Cơ hội và những vấn đề đặt ra đối với hoạt động xuất khẩu hàng hoá việt nam sang thị trường eu mở rộng

TRVdW DAI HOC KIMI TE QUOC DAIS NGUYEN THI QUYNH GIANG DAI HOC K.TQD TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THLTVIEN CO HOI RA ■ VA NHUNG VAN DE DAT ■ DOI V01 HOAT DONG XUAT KHAU HANG HOA VIET NAM SANG THI TROONG EU MO RONG Chuyen nganh: KINH TE Ddl NGOAI LUAN VAN THAC Sf KINH TE ■ ■ Ngitoi kiting dan khoa hoc: PGS TS DO DLTC BINH THS Hu » - 2OOG MUC LUC • • Trang DANH MUC CAC CHU CAI VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG DANH MUC HINH DANH MUC HOP DANH MUC PHU LUC TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOI MO DAU CHUONG MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE LIEN KET, HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE VA VAI TRO CUA EU TRONG NEN KINH TE THE GI6l 1.1 Khai niem, dac diem va hinh thuc lien ket hoi nhap kinh te quoc te i < r 1.1.1 Khai niem va dac diem cua lien ket kinh te quoc te r r r 1.1.2 Ban chat va tinh tat yeu khach quan cua hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 1.1.3 Cac tac dong cua lien ket, hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 1.1.4 Cac loni hinh lien ket, hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 1.2 Tong quan ve qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua EU 10 1.2.1 Sir dOi cua Cong dong chau Au 10 1.2.2 Su hinh lien minh tien te chau Au •> 10 r 1.2.3 The che cua lien minh Chau Au 11 1.2.4 Muc dich mb rong cua EU 12 1.3 Ss can thiet day manli qqan he thuung mai Viet Nam - EU 15 1.3.1 Ve phia EU 15 1.3.2 Ve phia Viet Nam 15 1.4 Thit^m■ngEU .17 1.4.1 Dac diem cua tin trubng EU 17 1.4.2 Chinh sach ngoai thuong cua EU 21 1.4.3 Cac yeu cau cua thi truong EU doi vdi hang nhap khau 28 CHUONG THUC VA NHUNG VAN DE DAT XUAT • TRANG • • RA DOI VOI HOAT • DONG • KHAU HANG HOA VIET NAM SANG THI TRUONG EU MORONG 32 2.1 Khai quat hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam vao thi truong EU giai doan 2000 - 32 2.1.1 Ve kim ngach 33 2.1.2 Ve co cau thi truong 35 2.1.3 Ve cor cau xuat khau 36 A Q 2.2 Thue trang xuat khau giay dep Viet Nam sang thi truong EU giai doan 2000 den 37 2.2.1 Ve kim ngach 37 2.2.2 Ve cor cau thi truong tung nunc EU 40 2.2.3 Ve cor cau mat hang giay dep 44 r 2.3 Thue trang xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam sang thi truong EU giai doan 2000 den 48 2.3.1 Ve kim ngach 48 2.3.2 Ve cor cau kim ngach xuat khau hang thuy san Viet Nam sang thi truong cac nude EU md rong giai doan 2000 - 2005 51 2.3.3 Ve co cau cac mat hang thuy san xuat khau chinh sang thi truong EU md rong giai doan 2000 - 2005 53 r 2.4 Thd'i co’ cho hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thi trudng EU mo rong 56 2.4.1 Co hoi chung 56 2.4.2 Rieng doi vdi mat hang giay dep 70 2.4.3 Rieng doi vdi mat hang thuy san 72 2.5 Nhfiriig van de dat doi vo’i hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thi tauong EU mo1 aong 76 2.5.1 Kho hhan, thaeh thue chung 76 2.5 Doi vai hnng giny dep 80 2.5 Doi vai hnng thuy san 83 CHVONG DINH HVONG VA GIAI PHAP TANG CVONG XUAT KHAU HANG HOA VIET NAM SANG EU TC NAY DEM NAM 2010 88 3.1 Taien vong phat taien hoat dong uuat hhau hnng hia Viet Nam sang thi tauang EU mo aong 88 3.1.1 Nhan to tac dong 88 3.1.2 Taien vong 89 3.2 Quan diem eua dang nhn nuae ve hoat dong uuat hhau - him ehi nam uay dang ehien luo'e uuat hhau sang thi tauong EU tw den 2010 tam nhin 20210 91 3.3 Dinh huang eho haat dong uuat hhau hnng hia Viet Nam sang thi tauong EU giai doan tw den 2010, tam nhin 2020 91 3.4 Kien nghi doi vai hoat dong uuat hhau hnng hia Viet Nam sang thi tauong EU mo' aong 94 r t 3.5 Giai phap tang euong uuat hhau hnng hia Viet Nam sang thi tauong EU den nam 2010 tam nhin 2020 96 3.5.1 Giai phap tong the 96 3.5.2 Giai phap eho hang giny dep 103 3.5.3 Giai phap eho hnng thuy san 109 KET LUAN 116 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO PHU LUC DANH MUC CHU CAI VIET TAT AFTA APEC ASEM CEEC Asean Free Trade Agreement Hiep dinh thuong mai tu ASEAN Asean Pacific Economic Hop tac kinh te chau A- Thai Binh Cooperation Duong Asia - Europe Meeting Dien dan hop tac A - Au Central & Eastern European Countries /V Cac nuoc Trung va Dong Au EU European Union Lien Minh Chau Au CAP Chloramphenicol Chat khang sinh Chloramphenicol Ecological Management and Chuong trinh Quan ly va Kiem tra Audit Scheme Sinh hoc EMU European Monetary Union Lien Minh Tien te GDP Gross Domestic Product z EMAS r-r-1 /V Z A A r GSP FDI ISO Generalized System of He thOng uu dai Preferences thue quan cap Foreign Direct Investment Dau tu truc tiep nuoc ngoai Hazard Analysis Critical He thOng phan tich mOi nguy va Control Point kiem soat diem kiem soat toi han z HACCP A • ong san pham quoc noi International Standard Organization rp A Z z • A A A, A To chuc tieu chuan quoc te USD United States Dollas Do la My WTO World Trade Organization TO chuc Thuong mai the gioi ’ ’ DANH MUC BANG Bang 1: Ty cac thi truong xuat khau chinh tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam thoi ky 2000-2005 33 Bang 2: Kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam vdi vien EU25 giai doan 2000 - 2005 35 Bang 3: Mot so mat hang xuat khau chinh cua Viet Nam sang EU 36 Bang 4: Kim ngach xuat khau giay dep cua Viet Nam sang EU giai doan 2000-4T/2006 38 Bang 5: Ty xuat khau giay dep theo thi truong cua Viet Nam nam 2000 - 2005 40 Bang 6: Co cau xuat khau giay dep cua Viet Nam theo thi truong tung nude EU 25 42 Bang : Co cau xuat khau vao EU - 2005 43 Bang 8: Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam sang EU giai doan nam 2000-4T/2006 49 Bang 9: Xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam sang thi truong cac nude EU giai doan 2000 - 2005 52 54 Bang 10: Co cau theo gia tri hang thuy san xuat khau sang thi truong EU 2000 - 2005 DANH MUC BIEU 7 A Bieu T Ty cac thi truong xuat khau chinh tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam thoi ky 2000-2005 34 Bieu 2: Kim ngach xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang thi truong EU giai doan 2000 - 4T/2006 34 Bieu 3: Kim ngach xuat khau giay dep cua Viet Nam sang EU giai doan 20004T/2006 39 Bieu 4: Ty xuat khau giay dep theo thi truong cua Viet Nam nam 2000 - 2005 41 Bieu : Co cau xuat khau hang giay dep vao EU - 2005 44 DANH MU • C HO • P Hop 1: Nien bieu cua EU 13 Hop 2: No luc cua Nha nudc va doanh nghiep hoat dong xuat khau thuy san sang thi truong EU 50 A Hop 3: EU mo rong khong phai la kho khan, trai lai co nhieu thuan loi cho hang hoa xuat khau Viet Nam 558 nhung doi tuong ngheo o Viet Nam 60 Hop 5: EU mong muon mot moi quan he moi vdi ASEAN 61 r •> A Hop 6: Nhung thuan loi cho hang hoa Viet Nam xuat khau vao Dong Au 66 A Hop 7: Co hoi cho su phat trien doanh nghiep Viet Nam tai cac nudc Dong Au 67 Hop 8: "Be phong" cho hop tac doanh nghiep Viet Nam - EU 69 r a Hop 9: Mot so doanh nghiep Viet Nam o Dong Au trudc nhung kho khan EU mo rong 80 Hop 10: De xuat cua tac gia ve bien phap cho nganh da-giay 105 Hop 11: Day manh xuat khau truc tiep vao EU cho da giay .106 Hop 12: Nhung loi khuyen cho cac nha xuat khau giay dep sang EU 108 Hop 13: Chien luoc tham nhap thi truong EU 113 DANH MUC PHU LUC Phu luc 1: Tong kim ngach xuat khau theo nam giai doan 1996-2005 Phu luc 2: Nhap khau vao thi truong EU va tieu chuan hoa A A Phu luc 3: Tiem nang thi uong tieu thu ca ngu chau Au Phu luc 4: Thi truong tom chau Au dau nam 2006 Phu luc 5: Kha nang canh tranh cua mat hang giay dep cua Viet Nam so vdi Trung Quoc ITHfdW DAI HOC KLVII TE QUOC DAA ID NGUYEN THI QUYNH GIANG CO HOI VA NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA DOI VOl HOAT DONG XUAT KHAU HANG HOA VIET NAM SANG THI TRUONG EU MO RONG Chuyen nganh: KINH TE DOI NGOAI LUAN VAN THAC ST KINH TE ■ ■ TOM T&T LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE ■ ■ Ngud'i huong dan khoa hoc: PGS TS DO DLTC BINH Htl \ 7>i - 2OOG i Lien minh chau Au (EU) la mot thi truong day tiem nang vdi gan 490 trieu dan co nhu cau da dang va phong phu Mac du da kha quen thuoc doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Viet Nam nhung cung rat kho tinh vdi nhung doi hoi khat khe ve thi hieu, co che, chinh sach nhap khau Tir EU md rong gom 25 nude vien thi day la diem day hua hen cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau cua Viet Nam Viet Nam da, dang va se tiep tuc tham nhap vao thi truong da dang va day r e r bien dong Song, vdi nhung cong va that bai cua qua khu, vdi nhung bien dong moi ve thi truong va chinh sach, viec day manh xuat khau hang hoa sang EU25 la co hoi Ion nhung cung la thach thuc khong nho doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Viet Nam Viec khao sat, tong ket, danh gia thi truong va thuc tien xuat khau, tu dua luan giai khoa hoc ve giai phap day manh xuat khau sang thi truong EU md rong la het sue can thiet Day se la nhung dinh hudng 7 A ldn, nhung goi y quan cho cac doanh nghiep de cd the md rong thi phan, kinh doanh hieu qua tren thi truong CHUONG1 MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE LIEN KET, HOl NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE VA VAI TRO CUA EU TRONG NEN KINH TE THE Gl6l 1.1 KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM VA HINH THLC LIEN KET HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE Khai niein r r r r r y r r Lien ket kinh te qudc te la qua trinh hap nhat cac nen kinh te cua cac qdc gia mot he thong kinh te thong nhat vai cac moi quan he kinh te duac sap r r xep mot trat ty nhat dinh tren ca sa thoa thuan giua cac nude vien Dac trung cua lien ket kinh te qudc te: Thu nhat, lien ket kinh te qudc te hinh va phat trien la su phu thuoc lan giua cac qudc gia cang gia tang.Thu hai, lien ket kinh te qudc te la PHV LVC Nguon: Bo Thuang mai Tong kim ngach xuat nhap khau theo nam Bdn vi tinh: Trieu USD PHIJ LUC NHAP KHAU VAO THI TRUING EU VA TIEU CHUAN HOA Tien trinh tu thuong mai da duoc tang toe bdi vong dam pham Uruguay , dieu co nghia rang cac hang rao phi quan thue nhu quota se duoc bai vo va nhung hang rao thue quan cung se bi cat giam Tuy nhien dieu khong co nghia la cac nha xuat khau cd the de dang tiep can vao thi trudng EU Viec tiep can thi trudng EU trd nen kho khan hon nhieu viec tang nhanh nhung quy dinh va cac yeu cau thi trudng cac lanh khia canh ve an toan, sue khoe, chat luong va cac van de mdi trudng va xa hoi Su khac biet giua nhung hang rao ky thuat so sanh vdi cac hang rao trudc day la nhung quy dinh va yeu cau cua thi trudng duoc phat trien tu nhung mot quan tam chung cua ca cac chinh phu va ngudi tieu dung ve an toan, sue khoe, chat luong va mdi trudng Trong qua khuc cac hang rao thue quan va phi thue quan nhin chung nham bao ve cac nha san xuat cua Chau Aau Viec bao ve mdi trudng va bao ve cho ngudi tieu dung cang tang da dan thay the cho viec bao ve nha san xuat va lao dong Viec su dung cac hang rao ky thuat duoc dieu chinh thdng qua cac hang rao ky thuat hiep dinh thuong mai cua WTO Ben canh can phai chu y rang day khong chi la nhung quy dinh luat le ma cac chinh phu ap dung them nham sac dinh cac tieu chuan cao an toan, sue khoe va mdi trudng, ma ngudi tieu dung trd nen cang kho chiu trudc nhung san pham va nhung anh hudng co hai tiem tang Dieu dan tdi cac quy dinh kho khan hon xuat phat tu phia thi trudng Cac hang rao ky thuat thuong mai va hiep dinh ve cac hang rao ky thuat cua wto Hiep dinh ve cac hang rao ky thuat (BTT) da duoc thao luan vong dam phan Uruguay la mot phan khong the thieu hiep dinh cua WTO Trong phan dau cua hiep dinh co ghi rd: "'khong mot quoc gia nao bi ngan cam dua nhung bien phap can thiet nham bao ve ngudi, dong vat, cuoc song hoac sue khoe cua thuc vat, cua mdi trudng hoac khong bi ngan cam dua cac bien phap nham ngan can cac hanh dong lira bip vdi mire phu hap” Tuy nhien, Hiep dinh cung xac dinh rang” Sir linh dong dieu chinh cua cac vien bi gidi han bdi yeu cau ve cac quy dinh ky thuat khong duac chuan bi, dieu chinh hoac dp dung mdi muc dich hoac anh hudng lam tao cac can trd khongcan thiet thuong mai” (Muc 2.2) Tieu chuan hoa CENELEC, CEN va ETSI la co quan tieu chuan hoa cua Chau Aau duoc coi la du nang luc viec tieu chuan hoa ky thuat co quan da dua cac tieu chuan cua EU tung lanh vuc rieng biet va tao “he thong tieu chuan hoa Chau Au” Cac tieu chuan la cac thoa thuan bang van ban chirc dung nhung dac diem ky thuat hoac nhung tieu chuan chinh xac khac duac sir dung mot each nhat quan nhu nhung luat le, hudng dan, hoac dinh nghia cua cac dac tinh nham bao dam rang cac vat lieu, san pham, cac phuang phap che bien va cac dich vu dap ung cac muc dich cua chung Vi vay md cac tieu chuan quoc dong gop vao viec lam cho cuoc song trd nen don gian hon, va lam tang tinh tin cay va hieu qua cua hang hod va dich vu chung ta sir dimg Hien tai EU dang tao cac tieu chuan thong nhat va dieu hoa cho toan EU doi vdi cac linh vuc san pham chinh nham thay the hang ngan cac tieu chuan quoc gia khac Nhin chung, cac muc yeu cau duoc dat hoac se duoc dat nhung nam tdi day Cac quoc gia vien duoc cho phep dua them cac yeu cau cho nganh cong nghiep cua minh Tuy nhien, neu san pham nao dap ung duoc nhung yeu cau tdi thieu se duoc cho phep luu hanh tu tai EU Tieu chuan hoa khong chi quan trong lanh vuc sue khoe, an toan ma lanh vuc quan ly chat luong, san xuat mang tinh mdi trudng, trach nhiem xa hoi Viec tieu chuan hoa se tao cac nhan, cac giay chung nhan nham chung minh cho viec tuan thu cac tieu chuan Trong lupc dd dudi day, viec tieu chuan hoa tao nhung nhan, giay chung nhan nhieu lanh vuc hang hoa Cac loai nhan, giay chung nhan, va md so duoc thuc hien duo’c yeu cau nham tuan thu cac quy dinh vayeu cau thi trudng Cac quy dinh bat buoc Sue khoe va an toan Mdi trudng Nhan CE Chung nhap HACCP Nhan Green dot (d mot so quoc gia) Chung nhan ISO 9000 Cac tieu chuan EN/1SO Chat luong Nhan hieu Xa ho/edng bang Chung nhan SA 8000* Trach nhiem xa hoi Cac Nhan Chung nhan quy sinh tac thai ISO dao 14000 dire Mdi trudng Cac yeu cau cua thi trudng Sii’c khde va an toan Van de sue khde va an toan trd nen cang quan ddi vdi mdi ca nhan tai EU Viec ap dung chu yeu lien quan den phia khach hang horn la phia lao dong Phuong phap tiep can va chi thi ve an toan san pham Tu thang nam 1985 Hoi Dong Chau Au da duyet Phuong phap tiep can mdi (New Approach) lien quan den viec binh thuong hoa va dieu hoa hoa Phuong phap tiep can mdi vdi tieu chuan hoa va quan ly chat luong nham dam bao rang chi cd nhung san pham an toan va thoa man cac yeu cau bao ve sue khde, mdi trudng va ngudi tieu dung luu thong tao khu vuc kinh te Chau Aau (EEA - European Economic Area) Phuong phap tiep can mdi duoc ban hanh nhu ke hoach cho viec phat trien thi trudng EU, hang tram van de xac dinh cho viec hoa hop hoa cac quy dinh va luat le, nhien cung cd hang ngan cac chi thi cua EU duoc bai bo phuong phap tiep can cu ve tien trinh hoa hop hoa chi tiet duoc cham dut Theo nhu Phuong phap mdi thi nhan CE la mot nhan bat buoc ddi vdi nhieu san pham cong nghiep Nghi dinh ve an toan san pham chung 92/59/EC (thudng duoc biet dudi ten Nghi dinh ve an toan san pham) dupe Cong Dong Chau Au thong qua 29/6/0992 Va nghi dinh co hieu luc hoan toan tir thang 6/1994 va ap dung cho an toan san pham san pham co mat lan dau tai thi trudng EU va dupe keo dai suot ddi song co theco cua sann pham Theo Nghi dinh, nhung nha san xuat va phan phoi chi dupc kinh doanh nhung san pham an toan Mot “san pham an toan” dupc dinh nghia la mot san pham khdng cd - dac biet d khia canh thiet ke, cau thanh, hoat dong, chuc nang, bao bi, cac dieu kien lap rap, bao tri hoac thai hoi, ca hudng dan sir ly va sir dung, hoac cac dac tinh khac cua san pham - bat cu mot rui ro true tiep hay gian tiep khdng the chap nhan cho an toan va sue khde ngudi hoac anh hudng tren cac san pham khac hoac phu tung cua nd Chi thi quy dinh ca doi vdi san pham mdi va cac san pham tai che mat cac san pham da qua su dung khdng dupc xac dinh ro rang nhu la co hoac can phai su chua hoac tai che Mac du Chi thi ve an toan san pham da ton tai, nhien chua quy dinh ddi vdi nhieu loai san pham Chi thi yeu cau cac san pham cho ngudi tieu dung khdng dupc co bat cu rui ro khdng the chap nhan nao va cung yeu cau nhung ngudi su dung tiem nang nhung san pham dupc canh bao day du cac rui ro cd the xay Chi thi ve an toan san pham dupc dat nham vao cac san pham cho ngudi str dung cuoi cung (thuc pham va phi thuc pham), neu nhu khdng cd cac quy dinh dac biet nao cho nhung san pham Ngoai neu cd cac quy dinh dac biet khac cua EC thi Chi thi khdng dupc ap dung Nhan CE (European Conformity) Muc dich cua nhan CE la dat yeu cau chung ddi vdi cac nha san xuat nham chi dua nhung san pham an toan tai thi trudng EU Nhan CE dupc coi la giay thong hanh cua nha san xuat luu thong nhieu san pham cong nghiep nhu may mdc thiet bi, cac thiet bi dien cd hieu dien the thap, ddi choi, cac thiet bi an toan ca nhan, cac thiet bi y te tren thi trudng EU Tuy nhien nhan CE khdng ap dung cho tat ca cac hang hoa cong nghiep Nhan CE khdng chi la rang buoc nhat ddi vdi san pham Nhan CE khdng ap dung cho cac san pham trang tri noi that, quan ao va cac san pham da Nhan CE chi rang san pham tuan thu cac yeu cau ve luat dinh va cd the duoc ap dung ve an toan, sue khoe, mdi trudng va bao ve ngudi tieu dung Can phai chu y rang, nhan EC khong bao dam ve chat luong san pham Doi vo’i cac san pham thuc pham HACCP (the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system) duoc ap dung cho nganh cong nghiep thuc pham Chi thi ve ve sinh thuc pham (93/43/EC) cd hieu luc tu thang 1/1996 xac dinh rang “cac cong ty thuc pham se xac dinh tung khia canh cua cac hoat dong anh hudng den an toan thuc pham va bao dam rang cac bien phap an toan co the cd se duoc thiet ke, ap dung, thuc hien va kiem tra lai tren co sd cua he thdng HACCP Cac nguyen tac co ban cua HACCP Xac dinh tat ca cac nguy co cd the xay cho san pham chu ky song cua san pham; Xac dinh cac Diem Kiem Soat Tdi Han (Critical Control Points), cac giai doan cd the kiem soat duoc chu ky song cua san pham; Xac dinh nhung bien tieu chuan cao nhat cd the cho phep cho moi diem kiem soat tdi han; Thiet ke va thuc hien mot he thdng kiem soat kiem nghiem hoac quan sat cho mdi Diem Kiem Soat Tdi Han, bao gom lich trinh theo thdi gian; Thiet ke va thuc hien cac ke hoach hanh dong chinh xac cho mdi Diem Kiem Soat Tdi Han; Dua mot tien trinh xac nhan, bao gom cac kiem nghiem va tien trinh khac nham kiem tra tinh hien qua va hieu qua cua he thdng HACCP; • Chung tir hoa tat ca cac tien trinh va ket qua kiem nghiem Moi tru-ong trach nhiem xa hoi Tai nhieu quoc gia Chau Au, nhieu thda thuan mang tinh tinh nguyen va mang tinh phap ly duoc thong qua giua cac chinh phu va cac nha sann xuat Cac thoa thuan khong chi ap dung cho san pham ma ap dung cho bao bi cua san pham Cac nha xuat khau cua Viet Nam phai tuan thu nhung quy dinh ve moi truong de duoc xuat khau va EU, do cac nha nhap khau se chuyen nhung yeu cau cho nha xuat khau Theo do, cac nha xuat khau buoc phai xem xet anh hudng mdi trudng cua san pham cua minh, cua qua trinh san xuat va dong goi Ngudi tieu dung yeu cau cac san pham mang tinh mdi trudng Do vay cac nha xuat khau Viet Nam phai hieu rang viec tuan thu cac quy dinh ve san pham la rat can thiet, nhien dau tien la dap ung nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dung EU la dieu quan trong cong tai thi trudng EU Chinh sach moi truong cua EU Chinh sach mdi trudng cua EU dua tren co sd cac hiep dinh toan cau, dac biet Lich trinh 21 cua Hiep dinh Rio de Janeiro Trong Hoi nghi Lien Hiep Quoc ve Mdi trudng va Phat trien, duoc to chuc nam 1992 tai Brazin da hinh nen tang dau tien cho su phat trien ben vung tren toan the gidi, ap dung rang trudng kinh te can bang cd quan tam den mdi trudng EU va cac quoc gia vien da cam ket thuc hien hanh dong theo noi dung Hiep dinh Rio Noi dung chinh ‘Chuong trinh hanh dong thu ve mdi trudng’ lien quan nhieu hon nhung nguyen nhan nguon goc hon la nhung van de xay Danh sach cac san pham bi anh hudng bdi chinh sach mdi trudng cua EU va anh hudng bdi su quan tam cua khach hang rat dai nhu cac san pham thuc pham tuoi, thuc pham che bien, hoa chat y te, san pham da, cac san pham go, det, may, dien tu cac san pham khoang Cac van de nhay cam la muc thang du thuoc tru sau, phu gia thuc pham, su hien dien cua kim loai nang, su hien dien cua cac chat gay nhiem, sir dung hoa chat, go rung nhiet doi, nhiem nguon nude va khong va viec sir dung can kiet cac tai nguyen khong the tai tao Ngoai nhung van de anh hudng true tiep doi vdi cac nha xuat khdu Viet Nam la • Cac bien phap duoc thuc hien nham giam thieu chat thai bao bi va tai sir dung, tai che cac vat lieu bao bi; • Tang cudng thuc hien quan ly mdi trudng va cac he thong danh gia va sir dung cac dau hien xac nhan tieu chuan; Tang cudng tam quan cua cac dau hieu xac nhan tieu chuan cho nhieu loai san pham theo thai cua ngudi tieu dung Chau Au Chinh sach mdi truong cua EU anh hudng den cap • Cap san pham • Cap cong ty Quan ly chat thai bao bi dong goi Chi thi 94/62/EEC ve dong goi va chat thai bao bi dong goi: cd quy dinh cac muc tdi da cua cac kim loai nang bao bi va md ta cac yeu cau doi voi san xuat va phan cua bao bi: • Bao bi duoc san xuat bang phuong phap de cho the tich va can nang duoc giod han d muc thap nhat nham tri muc an toan, ve sinh can thiet va su chap thuan cua ngudi tieu dung cho san pham dong goi Bao bi duoc thiet ke, san xuat va thuong mai hoa cho cd the duoc tai sir dung hoac thu hoi, bao gom tai che, va de giam thieu anh hudng ve mdi trudng chat thai bao bi hoac nhung phan du tu chat thai bao bi duoc loai trir Bao bi phai duoc san xuat de giam thieu sir hien dien cua cac chat doc hai va cac chat nguy hiem khac cd quan tam den sir hien dien cua cac chat tro, buc xa bao bi hoac cac phan du duoc thieu huy hoac chon Viec thuc hien Chi thi da duoc nhieu quoc gia vien dua vao luat nhien cac quy dinh d mdi quoc gia khac Thong dung nhat la he thong “Green Dot” Chinh phu Due ap dung Bieu tuong Green Dot the hien cho ngudi mua biet rang bao bi cd the duoc tai su dung hoac tai che va cung cho biet viec loai bo va tai che bao bi van chuyen se cac ben lien quan chiu chi phi Cac lieu chuan quan ly mdi truong Cac tieu chuan quan ly mdi trudng cho phep cac nha san xuat va nha xuat khau co hoi nham gidi thieu cho cac doi tac ben ngoai rang viec san xuat duoc thuc hien theo phuong phap trung vdi mdi trudng Cac tieu chuan quan ly mdi trudng la cac tieu chuan mang tinh tu nguyen Hien tieu chuan mdi trudng cho cac quoc gia dang phat trien duoc ap dung nhieu nhat la ISO 14001 ISO14001 Muc dich cua tieu chuan ISO 14001 ve ban chat cho phep moi ngudi biet rang cong ty duoc quan ly dudi he thong quan ly mdi trudng Tieu chuan ISO 14001 cd the trd yeu cau khong chinh thuc tang kha nang canh tranh nhieu khu vuc thi trudng • Chung nhan ISO dua tren co so tir nguyen, mac du nd cd sue ep dang ke tu nhung ngudi mua hang Tay Aau; • Nd la mot quyet dinh cua doi ngu quan ly nham tranh sir o nhiem va chat thai va trd nen hieu qua hon va canh tranh hon ton mdi trudng; • Cac bo tieu chuan duoc the hien chi tiet dudi dang thuc hien cac cong viec gi chu khong phai la nhu the nao; • Mot chinh sach moi truong can duoc trinh bay each co he thdng; • Huan luyen nhan vien dong vai tro gi cac van de moi truong; • Ke hoach, trach nhiem va cac tien trinh phai duoc ghi chep bang van ban; • Cac co che kiem soat, dieu chinh va hoat dong ngan can can duoc dinh ra; • Yeu cau kiem toan noi bo va kiem toan ben ngoai; • Yeu cau thuc hien kiem tra quan ly dinh ky; Giay chung nhan phia thu cap Nhan hieu sinh thai (Ecolabelling) Nhan hien sinh thai cua quoc gia va EU dua tren co so danh gia tren toan chu ky song cua san pham va ap dung cho nhieu loai san pham Trong nhung nhan hieu cho tung san pham co the co nhung gidi han va chi duoc ap dung cho san pham, nhom san pham hoac tien trinh san xuat rieng biet Nhan hieu sinh thai quoc gia: He thong nhan hieu sinh thai qudc gia nham cung cap cho cac khach hang mot lua chon mua cac san pham duoc thiet ke, san xuat, dong goi va co the duoc loai bo cudi chu trinh ddi song cua san pham mang tinh chat mdi trudng Viec su dung nhung nhan hieu nhu vay khuyenh khich nhung nganh san xuat va che bien su dung nhieu hon cac nguon tai nguyen cd the tri Nhan hieu sinh thai qudc gia ap dung cho nhieu loai san pham va du tren Viec danh gia chu trinh song Danh gia anh hudng mdi trudng thong qua toan bo chu trinh song cua san pham Nhung nha hieu sinh thai qudc gia duoc thay d cac qudc gia Tay bac EU nhu : • Nhan Mileukeur tai Ha lan • Nhan Blue Angel tai Due • Nhan Swan tai cac qudc gia Scandinavia Nhan sinh thai EU (EU ecolabel): Ap dung cho 14 nhom san pham Nha san xuat hoac ngudi nhap khau ap dung mot dau xac nhan mdi trudng cua EU tren co sd tu nguyen.De cd duoc dau xac nhan mdi trudng cua EU, cac doanh nghiep phai tra khoan phi va phu thuoc vao doanh nghiep nhap khau hoac doanh thu cua cong ty san xuat Khoan phi khdng giong giua cac qudc gia Cac nhan san pham rieng biet: • • • • Nhan hieu cho cac san pham thuc pham duoc san xuat theo phuong phap huu co: KRAV tai Thuy ST, EKO tai Ha Lan Nhan hieu cho tri rung - cho cac san pham go: FSC va ISO 14000 Nhan hieu cho tri hai san: MSC (Marine Stewardship Cuncil) Nhan hieu cho cac san pham may mac : Oko-Tex dac biet tai Due Quan ly chat luong Se-ri ISO 9000 : Td Chuc Qudc Te Tieu Chuan Hoa (International Organization for Standardisation - ISO) phat trien va mot each tdng quat chap nhan se ri ISO 9000 nham cung cap cc/ cau cho quan ly va bao dam chat luong Cac nha san xuat xem chung nhan ISO 9001, ISO 9002 nhu la mot tai san quan va nhu diem bat dau de canh tranh thi trudng EU Chung nhan ISO se tao niem tin manh me cua doi tac Giay chung nhan ISO chi cd gia tri nam, vay de tiep tuc tri ISO, cac dot kiem toan noi bo (1-2 lan/nam) va kiem toan tu ben ngoai (2 lan nam) can duoc thuc hien Dieu cd nghia la cong ty can phai cd ngudi quan ly chiu trach nhiem cho cac chanh sach ve quan ly chat luong, Cac tieu chuiin ISO 9000: 9001 va 9002 la quan nhat • rISO 9000: Huong* dan cho viec lua chon va su dung he thong chat luong; ISO 9001: Mo hinh bao dam chat luong thiet ke, phat trien, san xuat, lap dac va dich vu; ISO 9002: Mo hinh bao dam chat lupng san xuat, lap dat va dich vuk; ISO 9003: Mo hinh bao dam chat lupng kiem tra va kiem dinh cuoi cung; ISO 9004: Nhung huong dan cho thiet ke va thuc thi cac he thong chat lupng ISO 9000: la gi? Cac tieu chuan ISO 9000 khong phai la cac tieu chuan cua san pham ma la cac tieu chuan he thong; Cac tieu chuan ISO 9000 khong de cap den su tuan thu nhirng dac diem ky thuat cua san pham; Cac tieu chuan ISO 9000 khong de cap ve cac bien phap quan ly chat lupng cong ty; Cac tieu chuan ISO 9000 nhan manh nhieu vao ngan chan su khong tuan thu hon la kiem tra doi vdi cac dac diem ky thuat Cac dac diem cua ISO 9000 • He thong va ghi chep bang van ban chinh sach chat lupng; • Trach nhiem, quan han va moi tuong quan cua nhan su dupc dinh nghia va dupc ghi chep bang van ban; • Ra soat dinh ky thuong xuyen; • He thong cac ke hoach chat lupng; • Tat ca cac tien trinh dupc ghi chep bang van ban; Su tham gia cao cua toan bo nhan vien; Cac huong dan cong viec tai noi lam viec; Cac chuong trinh huan luyen nhan sir; Cac hoat dong chinh ly va ngan can; Kiem soat tien trinh tir mua nguyen vat lieu cho den dong goi, boc do, giao hang, dich vu va sir ly khieu nai; Chung nhan tir phia thu 3; • Kiem toan noi bo va tir ben ngoai Loi ich tir giay chung nhan ISO 9000 Tao su nhan dien tu khach hang; Phat trien hinh anh cua cong ty; Tao su tin tuong; Tang su tin nhiem; Tang su chap nhan tu phia khach hang; Giam cac tranh chap; He thong hoa cac no luc nham tang chat lupng; Tao su thong suot va hieu biet; Cung cap mot nguon quan cho tham khao va giam sat; Co the nhan dang dupc cac diem yeu; Co the nhan dang dupc nhung kha nang de tang hieu qua; Co the nhan dang dupc nhimg kha nang de tang su thoa man cua khach hang Se-ri ISO 9000 phien ban 2000 Hien Se ri ISO 9000 phien ban 2000 giam he thong tieu chuan quan ly chat luong : ISO 9000: 2000 • ISO 9001: 2000 ISO 9004: 2000 Phien ban ISO 9001 moi thay the cho cac phien ban cu cua ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003 Cac noi dung tieu chuan thay doi bao gom: • Phu hop voi cac tieu chuan quan ly moi trudng; • De dang ap dung cho cac to chuc nhd, vua va ldn khu vuc tu nhan va cong cong; • Cd the ap dung deu cac lanh vuc san xuat, dich vu va phan mem Cac van de can quan tam xuat khau vao thi truong EU Hang may mac Ve tieu chuan: Khong co chuan thong nhat cho hang may mac tai EU Mdi quoc gia vien co nhung yeu cau rieng ve chat luong theo loai vai, sod, kich cd va mau sac Nhan va dong goi: Bao bi dong goi phai du vung chac de giu cho hang hoa cd the chong da lai nhung thay doi van chuyen, su ly Ngoai cac san pham cung duac yeu cau nham chong lai su thay doi cua thdi tiet, thay doi nhiet va su ly khong can than va chong lai mat mat Vai ly mdi trudng vai trudng hop cac loai bao bi bang PVC khong duac cac chinh phu cho phep Cac nha xuat khau tai Viet Nam can phai thao luan vdi khach hang cua minh va can phai du doan trudc cac chi phi dong goi dac biet chi phi ban cua ho neu cd yeu cau Nhin chung cd loai noi dung tren nhan cua san pham: Cac yeu cau bat buoc nhu xuat xu, ti le sgi, kha nang de chay; Cac yeu cau khong bat buoc : hudng dan giat tay, nhan kich cd Cac van de ve mdi trudng: + Nhan sinh thai • • • • • • • • • • • • • Nhan sinh thai EU - The EU ecolabel; Milieukeur: cac yeu cau tap trung san xuat sgi; OKO-Tex: tap trung vao san pham cuoi cung - su dung nhieu tai Due; SKAL: tap trung vao toan bo qua trinh san xuat - ap dung nhieu tai Ha Lan va Due; Nhan SG: nham han che so chat doc hai nhu : formaldehyde, pentachloropenol (PCP), chlorified phenols (non-PCP), thuoc trir sau, chi, cadmium, thuy ngan, nickel, chromium Cac dieu kien lao dong (chien dich quan ao sach): cac van de can quan tam la: Thanh toan luong hgp ly; Tu to chuc va thoa udc tap the; Khong buoc lam viec ngoai gid; Khong phan biet doi xu; Khong cd lao dong tre em; Dam bao cac dieu kien an toan va sue khoe tai nai lam viec Cac tieu chuan ve mdi trudng ISO 14000 in va nhuom: vai hudng dan la nhuom vdi ti le sgi/nudc cao, tranh nhuom cho lo nhd, kiem tra kha nang kha nang thay doi mau cua nhung lo sau; cac chat nhuom hu-u co1 hoac cac chat doc hai.co the bi han che • Thue va quota • Thue tu 6.8% den 11.2 cho cac san pham co ma HS 61.01 den 61.10 va 62.01 den 62.06 • Quota dugc an dinh tren cor so tung quoc gia • Giay dep Ve tieu chuan : tieu chuan ISO duoc ap dung cac quoc gia EU nhien a so thi truong co nhung yeu cau khac nhua ve chat luong, kich co, mau sac nhu tai Lien Hiep Anh va Ireland • Thue nhap khau va han ngach: Tat ca cac quoc gia EU ap dung mot khung thue nhap khau chung cho hang nhap khau tir ben ngoai Trong truong hop khong co hieu dinh thuong mai dac biet cac quoc gia xuat khau se duoc danh thue dua khung thue nhap khau chung vdi muc thue tu 4.4% din 18.2% cho cac loai giay dep (khong ap dung cho Trung Quoc, Trieu Tien theo luat chong pha gia) Tuy nhien co so hiep dinh thuong mai ap dung cho nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien nhu: he thong GSP Generalized System of Preferences voi thue suat tu 3% den 12.7% cho cac loai giay dep • Cac van de ve moi truong: • Nhan sinh thai EU; • Nhan SG tai thi trudng Due : ap dung cho cac san pham da va vai; Hang thuy hai san • HACCP la dieu kien hang dau xuat khau vao thi trudng EU • Nhan hieu moi trudng doi vdi hang thuy hai san : MSC Thu cong my nghe va qua tang Doi vdi cac chat cam su dung khong chi ap dung doi vdi san pham cuoi cung ma ap dung doi vdi nha san xuat san pham • Trong trudng hop neu san pham la choi tre em thi phai tuan thu so cac tieu chuan ve an toan xuat vao EU, diem chu y la so chat khong duoc cho phep tren san pham nhu celluloid, chat phong xa Nhan CE co the duoc ap dung cho tung san pham PHU LVC TIEM NANG THI TRUONG TIEU THU CA NGIT CHAU AU (Theo Ban Thong ke, Bo Thuy san) Gid cd ngit van tdng manh nhitng thdng dau nam 2006, dan den gid cd ngit hop cung tdng theo San htemg khai thac thap ciing vdi gid nhien lieu cao van la nguyen nhan chinh khien cho gid cd tdng Thi truong ca ngu: hop d chau Au on dinh Thi trudng cd ngit hop chau Au on dinh nam 2005, Iitem g tieu thu giam nhe Cd ngit hop van la mot loai thitc pham titerng ddi re va gid da dat mite tieu chuan nhitng nam gan day Nam 2005, nhap khau cd ngit hop d tat cd cac mtdc nhap khau chinh cua chau Au on dinh Cuoc khiing hoang chinh tri d Be bion Ng# da anh hitdng tdi nhap khau cd ngit hop cua Phap 10 nam tntdc, cac mtdc chau Phi da nhan thay tam quan cua viec dau tit vao cac nha may dong hop cd ngit Hien nay, cac nha may gap kho khan hoat dong san xuat tinh hinh chinh tri d mtdc Ket qua la nhap khau cd ngit hop cua Phap tit Be bion Pig# da giam 30% va nude da danh mat vi tri itu the cua minh a thi trudng Phap Tay Ban Nha hien la nha cung cap chinh cd ngit hop cho Phap nhd viec cac nha san xuat cua nude mua lai cac nhan hieu cua Phap Ngoai ra, cd ngit hop Italia cung dang tang len a thi trudng Phap Nam 2005, tong khdi luong nhap khau cd ngit hop cua Phap dat 110.600 tan, tang 3.500 tan so vdi nam 2004 Nhap khau ca ngir cua Phap (1000 tan) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Bd bien Nga Tay Ban Nha Madagatca Xay-sen Xe-ne-gan Italia Nude khac 41,5 17,7 7,2 8,4 4,1 17,7 33,4 15,2 9,3 8,6 4,9 3,6 15,9 41,0 13,8 10,0 11,0 6,7 6,2 28,7 30,3 19,1 14,4 12,6 6,9 9,8 22,7 33,7 18,6 12,9 14,7 4,9 7,3 15,0 21,6 21,8 14,7 11,3 4,3 8,0 28,9 Tong cong 96,6 90,9 117,4 115,8 107,1 110,6 * Anh la nhd nhap khau cd ngit hop quan nhat cua EU Nam 2005, nhap khau cd ngit cua nude dat on dinh d mite 132.600 tan Thdi Lan da nd life md rong thi trudng xuat khau cd ngit hop cua minh d Anh, Xay-sen van la nha cung cap hang dau vdi 22% thi phan Nhap khau ca ngit cua Anh (1000 tan' 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Xay-sen Mauritius Thai Lan Philippin Inddnexia Mandiva Bd bien Nga Nude khac 17,7 15,4 13,4 8,1 6,3 2,9 0,6 39,8 23,3 22,5 16,9 6,0 4,7 2,7 0,3 47,6 29,4 23,4 17,6 8,5 6,8 3,4 0,1 48,0 23,9 23,1 18,2 7,7 4,3 3,4 0,7 48,9 29,5 29,5 13,1 6,2 3,1 4,1 0,1 46,6 28,8 24,9 15,9 9,7 2,8 4,6 0,0 45,9 Tong cong 104,2 124,0 137,2 130,2 132,2 132,6 A s Gia cd ngit hop a chau Au co xu hudng tang nhung thdng gan day, dat 24 USD/thung vao thdi diem dau nam 2006 Day la mite gid cao nhat vong nam qua Gid nguyen lieu tai thdi diem hien cung cao va cdn co the tang hern nita Nhap khau cd ngit hop cua Ditc on dinh nam 2005, Philippin dang phat trien hern nita vi tri cua minh de trd nhd cung cap chinh cho thi trudng Ditc, chiem gan 1/4 tong khdi luong cung cap cd ngit hop cho thi trudng Ecuado cd vi tri kha tdt a thi trudng cd ngit hop cua Ditc (la nha cung cap ldn thit 2), vdi khdi literng xuat khau tang 8% nam 2005 Thai Lan cimg da nd lite khdi phuc vi tri hien tai cua minh d thi trudng Ditc sau nhieu nam lien tuc giam Nhap khau ca ngit cua Dure (1000 tan) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Philippin 14,7 20,5 28,5 94,4 19,1 20,3 Ecuado 5,0 2,2 4,1 4,8 13,7 14,6 Thai Lan 2,8 5,1 9,3 9,6 5,6 11,5 Papua NG 2,0 5,2 8,7 10,7 9,6 Inddnexia 1,6 1,3 2,1 2,7 3,5 7,0 Xay-sen 3,6 6,9 8,2 10,6 5,4 6,6 Phap 9,1 9,2 16,8 13,7 7,3 5,7 Nude khac 40,9 21,3 11,5 12,2 15,9 8,5 Tong cong 77,7 68,5 85,7 91,7 81,2 83,8 Trong nhung nam gan day, Italia dd dan trd nude nhap khau cd ngit hop quan trong, 10 nam trudc day, tieu thu cd ngic hop cua nude tieng dua chu yeu vao san luong noi dia Viec cac cong ty cila Tay Ban Nha mua cac nhan hieu cua Italia khien cho xuat khdu cua nude sang thi trudng Italia tang len Nhap khdu cd ngit cua Italia (1000 tan) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Tay Ban Nha 31,7 33,0 33,1 35,0 36,1 37,0 Colombia 0,2 0,6 2,2 3,7 6,4 7,0 Bd bien Nga 4,8 5,9 9,2 9,9 14,0 8,9 Xdy-sen 5,0 7,3 6,8 7,7 4,6 7,0 Phap 0,3 0,5 3,3 5,2 6,1 4,6 Bd Dao Nha 2,2 2,2 2,6 2,7 2,6 2,8 Nude khac 3,9 2,5 3,9 5,2 4,3 4,2 Tong cong 48,1 52,0 61,1 69,4 74,1 71,5 Tieu thu cd ngit hop d chau Au giam Trong nhung thang tdi, gid cd ngit hop co kha nang tang Dieu cd the tac dong manh tdi thi trudng cd ngit chau Au Nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dung doi vdi mat hang cung se giam Nhap khdu cd ngic hop cd the giam nam 2006 cac nhd kinh doanh nhanh chong chuyen sang cac mat hang khac ngudi tieu dung phan doi mite gid cao PHU LVC THI TRUING TOM CHAU AU DAU NAM 2006 (Theo Bo Thuy san) Nhap khau tom cua chau Au thang 1-2/ 2006 (tan) Xu hicdng gid cd thuan lai ddi 2005 2006 % vdi nhap khau tom cua chau Au 14040 20610 + 47 nhitng thdng dau nam 2006 Tay Ban Nha 13310 12280 -8 Nhung thang dau nam 2005 cho Phap 7470 7850 +5 thay gia tom nhap khau tang a cac Italia thi trudng chau Au chinh Nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha va Italia thang dau nam 2006 tiep tuc theo xu hudng thuan loi cua nam 2005 ddi vdi nudc nay, nhap khau tom cua Phap lai giam Nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha tic Trung Quoc tiep tuc tdng nam 2006 Nam 2005, nhap khau tom vao Tay Ban Nha, thi trudng tom hang dau cua chau Au tang 7%, dat 156.000 tan Xu hudng tiep tuc nam vdi khdi luong tang gan 50% so vdi cung ky thang dau nam, dat tren 20.000 tan Tuy nhien, su tang manh ddi vdi nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha dau nam cung phan nao phan anh su giam sut khdi luong nhap khau cua cung ky nam 2005 nam 2004 cung dat xap xi nam vdi 19.000 tan Su tang trudng dang chu y nhat doi vdi nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha nam 2005 la d doanh sd nhap khau tir Trung Qudc tang manh, dat 27.000 tan so vdi 3.000 tan nam 2004 Nguyen nhan la su ndi long cac quy dinh ddi vdi xuat khau tom nuoi cua Trung Qudc sang thi trudng cac nudc EU Nam 2006, nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha tir Trung Qudc se tiep tuc xu hudng nay, vdi khdi luong tang gap hon hai lan so vdi cung ky thang dau nam, dat 5.500 tan, chiem 1/4 tdng nhap khau tom cua nudc Trung Qudc co ve nhu muon giu vi tri la nha cung cap sd mot sang thi trudng Tay Ban Nha nam Nam 2005, nhap khau tom tir Nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha thang 1-2/2006 Ecuado cung tang manh, dat (tan) 15.600 tan, tang 9.000 tan so vdi 2005 2006 % nam 2004 Xu hudng tiep tuc Trung Quoc 2590 5510 + 113 thang dau nam nay, dat gan Ecuado 880 2360 + 168 2.400 tan so vdi chua day 900 tan Braxin 1580 1380 - 13 cua cung ky nam 2005 Ecuado 8990 11360 + 26 hien da vuot qua Braxin de trd Cac nudc khac 14040 + 47 20610 nha cung cap ldn thu hai Tong cong sang Tay Ban Nha Sau mot thdi gian tang trudng manh, san luong va xuat khau tom nuoi cua Braxin da giam nam 2004 tinh hinh san xuat va kinh te gap kho khan Trong thang dau nam nay, nhap khau tom dong lanh cua Tay Ban Nha tir Braxin giam 13% Gia tom nhap khau vao Tay Ban Nha cung cho thay xu hudng tang len nam nay, gia trung binh tom dong lanh nhap khau thang dau nam 2006 la 5,40 EUR/kg, so vdi 5,12 EUR/kg cung ky nam ngoai Nguon cung cap tic Braxin giam dan den nhap khau tom cua Phap giam Sau vai nam khong ngimg tang len Nhap khau tom cua Phap thang 1-2/2006 (tan) ve khoi luong, nam 2005 nhap 2005 2006 % khau tom cua Phap chi dat muc Braxin 3160 1720 -46 tren 100.000 tan Nhirng dau hieu Ecuado 880 1520 + 73 dau nam 2006 cho thay khoi luong Madagatca 1110 720 -35 tom nhap khau thuong giam 8160 8320 +2 nhung thang dau cua cac nam gan Cac nude khac 13310 12280 -8 day, gia tri nhap khau Tong cong lai tang nhe, dat tren 62 trieu EUR, nguyen nhan la gia tang Nhap khau tom cua Phap thang dau nam nam 2006 giam chu yeu la luong cung cap tir Braxin (nha cung cap lon nhat cho Phap ke tir nam 2002) giam manh Tinh den thai diem thang 2/2006, Braxin van la nha cung cap tom lon nhat cho Phap nhung vai xu hudng hien nay, ho se sum bi Ecuado vuot qua (nhap khau tom cua Tay Ban Nha tir Ecuado cung da tang manh (70%) so vdi cung ky thang dau nam 2006) Nhap khau tir an Do va Indonexia cung tang dang ke Cung nhu Braxin, khdi luong tom nhap tir cac nha cung cap tom hang dau khac vao Phap nhu Ha Lan va Madagatca cung giam Mac du giam ve mat doanh so nhung Madagatca van la nha cung cap tom hang dau cho Phap ve mat gia tri Gia trung binh tom dong lanh nhap khau vao Phap tang 11 % so vai cung ky thang dau nam 2006, dat 4,97 EUR Nhap khau tom cua Italia Nhap khau tom cua Italia thang 1-2/2006 (tan) lien tuc tang len ke tir nam 2003 2005 2006 % Xu huong tiep tuc nam Ecuado 2330 2030 -13 2006, tang 5% so vai cung ky 710 890 + 25 ~ , Dan Mach thang dau nam mac du J?1A an Do 440 630 + 43 luong nhap khau tir nha cung cap Cac nuoc khac 3990 4300 +8 hang dau la Ecuado giam 13% , 7470 7850 +5 Ecuado chiem gan # tong nhap Tong cong khau tom cua Italia nam 2005 sau khdi luong tom xuat khau cua nuoc sang Italia tang 36% vao nam 2004 Mac du xuat khau tom cua Ecuado sang Italia giam giai doan thang 1-2/2006, nhung nude van la nha cung cap so mot sang thi truong Italia, chiem 25% tong nhap khau Nhap khau tom cua Italia tir Ecuado giam nhieu hon so vdi muc tang tir cac nude cung cap hang dau khac la Dan Mach an Do Dan Mach trd nha cung cap ldn thu sang Italia sau tang 25% khdi luong xuat khau tom sang thi trudng an Do dung d vi tri thu vdi khdi luong tang 43% Gia trung binh tom nhap khau vao Italia tang 17%, nguyen nhan mot phan la gia tom khai thac tu nhien achentina nhap khau va gia tom nhap khau tir cac nude khac nhu Ecuado tang Gid thuy san a chau Au se van co nhieu bien dong nua cuoi nam 2006 Nhung danh gia tai trien lam thuy san Brussels mdi day cho thay, mat hang tom se van tiep tuc xu hudng tang gia Du bao san luong d mot sd nude cung cap dat thap cung vdi nhu cau nude tang cao d cac nude nhu Braxin, Thai Lan va Trung Quoc se khien cho nguon cung cap phuc vu cho thuong mai quoc te giam sut Dong dola giam gia thdi gian gan day se giup han che su tang gia cua dong EUR d cac thi trudng chau Au chinh nira cuoi nam 2006 PHU LVC 5: KHA NANG CANH TRANH CUA MAT HANG GIAY DEP CUA VIET NAM SO VOI TRUNG QUOC - 7-y - — - Trung Quoc la doi thu canh tranh lon nhat cua Viet Nam linh vuc giay dep, viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO da cang khang dinh them nha thuc Day hang nam dat khoang ty doi, bang /z san luong the gidi Cung de nhan thay rang, canh tranh giua Viet Nam va Trung Quoc Trung Quoc ve mat hang la canh tranh ve gia ca va chat luong san pham Song thuc te hien cho thay, giay dep Trung Quoc rat re, xet ca ve mat chat luong va gia ca, tham chi la mau ma, dong thdi cac nha san xuat cua Trung Quoc se vuot xa cac nha san xuat Viet Nam ca chi phi va van de tham nhap thi trudng EU Theo thong tin cua cac nha quan ly Viet Nam thi de san xuat mot doi giay d Trung Quoc chi phai chi phi 2- USD, Viet Nam de san xuat mot doi giay tuong tu thi chi phi la 5-6 USD Chinh dieu cho thay, van de phat trien san xuat duoc nguon nguyen lieu nude da giup giam duoc chi phi cho cac nha san xuat, ben canh mot he thong day dac cac dai dien cua cac cong ty Trung Quoc d EU da giup Trung Quoc md rong, tri va tham nhap cac thi trudng mdi Cac loi the cua Trung Quoc duoc the hien la mot so nha san xuat giay cua Dai Loan trudc day xay dung va hoat dong tai Viet Nam nham hudng loi the GSP cua Eu da chuyen sang hoat dong tai Trung Quoc vi Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO da cho phep cac doanh nghiep hudng quy che tdi hue quoc buon ban vdi cac doi tac cung la vien cua WTO Mot so tieu chi so sanh kha nang canh tranh ve mat hang giay dep cua Viet Nam vdi Trung Quoc: (theo hiep hoi Da-Giay Viet Nam) Loi the so sanh cua Viet Nam ve nguyen phu lieu Lay chuan Viet Nam vdi 100 diem, diem cua nude khac se tren 100 neu co loi the hon va nguqc lai Viet Nam Trung Quoc Da 100 110 Vai 100 140 Gia da 100 120 Cao su 100 70 De giay 100 100 Phu lieu 100 130 Tieu chi so sanh ■ -7" , Lai the so sanh cua Viet Nam khau thiet bi Nhin chung, may mdc thiet bi san xuat giay dep d Viet Nam d tinh trang lac hau ve trinh cong nghe chu yeu duoc nhap khau tir cac nudc khong co tien bo ky thuat, khien cho chi phi san xuat cao hon nuoc khac tien tien hon san xuat giay da doc co gidi hoa, tu dong hoa vdi su tro giup cua may tinh san xuat va thiet ke Xet ve mat cong nghe - ky thuat thi day la khau yeu nhat cua nganh da giay Vi ban than nganh da giay Viet Nam cd tuoi ddi chua cao, kinh nghiem it Ve cong nghe thiet ke, che tao mau giay, mau form thi Viet Nam chu yeu sir dung thiet ke thu cong Tieu chi so sanh Viet Nam Trung Quoc Cong nghe san xuat thap, chu yeu la sue lao dong 100 110 Cong nghe trung binh, ket hop thu cong va co 100 110 Cong nghe cao 100 110 - x -7■— Lori the so sanh ve lao dong va nang suat Lao dong san xuat giay dep chu yeu la nu (chiem 80-85%) Lao dong co trinh het ldp 12 chiem khoang 70%.Luc luong lao dong duoc dao tao dudi hinh thuc kern cap la chu yeu Phan ldn cac can bo quan ly doanh nghiep khdng duoc dao tao ly thuyet co ban, it kinh nghiem ve dieu hanh doanh nghiep mdi trudng kinh te thi trudng canh tranh Tieu chi so sanh Viet Nam Trung Quoc Gia cong nhan 100 100 Nang suat 100 110 Kheo leo A Chat luong san pham 100 100 100 90 Ve tiep thi - td chuc kinh doanh Day la mot mat yeu kern cua da giay Viet Nam Dieu xuat phat tir nhung nguyen nhan chinh nhu cac doanh nghiep giay deu cd quy md vira va nho, thieu von, thieu nang luc tao nhung mau ma mdi, kieu dang mdi, uy tin cua doanh nghiep chua cao, khdng tham nhap vao duoc cac kenh kinh doanh, phan phoi cua cac tap doan ldn va doanh nghiep Viet Nam rat thieu thdng tin ve thi trudng Tieu chi so sanh Viet Nam Trung Qudc Cong tac tiep thi 100 120 Sang tac mau mdi 100 120 Quan he vdi nhung thi trudng xuat khau ldn 100 110 Td chuc cong cuoc lam an 100 150 Td chuc thdng tin chuyen nganh 100 150 Nguon: Die lieu tdng hop cua Vu chau Au, Bo Thuong mai; Hiep hoi Da-Giay Viet Nam