Luận văn nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh xuất khẩu thuỷ sản việt nam trong điều kiện gia nhập wto

t TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ■; *** VU ANH TAI DAI HOC KTQD TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN NANG CAO NANG LUC CANH TRANH XUAT KHAU THUY SAN VIET NAM TRONG DIEU KIEN GIA NHAP WTO Clmyen nganh : KINH TE PHAT TRIEN X LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE 0AI HOC KTQD trungtWS .W5- PHONG TIN THU VIEN NGUOI HUCJNG DAN KHOA HOC : TH.S BUI DUC TUAN t HA NOI, NAM 2006 Ldl CAM ON Luan van du'pc hoan voi su huong dan tan tinh cua Thay Th.s.Bui Du'c Tuan, cac thay co giao khoa Ke hoach va Phat trien, truong Dai hoc Kinh Te Quoc Dan va su giup nhiet tinh cua cac co chu anh chi dong nghiep co quan Bo Thuy san Tac gia xin gui tOi cac Thay, co giao Khoa va cac co chu, anh chi o co quan Bo Thuy san lhi cam on chan nhat va mong cac Thay, co chu, anh chi luon luon manh khoe va dat Ha Noi, 28 thang 10 nam 2006 Hoc vien cao hoc Vu Anh Tai MUC LUC LOl MO DAU CHUONGI CO SO KHOA HOC CUA VIEC NANG CAO NANG LUC CANH TRANH XUAT KHAU THUY SAN TRONG DIEU KIEN GIA NHAP WTO 1.1 Cac khai niem va nhan to anh hirdng tdi nang lire canh tranh dieu kien gia nhap WTO .3 1.1.1 Khai niem ve canh tranh va nang luc canh tranh 1.1.2 Kang lite canh tranh ciia san pham 1.1.2.1 Khai niem nang lite canh tranh cua san phaim 1.1.2.2 Cac yeu to cau nang lire canh tranh cua san pham 1.1.2.3 Cac phuong phap danh gia nang luc canh tranh cua san phaim 1.1.2.4 Cac chi tieu ludng nang lire canh tranh cua san pham 1.1.2.5 Cac nhan to tac dong den nang lire canh tranh cua san phaim 1.1.3 Nang lite canh tranh ciia ngdnh 11 1.2 Sir can thiet nang cao nang lire canh tranh xuat khau thuy san dieu kien gia nhap WTO 17 1.2.1 Vai tro ciia xuat khau thuy san ddi vdi phat trien kinh texa hoi 17 1.2.1.1 Vai tro cua xuat khau thuy san ddi vdi kim ngach xuat khau va tang tru’dng kinh te 17 1.2.1.2 Vai tro ciia che bien xuat khau thuy san ddi vdi giai quyet viec lam va xoa ddi giam ngheo 18 1.2.1.3 Vai tro thuc day CNH-HDH phat trien hieu qua va ben vung 19 1.2.2 Tan dung thefi co, ditong dau vdi thach thitc qua trinh gia nhap WTO 22 1.2.2.1 Qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam 22 1.2.2.2 Nhirng co hoi ddi vdi xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 25 1.2.2.3 Nhu'ng thach thu’e ddi vdi xuat khiiu thuy san Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 27 CHUONG II 30 THUC TRANG NANG LUC CANH TRANH XUAT KHAU THUY SAN TRONG DIEU KIEN GIA NHAP WTO 30 2.1 Gidi thieu ve qua trinh hinh va phat trien ciia nganh thuy san Viet Nam 30 2.2 Thtrc trang hoat dong xuat khau thuy san ciia Viet Nam 32 2.2.1 Thitc trang cluing ve boat dong che bien xuat khau thuy san 32 2.2.2 Thitc trang thi tntdng xuat khau thuy san 34 2.2.3 Thitc trang co can mat hang xuat khau 36 2.3 Phan tich nang luc canh tranh ciia hang thuv san xuat khau Viet Nam 37 2.3.1 Doanh thu ciia hang thuy san xuat khau qua cac ndm 37 2.3.2 Tlii phan ciia hang thuy san xuat khau Viet Nam 38 2.3.3 Nang lite canh tranh ve gid ban san pham 41 2.3.4 Nang lite canh tranh ve chat htqng san pham va antodnve sinh thuy san 43 2.3.5 Nang lite canh tranh ve kieu dang man mavasit khacbiet ciia san pham 47 2.3.6 Nang lite canh tranh ve thitong hieu 48 2.4 Nang lire canh tranh tren mot so thi trirdng xuat khau diem 49 2.4.1 Nang htc canh tranh ciia hang thuy san tren thi tritemg EU 49 2.4.2 Nang htc canh tranh ciia Thuy san Viet Nam tai thi trtf&ng My 51 2.4.3 Nang htc canh tranh ciia thuy san Viet Nam tren thi tntdng Nhat Ban 54 2.5 Phan tich cac nhan to anh hiiong den nang lire canh tranh cua hang thuy siin xuat khau 55 2.51 Nang htc cua ban than cac doanh nghiep che bien va xuat khau thuy san 55 2.5.2 Phan tich cac yeu to anh lit torn g den nang htc canh tranh cua nganh che bien thuy 58 san xuat khau thuy san theo mo hinh kim citang ciia MichaelPorter 2.5.2.1 Cac didu kien ve cac yeu to san xuat 58 2.5.2.2 Danh gia ve sue cau noi dia 60 2.5.2.3 Cac nganh phu lip cho che bien xuat khau thuy san 61 2.5.2.4 Thue trang ve viec xay dung chien luge, cau true va moi tru'dng canh tranh 67 nganh 68 2.5.2.5 HO trpciia nha nude 70 2.6 Danh gia chung ve nang lire canh tranh cua xuat khau thuv san Viet Nam 2.6.1 Nhifng diem mqnli ciia nang htc canh tranh hang thuy san Viet Nam 70 71 2.6.2 Nliu'ng mat han che nang lite canh tranh ciia hang thuy san xuat khau 2.6.3 Nguyen nhan ciia nlutng ton tai 72 72, 2.6.4 Tong hop SWOTciia tliuy san xuat klidu Viet Nam CHUONG III 74 CAC GIAI PHAP NANG CAO NANG LUC CANH TRANH XUAT KHAU THUY SAN.i TRONG DIEU KIEN GIA NHAP WTO 74 3.1 Du bao vd nhu can va nguon cung cap thuy san ciia the gioi 74 3.2 Quan diem, muc tieu phat trien clurong trinh xuat khau thuv san den nam 2010 va 75 tarn nhin 2020 75 3.2.1 Quan diem phat trien ciia chitcmg trinh xuat khau thuy san 76 3.2.2 Muc tieu ciia chitcmg trinh phat trien xuat khau thuy san 76 3.2.2.1 Muc tieu tong quat 76 3.2.2.2 Muc tieu cu thd 3.3 Phuong hirdng nang cao nang luc canh tranh xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam dieu kien gia nhap WTO 77 3.4 Cac giiii phap chu yen nhiim nang cao nang luc canh tranh xuat khau thuy siin dieu kien hoi nhap va gia nhap to chiic thuong inai the gidi 77 3.4.1 Cac gidi phap titphia doanh nghiep 77 3.4.1.1 Thue hien cac bien phap nang cao chat lupng siin pham va kiem soat an toan ve sinh thuy san 77 3.4.1.2 DSu tu nghien ciiu siin xuat cac san pham an lien, siin pham gia tri gia tang va 78 chu viec ciing cap cac-san pham tuoi song 79 3.4.1.3 Cling cd thi tru'dng hien tai va md rong cac thi trirdng tiem nang moi 82 3.4.1.4 Dau tu' doi mo'i cong nghe, nang cao chat lu'png san pham: 83 3.4.1.5 Xay dung va phat trien thuong hieu 84 3.4.1.6 Nang cao trinh cho can bo quan ly va cong nhan che bien 3.4.1.7 Tao sir chu dong ve nguyen lieu 85 3.4.2 Gidi phap doi vdi Hiep hoi chebien va xuat khan thuy san 86 3.4.3 Cac gidi phap doi vdi Bo Thuy san SI 3.4.3.1 Cac giai phap h6 trp, nang cao nang luc cho cac nganh phu trp 87 3.4.3.2 Dao tao va phat trien nguon nhan lire 90 3.4.3.3 Nang cao chat lupng an toan ve sinh there ph&m thuy san 91 3.4.3.4 HO trp cac doanh nghiep phat trien thi trirdng 92 3.4.3.5 HO trp xay dung va phat triOn thirong hieu 93 3.4.3.6 Day nhanh qua trinh sftp xep, chuyen doi so hu’u, co phan hoa cac doanh nghiep nha nude 94 3.4.3.7 Sira doi bo sung cac van ban quy pham phap luat lien quan den hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 95 3.4.3.8 Day nhanh qua trinh cai each hanh chinh 95 3.5 Kien nglii doi vdi Chinhplui 96 KET LUAN 98 DANH MUC TAILIEU THAMKHAO 100 PHU LUC 102 DANH MUC CAC CHtT VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN ASEAN AFTA APEC CFA CFIA CNH-HDH COC DOT EU FDA FAO GNP GAP GATT GMP GCI GSP HACCP IMF ISO MFN Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Khu virc tir ASEAN Didn dan hop tac kinh te Chau A Thai Binh Duong Hiep hoi nuoi ca nheo My Cue quan ly thuc phtim Canada Cong nghiep hoa - Hien dai hoa Quy tac thuc hanh nuoi co trach nhiem Bo Thuong mai My Khoi cong dong cac nude Chau Au Co quan quan ly du'pe phdm va thuc pham My To chuc Nong - luong thuc the gidi Tong san pham quoc dan Thuc hanh nuoi tot Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan va thuong mai He thong thuc hanh san xuat tot Chi so canh tranh tang trudng Che dp uu dai thue quan cap Phan tfch nguy co va kiem soat cac khau yeu Quy Tien te quoc te To chuc tieu chuan quoc te Dai ngo tdi hue quoc Nafiquaved Cue quan ly chat luong an toan ve sinh va thu y thuy san (VN) OECD RCA SIRED SPS SSA TBT USA USITC WTO VASEP WB To chuc hop tac va phat trien Chi so phan anh lqi the canh tranh Du an hd tro doi mdi va phat trien doanh nghiep, Bp Thuy san Hang rao an toan ve sinh thuc pham Lien minh cac nha nuoi tom mien Nam nude My Hang rao ky thuat Do la My Uy ban thuong mai quoc te Hoa Ky To chuc thuong mai the gidi Hiep hoi che bien va xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam Ngan hang the gidi DANH MUC BANG, BIEU TRONG LUAN VAN Bang 2.1 Bang 2.2 Bang 2.3 Bang 2.4 Bang 2.5 Bang 2.6 Bang 2.7 Bang 2.8 Bang 2.9 Bang 2.10 Bang 2.11 Bang Bang Bang Bang 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Bang 2.16 Bring 2.17 Bang 3.1 Tang trudng cua nganh thuy san (1981 - 2005) Cac nude xuat khau thuy san chinh tren the gidi He so canh tranh hang thuy san nam 2003 cua mot so nude Gia nhap khau tom vao My tir cac nude nam 2005 cua mot so nude Gia tom su de duoi tai thi trudng NewYork 17/12/2004 Tinh hlnh canh bao tai thi trudng EU So lieu cu the ve canh bao tai cac thi trudng Khd'i lupng va kim ngach xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng EU qua cac nam Nhap khau thuy san trung binh vao EU giai doan 2001 2003 Kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam vao thi trudng My Ty hang thuy san Viet Nam so vdi tong kim ngach nhap khau thuy san vao thi trudng Mv Nhap khau tom dong lanh cua Nhat Ban 10 doanh nghiep xuat khau hang dau nam 2005 San lupng khai thac thuy san tir 1976 - 2005 So sanh san lupng khai thac so vdi mot so nu’dc xuat khau thuy san ldn tren the gidi San lupng cua mot so nude nuoi thuy san ldn nhat the gidi nam 2003 Nguon go'c cac thiet bi lanh chinh Du kien nhu cau thuy san thuc pham the gidi 2010 Trang 32 39 41 42 43 45 46 50 51 52 53 54 56 61 62 65 66 64 DANH MUC HINH VE, DO THI TRONG LUAN VAN Hinh 1.1 Hinh 2.2 Do thi 2.1 Do thi 2.2 Do thi 2.3 DO thi 2.4 Do thi 2.5 DO thi 2.6 Mo hinh kim cirong cua Micheal Porter ve nang lire canh tranh Ma tran SWOT va cac lira chon cho nganh thuy san Viet Nam Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san tir 2000 den 2005 Cac thi tru’dng xuat khau thuy san chfnh cua Viet Nam nam 2005 Co cau gia tri xuat khau cac mat hang chfnh nam 2005 Tang tru’dng kim ngach xuat khau thuy san qua cac nam Cac nu’dc nhap khau thuy san ldn nhat EU nam 2005 San lu’png nuoi thuy san cua Viet Nam qua cac nam Trang 12 73 33 34 36 37 49 64 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN *** VU ANH TAI NANG CAO NANG LUC CANH TRANH • • XUAT KHAU THUY SAN VIET NAM TRONG DIEU KIEN GIA NHAP WTO • • Chuyen nganh : KINH TE PHAT TRIEN LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SI HA NOI, NAM 2006 99 100 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bo Thuy san (2005) Bao cao danh gia ket qua thu'c hien chuong trinh phat trien nuoi thuy san giai doan 2000 - 2005 va bien phap thuc hien den nam 2010, Ha Noi ' Bo Thuy san (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) Bao cao tong ket tinh hinh thuc hien nhiem vu va bien phap thuc hien ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua nganh thuy san cac nam, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san (2005) Chuong trinh phat trien xuat khdu thuy san den nam 2010 va tam nhin 2020, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san (2005) Quy hoach tong the phat trien nganh thuy san den nam 2010 va dinh huong den nam 2020, Ha Noi Bo Thuy san (2004) Dd tai nghien cuu khoa hoc cap Bo nam 2004, nhung giai phap tao dung va tri loi the canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc nganh thuy san, Ha Noi Bo Ke hoach va dau tu (2005) Bao cao ket qua giao ban san xuat kinh doanh dau tu thang 12 va tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi nam 2005, cac giai phap chu yeu qua I nam 2006, bao cao tai phien hop thu’o'ng ky cua Chinh phu, Ha Noi Bo Thuong mai (2005) De an phat trien xuat khau giai doan 2006 - 2010, Ha Noi Cuc quan ly chait luong, an toan ve sinh va thu y thuy san (2005) bao cao tong ket nam 2005 va mot so hoat dong chinh nam 2006, Ha Noi Bach Thu Cu'dng (2002) Ban ve canh tranh toan chu, nha xuat ban thong tin, trang 323 Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2006) Van kien dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu 10, nha xuat ban chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi PGS.TS Nguydn Huu Dung (2006) WTO-thach thuc va co hoi voi thuy san, Tap chi thuong mai thuy san so 2/2006, trang Nguydn Quang Huy (2002) Giai phap thuc day xuat khau thuy san cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam vao thi trudng My, Luan van thac si kinh te thuong mai, Trudng Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan Ha Noi TS Ngo Thang Loi, GS.TS Vu Thi Ngoc Phung (2002) Bai giang kinh te phat trien dung cho cao hoc Thu trudng Bo Thu y san Nguyen Thi Hong Minh (2006) Hoan toan co the dat muc tieu 2,8 ty USD xuat khau thuy san nam 2006, Tap chi Thu'o'ng mai thuy san so 1/2006 trang Nguyen Ngoc Quang (2005) Tham tan thu’o'ng mai tai UAE, UAE bat dau quan tam den thuy san Viet Nam, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 1/2005 101 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 trang 24 Tran Suu (2005) Nang lu'c canh tranh cua doanh nghiep dieu kien toan cau hoa, Nha xuat ban lao dong xa hoi, Ha Noi Pham Tat Thang (2005) Van de thuong hieu Viet Nam trudc xu the hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, Tap chi Cong san so 94 thang 10/2005 TS Ha Xuan Thong (2004) Danh gia tac dong cua nganh thuy san doi vdi nen kinh te quoc dan, Vien Kinh te va quy hoach Thuy san Micheal P Todaro (1998) Kinh te hoc cho cac nudc the gidi thu ba, Nha xuat ban giao duc , nam 1998, trang 439 Th.s Bui Duc Tuan (2006) Phan tich nang luc canh tranh: Tiep can thong qua mo hinh kim cuong, Tap chi kinh te phat trien so thang 10/2006, trang 57 Th.s Nguyen Le Nguyet Thu (2005) Dinh hudng phat trien thuong hieu thuy san Viet Nam, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 9/2005 trang TS Tran Nguyen Tuyen (2005) Viet Nam gia nhap WTO-thdi co, thach thuc va giai phap thuc hien, Tap chi Ly luan chinh tri thang - 2005 Thu tru'dng, Bo Thuong mai, Luong Van Tu (2004) Tai lieu boi du'o'ng Kien thuc co ban ve hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, Bo Thuong mai VASEP (2001) Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san thang 12 va ca nam 2000, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 1-2/2001 trang 40 VASEP (2002), Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san nam 2001, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 1/2002 trang 40 VASEP (2003), Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san thang 12 va ca nam 2002, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 2/2003 trang 23 VASEP (2004) Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san thang 12 va ca nam 2003, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 3/2001 trang 28 VASEP (2005), Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san nam 2004, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 2/2005 trang 29 VASEP (2006), Tinh hinh xuat khau thuy san thang 12 va ca nam 2005, Tap chi Thuong mai thuy san so 2/2006 trang 36 TAI LIEU TIENG ANH Micheal Porter (2005), The competitive advantage of nations, http://www.pacific.commerce.ubc.ca/ruckman/competitiveadvofnatons.htm Micheal Porter (2005), Competive - advantage of nations Diamond model Web side http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net Fao-Yearbook (2005) Fisheries Statistics - Fishery commodity, http://www.fao/-com 102 PHU LUC Phu luc 01 Khoi luong va kim ngach cac mat hang xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam qua tung nam San pham Tom Ca Mac, bach tuoc Hang kho Hai san khac Tong so 2002 K.Luong 115.656 143.236 93.548 55.847 35.756 G Tri 966,7 462,7 312,2 142,8 138,4 2.022,8 2003 K Luong 125.174 154.991 45.618 19.450 113.308 G Tri 1.058 466,5 113,8 73,7 504,9 2.216,9 2004 K.Luong 141.197 209 60,5 30,1 77,8 G Tri 1.261 552,4 162 101,8 218,2 2.295,4 2005 K.Luong 159.191 274.733 61.944 35.910 95.214 G Tri 1.371,5 687,7 182,3 130,4 367,2 2.739,1 Nguon: Tap chi' thudng mai thuy san cac so nam 2003, 2004, 20005 va 2006 103 Phu luc 02 Ket qua kiem tra dieu kien dam bao an toan ve sinh cac co so che bien nam 2005 STT Chi tieu Tong so % so vdi 2000 2003 184,2% 151,1% 547,1 142,3 % tong so DN hien co Tong so DN quy mo cong nghiep - Dat tieu chuan cua Bo Thuy san 488 279 - Duoc cong nhan XKTS vao Thuy si, Nauy - Duoc cong nhan XKTS vao Quoc - Trong danh sach dat HACCP khau vao My - Trong danh sach xuat khau Canada - Trong danh sach xuat khau Trung Quoc EU, 171 349 171,0 35 Han 266 - 148,6 55 xuat 350 280 152 72 vao 279 263,2 57 vao 337 134,8 69 100% 57 Nguon : Bao cao cua Cue quan ly chat lutyng, an loan ve sinh va thu y TS 2005 Ve chi tieu an toan ve sinh thuy san Viet Nam bi phat hien tap trung vao MG/LMG, Quinolone Tai thi tru’dng EU: Trong nam 2005 da co 32 lo hang ca tra va basa bi canh bao nhiem hoa chat cam Malachite Green va Leucomalachite green Dong thdi co 19 lo hang thuy san Viet Nam bi canh bao vi sinh vat gay benh Listeria monocytogenes tren san pham ca tra va basa Cac phat hien chu yeu du’o'c lay mdu tren thi tru’dng va hang dong goi lai Tai thi tru’dng Mv: Trong nam 2005, Cuc quan ly thuc pham va duoc pham Hoa Ky (FDA) da phat hien va canh bao 17 lo hang thuy san Viet Nam co chua du luong khang sinh cam thuoc nhom Flouroquinolone, Malachite green va Chloramphenicol Thang 8/2005, Bang Mien Nam nudc My la Luisiana, Alabama va Missisippi da loi dung ket qua de tiep tuc thuc hien y ngan can nhap khau san pham co nhieu tranh chat bang viec ban hanh lenh tam ngung ban tat ca cac san pham nhap khau tu Viet Nam de tien hanh luong khang sinh bi cam Thi Trudng Canada: Tu dau thang 12/2004 den 10/2005 vdi ly lien tuc phat hien thay cac lo hang bi nhiem Leucomalachite Green va Malachite green, tong so la 51 lo hang, Cuc quan ly thuc pham Canada (CFIA) da co thong bao chinh thuc quyet dinh ap dung bien phap kiem tra tang cudng doi vdi 100% san pham ca nuoi nhap khau tu Viet Nam 104 Phu luc Dien bien va anh huong cua mot so vu kien doi vdi xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam thdi gian qua Vu kien cd tra va basa Hoat dong nuoi ca basa va ca tra cua Viet Nam bat dau phat trien dudi hinh thu'c long be va ham ca tai An Gang va Dong Thap theo kinh nghiem nuoi long be cua ngu dan Campuchia Tuy nhien no chi bat dau phat trien manh me san xuat hang hoa ldn Viet Nam ap dung cong cong nghe tao giong nhan tao vao nam 1995 Tu giong vdi so luong ldn duoc cung cap thuong xuyen cho ngu dan Vdi chi phi dau tu gom giong, thuc an, luong cong nhan, nhien lieu, thuoc phong va tri benh, khau hao be ca, khau hao may moc, lai vay, thue va cac loai chi phi de san xuat mot kg ca pham het 10.398 dong/kg (theo gia nam 2003) Gia mot kg ca phi le tai nha may che bien bao gom cac loai chi phi va loi nhuan khoang 43.000 d/kg Trudc hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My co hieu luc (12/2001), ca tra va basa dong lanh cua Viet Nam xuat sang My chi phai chiu the 4,4 xen/kg va khong phai chiu thue nhap khau vao My Muc san luong va gia tri xuat khau ca tra va basa cua Viet Nam sang thi trirdng My den nam 2002 nhu sau: So luong: tan, Gia tri: , 1000 USD Nam So luong Gia tri 1996 98 456 1997 299 1.369 1998 958 4.295 1999 3.269 13.371 2000 8.624 29.667 2001 13.475 39.286 2002 20.965 62.773 Nguon: So lieu cua Uy ban thtfong mai quoc te Hoa ky Viec san xuat ca da tron tai My: Cho tdi nam 1970, ca da tron hay catfish theo tieng Anh chi duoc tieu thu o mot so vung cua My, thuc pham che bien tu catfish tro len mot bien ho'n sau chien dich tiep thi cua cac trai nuoi ca va cac doanh nghiep che bien catfish San luong ca nuoi o My tang tu 2.580 tan nam 1970 len 271.000 tan nam 2001 vdi doanh thu khoang nua ty USD Cac trai nuoi ca catfish duoc tap trung chu yeu o dong bang song Mississippi Tu nam 2000 gia binh quan pao ma cac nha nuoi ca catfish nhan duoc la 75 cen xuong 65 cent nam 2001 va 50 cent nam 2000 Hiep hoi cac nha nuoi ca Catfish (CFA) lap luan rang gia ban hien tai thap hon chi phi san xuat tdi 15 cent Tong doanh so ca Catfish noi dia ban cho cac don vi che bien giam 20% tu 446 105 trieu USD nam 2000 xuong 385 trieu USD nam 2001 Cac chu trang trai nuoi la nguyen nhan gay sir giam sut va kien len Uy ban thirong mai quoc te Hoa ky (USITC) ca tra va basa cua Viet Nam khong phai la Catfish Ca Catfish nuoi dong bang song Mississippi thuoc ho Ictanuridae Ca tra va basa nuoi b ddng bang song ciru Long thuoc ho Pangassii va bao bi dong goi cac san pham nhap til’ Viet Nam cung giong vdi cac nha san xuat My, lam cho ngu’di tieu dung nhilm tu’dng rang ca du’pc nuoi tai dong bang song Mississippi Tuy nhien tren thu’c te thi “Catfish” la mot tir tieng Anh thong dung de chi hang tram loai ca Theo dinh nghia cua tir dien Webter thi Catfish la “bat ky loai ca nu’dc ngot nao cd da tro’n, cd ria gan mieng thuoc bp Siluriformes” nhir vay, ro rang ca basa va tra ciia Viet Nam la Catfish Mat khac tren tat ca cac bao bl ciia san pham thuy san xuA't khau ciia Viet Nam dPu ghi rd dong chu1 tieng Anh “product of Viet Nam” hay “made in Viet Nam” va thu’c hien viec ghi day du ca ten khoa hoc ldn ten thirong mai theo quy dinh ciia FDA (Co quan quan ly thu’c pham va du’pc pham Hoa Ky’ Tuy nhien den thang 5/2002, bat chap tinh chat phi ly cua Vu kien, Tong thong My da phe chuan quy dinh dal ten, dan mac hoac quang cao Catfish cho cac loai ca da tro’n ho Ictanuridae Tuy nhien trai vdi dir doan ciia Hiep hoi cac nha nudi ca Catfish ciia My, vu tranh chap ten goi da lam cho ca tra va basa ciia Viet Nam trd len noi tieng Vdi nhan hieu va chien lirpc tiep thi mdi, san lu’png kin gia tri ca tra va basa dong lanh cua Viet Nam xuat sang My vkn tang Khong thoa man vdi ket qua, 28/6/2002 Hiep hoi cac nha nudi ca da tro’n-My (CFA) da de don kien mot sd doanh nghiep che bien thuy san Viet Nam len Bp Thu’o'ng mai My (DOT) va Uy Ban thirong mai Quoc te My (USITC) la cac san pham ca tra va basa phi le dong lanh du'pc ban thap hon gia tri hop ly tai thi trirdng My Gay thiet hai ve vat chat cho cac nha san xuat noi dia Theo CFA gill tri hop ly la 4,19 USD/pao, gia xuat khau la 1,44 USD/pao Mu’e dp ban pha gia lit 190.2% Trong do’n kien CFA dira dp xuat ap dung thue chong ban pha gia de DOT xem xet Neu Viet Nam du’pc xac dinh khong phai la mol nu’dc theo nen kinh te thi trudng thi mu’e thue chong ban pha gia la 190% Con neu Viet Nam du’pc xac dinh cd nen kinh te thi tru’dng thi mii’c thue xuat chong ban pha gia ap dung la 144% Sau tien hanh dieu tra, 18/7/2003 DOT da co quyet dinh: “trong Viet Nam da cd nhu’ng tu’u dang ke mot sd cai each, phan tich cua Bp Thu’o’ng mai Hoa ky thay rang Viet Nam chu’a hoan tat su chuyen doi sang mot nen kinh te thi trudng Cho tdi quyet dinh niiy du’pc huy bd thi linh trang kinh te phi thi trudng cua Viet Nam se du’pc ap dung cho tat ca cac vu xem 106 xet tu’ctng lai, bao gom cac didu tra va tham dinh didn sau quyet dinh co hieu lu’c.” Quyet dinh ve mu’e ban pha gia va muc thue ap dung doi voi cac doanh nghiep Ten doanh nghiep Agifish Cafaco Nam Viet Vinh Hoan Cac Cly khac vu kien Cac Cong ty khong tham gia vu kien Quyet dinh so bd Thue ap Muc ban pha gia 31,45 41,06 38,09 37,94 36,76 63,88 dung 61,88 41,06 53,96 37,94 49,16 63,88 Quyet cuoi cung Mu’e ban pha Thue ap dung gia 47,05 31,45 45,81 53,68 38,09 36,84 45,55 63,88 Nguon: Tap c/uTliutfng mai Thuy san Vdi mu’e thuc tren da lam cho san luqng va gia tri xuat khau ca tra va basa sang thi tru’dng My giam tir 20.956 tan va gia tri 62,777 trieu USD nam 2002 xuong 14.223 tan va gia tri 43,367 trieu USD nam 2004 va 35,258 trieu USD nam 2005 giam 43,8% ve gia tri Phan tich anh hitong ciia vu kien tom Sau vu kien ca tra va basa cua Hiep hoi cac nha nudi ca Catfish vung ddng bang song Misissippi khien cac nha stin xuat va xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam chu’a khoi bang hoang thi 31/12/2003, Lien minh cac nha nuoi tom Mien Nam nudc My (SSA) da de don kien quoc gia len DOT va USITC, co Viet Nam ban pha gia tom vao thi trudng My Theo so lieu cua DOT, nam 2002, nudc bi kien ban pha gia tom da san xuat khoang ty pao tom (tu’o'ng duong 900 trieu kg), gap doi so vdi nam 1999 va SSA cho King no da lam cho doanh thu nganh cong nghiep tom Hoa Ky giam mot nu’a tu 1,2 ty USD xuong 559 trieu USD nam 2002 Ddng thdi thdi gian da lam 40% sd lao dong nganh bi mat viec lam De giam bdi luqng xuat khau tom sang Hoa Ky, SSA de nghi mu’e thue nhap khau tom eftn duqc nang len mti’c 40-230% doi vdi Brazin, 112 -267% doi vdi Trung Quoc, 104 - 107% doi vdi Equador, 102 - 130% doi vdi An Do, 57% doi vdi Thai Lan va 30 - 99% doi vdi Viet Nam Vu kien da chung to bien phap chong ban pha gia da bi cac nha san xuat nu’dc My cang lam dung de bao ho cho mot sd nganh san xuat yeu kem ciia Hoa Ky khong the canh tranh vdi cac nu'dc dang phat trien, Dieu hoan toan 107 di ngu’pc lai vdi nguyen tac hoat dong cua to chu’c thuong mai the gidi Vi du ddi vdi nganh san xuat tom cua Viet Nam, gia tom Viet Nam thap chi phi nhan cong thap, mdi tru’dng nuoi va dieu kien tu’ nhien thuan loi, ben canh dd nong, ngu’ dan va cac doanh nghiep tich cu’c cai tien cong nghe giam chi phi, gia nen cac san pham tom ciia Viet Nam cd kha nang canh tranh cao so vdi san pham tom cung loai tren thi trudng Hoa Ky Cung nhu’ cac nha san xuat ca tra va basa, cac nha san xuat va che bien tom hoan toan doc lap theo co che thi tru’dng, chap nhan canh tranh cang tang tren thi tru’dng noi dia va d cac thi tru’dng xuat khau Ho cung khong nhan bat cu’ khoan trp cap nao cua Chinh phu Tinh den het thang 10/203, du’ng dau cac quoc gia xuat khau tom vao My la Thai Lan, vdi kim ngach 774 trieu USD, tiep dd la Viet Nam 476 trieu USD, Trung Quoc 326 trieu USD, An Dp 342 trieu USD, Equador 185 trieu USD, Indonesia 148 trieu USD va Brazin la 91 trieu USD Tren co’ so ket qua dieu tra, DOT da khong the tim thay can cu’ xac dang nao de ap thue chong ban pha gia tdi gan 200% theo yeu cau cua SSA Tuy nhien de bao ho cac doanh nghiep nu’dc va tra on cho cac la phieu nen chinh quyen My da ap dal mu’c thue chong ban pha gia, mac du dieu hoan toan bat cong thu’Ong mai quoc te Ngay 30/11/2004 DOT da cd quyet dinh cuoi cung ve bien pha gia ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau tom cua Viet Nam Muc time lip dung ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat kluiu tom ciia Viet Nam Cong ty Bien phii giti cuoi cung 4,13% 4,21% 4,99% 4,38% Seaprodex Minh hai Minh Phu Camimex Mu’c trung binh cho cac doanh nghiep bi don tu’ nguyen du’pc thue suat rieng biet bang trung binh cua doanh nghiep tren 25,76% doanh nghiep bi don tu nguyen lai (Hai Thuan, Ngoc Sinh, True An, Phuong Nam va Cong ty thuy san Nha Trang) va loan bo cac doanh nghiep khac 25,76% Kim Anh (Sdc Trang) Nguon: Tap chi Thu’o'ng mai Thuy sdn 108 Tuy nhien day chu'a phai la ket thuc, can cu' theo thu tuc phap ly cua My, vu kien se keo dai nam va mdi nam Washington se xem xet lai hoat dong xuat khau cua cac nudc de quyet dinh lai muc thue' Nhu' vay doi vdi cac doanh nghiep nhu' Kim Anh, Hai Thuan, Ngoc Sinh, True An chiu muc thue 25,76% se gan nhu khong co' hoi xutft khau tom dong lanh vao thi trudng My Tuy nhien doi vdi cac doanh nghiep co muc thue tren 4% thi muc thue xuat khong phai la moi lo chinh, ma kho khan ldn nhat chinh la nhu'ng thay doi ve quy dinh ky quy lien tuc cua Hai quan My Theo quy dinh nay, ngoai so tien tinh thue" theo bien rieng biet danh cho mdi doanh nghiep, cac nha nhap khau phai nop khoan tien dat coc tuong ung vdi thue xuat “country - wide rate” vdi bien pha gia cao nhat Vi du mot doanh nghiep mua tom cua Cong ty Minh Phu de nhap khau vao My, se phai nop khoan Thu nhat la tien thue tinh vdi muc 4,21% x gia tri lo hang Khoan thu hai la tien dat coc tinh theo cong thuc 25,76% x gia tri nhap khau tom cua Minh phu mot nam Tien dat coc se phai nop mot lan trudc hang nhap khau cap cang My Neu muc xuat khau tom cua Viet Nam vao My giu nguyen khoang 500 trieu USD/nam thi cac nha nhap khau My mua tom cua Viet Nam se phai ky quy la 125 trieu USD va tien ky quy chi duoc giai ngan sau nam, co duoc ket qua tinh lai gia gia ban cua tu'ng lo hang de quyet dinh muc thue" chong ban pha gia mdi Theo Matthew Nicely, luat su ve thuong mai Quoc te cua Cong ty luat Willkie Farr & Gallagher, tien ky quy thuc su la mot ganh nang doi vdi nha nhap tom, tham chi mot so nha nhap khau tuydn bo “chung toi khong muon nhap khau tom nua” va ho dang phai tu bo hoat dong kinh doanh Tien ky quy thuc su la mot rao can thuong mai Va tren thuc te' cac nha nhap khau My da day ganh nang sang cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, neu khong ho se chuyen sang nhap khau hang cua nudc khac Thue chong ban pha gia va quy dinh ky quy cua Hai quan My da lap tuc tac dong den xuat khau tom cua Viet Nam Nam 2004 san luong xuat khau tom sang thi trudng My chi 36.687 tan giam 30% so vdi nam 2003 va gia tri xuat khau 392,485 trieu USD giam 23,5% so vdi nam 2003 Nam 2005 gia tri xuat khau tam sang My dat 434,079 trieu USD giam 15,43% so vdi nam 2003 Dieu nayda lam cho nhieu ho nuoi tom phai khon don va co nguy co pha san, nhieu lao dong bi mat viec lam bdi My la thi trudng chiem 65% gia tri xuat khau tom cua Viet Nam Nhu vay anh hudng cua cac vu kien doi vdi hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh va xuat khau thuy san la rat ldn, chung ta chua chu dong viec nhm bat luat le, quy dinh ve thuong mai cua cac thi trudng ldn cung nhu thuong mai quoc te Dong thdi chua co kinh nghiem giai quyet cac tranh chap thuong mai quoc te', nen rat lung tung co tranh chap thuong mai xay No doi hoi 109 thdi gian to'i Viet Nam phai chu dong co cac bien phap phong chong de han che tac dong cua cac vu kien tuong tu co the xay 110 Phu luc Mot so nudc canh tranh xuat khau thuy san voi Viet Nam Xuat khau thuy san cua Trung Quoc Trung Quoc la quoc gia co dan sd ddng dan nhat the gidi vdi tren 1,3 ty ngu’di Cung nhu nhieu mat hang khac, thuy san la mot mat hang cd sue canh tranh kha manh cua Trung Quoc cd kha nang san xuat vdi khoi luqng ldn va gia ca canh tranh Nam 2005 la nam thu lien tiep gia tri xuat khau thuy san cua Trung Quoc dat mu'e cao nhat tren the gidi Gia tri xuat khau tang trudng binh quan 20% /nam, u'dc dat ty USD nam 2005, chiem 30% gia tri xuat khau nong san cua nudc va chiem 10% gia tri xuat khau thuy san tren the gidi Ty san pham thuy san nudi tdng khoi luqng xuat khau cang tang Vdi cac loai xuat khau chu yeu la tom, ca trinh, ca rd phi, ca da Man Chau, thuy san cd vd va cua chiem 60% tdng san luqng xuat khau Nam 2004, Trung Quoc san xuat 32,09 trieu tan san pham thuy san nudi, lang 20% so vdi nam 2003 Nam 2005 Trung Quoc cd 109,21 trieu trai nudi thuy san Tir day manh chinh sach md cua, sd luqng ca va thuy san cd vo nudi d Trung Quoc tang len 40 loai Cac loai nuoi nudc ngot la tom, cua, baba va ca, cac loai nudi bien la tom, cua, ca va cac loai dac san bien Mot sd loai nhap ngoai cung duqc nudi d Trung Quoc nhu tom chan trang, ca ro phi, ca bo'n va diep San luqng nuoi tom nam 2005 cua Trung Quoc u'dc dat 450 - 500 nghln tan, tom chan trang chiem 60 - 70 % Nam 2004 dien tfch nuoi long cua Trung Quoc dat 53 trieu m2 Nang suat nudi thuy san nu'dc ngot dat 3.341 kg/ha va nang suat nudi thuy san nudc man dat 8.174kg/ha Nam 2003, san pham che bien chiem 10% tdng san luqng Tren 95% san pham che bien la thuy san nudc man, lai la thuy san nu'dc ngot San luqng tom cua Trung Quoc chiem 30% san luqng tom the gidi, cao gap 2,5 lan so vdi An Do, nudc san xuat tom ldn thu tren the gidi Trung Quoc cd nganh nudi tom phat trien nhanh nhat the gidi vdi toe tang lan giai doan 1997 - 2002 Chi cd Viet Nam bat kip toe tang trudng Ve san luqng khai thac: nam 2003 san lu'o'ng khai thac cua Trung Quoc dat khoang 16,7 trieu tan Trong nhu'ng nam qua san luqng tang khong dang ke nudc da khai thac qua muc va khong cd kha nang md-rong them cac ngu' trudng mdi Trong tdng so ho'n 32 trieu tan thuy san, chi co khoang 5% san luqng duqc che bien va xuat khau, tom chiem 12% tdng gia tri xuat khau thuy san cua Trung Quoc •> uu dai chung (GSP) vdi muc tieu thu 700.000 tan tai thi tru’dng EU, Thai Lan chi xuat khau duoc 5.000 tan Nhat Ban la thi tru'dng tot nhat doi vdi Thai Lan vi khong bi ap dat rao can thu’Ong mai nao Trong nhap khau tom van tri d muc on dinh hoac tang chut ft, mac du kinh te Nhat dang suy thoai Trudc day, Thai Lan la nudc xuat khau tom hang dau sang Nhat, nhung sau Nhat bat dau mua tom cua An Do va Viet Nam vi gia re hon Tuy nhien xuat khau san pham gia tri gia tang cua Thai Lan nhu tom bao bot sushi -ebi va panko sang thi trudng van tang deu Hang nam Thai Lan xuat khau 17 - 20% khoi lu’o’ng (khoang 50.000) tan sang Nhat Ban, phan ldn la mat hang gia tri gia tang Thai Lan xuat khau tom sang Ottraylia, Han Quoc, Dai Loan, nhung nhu'ng thi trudng ft co kha nang md rong Nam 2002 san luong tom chan trang cua Thai Lan mdi dat khoang 10.000 tan, sang nam 2003 da tang vot len 190.000 tan Thai Lan co duoc nguon tom bo me chat luong cao va nang suat nuoi rat co loi cho ngudi san xuat Ngoai mot so nha san xua't van tiep tuc nuoi tom su vi cac nha nhap khau cho rang loai co tiem nang ldn neu Thai Lan khac phuc ve nhu’ng trd ngai ve nuoi nhu hien Nhin chung ve lau dai nghe nuoi tom Thai Lan phu thuoc vao viec xuat khau tom sang My, Nhat va EU san xuat giong va nuoi va che bien tom cua Thai Lan rat hieu qua , neu khong co cac rao can thuong mai thi Thai Lan co the dot pha cong vdi viec de dang san xuat 500.000 tan tom chat luong cao moi nam Hien Thai Lan dang phat trien nhung san pham thu’c pham sach hoa chat, an toan tu ao nuoi den ban an, tuo'ng duong hoac cao hon tieu chuan quoc te' ve an toan thuc pham Nam 2003, trai nuoi Thammachart d tinh Trat gan bien gidi vdi Campuchia da trd trai nuoi tom dau tien duoc Cuc Nghe ca Thai Lan trao chung nhan coc Thai Lan nuoi tom chan trdng vdi muc tham canh kha cao, dat nang suat 10 - 20 tan/ha, tom su chi dat 5-8 tan/ha Phan ldn cac trai nuoi vu/nam, doi tdi vu/nam co tom luc thu hoach Hien mot so' cac nha xuat khau ldn cua Thai Lan da md rong mang ludi cung cap nguyen lieu sang Malaysia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Myanma, Trung A z Quoc, An Do Ong James Gulkin Giam doc tap doan Siam Canadian Group Ltd tai Thai Lan cho biet “Chung toi dem lai cho khach hang khong chi nhung san pham thuy san chat luong cao duoc che bien theo tieu chuan quo'c te cao, ma mang lai cho ho kha nang mua duoc nhung san pham tu nhung nha che bien ldn va ngoai khu vuc thong qua mot dau moi cung cap nhat” Vi vay, tap doan co khach hang d khdp the gidi, ldn nhat la My, Chau Au, Trung Dong va Vien Dong Ho uy nhiem cho tap doan tim mua nhung san pham vdi gia canh tranh nhat tren thi trudng vao bat ky thdi diem * z 113 nao, cung nhu' co trach nhiem thay mat ho lam nhu'ng viec nhu' bao goi, kiem tra chat luong hau cdn Nhir vay ro rang riing Thai Lan vii Trung Quoc clang va se trd doi thu canh tranh so cua thuy san Viet Nam Trong tirong lai neu chung ta khong co nhu'ng bien phap hu’u hieu nang cao nang lu'c canh tranh tren cac phu'o'ng dien: nang lu'c san xuat, chat luong san pham, dap u'ng thi hieu tieu dung thi thi phan cua Viet Nam se co the dan roi vao tay cac doi thu Xuat khau thuy san cua Dan Mach Cung vdi hai nudc xuat khau thuy san hang dau Chau A, tiep theo ta se xem xet mot nu’dc xuat khau thuy san d Chau Au Do la Dan Mach, mot quoc gia nho be thuoc Bite Au, vdi dan sd chi hon trieu ngudi, nhu'ng thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi vao loai cao nhat tren the gidi Tir xa xu'a, ong cha ho song bang nghe cu'dp bien, nen Dan Mach co nghd dong tau noi tieng, san luong thuy san chu yeu nghe khai thac va la mot nhu'ng nude khai thac thuy san ldn nhat khoi EU Nghe nuoi trdng thuy san khong phat trien gia nhan cong rat dat vii sir quan ngai cua Chinh phu ve cac van dd moi tru'dng Tuy nhien mot vai nam gan day nghe nuoi trdng thuy san tren bien da bat dau phat trien vdi cac loai nuoi cd gia tri kinh te cao nhu ca hoi Cac hoat dong nuoi thuy san duoc chinh quyen kiem soat chat che, dac biet la viec sir dung cac hoa chat va thuoc thu y cho nuoi trdng thuy san Theo quy dinh hien hanh viec sir dung thuoc khang sinh cho nuoi thuy san neu chua dupe sir dong y ciia bac si thu y cd the dan den bi phat tii Trong nhu'ng nam gan day trir lu'png khai thac cd chieu hu'dng suy giam nen Chinh phii Dan Mach cd chu tru'o'ng giam siin lu'png khai thac bdng viec giam bdi so tiiu khai thac va thuc hien chu'o'ng trinh chuyen doi nghd nghiep cho ngu dan Do vay che bien xuat khau thuy san phu thuoc phan ldn viio nguon nguyen lieu nhap khau Nguon nguyen lieu nhap khiiu chiem khoang 60% Tuy nhien Dan Mach lai la nudc xuat khiiu thuy san ldn thu' niim tren the gidi vdi gia tri xuat khiiu dat 3,213 ty USD vao nam 2003 Do chi phi nhan cong rat diit (khoang 3000 USD/thang cho cong nhan che bien) nen cac doanh nghiep rat chu diiu tu cac diiy truyen hien dai, cd muc tu' dong hoa rift cao Nen cac san phiim ciia nganh che bien rat da dang, tir san phiim tuo'i dong lanh den cac mat hiing dong goi cac loai ca va hop, cac san phiim an lien, che bien sdn phuc vu cho ban le chu yeu cho thi tru'dng khoi Cac doanh nghiep che bien thuy san Dan Manh lit nhung ngu'di rat nhanh nhiiy viec niim biit thi hieu tieu dung mot phan ngudi dan Dan Mach co nhu cau tieu dung thuy san cao, nhu'ng lai riit kho tinh viec lira chon cac siin phiim tieu dung Mac khac cac siin phiim tuo'i song hoac che bien du'pc cung cap true tiep cho he thong cac sieu thi vii he thong cac nha hiing Do vay trudc 114 mdi xu hudng thay doi tieu dung deu duqc cac nha san xuat nam bat kip thdi va mot dieu rat quan la ho co the “mua tan goc va ban tan ngon” de thu duqc lqi nhuan Ion hon nhieu so vdi chi gia cong, che bien Hien chi phi nhan cong ldn, nen cac cac doanh nghiep nudi va che bien Dan Mach (thong thu'dng la lien hoan tu nudi den che bien) cd xu hudng md rong hqp tac vdi cac nudc cd Viet Nam de chuyen nguyen lieu de thuc hien gia cong che bien tai nudc nudc hai, sau lai xuat nguqc trd lai de cung cap cho he thong cac sieu thi nudc va khoi Nhu vay Dan Mach vua la doi thu canh tranh, vira md co hoi hqp tac, hoc hoi kinh nghiem de nang cao nang lire canh tranh, day manh xuat khau thuy san thdi gian tdi