau hang nong san cua Hoa Ky, nang cao hieu qua cua hoat dong san xuat va kinh doanh hang nong san - Dong thoi phai thuong xuyen kiem tra va tra cac co sb san xuat va kinh doanh giong, thuoc bao ve thuc vat, phan bon, nong san nguyen lieu va cac co sb che bien xuat khau hang nong san ve viec tuan thu cac quy dinh nham dam bao chat luong ve sinh dich te cho hang nong san noi chung va hang nong san xuat khau noi rieng Viec tra va kiem tra phai duoc ket hop tien hanh dinh ky thuong xuyen va ca hinh thuc kiem tra dot xuat Tranh truong hop trien khai chien dich kiem tra, tra thi cac co sb chap hanh theo dung quy dinh, ket thuc kiem tra cac co sb lai vi pham b muc bien 80 f Tang cngng kiem tra nguyen lieu dau vao, dau tu casa vat chat xh cat xl nghiep xhe bien tr taa bao xax tieu xhuan ky thuat va ve sinh dixh te xho hang nong san xuat khau - Toi uu hoa qua trinh lam sach san pham, bao dam giu ve sinh suot qua trinh luu thong tu co so san xuat den co so che bien de han che viec nhiem ban, nhiem khuan, uon hong va lay nhiem cheo cho nong san nguyen lieu Hien nay, cac san pham nong san duqc thu hoach hau het thong qua cac thuong lai va dai ly de den cac co so che bien khong kiem soat duqc, hang di ldng vong, che bao quan khong thich hop doi vdi hang nong san vua lam giam chat luqng vua khong bao dam tieu chuan ve sinh dich te cho nong san nguyen lieu Vi vay, cac co so che bien can tap trung nguon hang theo cac hudng nhu sau: + Ky hop dong truc tiep vdi cac co so nuoi nong san de thu mua, san pham sau duqc thu hoach se duqc chuyen thang den nha may che bien, hinh thuc ap dung doi vdi cac co so nuoi co quy mo ldn + Dat tram thu mua tai cac co so nuoi de truc tiep thu mua Vdi hinh thuc nay, nha may dat cac tram thu mua tai cac trung tam nuoi nong san de tien hanh thu mua san pham sau duqc kiem tra, dam bao chat luqng va ve sinh dich te se duqc thu mua va duqc chuyen thang den nha may che bien + Thu mua thong qua cac dai ly va thuong lai Nha may se thiet lap mot he thong cac dai ly tai cac co so nuoi nong san de tien hanh thu mua Cac dai ly va thuong lai phai duoc lua chon va thuong xuyen giam sat de dam bao cung cap nong san nguyen lieu theo dung yeu cau cua nha may - Cac nha may che bien phai tang cuong cong tac kiem tra nguyen lieu dau vao va san pham dau Nha may can dau tu thiet bi chuyen dung va ky thuat kiem tra, phai ket hop ca phuong phap kiem tra cam quan va kiem tra bang phuong phap hoa hoc cho tat ca cac lo nguyen lieu dau vao va san pham dau Viec tat ca cac nha may che bien kiem tra nguyen lieu dau vao va chi thu mua cac nguyen lieu dU tieu chuan la mot co so tot de dam bao cho chat luqng va ve sinh 81 dich te cho san pham dau Dong thoi, se la mot ap luc ldn doi vdi cac co sd san xuat nong san, buoc cac co sd phai ap dung cac bien phap nuoi sach va bao quan dung che de g Thuc hlec lien ket “nha ” de dam bao cac tieu chuac kythuat vu ve sinh dich te cho hang nong scn xuat Uhau Thuc hien lien ket “nha” la: Nha nuOi nOng san; Nha cung cap giong; Nha cung cap phan bon; Nha cung cap thuoc bao ve thuc vat; Nha che bien, xuat khau va Nha nudc Trong can lap lien hop san xuat nOng san sach gom “nha” va dat dudi su kiem tra giam sat cua cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc Trong lien ket nay, cac vien cua lien hop deu co cac quyen loi va trach nhiem vdi Cac vien chi co duoc cac quyen loi thuc hien day du cac cam ket cua minh Cac cam ket la: - Nha cung ung giong: phai cung cap du giong va giong co chat luong sach, sach mam benh, co kha nang khang benh cao, va da duoc kiem dich Nguoi nuOi chi duoc phep mua giong cua cac nha cung cap giong lien hiep - Nha cung ung phan bon: cung cap du phan bon cho nhung nguoi cung cap giong va nhung nguoi nuOi phu hop vdi tung loai nOng san, phan bon phai dam bao chat luong, dac biet la dam bao ve sinh dich te cho hang nOng san - Nha cung ung thuoc bao ve thuc vat: Cung cap du thuoc bao ve thuc vat cho nhung nguoi cung cap giong va nhung nguoi nuOi trong, thuoc bao ve thuc vat phai dam bao chat luong giup nguoi uom giong va nuOi nOng san ngan ngua va chua tri duoc cac benh dich cua nOng san, dam bao an toan cho nOng san va cho nguoi nuOi Nguoi cung cap thuoc bao ve thuc vat phai cap nhat cac thOng tin ve hoa chat va khang sinh mdi co kha nang khang benh cao, an toan, hieu qua de cung cap cho nguoi uom giong va nuOi nOng san - Nguoi nuOi nOng san: phai su dung cay giong, phan bon, thuoc bao ve thuc vat dam bao chat luong cua cac vien lien hiep va ap dung ky 82 thuat nuoi nong san sach va cung cap nguyen lieu nong san sach cho cac doanh nghiep che bien ndng san - Doanh nghiep che bien: su dung nguyen lieu sach cua nhung ngudi nuoi trong lien hiep de che bien san pham ndng san dam bao cac quy dinh ky thuat, ve sinh dich te cua thi trudng nhap khau - Cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc chiu trach nhiem tang cudng kiem tra giam sat cac vien lien hiep theo cac quy dinh cua Nha nudc, tao dieu kien de cac vien thuc hien tot cac cam ket cua minh Mdi lien hiep can cd mot ban thu ky de giam sat qua trinh thuc thi cac quy dinh cua cac vien va tham van, giup dd cac vien thuc hien dung cac quy dinh cua lien hiep ■* Z ? h Cac ca quart quart ly cart cd cac dong thdi ddi vdi nhicng thay doi cua Hoa Ky Luat FSMA duoc thong qua dau nam 2011, nhien cho tdi thdi diem chua cd co quan quan ly Nha nudc nao cd dong thai vdi dao luat nay, dieu cho thay cac co quan quan ly nha nudc lung tung viec doi vdi cac thay ddi chinh sach nhap khau cua Hoa Ky Cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc ma cu the la Bo Cong thuong va Bo Ndng nghiep can phai dua cac phan ung trudc nhung thay ddi gay bat loi cho viec xuat khau cac mat hang ndng san sang Hoa Ky Viec dua cac phan ung cua cac co quan quan ly cung vdi du luan cua the gidi la sue ep buoc Hoa Ky phai xem xet lai chinh sach cua minh, tu dd se md co hoi sura ddi chinh sach dem lai loi ich cho xuat khau hang ndng san cua Viet Nam z Tan dung thai ca de dam phan cac dieu khoan cd lai cho xuat khau ndng san Hien nay, Viet Nam va Hoa Ky deu la cac vien tich cue tham gia dam phan Hiep dinh xuyen Thai Binh Duong goi tat la TPP do quan he giua Viet Nam va Hoa Ky la kha tot Hon nua, thdi gian gan day quan he chinh tri giua Viet Nam va Hoa Ky dang rat phat trien do chung ta phai tan dung nhung mdi quan he de dam phan lai cac van de cua FSMA 83 3.4.2 Nhimghaiphap tiephia cac doanh nghiep a Ap dung mo hinh nuoi trong, che bien, bao quan sach va xay dung mo hinh nong san ben vung Cac doanh nghiep phai coi tat ca cac khau, tu khau cung cap giong, nuoi trdng nong san, bao dam nguon dat va nudc sach nuoi trong, che bien nong san, cung cap thuoc bao ve thuc vat, cung cap phan bon bao dam chat dinh duong va bao dam ve sinh, phai ket hop chat che va thuc hien tot cac chuc nang cua tung khau cong viec nhu mo hinh lien ket “nha” Coi viec tong ket, nghien cuu, hoc tap kinh nghiem cua cac nudc de ap dung co chon loc vao dieuJden cua doanh nghiep b Nang cao nhan thuc ve tam quan cua dam bao ve sinh dich te san pham nong san Cac doanh nghiep phai nhan thuc dung y nghia cua viec dam bao chat luong an toan ve sinh nong san giai doan hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Dieu la vo cung quan trong, no anh hudng huc tiep den su ton tai cua doanh nghiep va anh hudng gian tiep den tuong lai cua nganh nong san Viet Nam Chi cac doanh nghiep nhan thuc dung vai tro cua viec bao dam ve sinh an toan thuc pham, ho mdi co the tu giac tuan thu va chap hanh nghiem ngat cac quy dinh da duoc de ra, tranh tinh trang bi kiem tra thi tuan thu hoan toan, nhung khong kiem tra lai buong long va dan den tinh trang vi pham c Can xay dung moi quan he lau dai va ben vung doi vai cac nha nhap khau Cac co sd san xuat va xuat khau thuy san can co moi quan he tot vdi cac nha nhap khau vi chat luong ve sinh dich te cung la moi quan tam chung cua cac nha nhap khau Cac nha nhap khau la trung tam truc tiep tiep xuc vdi khach hang, la cac dau moi cung cap cac quy dinh, yeu cau ky thuat ve ve sinh dich te, quy dinh ve dang kiem, kiem tra, giam sat hang thuy san nhap khau, dong thdi phoi hop vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam giai quyet cac van de phat sinh cac lo hang nong san bi hai quan nudc nhap khau giu 84 d Cac doanh ngaikp san xuat- kinh doanh hang pong san xuatkhau can phai tick cuc phong sgua cac vu kixs chosg has pha gia doi vdi hang ruat kpph song sas cua Vixt Nam De co the thuc hien co hieu qua van de nay, cac doanh nghiep can: - Nghien cuu va nam vung cac quy dinh cua WTO va mot so nudc ldn ve ban pha gia va cac van de khac co lien quan; boi dudng, tuyen chon de sdm co duoc doi ngu chuyen gia gioi co tinh tong hop, hinh nhung nhom, to chuc chuyen phuc vu viec ung vdi cac tranh chap ve ngoai thuong, co kha nang tu van cho doanh nghiep va ho tro cho chinh phu xay cac vu kien Tren co sd nghien cuu, nam vung luat chong ban pha gia cua Hoa Ky, dac biet la Hiep dinh chong ban pha gia cua WTO ve nhung quy dinh va trinh tu thu tuc chong ban pha gia hang nhap khau va cac phuong phap xac dinh muc pha gia va muc thiet hai de co duoc nhung bien phap phong ngua co hieu qua - Cac doanh nghiep can coi va phat huy tot vai tro cua Hiep hoi chuyen nganh hoac cac to chuc nhom san pham, tang cudng phoi ket hop lan giua cac doanh nghiep de lam tang them suc manh va nang luc canh tranh, cung nhu kha nang du bao trudc nhung nguy co bi kien ban pha gia - Cac doanh nghiep can thuc hien nghiem chinh nhung quy dinh ve xuat khau san pham phu hop vdi nhung dac tinh, yeu cau cua tung thi trudng, luu tru ho so san xuat, kinh doanh, thuc hien tot che thong ke, kiem toan, ke toan de san sang minh chung su lam an dung dan cua doanh nghiep, tranh thuc hien nhung hanh vi tao cd cho cac doi tac kien tung - Ngoai cac giai phap tren, de giam thieu rui ro kinh doanh, cac doanh nghiep xuat khau nong san Viet Nam can da dang hoa thi trudng, da dang hoa san pham nong san xuat khau, day manh hop tac lien ket vdi cac doanh nghiep Hoa Ky -> r zx I r zx r • zx x r zx , 1 t zx zx san xuat, che bien va xuat khau nong san 3.4.3 Nhom giaiphap ticphia hiep hoi a Licjts ket cac tipaki vien hiep hoi Hien nay, phan ldn cac nha xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng > r r Hoa Ky deu co quy mo nho, hoat dong dong lap vi vay viec lien ket vdi se rat 85 thuan loi cho cac doanh nghiep qua trinh kinh doanh Viec lien ket duoc cac vien cung hiep hoi se nang cao duoc suc canh tranh doi vdi cac hang hoa nudc ngoai, cac doanh nghiep co the thuc hien cac don hang ldn hon Mat khac vao cac hiep hoi cac vien deu phai dap ung cac tieu chuan hiep hoi dua vi vay se nang cao duoc chat luong san pham nong san xuat khau sang Hoa Ky b Cung cap thong tin cho cac vien hiep hoi Hiep hoi la dau moi quan trong viec tiep nhat thong tin lien quan tdi cac linh vuc cua minh, vi vay hiep hoi phai thudng xuyen cap nhat cac thong tin lien quan tdi cac mat hang nong san de cung cap cho cac hoi vien cua minh c Tim kiem thi trudng Cac hiep hoi la noi cap nguon thong tin phong phu de gidi thieu ve cac thi trudng quoc te mdi, ho tro cac doanh nghiep co co hoi tiep can vdi cac thi thi trudng moi d Xuc tien thuong mai Cac hiep hoi phai thudng xuyen to chuc cac hoat dong xuc tien thuong mai de quang ba cac san pham nong san cua cac hoi vien tdi thi trudng Hoa Ky bang cach to chuc cac chuong trinh nudc va tai Hoa Ky, tu la cau noi de cac hoi vien co the gap go vdi cac nha nhap khau Hoa Ky e Ho tra hoi vien van de giai quyet cac van de xuat khau Cac hiep hoi phai thudng xuyen co cac hanh dong de ho tro hoi vien cua minh viec giai quyet cac van de cac doanh nghiep gap kho khan xuat khau hang hoa vao thi trudng Hoa Ky Hien nay, vai tro hiep hoi cac nganh hang nong san cua Viet Nam doi vdi van de la rat md nhat hoac co the noi la bang khong Khi cac doanh nghiep gap van de nhap khau, cac doanh nghiep phai tu minh giai quyet ma gan nhu la khong nhan duoc bat cu su ho tro nao tu phia hiep hoi KET LUAN Thi truong Hoa Ky la mot thi trudng co sue tieu thu rat ldn va co rat co tiem nang doi vdi hang hoa nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam Ben canh do, nhieu nam qua quan he thuong mai va chinh tri giua Viet Nam va Hoa Ky luon phat trien theo xu huong tot dep va cang edi md hon nua Vi vay, neu biet each khai thac phu hop thi thi trudng se dem lai nguon loi rat ldn cho hang ndng san xuat khau cua Viet Nam thdi gian tdi Ben canh nhung tiem nang cd the thay ro tir thi trudng Hoa Ky thi khong the khong luu y tdi su khat khe va kho xam nhap cua thi trudng Tu tudng bao ho nganh ndng nghiep cua chinh phu Hoa Ky da the hien rat rd qua chinh sach nhap khau hang hoa, cu the bieu hien qua cac cong cu va bien phap ma Hoa Ky ap dung da tao rao can cho hang hoa nhap khau nudc ngoai muon xam nhap vao thi trudng Hoa Ky De tai nghien ciru khoa hoc da dat duoc nhung ket qua sau: De tai da khai quat duoc cac cong cu ma Hoa Ky su dung de dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san Tu cac cong cu ma Hoa Ky su dung giup cho cac nha xuat khau dua duoc nhung giai phap ung vdi cac dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau cua Hoa Ky De tai da neu dupe qua trinh dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky giai doan tir nam 2008 den Tren co sd do, de tai da chi dupe cac thay ddi cua chinh sach nhap khau cua Hoa Ky giai doan va phan tich dupe su anh huong doi vdi cac nha xuat khau Ve mat dinh tinh, de tai da chi dupe cac tac dong nhung dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky ddi vdi hang ndng san cua Viet Nam De tai cung da neu dupe cac giai phap ddi Viet Nam nham ung ddi vdi cac dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky Cac gioi han chua giai quyet dupe: La mot quoc gia co he thong luat phat trien dd cac dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky dupe the hien bang dao luat vdi noi dung rat rong vi vay de tai chua nghien cuu duac het cac tac dong dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang nong san cua Hoa Ky tdi xuat khau ndng san cua Viet Nam De tai chua danh gia duac tac dong gay bdi dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky tdi hang ndng san xuat khau Viet Nam bang dinh luong De tai chua dua duac cac giai phap cu the cho tung nhom doi tuong la Nha khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky Kien nghi huong nghien cun tiep theo Hoa Ky la quoc gia cd he thdng luat phap vo cung phuc tap, vi vay viec nghien cuu cac dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky nen duqc nghien cuu tren ca luat lien bang va dao luat cac bang Viec danh gia cac tac dong dieu chinh chinh sach nhap khau hang ndng san cua Hoa Ky tdi ndng san Viet Nam can duoc danh gia bang dinh luong tir se thay duac rd hon cac tac dong tdi tung mat hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam Tren ca sd danh gia gia tac dong tdi tung mat hang can chi duqc cac giai phap cu the cho tung mat hang ndng san xuat khau cua Viet Nam DANH MUC • TAI LIEU • THAM KHAO Do Due Binh - Nguyen Thuong Lang (2008) Giao trinh Kinh te quoc te Nha xuat ban Dai hoe Kinh te quoe dan Doan Ke Bon (2006) ehu nhiem de tai, Mot so giai phap vuot rao can ky thuat va ve sinh dich te xuat khau hang thuy san nudc ta vao thi trudng Hoa Ky, de tai eap Bo B2004-39-51 Truong Dai hoe Thuong mai ehu tri thue hien Nguyen Quoe Dinh ((2008), Giai phap phat trien ben vung nganh thuy san tinh Ca Mau, luan an tien sy kinh te tai Bo Ke hoaeh va Dau tu, Vien Chien luoe Phat trien Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai (2011) Phat trien ben vung hang ndng san xuat khau cua Viet Nam dieu kien hien Nha xuat ban ehinh tri quoe gia Luong Xuan Quy (2006) Nang cao gia tri gia tang hang ndng san xuat khau cua Viet Nam Nha xuat ban Ly luan Chinh tri Dinh Van Thanh (2004) ehu nhiem de tai, Nghien cuu cac rao can thuang mai quoc te va de xuat cac giaiphap doi vdi Viet Nam, de tai eap Bo 2003-78-020 Vien Nghien euu Thuong mai ehu tri thue hien Le Minh Trang (2006), Nhung hang rao ky thuat doi vdi hang thuy san xuat khau va cac bien phap vuot rao doi vdi Viet Nam, luan van tot nghiep ehuyen nganh Kinh te Quoe te tai truong Dai hoe Kinh te Quoe dan Ha Noi Bao Dai doan ket (2012) Xuat khau ndng san vao thi trudng My: can trong, (true tuyen) website ehi dia tai http://'daidoankct vn/index.asnx9Ment^^^1372^(.Tiitiet.4^M66T&:SiU;k.=-^l Bao dien tu eua Bo Cong thuong (2012) Doanh nghiep Viet Nam can lam gi de xuat hang vao My, (true tuyen) tai dia ehi website http://www.baoeongthuong.eom.vn/p0e272s i 92n21907/doanh-nghiep-viet-namean-lam-gi-de-xuat-hang-vao-my.htm 10 Bao Hai Quan online (2012) Quy dinh mai ve thuc pham nhap khau vao Hoa Ky, (true tuyen) tai dia chi website http://www.baohaiquan.vn/pages/quv-dinh-moi- khi-xk-sang-hoa-ky.aspx 11 Bao Nong nghiep Viet Nam (2012) Cac giai phap day manh xuat khau vao My, (true tuyen) tai dia chi http://nongnghiep.vn/nongnghiepvn/72/48/48/97846/cacgiai-phap-dav-manh-xuat-khau-nong-san-vao-my.aspx 12 Bao nong thon (2011) Nong san vao My se kho han, (truc tuyen) tai dia chi website http://danviet.vn/69852plc25/nong-san-vao-myse-k.ho-hon.htm 13 Hiep hoi che bien va xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam (2012), My: Chinh sach an toan thuc pham buac sang ky nguyen mai, (truc tuven) tai dia chi website http://www.vasep.com.vn/Tin-Tuc/53 4937/My-Chinh-sach-an-toan-thuc-phambuoc-sang-kv-nguyen-moi.htm 14 Hiep hoi thuy san tinh An Giang (2012) Mot so thay doi quy dinh ve an toan thuc pham cua Hoa Ky, (truc tuyen) tai dia chi website http://afa.vn/thoi- su/tin-nganh-thuv-san/2012/t4/mdt-sd-thav-ddi-trong-quy-dinh-ve-an-toan-thucpham-cua-hoa-ky.aspx 15 Hoi Nong dan Viet Nam (2012) Mot so luu y dua hang vao Hoa Ky, (truc tuyen) tai dia chi website http://hoinongdan.org.vn/index.php/cung-cau/muaban/333-m-t-s-luu-v-khi-dua-hang-vao-hoa-ky.html 16 Lien Hiep cac hoi khoa hoc va Ky thuat Tp Ho Chi Minh (2012) Thanh Long vao My - vuang luat INMA, (ttuc tuyen) tai dia chi website http://www.khoahocphothong.com.vn/news/detail/11393/thanh-long-vao-my — vuong-luat-fsma.html 17 Phong Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (2012) Nhi£u quy dinh mai v£ thuc pham nhap vao My, tttuc ttiyen) http://www.covcci.com.vn/show.aspx2catK) 19&nid-404 ta) dia ch) webshe