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, ■X _ TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ - josottlcaca \DJ\ ^^nwviEN t.^HQCKTQD ^^vInAn-tulieu TT YU THI QUYNH LINH PHI KHI THAI CHO CAC PHUONG TIEN GIAO THONG DUONG BO: KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VA DE XUAT CHO VIET NAM CHUYfiN NGANH: KINH T & QUAN LY MOI TRVtJNG LUANVANTHACSYKMDOANHVAQUiNLf Ngtfd'i htfdng dan khoa hoc: TS DINH DUC TRUING HA NOV, NAM 2013 Il —ffi LO»I cam on Trong suot qua trinh hoc tap, nghien cuu va thuc hien Luan van tai truong Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan, em da nhan duqc su giup nhiet tinh cua cac Thay Co giao khoa Moi truong va Do thi Dac biet, em xin bay td ldng biet on sau sac toi TS Dinh Due Trud'ng nguoi da huong dan em hoan Luan van Tuy da co gang nhung ban Luan van khong the tranh khdi nhung thieu sot, rat mong nhan duqc su gop y cua cac Thay Co giao va cac ban de ban Luan van duqc hoan thien hon Ha Noi, thang nam 2013 Hoc vien Vu Thi Quynh Linh L()'I CAM DOAN Em xin cam doan luan van la cong trinh nghien cuu cua minh, tat ca noi dung tham khao deu duoc trich dan day du tu cac nguon tai lieu cu the Cac ket qua trinh bay luan van la trung thuc va chua duoc cong bo bat ky cong trinh nao khac Ha Noi, thang nam 2013 Ngu'd'i cam doan Vu Thi Quynh Linh MUC LUC • • X X PHAN MO DAU CHUONG 1: CO SO LY LUAN VA THUC TIEN XAY DUNG PHI KHI THAI DOI VCH PHUONG TIEN GIAO THONG DUONG BO 1.1 Co sd ly luan cua viec xay dung phi thai 1.1.1 Cong cu kinh te 1.1.2 Phi moi truong bao gom phi thai 1.2 Co sd thuc tien cua viec xay dung phi thai doi vdi phuong tien giao thong dudng bo 14 CHUONG 2:TONG QUAN KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM 17 r "7 r r r 2.1 Phan tich kinh nghiem quoc te, donh gia tdng quan kinh nghiem quoc te ap dung phl thai 17 2.1.1 Cac nudc cong nghiep phat trien 20 \ r 9 2.1.2 Cac nudc co nen kinh te chuyen doi 27 2.1.3 Cac nudc khu vuc 35 r r 2.2 Bai hoc klnh nghiem rut cho Viet Nam tu cac kinh nghiem quoc te 38 2.2.1 Bai hoc - phuongphap tinh phi 38 2.2.2 Bai hoc - muc phi , 41 2.2.3 Bai hoc - to chuc thu phi 42 2.2.4 Bai hoc - phan bO nguOn phi 43 CHUONG 3:THUC TRANG O NHIEM KHONG KHI DO PHUONG TIEN GIAO THONG DUONG BO VA CONG TAC QUAN LY TAI VIET NAM 45 r 3.1 Thuc tran^g ckht tutrnn khdng tai Vuet Nam, dubbio su gia tang kkh thai hoat dong giao thdng dudng bo tuong lai 45 3.1.1 Tong quan thuc trang o nhiem khong tai Viet Nam 415 3.1.2 Tac dong cua o nhiem khong 55 3.1.3 O nhiem khong cac phuong tien giao thong duong bo 60 3.1.4 Du bao su gia tang thai hoat dong giao thong duong bo tuong lai 68 105 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong (2007), “A/oz truong khdng thi Viet Nam”, Bao cao moi truong quoc gia, Ha Noi Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong (2010), “Tong quan moi truong Viet Nam”, Bao cao moi truong quoc gia, Ha Noi Bo Y te - truong quan ly can bo y te, Tai lieu giang day cao hoc (1999), Sue khoe moi truong, NXB Y te Chuong trinh Khdng sach Viet Nam - Thuy Sy (2007), Phi gay o nhiem khong khi, tong quan kinh nghiem qudc te, Bao cao Dang Nhu Toan, Giao trinh Quan ly moi truong NXB Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan, 2001 Nguyen Cong Thanh, Phi thai va nhung kinh nghiem quoc te - 2007 Nguyen The Chinh, Giao trinh Kinh te va Quan ly moi trirang, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi - 2003 Nhom nghien cuu lien Chinh phu ve bien doi hau toan cau, Bao cao bien ddi hau giai doan 1860 - 2000 Noel de nevers (1995), Air pollution control engineerin, International Edition 10 Pham Ngoc Dang (1997), Moi truong khdng khi, Nha xuat ban KHKT 11 Tai lieu Hoi thao “Duy tri va nang cao chat luong khong o Viet Nam” - Ha Noi 3/2004 12 Vien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe moi truong (2002), Hien trang kinh te xa hoi va phan loai lang nghe Viet Nam, Ha Noi thang 12/2002 De tai KC 08 - 09 13 World Health Organization (1999), Guideline for air quality, Geneva 14 Website cua Dien dan cao hoc kinh te http://www.caohockinhte.info 14 Website Thu vien luan van http://thuvienluanvan.com 15 Website Tong cue Moi truong http://vea.gov.vn DANH MUC CHC VIET TAT Chw viet tat Chw viet day du BVMT : Bao ve moi truong DMC : Danh gia moi truong chien luge DTM : Danh gia tac dong moi truong GTVT : Giao thong van tai KCN : Khu cong nghiep QCVN : Quy chuan Viet Nam TNMT : Tai nguyen moi truong DANH MUC BANG BIEU, BIEU DO, HINH BANG Bang 2.1: Tlnh hinh ap dung phi mdi truong lien quan den thai tai mot so nude tren the gid 18 Bang 2.2: Cae loai phi moi truong lien quan den thai o Hoa Ky .21 Bang 3: He so tai luong eae ehat o nhiem 23 Bang 2.4: Cae loai thue va phi moi truong lien quan den thai o Ha Lan 24 Bang 2.5: Cae loai thue va phi moi truong o Thuy Bien .25 Bang 2.6: Mue phi goe eua mot so ehat gay o nhiem khong tai Lien bang Nga 28 Bang 2.7 Cae loai thue va phi moi truong o Ba Lan 29 Bang 2.8: Phi lien quan den moi truong khdng o Hungary 32 Bang 2.9: Cae loai thue va phi BVMT doi vdi thai o Cong hoa Sec 34 Bang 2.10: Cae loai thue va phi BVMT doi vdi thai o Trung Quoc 37 Bang 2.11: Mue phi thai eua Bai Loan theo eae nam 38 Bang 3.1: Cae nguon phat thai va dae tinh thai tu eae nganh 54 Bang 3.2: Tang truong mo to xe may 1996-2004 61 Bang 3.3: So luong oto eae loai eua ea nude 1996-2(0)4 61 Bang 3.4: So lieu ehi tiet eae phuong tien giao thong duong bo tai pho: Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh, Hai Phong, Ba Nang, ean Tho nam 2011 .62 Bang 3.5: Ude tinh thai luong eae ehat gay o nhiem tu eae nguon thai ehinh euaViet Nam nam 2005 64 Bang 3.6: Ude tinh luong thai eae ehat gay o nhiem tu eae nguon thai ehinh eua Viet Nam nam 2005 66 Bang 3.7: Mue tieu phat trien GTVT den 2020 70 Bang 3.8: Du bao luong thai den nam 2020 .70 Bang 4.1: Tong hop ket qua he so phat thai va mue tieu thu nhien lieu eua xe thu 86 Bang 4.2: Ket qua he so phat thai va mue tieu thu nhien lieu (xe xang) 86 Bang 4.3: Ket qua he so phat thai va mue tieu thu nhien lieu diesel 87 Bang 4.4: Tong hop ket qua he so phat thai va muc tieu th nhien lieu cua xe thir 87 Bang 4.5: Muc phi doi vui cac chat gay o nhiem da duqc ap dung tai mot so nudc 89 Bang 4.6: Muc phi de xuat doi vui cac chat gay o nhiem khong 90 Bang 4.7: Luqng phi thu duqc tu thai hoat dong giao thong 91 BIEU DO Bieu 3.1: Dien bien nong TSP tai mot so tuyen duong giai doan 46 2005^-^(009 46 Bieu 3.2: Dien bien nong bui TSP khong xung quanh o cac khu dan cu cua mot sd thi giai doan 2005-2008 47 Bieu 3.3: Dien bien nong bui PM10 trung binh nam khong xung quanh mot so thi tu nam 2005 den 2009 47 Bieu 3.4: Dien bien nong NOx ven cac truc giao thong cua mot so thi toan quoc 48 Bieu 3.5: Dien bien nong S02 tai cac truc duong giao thong o mot so thi 50 Bieu 3.6: Dien bien nong co tai cac tuyen thi 50 Bieu 3.7: Dien bien nong chi giua khu vuc giao thong va khu vuc it chiu anh huong giao thong tai mot so tinh nam 2009 51 Bieu 3.8: Nong BTX (benzen, toluen va xylen) trung binh gio cua cac khu vuc thuoc Ha Noi (quan trac thoi gian H2/1/-^(X07^:5//^//^(0-)7') 52 Bieu 3.9: Dien bien muc on tai mot so tuyen duong o cac thi mien Bac va mien Trung Viet Nam qua cac nam 53 Bieu 3.10: Dien bien muc on mot so khu vuc tai cac tinh thuoc vung Kinh te diem phia Nam nam 2009 53 Bieu 3.11: Thay doi nhiet Trai Hat giai doan 1860-2000 57 Bieu 3.12: Ty le cac nguon phat thai chinh o Viet Nam nam 2005 65 Bieu 3.13: Ty le phat thai chat gay o nhiem cac phuong tien co giui duong bo cua Viet Nam .65 HINH A ~ Hinh 3.1: O nhiem bui tra nen qua quen thuoc vai dai bo phan nguoi dan thi Viet Nam 46 Hinh 3.2: O nhiem khong phuong tien giao thong tai Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh 49 Hinh 3.3: O nhiem khong gan khu cong nghiep 49 Hinh 3.4: Ba tram quan trac dat lien cho cac tinh thuoc vung kinh te diem Bac, Trung, Nam .76 91 Bang 4.7: Luong phi thu duoc tw khf thai hoat dong giao thong Nam CO2 (tan) NOx (tan) SO2 (tan) Phi thu duoc (ty dong) 2000 5,401,296 31,074 8,562 100.2 2005 10,000,000 100,000 25,000 189.4 2010 19,919,700 198,830 44,100 376.8 Ap dung bo he so phat thai theo ket qua nghien cuu cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong, luong phi tinh duoc se sat thuc hon dupc nghien cuu cho tung loai phuong tien va dieu kien cu the cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien, hien moi chi tinh toan dupc dai dien cho mot so loai phuong tien va tinh tren dia ban phO Ha Noi nam 2009 Ket qua tinh toan dupc the hien bang sau: Khi thai Oto Xe may rw-, A Tong Luong phi thu duoc (ty dong) CO2 706.477 400.617 1.107.094 19.9 CO 3.862 150.729 154.591 2.8 NOX 790 2.005 2.795 0.21 Tong phi (ty dong) 22.91 Nhu vay, lupng phi thu dupc cung la mot so dang ke, co the su dung phuc vu cho cac hoat dong bao ve moi truong noi chung va cai thien chat lupng khong noi rieng 4.2.2 Ddi tiwng nop phi Doi tupng phai nop phi thai la chu cac nguon thai mot so chat quy dinh nhu 00, CO2, NOx, Trong giai doan dau ap dung co the chi ap dung thu phi doi voi mot so loai thai tu cac phuong tien giao thong dupc danh gia la voi lupng lon dong thoi co anh huong nhieu hon toi moi truong chung va suc khoe nguoi Ben canh do, cung co the de xuat viec thu phi ap dung doi voi cac phuong tien giao thong thuoc dien phai dang kiem theo quy dinh cua phap luat 92 4.2.3 Che thu, nop phi Do thai phat sinh theo hai nguon chu yeu la nguon thai co dinh va nguon thai luu dong (hoat dong giao thong van tai) va hai nguon co tinh chat khac nen viec thu phi doi voi moi loai nguon can duoc giao cho co quan quan ly phu hop thuc hien Doi vdi nguon thai co dinh, co the giao Sd Tai nguyen va Moi trudng thyc hien viec to chuc thu phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai tir chu cac ngudn thai bao gom cac nha may, xi nghiep, cu sd san xuat cd phat sinh thai tren dia ban tinh Doi vdi ngudn thai luu dong tir cac phuung tien giao thdng dudng bo, Cue Dang kiem Viet Nam phoi hup vdi cac Sd Giao thdng van tai va Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng thuc hien viec to chuc thu phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai Trong viec thu phi, mdi cu quan quan ly deu phai cd mot trach nhiem nhat dinh Trong do, Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng cd trach nhiem tham dinh td khai phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai, td chuc viec thu, nop sd tien phi thu duuc vao ngan sach nha nudc va quyet toan sd tien phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai cua doi tuong nop phi theo quy dinh cua phap luat; Kiem tra, tra viec ke khai, nop phi, quyet toan tien phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai doi vdi cac chu ngudn phat thai cd dinh theo dung quy dinh; Xu ly vi pham hanh chinh ve phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai theo tham quyen va theo quy dinh cua phap luat; Luu giu va su dung sd lieu, tai lieu ma chu cac ngudn phat thai cd dinh va doi tuyng khac cung cap theo che quy dinh; cung cap thdng tin, tai lieu ve doi tuong nop phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai tai dia phuung cho cu quan thue va phoi hyp chat che vdi cu quan thue viec quan ly doi tuyng nop phi theo quy dinh t r r Cu quan thue cd trach nhiem kiem tra, don doc viec ke khai, nop phi theo quy dinh phap luat; quyet toan viec thu, nop, quan ly va su dung tien phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai vdi Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng va cu quan dang kiem Ngoai ra, doi vdi thu phi tir ngudn thai luu dong, Cue Dang kiem Viet Nam cd trach nhiem kiem tra, tra viec ke khai, nop phi, quyet toan tien phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai doi vdi cac chu ngudn phat thai luu dong theo dung quy dinh; Xu ly vi pham hanh chinh ve phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai theo tham quyen va theo quy dinh cua phap luat 93 Ben canh trach nhiem cua ca quan thu phi, doi vdi doi tuong nop phi cung co trach nhiem bao gom viec ke khai so phi phai nop hang quy vdi Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng theo dung quy dinh cua phap luat ve quan ly thue va bao dam tinh chinh xac cua viec ke khai; nop du, dung han sd tien phi phai nop vao tai khoan phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai tai Kho bac nha nudc dia phuang; quyet toan tien phi phai nop hang nam vdi Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Dong thdi, doi tuong nop phi la chu ngudn thai luu dong cd trach nhiem nop phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai theo hudng dan cua Bo Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, Bo Giao thong van tai va Bo Tai chinh 4.2.4 Quan ly va sir dung phi Theo quy dinh, phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai la ngudn thu thuoc Ngan sach nha nudc Vi vay, viec su dung phi thu duoc cung tuan thu theo phap lenh ve phi va le phi noi chung Theo do: Co quan thu phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai duoc trich mot phan sd phi thu duuc de trang trai cho cac cong viec true tiep phuc vu hoat dong thu phi trudng hap khdng duac nha nudc dam bao kinh phi cho hoat dong Ty le phan tram tinh cho viec su dung cd the can cu vao kinh nghiem da thuc hien cua Nghi dinh 67/2003/ND-CP cua Chinh phu quy dinh phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi nudc thai Phan tien phi cdn lai sau trich nop theo quy se duqc nop vao ngan sach dia phuang de ho tra cho cong tac han che o nhiem va cai thien tinh hinh o nhiem mdi trudng khdng tai dia phuong 95 CHlTONG GIAI PHAP AP DUNG CONG CU• PHI KHI THAI NHAM • MIC TIEU GIAM THIEU O NHIEM KHONG KHI DO PHUONG TIEN GIAO THONG Dl'O'NG BO• • 5.1 Hoan thien cac van ban phap luat quy dinh phi thai cac hoat dong giao thdng van tai Tuy chua dugc ap dung nhieu tai Viet Nam nhung theo kinh nghiem cua co phi thai la mot nhung cong cu quan ly mdi trudng hieu qua Nham tang cudng ap dung cong cu kinh te quan ly mdi trudng, viec xay dung cac chinh sach, van ban phap luat quy dinh cu the la dieu can thiet Cac cong cu kinh te gom cac loai thue, phi danh vao thu nhap bang tien cua hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh gay o nhiem mdi trudng khdng Cac cong cu chi ap dung cd hieu qua nen kinh te thi trudng Cac cong cu ky thuat quan ly thuc hien vai trd kiem soat va giam sat nha nudc ve chat lugng va phan mdi trudng khdng khi, ve su hinh va phan bo chat o nhiem mdi trudng ■> A khong Cac cong cu ky thuat quan ly cd the gom cac danh gia mdi trudng khdng khi, minitoring mdi trudng khdng khi, xu ly thai Can phai: - Day manh ap dung cac cong cu kinh te quan ly mdi trudng khdng Cong cu kinh te la cac giai phap quan ly mdi trudng khdng vi mo nen kinh te thi trudng, dugc su dung ben canh cac bien phap hanh chinh va cac bien phap tuyen truyen, giao due vdi muc dich nham nang cao phap che linh vuc mdi trudng khdng Ben canh do, viec thuc hien cac cong cu kinh te doi hoi phai cd doi ngu can bd cd trinh va su hieu biet ve kinh te tai nguyen va mdi trudng, cd kha nang tinh toan qua trinh van dung cong cu kinh te vao thuc te mdi trudng khdng dung phi bao ve mdi trudng ddi vdi thai Nghi dinh quy dinh phi thai noi chung va phi thai ddi vdi hoat dong giao thdng dudng bo noi rieng phai dugc xay 95 CHlTONG GIAI PHAP AP DUNG CONG CU• PHI KHI THAI NHAM • MIC TIEU GIAM THIEU O NHIEM KHONG KHI DO PHUONG TIEN GIAO THONG Dl'O'NG BO• • 5.1 Hoan thien cac van ban phap luat quy dinh phi thai cac hoat dong giao thong van tai Tuy chua duoc ap dung nhieu tai Viet Nam nhung theo kinh nghiem cua co phi thai la mot nhung cong cu quan ly moi trudng hieu qua Nham tang cudng ap dung cong cu kinh te quan ly mdi trudng, viec xay dung cac chinh sach, van ban phap luat quy dinh cu the la dieu can thiet Cac cong cu kinh te gom cac loai thue, phi danh vao thu nhap bang tien cua hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh gay d nhiem mdi trudng khdng Cac cong cu chi ap dung cd hieu qua nen kinh te thi trudng Cac cong cu ky thuat quan ly thuc hien vai tro kiem soat va giam sat nha nudc ve chat luong va phan mdi trudng khdng khi, ve su hinh va phan bo chat o nhiem mdi trudng ■> A khong Cac cong cu ky thuat quan ly cd the gom cac danh gia mdi trudng khdng khi, minitoring mdi trudng khdng khi, xu ly thai Can phai: - Day manh ap dung cac cong cu kinh te quan ly mdi trudng khdng Cong cu kinh te la cac giai phap quan ly mdi trudng khdng vi mo nen kinh te thi trudng, duoc su dung ben canh cac bien phap hanh chinh va cac bien phap tuyen truyen, giao due vdi muc dich nham nang cao phap che linh vuc mdi trudng khdng Ben canh do, viec thuc hien cac cong cu kinh te doi hoi phai cd doi ngu can bo cd trinh va sir hieu biet ve kinh te tai nguyen va mdi trudng, cd kha nang tinh toan qua trinh van dung cong cu kinh te vao thuc te mdi trudng khdng dung phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai Nghi dinh quy dinh phi thai noi chung va phi thai doi vdi hoat dong giao thong dudng bo noi rieng phai duoc xay 97 5.2 Day manh nghien ciru kinh nghiem quoc te, danh gia, lira chon phu hop vdi dieu kien Viet Nam Nhu da phan tich tren, cdng cu phi thai duuc ap dung phd bidn d rAt nhieu quoc gia bao gom ca nhung quoc gia phat trien va dang phat trien voi nhung dieu kien tuong dong vdi Viet Nam Viec hoc tap cac kinh nghiem ap dung phi thai cua cac nudc khdng phai chi nghien cuu ap dung cac cdng thuc ky thuat sin cd ma phai phan tich that ky cac thdng sd tinh toan cho phu hop vdi dieu kien cua Viet Nam Vi du, muc phi dat tdi uu nhat la tai muc bang vdi chi phi giam thidu o nhiem cua chu ngudn thai Day la muc tuong ddi cao, da duoc ap dung nhung hdu a > r a r het d nhung nudc cd ndn kinh td phat tridn Ddi vdi didu kien cua Viet Nam, muc phi de xuat ban dau phai thap hon rat nhieu lan so vdi muc Ngoai ra, didu kien he thdng giao thdng khac biet, chat luong phuong tien khdng gidng nen viec ap dung he sd phat thai tinh toan luong thai cung phai nghien cuu tinh toan hoac lira chon he sd phu hop nhat Tuy nhien, de tang cudng hoc hoi kinh nghiem cua cac nudc tren the gidi, viec dau tien can lam la tang cudng giao luu, md rong cac mdi quan he hop tac quoc td bao ve mdi trudng Viec tang cudng hop tac the hien d viec chu dong tim cac ngudn dau tu, tai tro quoc td, td chuc thuc hien cac du an, chuong trinh uu tien cua cac phd, thi Dong thdi nd cung bao gom ca viec tan dung triet de su ho tro tu ben ngoai cho cac hoat dong bao ve mdi trudng khdng khi, uu tien md rong quan he quoc td ve bao ve mdi trudng khdng dudi hinh thuc thiet lap cac chuong trinh, du an da phuong va song phuong Day manh hop tac vdi cac td chuc quoc td nhu: Chuong trinh phat tridn cua Lien hop quoc (UNDP), Chuong trinh mdi trudng Lien hop quoc (UNEP), Ngan hang The gidi (WB), Quy mdi trudng toan clu (GEF), cac to chuc chinh phu, phi chinh phu, nham tranh thu su ho tro cho cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng khdng Cac mdi quan he hop tac se tao didu kien cho Viet Nam hoc tap kinh nghiem quoc td quan ly mdi trudng noi chung va ap dung cdng cu phi thai quan ly chat luqng khdng noi rieng mot each hieu qua nhat 5.3 Nang cao chat lirong ngudn nhan lye thyc hien ap dung cdng cu kinh te quan ly moi truong noi chung Hien tai, ngudn nhan luc quan ly chat luqng khdng cua Viet Nam chua thuc su manh, han che ca ve mat sd luqng va chat luqng Nham nang cao chat 97 5.2 Day manh nghien ciru kinh nghiem quoc te, danh gia, lira chon phu hop vdi dieu kien Viet Nam Nhu da phan tich a tren, cong cu phi thai duoc ap dung phd bidn a rAt nhieu quoc gia bao gom ca nhung quoc gia phat trien va dang phat trien vdi nhung dieu kien tuong dong vdi Viet Nam Viec hoc tap cac kinh nghiem ap dung phi thai cua cac nudc khong phai chi nghien cuu ap dung cac cong thuc ky thuat sin cd ma phai phan tich that ky cac thong so tinh toan cho phu hop vdi dieu kien cua Viet Nam Vi du, muc phi dat toi uu nhat la tai muc bang vdi chi phi giam thidu d nhiem cua chu nguon thai Day la muc tuong ddi cao, da duoc ap dung nhung hdu het d nhung nudc cd ndn kinh td phat tridn Ddi vdi didu kien cua Viet Nam, muc phi de xuat ban dau phai thap hon rat nhieu lan so vdi muc Ngoai ra, didu kien he thdng giao thdng khac biet, chat luong phuong tien khdng gidng nen viec ap dung he sd phat thai tinh toan luong thai cung phai nghien cuu tinh toan hoac lira chon he sd phu hop nhat Tuy nhien, de tang cuong hoc hoi kinh nghiem cua cac nudc tren the gidi, viec dau tien can lam la tang cuong giao luu, md rong cac mdi quan he hop tac qudc te bao ve mdi trudng Viec tang cuong hop tac the hien d viec chu dong tim cac nguon dau tu, tai tro qudc te, to chuc thuc hien cac du an, chuong trinh uu tien cua cac pho, thi Dong thoi nd cung bao gom ca viec tan dung triet de su ho tro tu ben ngoai cho cac hoat dong bao ve mdi trudng khdng khi, uu tien md rong quan he qudc te ve bao ve mdi trudng khdng dudi hinh thuc thiet lap cac chuong trinh, du an da phuong va song phuong Day manh hop tac vdi cac to chuc qudc te nhu: Chuong trinh phat trien cua Lien hop qudc (UNDP), Chuong trinh mdi trudng Lien hop qudc (UNEP), Ngan hang The gidi (WB), Quy mdi trudng toan clu (GEF), cac to chuc chinh phu, phi chinh phu, nham tranh thu su ho tro cho cong tac bao ve mdi trudng khdng Cac mdi quan he hop tac se tao dieu kien cho Viet Nam hoc tap kinh nghiem qudc te quan ly mdi trudng noi chung va ap dung cong cu phi thai quan ly chat luong khdng noi rieng mot each hieu qua nhat 5.3 Nang cao chat lirong nguon nhan lye thyc hien ap dung cong cu kinh te quan ly moi trudng noi chung Hien tai, nguon nhan luc quan ly chat luong khdng cua Viet Nam chua thuc sir manh, han che ca ve mat sd lupng va chat lupng Nham nang cao chat 98 luong nguon nhan luc quan ly moi trudng noi chung va nang luc quan ly mdi truong khdng noi rieng, trudc het can tap trung mot so bien phap cu the nhu: - Tang cudng nang luc ve quan ly mdi trudng khdng cho doi ngu can bo tai trung uong, tinh, huyen, xa ca ve so luong va chat luong - Tang cudng cung cap tai chinh d tat ca cac cap Trung uong va dia phuong ve cac hoat dong quan ly chat luong khdng - Thay doi chuong trinh giao duc dao tao tai cac cap, chu dac biet vao dao tao Dai hoc - Co co che khuyen khich thuc hien cac cdng trinh nghien cuu, ung dung cdng nghe mdi vao quan ly chat luong khdng - Tang cudng dau tu cho phong thi nghiem ve quan trac khdng Ngoai cung can dua cac kien thuc tong quan va chuyen sau ve quan ly chat luong khdng vao trudng dai hoc, tang cudng to chuc cac lop tap huan ve kiem soat d nhiem khdng Doi vdi kinh nghiem ap dung cac bien phap kinh te vao quan ly chat luong khdng khi, Viet Nam thieu nhung tai lieu can thiet cung nhu doi ngu can bo giang day Day la linh vuc tuong doi mdi nen viec dao tao, nang cao nang luc thuc hien la dac biet can thiet Nguon nhan luc quan ly can co su dao tao bai ban tai mot so nudc co nen kinh te phat trien va da co nhieu nam thuc hien nghien cuu cdng cu kinh te quan ly mdi trudng Co quan quan ly nha nudc vi vay can co dau tu xung dang cho viec tang cudng dao tao can bo tai nudc ngoai ve ap dung cac nguyen ly kinh te quan ly mdi trudng noi chung Day la loai hinh giai phap ap dung dem lai hieu qua dai han, dam bao tinh chat cua phat trien ben vung 99 5.4 Tang cudng dau tu- cho cong tac quan ly va bao ve moi trudng khong Khong chi rieng ap dung cac giai phap truc tiep den tang cudng ap dung cong cu kinh te, giai phap mang tinh tong the la tang cudng dau tu cho cong tac quan ly va bao ve moi trudng khong noi chung ' r Ve co ban, mo hinh quan ly chat luong khong duoc mo ta so dudi day: S0 tham gia cEla dlng: Tang cuang khung chinh sach va phap luat - Can co nhung thong tu, nghi dinh quy dinh chi tiet hon Luat BVMT nam 2005 de co the nang cao tinh hieu qua cua he thong luat bao ve moi trudng khong - To chuc thuc hien nghiem he thong luat, cac van ban dudi luat cua Nha nudc, theo dieu kien va trinh phat trien cua cac pho, thi nen phai 100 nghien cuu cu the hoa, bo sung hoan chinh he thong cac qui dinh ve bao ve moi truong khong rieng cho nhung vung dac thu, co nhung quy che rieng cho tung vung, khu vuc hoac nganh dac thu r Tang cuong he thong quan ly - Phan dinh ro trach nhiem cung nhu co che phdi hop ve quan ly chat luong khong cho cac bo nganh, dac biet la Tai nguyen va Moi truong, Giao thong Van tai, Cong Thuong, Xay dung, Khoa hoc Cong nghe Theo do, Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong chiu trach nhiem la dau mdi hoat dong quan ly chat luong khong chung cua qudc gia, chiu trach nhiem chinh ve quan ly khong xung quanh Cac Bo nganh la Giao thdng Van tai, Cong Thuong va Xay dung can chu dong thuc hien kiem soat o nhiem tai nguon phat thai, Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe xay dung tieu chuan cho dong co, nhien lieu - Xay dung va phat trien he thdng quan ly moi truong noi chung va moi truong khong noi rieng tu phd den phuong xa, dam bao khong chong cheo nhiem vu cua nhieu cap, nhieu nganh va don vi quan ly moi truong ddi voi moi mat hoat dong cua xa hoi - Tang cuong nang luc quan ly va cac dieu kien bao dam cho hoat dong cua he thdng quan ly moi truong khong cua cac Thanh phd va cac thi, dac biet la phuc vu cong tac tra, kiem tra, giam sat ve moi truong Kien toan bo may va lap cac bo phan tra moi truong cac cap, tang cuong dao tao chuyen mon, nghiep vu va kinh phi phuc vu cac hoat dong tra, kiem soat o nhiem moi truong khong - Tang cuong su phdi hop lien nganh, lien tinh; tang cuong trach nhiem cua cac bo, nganh, dac biet cac cap chinh quyen dia phuong, cac to chuc va tung doanh nghiep, cac cong dong quan chung dan cu r Tang cuongphap che quan ly chat luong khong r - Trong giai doan toi can phai nang cao hieu luc thi hanh phap luat ve bao ve moi truong khong Mot mat nang cao y thuc chap hanh luat cua cong dan, mat khac tang cuong viec giam sat, quan ly cua cac co quan quan ly nha nuoc ddi voi viec thi hanh phap luat ve bao ve moi truong khong - Hoan thien he thdng cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve bao ve moi truong cua cacthanh phd, khu thi theo huong quy dinh ro quyen loi, trach 101 nhiem bao ve moi truong khong cua cac to chuc, ca nhan, co che tai cu the cho truong hop vi pham Xay dung doi ngu can bo quan ly, luc luong tra, kiem tra, trien khai thuong xuyen dinh ky, dot xuat cac dot tra, kiem tra va xu ly nghiem cac truong hop vi pham nham bao dam Luat Bao ve moi truong duoc thuc hien nghiem chinh - Tang cuong kiem soat o nhiem khong (cuong che, tra), co cac bien phap cuong che, tra, xu phat cac co so gay o nhiem moi truong khong nghiem Quan trac moi trudng - Tang cuong nang luc quan trac moi truong khdng cua cac va thi o Viet Nam; danh nguon kinh phi thich hop de tri cac hoat dong quan trac moi truong khong khi; thiet lap co che chia se, trao doi thong tin giua cac pho, thi voi va voi he thong quan trac moi truong khong quoc gia, voi cac co quan quan ly va cac co quan nghien cuu ve moi truong khong nham xay dung co so du lieu ve thuc trang va dien bien chat luong moi truong khong tai cac va cac thi, phuc vu quan ly moi truong noi chung va moi truong khong noi rieng, dong thoi phat trien kinh te xa hoi - Xay dung mang luoi quan trac moi truong khong toan dien hon, su dung triet de thong tin thu duoc tu cac tram quan trac khong o cac va thi, co su trao doi thong tin quan trac giua cac va thi - Thiet lap he thong thong tin quan ly moi truong khong Tang cuong cong cu ky thuat quan ly chat luong khong - Nghien cuu ap dung Mo hinh hoa moi truong nham danh gia su xuat hien, ton tai va chuyen dong cua cac chat o nhiem khong Ket qua cua viec su dung mo hinh hoa la viec xac dinh nong o nhiem tuc thoi, du bao duoc su phan bo nong trung binh dem, trung binh thang hoac trung binh nam Su dung mo hinh hoa la cong cu dac luc de phuc vu cho quan ly moi truong khong Cac mo hinh can duoc nghien cuu ap dung la mo hinh khuyech tan, mo hinh noi tiep nhan, r ? mo hinh kiem ke phat thai, mo hinh tinh toan he so phat thai - Ap dung cac giai phap xu ly o nhiem thai cong nghiep tu cac co so san xuat cong nghiep dang hoat dong thong qua cac cong nghe tien tien bang loc r r r bui, xu ly thai doi voi tat ca cac co so san xuat Tang cuon ap dung cong nghe 102 mdi, cac bien phap SXSH, ISO 14.000 Doi vdi o nhiem thai giao thong, cac bien phap co the la quy hoach mang ludi giao thong, cai tao, md rong mang ludi • a r •t I r ? a a r a • a a a r r • a r r a ' hien co, to chuc tot he thong giao thong cong cong, co cac bien phap chong un tac giao thong, han che su dung cac phuong tien giao thong ca nhan Dinh hudng phat trien cac ve tinh xung quanh khu vuc noi thanh, co ket cau tang hien dai nham chia xe ganh nang ve thi hoa qua muc va giam mat dan cu noi Cai thien dieu kien chat dot doi vdi sinh hoat Su dung qui hoach dat lam cong cu hudng dan cac khu nha d va khu cong nghiep dam bao xa cac khu nhay cam vdi moi trudng, co the cai thien rat nhieu chat luong moi trudng - Tang cudng danh gia rui ro linh vuc khong phuc vu cho viec hoach dinh nhung chinh sach ve quan ly Cac tac dong can duoc lam ro mUc anh hudng cho cac linh vuc kinh te, nong nghiep, cong trinh xay dung, du lich Dac biet la tac dong tu o nhiem moi trudng khong den suc khde, bien dOi hau, da dang sinh hoc cung can duoc quan tam hon 103 KET LUAN Vdi su cong ban dau cua Nghi dinh 67/2003/ND-CP, viec nghien cuu ban hanh cac loai hinh phi bao ve moi trudng tiep theo la rat quan va can thiet Theo tinh than do, luan van thac sy la lua chon nghien cuu phuong phap luat xay dung phi thai va de xuat ap dung doi vdi mot loai nguon thai la cac phuong tien giao thong dudng bo De tai da dat duoc mot so ket qua chinh nhu sau: - Nghien cuu tong quan thuc trang cac nguon thai gay o nhiem khong thuoc cac nganh cong nghiep, giao thong van tai va thuc trang o nhiem khdng d a r r r cac lang nghe dien hinh Ket qua cho thay mot so nganh cong nghiep nhu nang luong (cu the la nhiet dien), vat lieu xay dung, hoa chat, la nhung nganh su dung nhieu nhien lieu va gay o nhiem khong ldn; hoat dong giao thong cung la mot nhung nguon co ban Thuc trang su dung nhien lieu (chu yeu la than da) de san xuat cac nganh cung da duoc dieu tra, danh gia va phan tich cu the cho tung nganh - Nghien cuu, tong hop cac kinh nghiem quoc te ap dung phi thai doi vdi cac nguon thai chung, danh gia kha nang nghien cuu, ap dung kinh nghiem cua Viet Nam - Phan tich co sd ly luan cua viec ap dung phi thai De xuat cong thuc tinh toan phi thai doi vdi phuong tien giao thong dudng bo van dung hinh thuc so lieu dua tren nghien cuu ve moi lien he giua nhien lieu va thai luong cac chat gay o nhiem nhu CO2, SO2, NOX, NMVOC theo ly thuyet chay nhien lieu va IPCC va ket qua nghien cuu bo he so phat thai xay dung doi vdi phuong tien giao thong dudng bo cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trudng nam 2008 - 2009 Phuong phap tinh da tinh toan duoc luong khai mot so thai phat tan hoat dong giao thong r r r van tai dong thdi du tinh so bo muc o nhiem khong thdi gian tdi A A ~ De tai cung da nghien cuu tong quan ve anh hudng cua o nhiem thai tdi suc khoe ngudi va ddi song dong thuc vat, danh gia so bo cac thiet hai ve mat kinh te o nhiem khong gay nen nham lam sang to them su can thiet phai ban hanh cac chinh sach phi bao ve moi trudng - Tiep theo, de tai da de xuat xay dung che phi bao ve moi trudng doi vdi thai hoat dong giao thong van tai d Viet Nam dua tren ket qua nghien cuu 104 r yr r kinh nghiem quoc te, nghien cuu cac chinh sach da co d nuoc ta, va tir de xuat che phi thich hop Kinh nghiem cua nhdm nuoc cong nghiep phat trien, nudc co nen kinh te chuyen doi va nudc khu vuc da duoc danh gia, phan tich ve mure phi, each thu phi cung nhu quan ly va su dung ngudn phi thu duoc Tren co sd do, de phu hop vdi chinh sach phap ly cung nhu hoan canh kinh te cua nudc ta, de tai da de xuat che phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai bang each tinh phi dua tren thai luong cua cac chat gay o nhiem Muc phi cu the doi vdi mot sd gay o nhiem, cu che thu, nop phi, quan ly va su dung ngudn phi cung duuc de xuat dua tren kinh nghiem cua thuc te trien khai thuc hien Nghi dinh 67/2003/ND-CP ve phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi nudc thai Luung phi tinh toan duuc cho thay nd se la mot ngudn thu dang ke cho cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng d nudc ta thdi gian tdi Vdi nhung ket qua nghien cuu, de tai hi vong rang chinh sach ve phi bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi thai se sum duuc xay dung va ap dung thuc te, trudc mat thu nghiem ap dung doi vdi phuung tien giao thong dudng bo, gop phan khac phuc o nhiem, cai thien chat luong khdng noi rieng va mdi trudng noi chung d nudc ta 105 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trudng (2007), “A/oz truong khdng thi Viet Nam1', Bao cao moi truong quoc gia, Ha Noi Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong (2010), “Tong quan mdi trudng Viet Nam", Bao cao moi trudng quoc gia, Ha Noi Bo Y te - trudng quan ly can bo y te, Tai lieu giang day cao hoc (1999), Sue khoe mdi trudng, NXB Y te Chuong trinh Khdng sach Viet Nam - Thuy Sy (2007), Phi gay o nhiem khdng khi, tong quan kinh nghiem quoc te, Bao cao • r r Dang Nhu Toan, Giao trinh Quan ly mdi trudng, NXB Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan, 2001 Nguyen Cdng Thanh, Phi thdi va nhung kinh nghiem quoc te - 2007 Nguyen The Chinh, Giao trinh Kinh te va Quan ly mdi trudng, NXB Thdng ke, Ha Noi - 2003 Nhom nghien cuu lien Chinh phu ve bien ddi hau toan cau, Bao cao bien ddi hau giai doan 1860 - 2000 Noel de nevers (1995), Air pollution control engineerin, International Edition 10 Pham Ngoc Dang (1997), Mdi trudng khdng khi, Nha xuat ban KHKT 11 Tai lieu Hoi thao “Duy tri va nang cao chat luqng khdng d Viet Nam" - Ha Noi 3/2004 12 Vien Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe mdi trudng (2002), Hien trang kinh te xa hoi va phan loai lang nghe Viet Nam, Ha Noi thang 12/2002 De tai KC 08 - 09 13 World Health Organization (1999), Guideline for air quality, Geneva 14 Website cua Dien dan cao hoc kinh te http://www.caohockinhte.info 14 Website Thu vien luan van http://thuvien uanvan.com 15 Website Tong cue Mdi trudng http://vea.gov.vn
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