Giải pháp ứng dụng thương mại điện tử cho các doanh nghiệp thủ công mỹ nghệ ở hà nội

Trong do, dang chu y la viec thanh lap To cong tac ve TMDT thuoc Ban clii dao quoc gia ve CNTT vao thang 6/1998, viec thanh lap Ban TMDT true thuoc Bo Thtfcmg mai vao thang 12/1998, vie

BO GlAO DUG VA DAO TAO

GIAIPHAP ONG DUNG THtfONG MAI OIEN Ttf

OHO CAC DOANH NGHIEP THU CONG MY NGHE 0 ■ ■ HA NOi ■

HA NOi - 2003

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRVdNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

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GIAIPHAP UNG DUNG THUUNG MAI DIEN TU

LUAN VAN THAC SY QUAN TRI KINH DOANH

Htfdng dfm khoa hoc : TS NGO KIM THANH

A

HA NOI - 2003

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Trude tien, em yin day to Cong diet on sau sac tdi gicio vien fiudtig (fan ffioa fioc - TS-Ngo Tfini Tfianfi - <P/zo to trudng do mon Quan tri cfoanfi ngfiiep ciing cac tfiay cd gido Tyfioa Sau Tai fioc, Tyfioa Quan tri finfi cfoanfi cong ngfiiep yay Tung co fan - Trudng <T)N Tfinfi tequdc Tan Ta fiet su'c tan tinfi fiudng

(fan, cfii dao, Tong gop nfni'ng y fieii guy ddu va Tong vien em trong suot qua

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trinfi fam Euan van tot ngfiiep.

Xin trail trong cam on (PQS-TS Ta Tfitn Ngoc - (pfio tong dien tap Tap cfii Xinfi te Cfidu X Tfidi (Bind <DitOng (Vien ngfiien cu'u finfi te); dS-cDodn (Duy Tfiuong - (pfio Cfifi ticfi (Pfiong Tfiuong (Mai vd Cong Ngfiiep Viet Nam (VCCI) ciing cac can do tfiuoc (Du an Tfiuong mai Tien til (Trung tarn pfidt trien pfidn mem cfoanfi ngfiiep); (Du an f\y tfiuat Tfiuong mai Tien til (Bo Tfiuong (Mai); Trung tain Tfiuong mai efien tic Viet Nam (VEC); (Pfiong tfiong tin Tfiuong mai Tien tu' (Cue yuc tien Tfiuong (Mai); (Ban Cong Ngfie Tfiong Tin vd Tfiuong mai efien til; 5 cfoanfi ngfiiep Tape cfpn fam Tdi tu'Ong ffiao sat cfd giup To vd ciing cap cac tdi fieu, so' fie u cd fien quail Ten Te tdi.

Em ciing yin giti fdi cam on tdi (Ban gidm fiieu Trudng NJCDL Tfiuong (Dong, (Ban cfiii nfiiem f\floa Quan tri fiitfi Toanfi Ta tao Tieii fien fio trp ve mat tfidigian vd fittfi pfii cfio em fioan tfianfi ffiod fioc Tfiac sy nay.

Xin Titgc day to tinfi cam tdi fan de, Tong ngfiiep - nfiii’ng nguoi Ta fiidn quan tarn Tong gop y fieri cfio dan Euan van tot ngfiiep ciia em tfiem fioan tfiien

ve mat tidi Tung vd fiinfi tfnic.

Cuo'i ciing, yingiii foiig diet On tdi do', me vd nfiiing ngudi tfianyeu trong gia Tinfi Ta fudn fe can, Tong vien, giiip Td cd ve mat vat cfid't vd tinfi tfidn trong suot qua trinfi fioc tap vd Tac diet fa tfidigian fam Euan van tot ngfiiep.

Xin tran trong cam On !

(7de (//T: TJri fX/tr Xdf/t/t

DANH MUC CHIT VIET TAT

DANH MUC BANG, DO THI

Trang

Bang 1.2- Cac muc tieu cua DN trong viec ting dung TMDT vao boat 29

dong kinh doanh

Bang 2.1 - Kim ngach xuat khau cac mat hang thu cong my nghe cua 40

Ha Noi va ca nude nam 2002

Hinh 2.1 - Gia tri kim ngach xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua 40

Ha Noi so vdi ca nude

Bang 2.2 - Von kinh doanh cua 5 DN dupe chon lam doi tuqng khao 42

sat nam 2003

Bang 2.5 - Thdi gian va chi phi dau tu xay dung Website cua Cong ty 52

Artex Thang Long va Cong ty Hamico

Hinh 2.2 - Cac cong doan giao dich true tuyen va ban true tuyen cua 54

cap do 3.1

Hinh 2.3 - Mtiu don dat hang true tuyen qua mang cua Cong ty TNHH 56

san xuat va kinh doanh hang thu cong my nghe - Hamico

Hinh 2.4 - Thue trang cac caf) do ting dung TMDT cua cac DN thu 57

cong my nghe d Ha Noi

Hinh 2.5 - Tien trinh ting dung TMDT trong cac Dn thu cong my 58

nghe Ha Noi

Bang 2.6 - Dinh lupng kha nang thuc hanh (ting dung) TMDT vao 62

Being 2.7 - Muc do dap ling cac di6u kien ling dung TMDT 65Bang 2.8 - So lu’png, ty le giao dich cua 5 DN dupe chon trade va sau 68

khi ung dung TMDT

Bang 2.9 - So lirpng, ty le don dat hang cua 5 DN dupe chon trudc va 69

sau khi urng dung TMDT

Bang 2.10 - Doanh thu, lpi nhuan va khoan nop NSNN cua 5 DN trirdc 73

va sau khi ung dung TMDTBang 3.1- Muc phi dao tao ve TMDT (khoa 2 den 5 ngay) cua VCCI 86Hinh 3.1 - Co cau to chiic hien tai cua cac DN thu cong my nghe o 91

Ha Noi

Hinh 3.2 - Co cau to chile cua cac DN thu cong my nghe Ha Noi theo 92

phuong there kinh doanh mdi - TMDT

Hinh 3.3 - Phan tfch moi trudng kinh doanh va moi trudng noi bp DN 95Bang 3.2 - Phan tfch co hoi, thach there cua cac DN thu cong my nghe 96

d Ha Noi

Bang 3.3 - Phan tfch diem manh, diem yeu cua cac DN thu cong my 97

nghe d Ha Noi

Bang 3.4 - He thong mang hien tai va he thong mang moi ap dung cho 100

cac DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi

Bang 3.5 - Chi phf va ty trong diiu tu du kien cho phan mem, phan 101

cung cua cac DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi

Bang 3.6 - Dir kien cong viec cho hoat dong ling dung TMDT tai cac 102

DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi tir nay den nam 2010Bring 3.7 - Bay ldi khuyen cho cac DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi 103

khi tien hanh ung dung TMDT

MUC LUC

Trang Loi cam an

Danh muc chi t viet tat

Danh muc bang, sa do

Muc luc

Loi md dau

Chuang I : Nhung van de ca ban ve TMDT va ung dung TMDT vao boat dong

kinh doanh cua D N 1

1.1 Nhung van de caban veTMT T: 1

1.1.1 Khai niem 1

1.1.2 Cac loai hinh hoat dong TMDT 5

1.1.3 Cac ben tham gia TMDT 5

1.1.4 Cac hinh thuc cong nghe cua TMDT 7

1.1.5 Dich vu ha tang co so cho TMDT 9

1.2 Vai tro cua TMDT : 11

1.2.1 Vai tro cua TMDT doi vdi Chinh phu 1 1 1.2.2 Vai tro cua TMDT doi vdi doanh nghiep 13

1.2.3 Vai tro cua TMDT doi vdi ngudi tieu dung 18 1.3 Xu the ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh tren the gioi va Viet Nam 19 1.3.1 Su khac nhau giua phuong thuc kinh doanh truyen thong (thirong mai truyen thong) va phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi (TMDT) 19 1.3.2 Xu the ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh tren the gidi 20

1.3.3 Xu the ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh o Viet Nam 22

1.4 Noi dung tien hanh ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua DN 24 1.4.1 Cac cap do ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh ddannd DN 24

1.4.2 Tien trinh ung dung TMDT hoat dong kinh doanh o DN 26

1.4.3 Phan rich kha nang ung dung TMDT hoat dong kinh doanh o DN 29

1.4.4 Dieu kien ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua DN 31 1.4.5 Nhung van de nay sinh khi ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua DN 34

Ket luan chuang I 37

Chuang II: Thuc trang ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh tai cac doanh nghiep thu cong my nghe d H a N oi 38

2.1 T ong quam ve ev cc D N t hu c ong m y n ghe T H a N oi 39

2.1.1 Gidi thieu ve cac DN thu cong my nghe o Ha Noi 39 2.1.2 Dac diem kinh te ky thuat cua cac DN thu cong my nghe o IIN -42

2.2 P hhn t i tsht h a ^ c t r ann ir nn d unn T MDT T a icac D D t l i ii c dnn myi ^ 1 ? q I l a N o i4 4

2.2.1 Thirc trang ve cap do ung dung TMDT 47

2.2.2 Thue trang ve tien trinh ung dung TMDT 58

2.2.3 Thue trang ve kha nang ung dung TMDT 62

2.2.4 Thue trang ve dieu kien ung dung 64

2.3 Banh gid tinh hinh ung dung TMDT tai cac DN thu cong my nghe d UN: 67 2.3.1 Thuan lpi va nhung ket qua budc dau 67

2.3.2 Kho khan va nhung tdn tai 74

2.3.3 Nguyen nhan cua nhung ton tai 76

Ket luqn chuung II 80

Chirong III : Giai phap urng dung TMDT trong cac doanh nghiep thu cong my nghe 6 Ha Noi 81

3.1 Quan diem dinh hudng cho suphdt trien va ung dung TMDT 6' Viet Nam den ndm 2010: 82

3.1.1 Dinh hudng, muc tieu va phuong hudng thuc hien 82

3.1.2 Quan diem dinh hudng cho su phat trien va ling dung TMDT trong cac DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi 84

3.2 Giai phap ling dung TMDT cho cac doanh nghiep thu cong my nghe o' Ha Noi: 85

3.2.1 Cac DN phai tfch cue tham gia hoat dong TMDT nham nang cao nhan thuc ve TMDT 85

3.2.2 Dao tao va nrlng cao trinh do nguon nhan lire, dap ung yeu cau irng dung TMDT ' 88

3.2.3 To chiic, sdp xep lai bo may theo phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi - TMDT 90

3.2.4 Xay dung chien lirqc cua DN phii hop vdi sir thay doi cua moi trudng kinh doanh mdi 94

3.2.5 Cac DN can cd chinh sach phan bo von dau tu phat trien TMDT hop ly 99

3.3 Cac kien ng hi va de xudt voi Nhd nude: 104

3.3.1 Xay dung khung phap ly cho TMDT d Viet Nam theo hudng tao tinh tuong thich vdi Dao luat m&u ve TMDT cua UNCITRAL 104

3.3.2 Khan truong cd ke hoach xay dung co so ha tang kinh te ky thuat cho TMDT 106

3.3.3 Co chinh sach manh me ve dao tao nguon nhan lire cho TMDT 108 3.3.4 Dao tao , thong tin tuyen truyen ve TMDT 109

3.3.3 Cai thicn chinh sach thue 109

3.3.4 Tirng budc cai each thu tuc hanh chinh 111

Ket luqn chuong III 112 Ket Ilian

Phu luc

Tai lieu tham khdo

Ldl Md DAU

"Internet dang doi thay the gidi", dieu do co nghia la : Cong nghe thong

tin (CNTT) la mot trong nhung dong lire quan trong nhat cua sir phat trien; ciing

- van hoa - xa hoi cua the gidi hien dai

Sir phat trien cua CNTT vdi nhung ung dung da dang cua nd trong hau het cac linh vtre kinh te da va dang duqc khai thac toi da de phuc vu cho cuoc song cua con ngudi Mot trong nhung ung dung quan trong dtrqc sir dung nhir mot cong cu huu hieu trong viec nang cao hieu qua hoat dong kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep (DN) va nen kinh te cac quo'c gia la Thuong mai dien tir

Thirong mai dien tir (Electronic Commerce - eCommerce) da phat trien nhanh chong tir dau nhung nam '90 vdi doanh so' tren toan the gidi nam 1999 la

180 ty USD, den nam 2002 len tdi 1234 ty USD, du doan nam 2005 se dat 6000

ty USD1

1 Idguoti : httpHwww.activemedia.com

Trong thuc te, Thuong mai dien tir (TMDT) chi phat trien manh trong noi

bo cac nude phat trien va giua cac nude phat trien vdi nhau Con cac nude dang phat trien va kern phat trien, mdi dang di nhung budc dau lien trong viec tiep can TMDT boi tat ca cac nude nay deu coi TMDT la mot trong nhung cong cu hieu qua de thuc day sir phat trien kinh te, lien kip vdi sir hoi nhap kinh te khu virc va the gidi

Viet Nam ket noi mang Internet toan cau vao cuoi nam 1997 va ke tir do, van de ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua cac DN ngay ciing noi len nhu mot co hoi va cung la thach thuc cho cac DN Viet Nam Day la xu the tat yeu cua thdi dai thong tin, ciia ky nguyen so hoa nen cac DN ciia chung ta khong con con du’dng nao khac la phai ling dung cac lhanh tun virqt bac cua CNTT phuc

vu hoat dong kinh doanh Neu khong, cac DN se khong the ton tai khi ma doi thu canh tranh khong ngirng nang cao hieu qua hoat dong kinh doanh, nang cao kha nang canh tranh thong qua cac ung dung ciia CNTT

Hien nay, mire do ling dung TMDT vao boat dong kinh doanh ciia cac DN Viet Nam mdi d giai doan dau, do vay chua co mot van ban phap quy dieu tiet va thuc day hoat dong TMDT, ke ca viec phan anh mot so van de nhu : gia tri phap

ly ciia cac giao dich dien tir, chu ky dien tir, an toan mang Tuy nhien, trudc va sau khi ket noi mang Internet toan cau, chfnh phu Viet Nam da ban hanh mot so van ban mang tfnh phap ly ve viec quan ly va sir dung Internet Dong thdi, Chfnh phu Viet Nam da co rat nhicu nd luc trong viec thuc day TMDT phat trien ngay tir giai doan bat dau hinh thanh Trong do, dang chu y la viec thanh lap To cong

tac ve TMDT thuoc Ban clii dao quoc gia ve CNTT vao thang 6/1998, viec thanh

lap Ban TMDT true thuoc Bo Thtfcmg mai vao thang 12/1998, viec Bo Thuwng mai da chu tri xay dung De an thanh lap Hoi dong quoc gia veTMDT vd Plutctng

an titng bit'dc tham gia, u'ng dung TMDT vao thang 4/1999 trinh len Chfnh phu va

gan day, Chfnh phu da cap gan 1 ty dong de thuc hien 14 tieu dir an thuoc dir an

"Ky thuat thtfcmg mai dien tit"x

Dac biet, ngay 23/04/2003 vira qua, Phong Thuong mai va cong nghiep Viet Nam (Vietnam Chamber Commerce anh Industry - VCCI) ciing vdi sir tham gia ciia Cong ty dien toan va truyen so lieu (VDC), Cong ty phat trien phan mem (PT), Ngan hang cong thuong Viet Nam (ICB) da chfnh thirc khai truong "San giao dich TMDT Viet N am" (V Nemart)1 2 Trong giai doan dau, VNemart se di vao hoat dong vdi sir tham gia cua 27 DN kinh doanh hang thii cong my nghe Viet Nam vdi gan 2000 mat hang kinh doanh tren mang Day la co hoi tot de quang ba rong rai lqi fch ma TMDT dem lai nhiim tao "san choi moi" thu hut cac DN thuoc cac linh virc, nganh nghe khac nhau tham gia ting dung TMDT

1 Tap chi Tin hoc vd ddi song - So 8Indm 2000

2 VNemart - Vietnam Business Portal - Website: http llwww.vnemart.com

Tuy nhien, tren thuc te kha nang ung dung TMDT vao boat dong kinh doanh cua cac DN kinh doanh hang thii cong my nghe noi rieng va cac DN Viet Nam noi chung con nhieu han che, kho khan do ca nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan Vi vay, cac DN rat can co nhung giai phap hd trq tir phfa Nha nude, cac Bo, nganh lien quan de nang cao kha nang u'ng dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh nhiim tan dung nhung co hoi to ldn mil TMDT dem lai

Xuat phat tir thuc tidn do, dudi sir hudng din tan tinh cua giao vien hudng dSn khoa hoc - TS.Ngo Kim Thanh, em da chon va hoan thanh de tai :

"GIAI PHAP UNG DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN TU' CHO CACDOANH NGHIEP THU CONG MY NGHE O HA NOI"

* MUC TIEU NGHIEN CUU CUA DE TAI :

De tai di vao nghien cun, phan tfch va so sanh dac diem co ban giCra phirong thuc kinh doanh truydn thong (thuong mai truyen thong) vdi phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi - TMDT nham chi ra hieu qua to ldn ve mat kinh te - xa hoi ma TMDT dem lai Dong thdi, de tai con tap trung vao viec phan anh nhung dinh hudng chien lucre va nhung dir doan ve xu the phat trien cua TMDT trong tuong lai Tir do, chi ra trien vong va tinh tat yeu cua viec ung dung TMDT vao boat dong kinh doanh cua cac DN thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi noi rieng va cac DN Viet Nam noi chung

* DOI TUONG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU CUA DE TAI:

Doi tuong nghien ciru cua de tai la thu’c trang irng dung TMDT vao boat dong kinh doanh cua cac DN Pham vi nghien ciru cua de tai la cac DN san xuat kinh doanh hang thu cong my nghe (Handicraft)1 d Ha Noi

1 Thudt ngit Handicraft (do diing lam bang tay) ditefe UNCTAD dinh nghia Id nhitng san pliant trong qua trinh che tao co the hoqc khong dung nhitng cong cu, dung cu dern gidn do nhitng ngtfcri nghe nhan lam ra, chu yeu diing bang tay hoac chan.

* PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU CUA DE TAI :

Db tai sir dung phuong phap duy vat bien chung, duy vat lich sir la phuong phap nen lang ; gdn vdi ly luan va thu’c tidn de nghien ciru Dac biet la phirong phap phan tfch, tong hop, so sanh khai quat de luan giai theo muc dfch cua de tai Ben canh do, de tai cung ap dung cac phirong phap phong van, phuong phap quan sat true tiep; cac bang bieu, so do de minh hoa

* DONG GOP KHOA HOC CUA DE TAI:

V Trinh bay mot each he thong, bo sung, hoan thien va lam ro them nhung van de ly luan co ban ve TMDT; tinh tat yeu cung nhu noi dung cua viec irng dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh ciia cac DN

V Phan tfch, danh gia dung thu’c trang ung dung TMDT tai cac DN kinh doanh hang thu cong my nghe d Ha Noi Tir do thay dupe hieu qua ciia viec ung dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh ciia DN, cung nhu thay dupe cac tdn tai can giai quyet nham nang cao kha nang ung dung TMDT trong cac DN

V Xay dung he thong giai phap dong bp, co can cir khoa hoc va phii hop vdi thuc tidn nham tang tinh kha thi ciia cac giai phap khi ap dung

* KET CAU LUAN VAN :

Ldi cam on

Danh muc chi t viet tat

Vu Thi Minh Mien Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh

CHVONGINHUNG VAN DE CO BAN VE THUONG MAI DIEN TU

VA UNG DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN TU VAO HOAT DONG KINH DOANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP

1.1 NHUNG VAN DE CO BAN VE THUONG MAI DIEN TIT:

Trong sir phat trien cua nhan loai 6 cuoi the ky XX, dau the ky XXI, cong nghe thong tin (CNTT) dupe coi la mot trong nhung lmh vu’e anh hirdng sau rong nhat den toan bo cuoc song cua loai ngudi Nhd CNTT noi chung va Internet noi rieng, mot so nganh kinh doanh da co nhung birdc tien dai va manh me

Internet - mang toan cau - hinh thanh tu nhieu mang nhd (the network

of networks'), noi ket hang tricu may vi tinh tren the gidi thong qua he thong vi6n thong Tuy ra ddi muon (bat dau tir du an ARPANET1 ) nhung da nhanh chong trd thanh phuong tien truyen thong pho bien va da trd thanh cong cu dac luc khong the thieu trong xa hoi van minh cua chung ta Internet cho phep truy cap va khai thac cac co so dir lieu thuoc nhidu linh virc, nganh nghe khac nhau nhu : y te, van hoa, giao due, khoa hoc ky thuat, kinh te Noi tom lai, Internet chira mot khdi lirpng thong tin khong 16 phan tan thanh nhieu mang con tren toan cau De dap ung nhip do phat trien nhanh chong cua Internet, cac nha cung cap dich vu (ISPs - Internet Supply Providers) da khong ngirng nghien ciru va cho ra ddi cac dich vu gia tang gia tri nham phuc vu cac doi tupng sir dung Internet bdi ho nhan thuc dupe vai tro ciia CNTT va Internet trong xa hoi hien nay - xa hoi cua nen kinh te tri thuc.Trong kinh doanh, cac ung dung cua Internet dupe chia thanh 4 mire do khac nhau, cu the la :

* Qudng cdo tren Internet (Brochureware) : La ling dung cho phep dua thong tin len mang dudi mot Website gidi thieu ve cong ly, san pham

* Thuong mai dien tit (Electronic Commerce - eCommerce) : La ung

dung cho phep trao doi giua ngudi mua va ngudi ban, hd tip khach hang va quan ly co so dir lieu khach hang hoan toan tren mang Day la hinh thuc giao dich giua ngudi ban vdi ngudi mua (Business to Customer - B2C)

‘ ARPANET - mot die dn ditoc xue tien bdi Bo quoc phong My nam 1969

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

* Kinh doanh dien til(Electronic Business - eBusiness) : La ung dung

cho phep thuc hien giao dich giua DN nay vdi DN khac va khach hang cua

DN do (Business to Business - B2B) No bao gom cac irng dung nhu: thi trudng ao, quan ly quan he khach hang

* Doanh nghiep dien tir (Electronic Enterprise - eEnterprise) : La cac

DN ung dung ca hinh thu’c B2C va B2B

Nhu vay, TMDT ra ddi dura tren non tang va su phat trien cua CNTT cung vdi Internet Trong thuong mai quoc te hien nay, TMDT dong vai tro ngay cang quan trong vi TMDT la phuong thu’c giao dich nhanh nhat, hieu qua nhat, cung cap thong tin cap nhat

1.1.1 Khai niem :

* Theo nghia rong :

Thuong mai dien tu’ (Electronic Commerce - eCommerce), mot yeu to hop thanh cua "nen kinh te so hod", la hinh thai hoat dong thuong mai bang

cac phuong phap dien tu; la viec trao doi thong tin thuong mai thong qua cac cong nghe dien tir ma noi chung la khong can phai in ra giay trong bat ky cong doan nao cua qua trinh giao dich (con goi la "thirctng mai khong cd giay Z(T)[12]

TMDT la viec su’ dung cac phuong phap dien tu de lam thuong mai Noi chinh xac hon, TMDT la viec trao doi thong tin thuong mai thong qua cac phuong lien cong nghe dien tir, ma noi chung la khong can phai in ra giay trong bat ky cong doan nao cua loan bp qua trinh giao dich1

TMDT dupe hieu la viec thuc hien kinh doanh qua cac phuong tien dien tir Nd dua tren viec xir ly va truyen dir lieu dien tu dirdi dang van ban, am thanh va hinh anh [18] Trong dinh nghia nay, TMDT gom nhieu hanh vi, trong do cd hoat dong mua ban hang hoa, dich vu; giao nhan cac noi dung ky thuat so tren mang; chuyen tien dien tir; dau gia thuong mai; hop tac thiet ke; tai nguyen mang; mua sdm cong cong; tiep thi true tiep to’i ngudi tieu dung va cac dich vu sau ban hang; ddi vdi thuong mai hang hoa (hang tieu dung, cac thiet bi y te chuyen dung ) va thuong mai dich vu (dich vu cung cap thong tin, dich vu phap ly, tu van ); cac hoat dong truyen thong (chain soc sue khoe, giao due ) va cac hoat dong mdi (sieu thi ao )

Gzaz thick ciia Bao cao Ky thuat Thircmg mai dien tiiViet Nam

2

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

Theo To chile thuong mai the gioi (World Trade Organization - WTO) :

"TMDT bao gom viec san xuat, qudng cdo, ban hang vd phdn phoi san phdm ducfc mua ban vd thanh toan ti en mang Internet nhung duoc giao nhdn mot each huu hinh cd cac san phdm duoc giao nhdn cung nhu nhung thong tin duoc so hod qua mang Internet".

To chuc hop tac va phat trien kinh te (OECD) dua ra khai niem: "TMDT

duoc dinh nghia so bo Id cac giao dich thuong mai dUa tren truyen du lieu qua cac mang truyen thong nhu Internet"

Nhrr vay xet theo nghia rong, TMDT la viec si! dung cac phuong phap, trinh tu va cac khi cu dien tir de thuc hien moi dang trao doi thong tin thuong mai Trong do "thong tin" co nghia la bat cu gi co the truyen giri bang cac phirong tien dien tir, bao gom: thu tir, cac tep van ban (text based file), cac co

so dir lieu (database), cac ban tfnh (spreadsheet), cac ban ve thiet ke bang may tfnh dien tir (computer aided design - CAD), cac hinh do hoa (graphical image), hinh anh dong (video image), quang cao, don hang, bieu gia, hop dong

"Thuat ngir "thuong mai" dupe hieu theo nghia rong de bao quat cac van de nay sinh tir moi moi quan he mang tfnh chat thirong mai (du co hay khong co hop dong) Cac moi quan he mang tfnh thuong mai khong chi bao gom: bat cu giao dich thuong mai nao ve cung cap hoac trao doi hang hoa, dich vu; thoa thuan phan phoi; dai dien hoac dai ly thuong mai; uy thac hoa hong (factoring), cho thue dai han (leasing); xay dung cac cong trinh; tir van;

ky thuat cong trinh; cap phep; dau tu; tai chfnh; ngan hang; bao hiem; thoa thuan khai thac hoac to nhirpng; lien doanh va cac hinh thirc khac ve hop tac cong nghiep hoac kinh doanh; chuyen cho hang hoa hay hanh khach bang dirbng bien, duong hang khong, du'dng sat hoac dirong bo"1

1 Tricli dan trong muc chu thick cho Dien 1 ciia Dao I licit man veTMDT ciia UNCITRAL

Va "thuong mai" trong TMDT khong chi la buon ban hang hoa va dich

vu theo each hieu thong thuong ma bao quat mot pham vi rong hon nhieu, do

do viec ap dung TMDT se lam thay ddi hinh thai hoat dong ciia gan nhu tat ca cac hoat dong kinh te Theo irdc tfnh den nay, TMDT co tdi tren 1300 Unit vuc ting dung, trong do, buon ban hang hoa va dich vu (trade/service) chi la mot trong so cac linh vuc ting dung do [3, so 6/2003]

3

Vu Thi Minh Hien Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh

* Theo nghia hep :

Theo nghia hep, TMDT la tap hop cac khai niem ve mot md hinh to chuc kinh doanh mdi, ve cac phuong phap mdi, ve cac hien phap hanh dong mdi de dap ung dupe sir thay doi va phat trien nhanh chong ciia nen kinh te mdi Day la mot phuong phap se giup cac DN, cac quoc gia quan ly, khai iliac

va phat trien tot nhat nguon tai nguyen ciia minh, dac biet la tai nguyen con ngudi va thong tin [26]

Tir cac dinh nglna tren, cd the hieu TMDT la mot phuong thirc thuong mai sir dung :

S Phuong tien di6n dat thong tin dien tir (Electronic Media)

S Phuong tien lien lac dien tir (Electronic Communication)

•V Phuong tien thanh toan dien tir (Electronic Payment)

Ddi vdi nhung san pham da dupe so hoa (nhu am nhac, phim anh ), TMDT con giup viec giao dich mua ban hoan toan thong qua cac phuong tien dien tir Ltic ay, quan he giua cac ddi tac la quan he gian tiep va qua trinh giao dich mua ban dirpc thu’e hien hoan toan qua mang dien tir Chinh vi vay, phuong thuc TMDT khong nhung la loai hinh hoat dong khong can in ra giay trong bat cu cong doan nao ciia qua trinh giao dich, ma quan trong hon, con la loai hinh hoat dong khong bi phu thuoc vao khong gian va thdi gian Noi mot each khac, hoat dong TMDT lam "md" ch khai niem ve khong gian cling nlur

bien gidi quoc gia, lam "md" di khai niem thdi gian, md ra cho cac DN tren toan the gidi kha nang giao dich, trao doi, mua ban hang tren toan cau, cho hang ty ngudi tieu dung, chu khong chi gidi han trong nhung thi trudng nhd hep trudc day

Vdi TMDT, ngudi tieu diing co the tiep can, mua hang ciia bat cu' nha san xuat nao tren the gidi ma minh ua thich TMDT tao ra cho ngudi lieu diing kha nang lua chon rong hon rat nhieu, gan nhu vo tan Nhu vay, da hinh thanh mot thi trudng phi bien gidi cho ca cac DN va ngudi tieu dung Trong thi trudng do, DN chi co the ton tai neu san pham ciia ho dupe ngudi tieu dung chap nhan, ngirpc lai ddng nghia vdi nguy co pha san

Chinh vdi vai tro to Idn ciia TMDT (dirpc vi nhu "hinh dnh Sao choi")

[11, tr 12] nhu vay nen cac DN va nen kinh te quoc gia deu chu trong den vice

phat trien va xern do chinh la mot chien lirpc quan trong can phai duoc tien

hanh ddng bo

Vu Thi Minh Hien Luan van Thao sy Quan tri kinh doanh

1.1.2 Cac loai hinh hoat dong Thuong mai dien tir:

Trong thuc te, co bon loai hinh TMDT (xem phu luc 1.1) :

* Truy cap thong tin (Information access): La viec tim kiem va truy cap thong tin tren mang cung nhu cac dir lieu cua ddi tac thuong mai Pho hien nhat trong loai hinh TMDT nay la dich vu cung cap thong tin, theo do viec truy cap thong tin tu cac dich vu nay phai tra phi

* Thong tin lien lac giiia cac cd nhan (Interpersonal communication)

: Dich vu nay cho phep nhieu ben ddi tac co the trao doi thong tin, thao luan

vd cac y tuong va tang cubng sir hop tac

* Dich vu mua hang (Shopping service) : Vdi dich vu nay, moi ngudi

cd the tim kiem va mua cac loai hang hoa, dich vu qua he thong mang dien tu Day chinh la hinh there ban le hang hoa (retail of goods) trong TMDT

* Hoat dong kinh doanh do (Virtual enterprises) : La viec s5p dat cac

ke hoach kinh doanh de cac ddi tac thuong mai du d each xa nhau ve mat dia

ly va khac nhau ve cong nghe san xuat vfm cd the cung tham gia vao cac hoat dong kinh doanh ph lie tap Goi la ''do'' vi cac ddi tac thuong mai nay deu cd lien lac true tiep, lien tuc vdi nhau qua cac phuong tien ky thuat dien tir Vdi thdi gian lien lac gan nhu bang khong, khong can den giay td, khong can pluii ddi mat vdi thuc te

1.1.3 Cac ben tham gia Thirang mai dien tir:

Giao dich TMDT dupe didn ra vdi 3 chii the chii yeu gom : Ngudi lieu thu, chinh phu, doanh nghiep Cac quan he giao dich TMDT bao gom:

* Giira doanh nghiep vol ngudi tieu thu (Business to Customer - B2C) :

Hinh thu’c nay dupe thuc hien thong qua cac phuong tien sau: mini bieu dien tir, thu dien tir, dien thoai, trang Web vdi cac hoat dong chii yeu gom: Tam cuu thong tin vd san pham va hang hoa (tren trang Web); dat hang, thanh toan cac hang hoa va dich vu; cung cap cac lao vu true tuyen cho cac khach hang (ban le hang hoa, du lich, dich vu van phong, chain soc sue khoe, tu van phap luat hay giai tri ) Day la lnnh there thuong mai giira DN vdi ngudi tieu thu cd sir dung cong cu dien tir Cac vi du dien hinh cua cac hinh thu’c nay la cac Website ban hang tren mang Internet (ndi tieng hien nay la Website ban hang: www.amazon.com - chuyen ban sach, bang dia qua mang Internet)

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

* Giua cac doanh nghiep vdi nhau (Business to Business - B2B) :

Sir dung thu dien tu, trang Web, dien thoai, fax, cac mfiu bieu dien tir, the khon minh, ma vach va (EDI) de: Trao doi thong tin trong noi bo DN; xuat ban (true tuyen) tren Web cac tai lieu cua DN ; tarn cuu cac tai lieu, cac dir an

va cac thong tin khac; truyen giri cac thong tin khan cap tdi nhan vien; quan ly tai chfnh va nhan sir, quan ly vat tu, phuc vu hau can

La hinh thirc thuong mai giai quyet cac moi quan he giua cac DN bang cong cu dien tir TMDT loai B2B co tong gia tri ldn nhat (khoang 80%) trong cac loai hinh hoat dong TMDT hien nay [3, so 5/2003], [22]

* Giua doanh nghiep voi cac co quan chinh pint (Business to Government - B2G)

Str dung thu dien tir, trang Web, dien thoai, fax, cac mSu bieu dien tu thuc hien cong viec: Mua sdm chinh phu theo kieu true tuyen (online government procurement); phuc vu cong tac quan ly Nha nude (thue, hai quan, ban hanh luat ); trao doi thong tin

* Giua ngudi tieu thu vdi cac co’ quan chinh phu (Customer to Government - C2G) :

Thuc hien bang dien thoai, thu dien tir, mini bieu dien tir, trang Web nham: thirc hien quan ly Nha nude ve : thue, dich vu hai quan, ban hanh luat ; trao doi thong tin

* Giua cac chinh phu voi cac co’ quan chinh phu (Government to Government - G2G and Administration to Administration - A2A ):

Sir dung thu dien tir, mini bieu dien tir, dien thoai, fax, trang Web de: trao doi thong tin; quan ly he thong hanh chfnh Nha nude

* Giua ngudi tieu thu vdi ngudi tieu thu (Customer to Customer - C2C) :

Dung dien thoai, thu dien tir, trang Web thuc hien: trao doi thong tin; mua ban true tuyen Day la hinh thirc TMDT giua cac ca nhan hay giua nhung ngudi tieu thu vdi nhau C2C ngay cang pho bien vdi str phat trien ciia cac san giao dich dien tir, cac san dau gia tren mang (vf du san dau gia tren mang Ebay: http://www.ebay.com)

Cd the mo ta cac quan he giao dich TMDT qua hinh 1.1 sau :

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Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

Iiinh 1.1 - Hinh quan he giao dich Thuong mai dien til

1.1.4 Cac hinh thuc cong nghe cua Thuong mai dien tir:

De thirc hien ducrc cac loai hinh TMDT noi tren, can co cac hinh thuc cong nghe dien tir sau:

* Trao doi du: lieu dien til( Electronic Data Interchange - EDI) :

La viec trao doi cac du lieu dudi dang co cau true (structure form) gifra may tmh dien tir nay vdi may tmh dien tir khac Thong tin luu trong may tmh

se dugc mot chiro’ng trinh phan mem chuyen sang khuon dang EDI chuan (standard EDI format), roi chuyen tdi mot hoac nhieu ddi tac thuong mai Va nguoc lai, cac ddi tac thuong mai se diing mot chuong trinh phan mem de chuydn thong tin nhan duoc sang dang cd the hidu dirpc

* Md vach (Bar codes) :

Duoc sir dung de may tmh dien tir cd the tir dong nhan diet san pham

Ma vach la lie thong ma diing cac vach den, trang, mau, cd do rong khac nhau

de bieu didn con so May tfnh dien tir diing tia laser de thu nhan cac thong tin

ve san pham thong qua nhung dac diem duy nhat ciia ma vach tren mdi san pham

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

Gia tri hull dung dac biet cua ma vach la cho phep ddi tuong du’pc nhan dang d moi noi, du d tren may quet laser cd dinh trong sieu thi hay bang may quet laser cam tay d noi nao do

* Thu dien til (Electronic mail - Email) :

Cac ddi tac thuong mai gui thong tin cho nhau d dang "phi edit true" (unstructured form) qua mang Internet Thong tin phi cau true la thong tin khong tuan thu theo mot cau true da thoa thuAn

* Mang toan cau (International Net - Internet) :

La mang cua cac mang, noi ket hang tram trieu may tinh khac nhau tren the gidi Viec noi ket cac mang nhir tren thuc hien duoc tren co so sir dung loai giao thu’c truyen thong pho bien la TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Internet la cong cu thong tin lien lac giira cac ddi tac thuong mai vdi nhau, la he thong mang dang phat trien nhanh chong va ngay cang trd nen hum ich

* World Wide Web (Vong thi toan cau - WWW) :

World Wide Web la mot loat cac tai lieu (documents) dupe viet dudi dang ngon ngu HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Vdi su trp giup cua cac phan mem giao dien (goi la trinh duyet - Browser), ngudi sir dung co the truy cap vao cac tai lieu nay va hien thi tren may tinh ca nhan cua ho (mac du cac tai lieu co the du’pc luu trong mot may tinh dat d bat ky noi nao tren the gidi) Cac tai lieu dudi dang ngon ngu HTML (chinh la cac trang Web) chira nhieu loai thong tin khac nhau nhu : van ban, tranh anh, hinh anh dong, am thanh va cac tham chieu (pointers) cho phep ngudi sir dung tu dong chuyen tir tai lieu nay sang tai lieu kia Chinh kha nang chuyen tir trang Web nity sang trang Web khac nen dich vu nay cd ten la World Wide Web - Vong thi loan cau

* Trao ddi du lieu san pham (Product Data Exchange) :

Dir lieu ve san phdm la tat ca cac thong tin can thiet de mo ta mot san pham Do do du lieu chit yeu d dang hinh hoa va cd the bao gom hinh anh, do hoa va cac files chira ban ve thiet ke bang may tinh dien tu' (Computer Aided Design - CAD) Ngoai ra dir lieu ve san pham con d dang chu va so nhu mo la dac diem san pham, hoa don nguyen lieu, chi dfin san pham, thong bao thay doi ky thuat va cac ket qua kiem tra

Vu Thi Minh Hien Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh

* Mdu hieu dien til (Electronic Form) :

La loai mSu bieu b dang so hoa Doi vdi ngudi sir dung, mfiu bieu b dang giay (dang truyen thong) gom cac dudng thang, danh sach va khoang trong de ky thi mau bieu dien tir cung giong nhu' vay nhung xuat hien tren man hinh may tfnh dien tir va duoc thong qua ban phim va con chuot MAu bieu dien tir co vo so cac chirc nang khac vdi mfiu bieu truyen thong nhu cho phep lu'u vao co sb du' lieu, chuyen thong tin tu dong va kct noi vdi cac irng dung khac

1.1.5 Dich vu ha tang co sb cho Thuong mai dien tu :

dam bao cho su phat trien cua TMDT, can phai cd mot so dich vu co

sb ha tang chu yeu sau :

* Thanh toan (Payment) :

Dupe quang ba bbi cac phuong tien truyen thong dai cluing, khach hang coi TMDT nhu la mot phuong thuc thuan lqi de mua hang va cac doanh nhan thi xem TMDT la mot phuong tien tiet kiem chi phi va day manh hieu qua trong viec gia tang lupng khach hang Tuy nhien, de hoat dong TMDT dupe dibn ra theo nghia dich thuc cua nd thi cac DN can cd he thong thanh toan true

tiep (online payment system) de thuc hien cac giao dich chuyen tien.

Khi kinh doanh tren Internet, ban cd the tien hanh va quan ly moi giao dich thong qua he thong thanh toan ma chi can mot chiec may vi tfnh vdi mot trinh duyet va ket noi mang Toan bo qua trinh tir liic khach hang dat hang, thanh toan cho den khi ban gui hang, nhan tien va cam on khach hang deu dupe tit dong hod Hien nay, tren the gidi, cd rat nhieu cong ty cung cap dich

vu nay nhu: Planet Payment, Total Merchant Services, Merchant Exchange Services

De sir dung dich vu thanh toan dien tir, ban can phai cd mot Merchant Account va mot Payment Gateway

V Merchant Account : La mot tai khoan ngan hang dac biet, cho phep ban

khi kinh doanh cd the chap nhan thanh toan bang the tin dung Viec

thanh toan bang the tin dung chi co the tien hanh thong qua dang tai

khoan nay

V Payment Gateway : La mot chirong trinh phan mem, phan mem nay se chuyen die lieu cua cac giao dich tit website ciia ngitoi ban sang trung tarn thanh toan the tin dung de hop thirc hoa qua trinh thanh toan the tin dung

Tren the gidi hien nay, cd mot so phuong thirc thanh toan nhir sau: The tin dung, sec dien tir, tien mat dien tir, trao doi du lieu dien tir

Vu Thi Minh Mien Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh

* Bdo mat (Security) :

Trong the gidi Internet, cac giao dich thirong dirge thirc hien trong mot

mdi trirdng "phi vat the" hay "khong gap mat" (faceless) Tmh chat "nqc danh" cua cac giao dich nay co nghia la mot ngirdi khong the biel chdc rang minh dang giao dich vdi ai Thong tin cung thirdng du’gc chuyen qua he thong mang md (open network) ma ft cd sir bao mat Do vay, xuat hien mot van de dac biet quan trong la can phai thiet lap mot mdi trirdng kinh doanh TMDT an toan

* Cac nhd cung cap dich vu ting dung (Application Service Provider - ASPs) :

Str hop nhat co so ha tang thong tin vdi cac chirong trinh phan mem qua mdi trudng Internet da lam cho vai trd cua cac ASPs ngay cang quan trong ASPs cung cap dich vu cho thue theo dang hop ddng - theo do ho trien khai, dieu hanh va cung cap kha nang truy cap ung dung vao cac thiet bi dirge dat dau do ben ngoai co so cua khach hang Cac ASPs ve co ban la mot loai hinh dich vu ha tang co so ung dung cho cac chuc nang kinh doanh (xem phu luc 1.2)

* Gidi quyet cac tranh chap (Alternative Dispute Resolution - ADR) :

Khai niem ADR de cap den cong doan giai quyet tranh chap ngoai toa an:

- Iloa gidi :

La cong doan tir nguyen ma d do cac ben tranh chap can tdi sir trg giup cua mot trung gian - ngudi hoa giai - chu tri cuoc dam phan giua ho vdi mong muon giai quyet tri6t de van de tranh chap Ngudi hoa giai khong quyet dinh ket qua cua vu tranh chap, ho s&p xep tien trinh hoa giai va hudng d§n cac ben thong qua cac cong doan cua tien trinh Cac ben phai lam viec cung nhau va quyet dinh se giai quyet nhir the' nao San pham cuoi cung ciia mot cuoc hoa giai thanh cong la mot thoa thuan hoa giai dugc viet thanh van ban, do dirge coi la mot hgp dong

- Trong tai :

La mot tien trinh giai quyet tranh chap ma d do cac ben chi dinh mot ngudi trung gian (trong tai vien) quyet dinh ket qua cua cuoc tranh chap Trong tai vien dugc coi nhu toa an, anh ta se xem xet cac bang chung va ldi bien ho roi quyet dinh le phai thuoc ve ben nao, co sir dung quy dinh ciia luat phap va nhung ap dung thuc te da xay ra vdi trudng hgp tranh chap nay Cac ben cd the lira chon mot chuyen gia trong llnh vuc cu the lam trgng tai (trong lai trong tranh chap nay can phai cd kien thirc chuyen mon)

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh tiien

* Quan ly quyen loi so hod (Digital Rights Management - DRM) :

Khi trao ddi thong tin so hoa qua mang noi bo, ngoai bo hoac Internet, DRM kiem tra, kiem soat quyen cua ngudi str dung khi ho nhan dupe files dir lieu dien tir Ngudi su dung chi dupe su dung khi ngudi gui cho phep Dac diem noi bat cua DRM la viec brio toan thong tin, dieu nay co nghia la no kiem soat phuong thuc truy cap thong tin cua ngudi sir dung, brio ve thong tin khoi bi sao chep, in an hoac gui di noi khac ma khong dupe phep

DRM co mot so dac hung co ban sau: Ma hoa; thiet lap quyen; phan phoi doanh thu; kiem soat dir lieu (xem phu luc 1.3)

1.2 VAI TRO CUA THUONG MAI DIEN TIT:

1.2.1 Vai trd cua TMDT ddi vdi Chinh phu:

* Tao dien kien tham gia vao mot thi trudng rong Ion va thong nhat, hoi nhap vdi nen kinlt te khu vuc va the gidi :

Qua that day la lqi ich ro nhat ma cac quoc gia deu nhan thay Chinh nhung uu diem ciia phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi - TMDT - cung vdi hang loat cac ung dung ciia mang Internet, da tao ra mot thi trudng khong hien gidi C) moi noi, moi luc, ngudi ta deu cd the dd dang tien hanh cac giao dich thuong mai vdi ddi tac nude ngoai thong qua cac phuong tien ky thuat dien tir

Khac vdi thi trudng truyen thong, neu nhu mot nha kinh doanh muon tim hieu, tham do hay lien lac vdi ddi tac ciia minh, thuong gap phai nhung trd ngai nhu chenh lech ve mui gid, nhung han che ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa,

xa hoi hay khoang each dia ly thi TMDT lai tao ra mot thi trudng hien dai, nang dong va thong nhat tren toan cau, d do cac giao dich didn ra khong ngimg nghi (theo kieu 24 x 7: 24h/ngay x 7ngay/tuan), khong mot bien gidi quoc gia nao tdn tai va hau nhu cac trd ngai va rao can deu dirqc xoa bo

Vdi thi trudng nay, Viet Nam khong nhung cd nhieu co hoi dupe tham gia vao mot san choi binh dang ma con cd the nhanh chong md long va cung

cd hon nua quan he vdi cac quoc gia khac, dac biet la trong linh vuc hop tac phat trien thuong mai, tao co so thuan loi de hoi nhap vdi nen kinh te khu vuc

va the gidi

* Thay doi ca edit lao dong va ca can kinh te, tao dd phat trien Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hod dat nitd’c :

Ve nguyen tac, viec phat trien TMDT cung cd nghia la tang cu'dng dau

tu cho khoa hoc cong nghe va con ngudi - la hai nhan to quan trong lam thay

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

dOi co cau kinh te noi chung va co cau lao dong noi rieng Do co sir quan tarn dung mire cua Nha nude va co dong lire thuc day, so luqng ngudi lao dong se dan duoc hut ve linh vuc cd nhieu uu dai hon Nhu vay, TMDT se lam cho lire luqng lao dong khong nhung cd chuyen hien ve so luqng ma chat luqng cung

se duoc nang cao hon rat nhieu

Xet tren binh dien quoc gia, tnrdc mat TMDT se kich thfch sir phat trien ciia nganh CNTT - la nganh cd lqi nhuan cao nhat va dong vai trd ngay ciing Ion trong nen kinh te, tao da chuyen dich co cau kinh te theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa (vi du nhu d My, linh vuc nay chiein ty trong khoang 12-13% va se tang len den 15% trong tuong lai khong xa) [7]

Suy rong hon, TMDT tao dieu kien cho viec sdm tiep can vdi "nen kinh

te so hod" (digital economy) Lqi ich nay cd y nghia dac diet doi vdi cac nude dang phat trien hoi tfnh tiem tang, tfnh chien luqc va chfnh sach phat trien ma cac nude chua tien hanh cong nghiep hoa can quan tarn Sdm chuyen sang nen kinh te so hoa thi mot nude dang phat trien cd the tao ra budc nhay vol

(leapfrog) de tien kip vdi cac nude di trudc trong mot thdi gian ngdn hon

* Co co" can hang hod xuat nhap khau phu hop vd tdi mi nhat:

Song song vdi nhung thay doi ve co cau kinh te noi tren , TMDT cung

cd tac dong tfch cue tdi co cau hang hoa ciia mot quoc gia Do cd dieu kien tham gia vao mot thi trudng quy mo toan cau nen dd dang ndm bat va tiep can vdi nguon thong tin vo tan, cac luong hang xuat nhap khau se duoc md rong nhanh chong

Hon nua, do cd the tiep can true tiep theo phuong thirc "mua tan ngon, han tan goc" nen cac DN hay ca nhan deu cd the cd sir can nhde, so sanh, lira chon cho minh thuong vu cd lqi nhat Vi the, nude nao cd lai the so sanh' nhieu hon mrdc khac trong mot so linh vuc thi dirong nhien se thu duoc nhieu thanh cong trong cac linh vuc S'y

Nhu vay, trong hoat dong TMDT, khi mot nude xac dinh dtrqc lqi the so sanh ciia minh va phat buy duoc nhung ngudn lire ay thi se lam gia tang hieu qua san xuat trong nude, tang kha nang canh tranh vd gia ca, tir do thiet lap mot co cau hang hoa xuat nhap khau phu hop va tdi uu nhat cho minh

1 Thuyet "Lori the so sanh" - David Ricardo (nha Kinh telioc ngudi Anh)

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

* Co nhieu co' hoi thu hut dau tn unde ngoai vao linh vne edng nghe cao, tao da phat trien nhanh chong :

Cac dich vu thuong mai true tuyen la nhung cong cu nhay ben de ngudi str dung va dac biet la cac nha dau tu tim kiem thong tin nhu : chi so giao dich tren thi trudng chting khoan, xu hudng phat trien va van dong cua kinh te cac nude, chi so gia ca Vdi nguon thong tin phong phu va tuong ddi chinh xac, cac nha dau tu cam thay yen tarn va tir tin khi dira ra quyet dinh kinh doanh cua minh Ben canh do, TMDT se tao co hoi de cac nha dau tu tir tien hanh kinh doanh ma khong can phai sir dung cac trung gian hay ngudi mdi gidi; dieu nay gop phan tang them lqi nhuan cho ho va la dong lire khuyen khich ho tang cudng dau tu nhieu hon Tat nhien, khong the noi la khong cd nhung riii

ro khi thieu sir hop tac cua nhung ngudi mdi gidi va trung gian nhung tren thuc te da cd nhidu trudng hop ngudi dau tu sir dung cac dich vu thuong mai true tuyen thay vi thue mot hang mdi gidi cho minh

Theo so lieu phan tich cua Hang dir lieu quoc te (International Data Company - 1DC), trong 5 nam tdi, doanh thu tir TMDT tren mang Internet toan cau se tang binh quan khoang 59% /nam De dat dupe toe do gia tang nay, tong von dau tu cho viec phat trien he thong mang nay cung se lang manh, tu 10 ty USD nam 1999 len khoang 123 ty USD nam 2003 Tdi nam

2003, Trung Quoc se dSn dau khu virc Chau A Thai Binh Duong ve dau tir cho phat trien kinh doanh tren mang Internet, vdi 33 ty USD (tang 24% so vdi nam 1999) [20]

Chinh vi vay, viec tan dung cong nghe hien dai, ap dung nhung sang che, phat minh tien tien se la yeii to' tien quyet giup cac nude tien mot budc tien dai, ngoan muc, di tat don dau de khang dinh vai tro va vi tri ciia minh tren trudng quoc te

1.2.2 Vai tro ciia TMDT ddi vdi doanh nghiep :

TMDT dang lam thay doi each thuc tao ra hang hoa.va dich vu, each thuc ban va chuyen giao san phfim tdi khach hang TMDT cung lam thay doi phuong thuc lam viec cua DN vdi cac ddi tac, ddng thdi cung dua lai nhung lqi ich tiem tang, giup ngudi ung dung thu nhan dupe thong tin phong phu ve thi trudng va ddi tac, giam chi phi tiep thi va giao dich, rut ngSn chu ky san xuat, tao dung va cung cd quan he ban hang, tao dieu kien md rdng quy md san xuat

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

Vai trd cua TMDT ddi vdi DN the hien qua cac noi dung sau :

* Nam ditoc thong tin phong phii, lam cho tien trinh kinh doanh tro' nen hiiu hieu vd don gian hon :

TMDT giup cho cac DN ndm dupe thong tin phong phu ve thi trudng, nhd do cac DN co the xay dung chien lucre san xuat kinh doanh phu hop vdi

xu the phat trien cua thi trudng trong nude, khu vuc va quoc te Cac cong doan ben trong DN da dupe thay doi de thich ung dupe vdi lpi the va yeu cau trong hoat dong TMDT Ddng thdi, cac DN sir dung Internet de tim kiem thong tin, chia se thong tin, len cac ke hoach nhu : ke hoach ban hang, ke hoach san xuat va mua ban true luyen cac cong doan san xuat kinh doanh cua minh tren

co so tu dong hoa cac hoat dong

* Tiet kiem thdi gian vd chi phi, rut ngdn chu ky san xuat kinh doanh :

Ung dung TMDT la tham gia vao thi trudng khach hang loan cau khi

ma bat cu ai cung cd the mua ban hang hoa va su dung dich vu d bat cd dau, thong qua giao dich vdi bat cir ngan hang nao va vao bat cu thdi gian nao (theo kieu 24 x 7: 24h/ngay x 7ng‘,y/tuan)

Tiet kiem chi phi xuat phat tir viec he thong thong tin hoat dong hieu qua hon, thdi gian tiep nhan va xir ly cac van de trong DN nhanh hon, ciing vdi viec dd dang tiep can cac thi trudng muc tieu cua cac DN Tiet kiem chi phi d day gom: Tiet kiem chi phi van phong, chi phi san xuat, chi phi ban hang, chi phi tiep thi, giao dich

Theo tai lieu "Ky thuat TMDT", thdi gian giao dich qua Internet chi

bang 7% thdi gian giao dich qua fax va bang khoang 0,5 phan nghin thdi gian giao dich qua buu dien; chi phi giao dich qua Internet chi bang 5% chi phi giao dich qua fax hay qua buu dien chuyen phat nhanh, chi phi thanh toan dien tu qua Internet chi bang 10 tdi 20% chi phi thanh toan theo loi thong thuong (xem phu luc 1.4)

Viec tiet kiem thdi gian va chi phi da nhanh chong lam cho thong tin ve hang hoa nhanh chong tiep can vdi ngudi tieu diing (do khong qua khan trung gian) Vi vay, DN sdm ndm bat dupe nhu cau hang hoa, cat giam so lupng va thdi gian hang nam luu kho cung nhu kip thdi thay doi phuong an san pham bam sat vdi nhu cau thi trudng, do do chu ky san xuat dupe rut ngdn

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

* He thong cung ting dich vu khach hang duoc cdi thien :

Thong qua mang Internet, DN cd the cung cap nhieu mdu ma hang hoa

da dang, tien hanh dich vu phan phoi nhanh chong, chat luong hon va cho phep thanh toan tai nha bang tien mat hoac khach hang chi phai thong bao ma

so ciia the tin dung tren mang Chfnh cac hinh thuc thanh toan va ban hang true tuyen kieu nay lam phong phu them cac loai hinh dich vu doi vdi khach hang, tir do nang cao uy tin cua DN, thu hiit them khach hang tiem nang

Mat khac, nhd cac ky thuat hien dai, DN cd the duy tri dirqc quan he vdi khach hang mot each thuong xuycn, tiep nhan dupe cac thong tin phan hoi

cd gia tri cung nhu tim hieu nhung thi hieu nhu cau mdi cua khach hang de kip thdi tao ra nhung san pham phu hop hon nua

* Nang cao site canh tranh cua cac DN kinh doanh tren mang :

TMDT giup giam chi phi san xuat, trudc het la chi phi van phong Cac van phong khong giay td chiem dien tfch nhd hon rat nhieu, chi phi tim kiem chuyen giao tai lieu giam nhieu lan (trong do khau in an gan nhu bo han) Theo so lieu thong ke ciia hang General Electricity (GE - My), tiet kiem theo hudng nay dat to'i 30% [7]

Dieu quan trong hon la cac nhan vien cd nang lire dupe giai phong khdi nhieu cong doan su vu, cd the tap trung vao nghien ctru phat trien san pham cd chat luong vdi gia re hon, dua den nhung lpi ich to ldn lau dai neu nhin nhan van de tir goc do chien lupc

Chi phi mua sdm may moc thiet bi va nguyen vat lieu phuc vu cho sail xuat cung se thap hon vi chi phi cho viec truy cap Internet de tim san pham va nha cung cap cd gia canh tranh nhat se thap hon so vdi viec tim kiem mua sdm tren thi trudng thong thuong

TMDT giup giam thap chi phf ban hang va chi phf tiep thi Bdng phuong tien Internet/Wcb, mot nhan vien ban hang cd the giao dich dupe vdi rat nhieu khach hang, catalogue dien tir tren Web phong phu hon nhidu va thudng xuyen cap nhat so vdi catalogue in an chi cd khuon kho gidi han va luon luon ldi thdi Theo so lieu cua hang may bay Boeingciia My, nay da cd tdi 50% khach hang dat mua 9% phu tung qua mang va mdi ngay giam dupe

600 cu dien thoai [7]

Vu Thi Minh Bien Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kid doanh

* Giup thiet lap va ciing co quan he ddi tac :

TMDT tao dieu kien cho viec thiet lap va ciing co mdi quan he giua cac ddi tupng tham gia qua trinh thuong mai Thong qua Internet, cac DN, chinh phu, ngudi tieu dung co the giao tiep true tuyen, lien tuc vdi nhau, gan nhu khong con khoang each ve dia ly va thdi gian nua; nhd do ca sir hop lac kin su quan ly deu dirpc tien hanh nhanh chong; cac ban hang mdi, cac co hoi kinh doanh mdi dupe phat hien nhanh chong tren binh dien toan quoc, toan khu vuc, toan the gidi va cd nhieu co hoi de lira chon hon

* Dem lai nguon doanh thu vd loi nhuan khong Id, tao nguon thu cho ngdn sdeh Nhd nifoc:

Le duong nhien la trong khi cac chi phi dau vao va dau ra ciia DN thap

di ma so lupng khach hang lai tang len thi ket qua thu dupe se la nhung con so thong ke rat ldn ve doanh thu va loi nhuan Dieu nay tren thuc te da va dang didn ra tirng ngay Nhieu cong ty va nhom nghien cuu thi trudng TMDT da dua ra nhung con so het sue bat ngd Du each tmh toan khong giong nhau nhung ket qua chung thu dupe deu chting to kha nang tang trudng nhanh chong ciia doanh thu va loi nhuan thu dupe cua TMDT

Theo hang Forrester Research - mot hang nghien cuu thi trudng cua

My - doanh thu TMDT tren the gidi trong nam 1998 la 144 ty USD, nam 1999

la 360 ty USD va theo du doan, con so nay se dat 1400 ty USD vao nam 2004 [27]

Con theo hang dir lieu quoc te IDC - Cong ty chuyen phan tich va tong hop du lieu thi loi nhuan kinh doanh tren Internet tir 4 - 5 ty USD trong nam

1997 se dat muc 7 ty USD vao nam 2000 va trong vong 5 nam tdi (bat dau tir nam 2001) doanh thu tir TMDT se tang vdi to'c do 59%/nam, trong do cac cong ty vira va nhd tham gia vao lTnh vuc nay cd ty suat loi nhuan rat cao, tir

20 den 30% /mot nam (xem phu luc 1.5) [20]

Xet ve lau dai, doanh thu va loi nhuan tang se la nguon thu on dinh cho ngan sach Nha nude, mac dit trudc mat viec thuc day TMDT cd the de doa nhieu loai thue xuat khau, nhap khau cua cac nude dang phat trien Nhung bii lai, ban than chinh phu cac nude van cd nhieu loi ich khac vi thong qua TMDT kha nang tuyen truydn va quang ba thong tin cua Chinh phu rpng hon, nhanh hon tdi cong dan; ddng thdi qua mang Internet, Chinh phu con cung cap cac dich vu ve thong tin va dich vu cong cong vdi chi phi thap hon (doi

16

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

vdi chinh phii, cac dich vu cong cong khong dem lai lpi nhuan nhung viec giam chi phi cho viec cung cap dich vu cong cong se tiet kiem dirpc ngan sach)

Nhu’ vay, TMDT cung cap cho cac DN ca nguon lpi ngdn han va nguon lpi dai han No khong chi mb ra cac thi trudng mdi, tiep can vdi nhieu khach hang mdi ma con lam cho cac DN d& dang va nhanh chong thanh dat hon tren

co so nhung g'l da cd Thay doi thdi quen kinh doanh nhu : phirong thuc dat hang, phuong thuc lap van don, phuong thuc hb tro khach hang ; lam giam thieu khoi lupng giay td trong giao dich kinh doanh Khi ma ngay cang cd nhieu thong tin dupe so hoa, cac DN cd the tap trung hon vao viec dap ung tot hon nhu cau khach hang - yeu to' chinh quyet dinh su thanh cong cua DN

Cd the bieu dibn doanh thu TMDT tren the gidi qua hinh 1.2 sau:

HINII 1.2: DOANH THU TMDT TREN THE GIC1I

(Con so thuc te va du doan)

Nguon: httpHwww activemedia com (nam 2000)

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

1.2.3 Vai tro cua TMDT doi voi ngudi tieu dung :

* Thong tin dito’c cap nhat khong gidi han ve khong gian, thdi gian

va luong thong tin truyen tdi:

viec truy cap Internet va thanh toan qua the tin dung thong qua cac gian trung

Ngudi tieu dung co the lira chon va tien hanh mua ban tai nha thong qua

cua hang va sieu thi von da Ircr nen "chat hep" va "khong phong phu"[2A\

* Nhu cau duoc thoa man tdi da :

Neu nhu co them nhieu thong tin doi vdi san pham da la mot dieu het sue co ich cho ngu’di tieu dung thi viec thoa man duoc tuyet dai da so nhu cau cua nhung khach hang ay da khien cho TMDT thirc sir la mot phuong thirc uu viet nhat so vdi cac loai hinh kinh doanh tnrdc do

Thu nhat, TMDT dem lai cho ngudi tieu dimg mot mtic gia ca hop ly va phuong thuc giao dich thuan lqi - mdi quan tarn hang dau cua khach hang Do

co nhieu su lua chon nen ngudi tieu dung chdc chan se lua chon duoc mot san pham tot vdi gia hop ly, khong nhung khong dat ma con co the re hon tnrdc Them nua, khach hang con tir minh quyet dinh phuong thuc thanh loan tai nha hay qua ngan hang

Thii hai, TMDT md ra kha nang lua chon da dang ma vdn duy tri duoc tfnh hien huu cua san pham Doi vdi nhung hang hoa, san pham khong can den str kiem tra bang xue giac thi TMDT dem lai cho ngudi tieu dung mot sir lua chon tot vdi day du thong tin ve san pham (vf du nhu cac san pham la phan mem may tfnh, sach bao, am nhac, tro choi, phim ) Hon nua, thong thuong khi mua hang, ngudi tieu dung phai mang chung tir ciia cua hang hoac cd khi phai den tan cira hang de kiem tra cac thong so ciia san pham nhung thong qua viec mua sdm tren mang Internet, ho hoan toan ranh rang, chi phai tra tien va sir dung hang hoa

Dae biet, TMDT thuc day cac DN cung cap nhieu dich vu tot va hieu qua cho khach hang Chi can bdm vai phim la ngudi tieu dung co the co hang hoa ngay tai nha, hoac neu co nhu cau giao dich bdng thu tir till Internet qua la

vd ciing hiru ich Tham chi, khi may vi tinh trong linh vuc dieu khien trd nen pho thong thi ngudi tieu dung cd the dieu khien he thong thiel bi trong ngoi nha cua minh d bat cir thdi gian nao thong qua cac dich vu mil TMDT cung cap

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

1.3 XU THE UNG DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN Tlf VAO HOAT DONG KINH DOANH TREN THE GlOl VA VIET NAM :

1.3.1 Su khac nhau giira phuong thuc kinh doanh truyen thong (thuong mai truyen thong) va phuong thu’c kinh doanh mdi (TMDT) :

Trong chu ky thuong mai truyen thong, co str tham gia cua nhieu phuong tien khac nhau Con trong chu ky thuong mai dien tu, dung mot phuong tien duy nhat trong tat ca cac birdc ma vSn thu du’pc hieu qua cao bdi cac dac tinh cua no dem lai nhu: chi phi dau tu thap, phu hop vdi moi quy mo cua DN; sir dung ky thuat so trong toan bp qua trinh giao dich; giao dich difin

ra lien tuc, khong co thdi gian trd; thong tin chinh xac do luon cap nhat; tir dong hoa trong cac giao dich ngirdi - may; qua trinh thanh toan dupe thuc hien bang dien tir thong qua cac irng dung cua TMDT; qua trinh giao hang thuc hien bang dien tu vdi cac mat hang so hoa

Co the phan biet nhung diem khac nhau can ban giira hai phirong thuc kinh doanh neu tren qua bang 1.1 sau:

Bang 1.1 - So sanh thuong mai truyen thong va TMDT

Cac bitoc ban

Trang Web Thong tin san pham

luon dupe cap nhat hon

Yeu cau mot loai

hang

Bieu miu yeu cau, thu yeu cdu (in san)

Email Phan hoi nhanh

Nhan thong tin Buu chinh, true tiep Email, trang Web Thu nhan thong tin

nhanh hon

Xem chi tiet san

pham, gia ca

Cac quyen catalog Cac catalogue dien

tir true tuyen

Thong tin chi tiet hon, hinh anh

phong phu hon

Kiem tra kha nang

cung cap va gia ca

Phone, fax Email Cho ket qua nhanh

hon

Taodon dat hang Dang mSu in san Email, trang Web Khong phai in an

19

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu 'Thi Minh Hien

1.3.2 Xu the ling dung TMDT vao hoat ddng kinh doanh tren the gidi:

Ngudi mua gui

don, ngudi ban

nhan don

Fax, thu (qua buu

dien)

Email, EDI Nhanh, chinh xac

Kiem hang trong

kho

Dang mftu in sSn,

phone, fax

Co so du lieu true tuyen

So lieu chinh xac

do ludn cap nhat

Lap lich xuat hang Dang mSu in sSn Email, Co so du

lieu true tuyen

Cd kha nang tir dong hoa

Viet hoa don xuat

Gan nhu tuc thdi

ddi vdi san pham so

hoa

Giay bao da nhan

hang

Nha cung cap giri

hoa don, ngudi

mua nhan hoa don

Thu (buu dien) Email, EDI Nhanh

Dinh lich thanh

nhan thanh toan

Sec, hoi phieu, tien mat, giao dich giua

cac ngan hang

EDI, tien mat Internet, giao dich

ngan hang so hoa, tien dien tu

Cd kha nang tu dong hoa

Loai ngudi dang birdc vao the ky XXI - the ky thong tin, vdi diet bao dir bao ldn ve nen kinh te tri thuc Rieng ve thuong mai, do se la thdi ky phat trien van dung thanh tuu mdi cua khoa hoc cong nghe, nhat la cong nghe thong tin dien tu trd thanh TMDT - phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi dupe du bao

la khong the thieu trong nen van minh nhan loai nhung nam dau tien cua thieu nien ky mdi

Tren thuc te, can phai hieu rang phat trien CNTT den mot muc do nhat dinh mdi cd the trien khai TMDT Do vay, khi de cap den TMDT, bao gid ngudi ta cung phai noi den Internet bdi sir ghn bo mat thiet giua Internet va TMDT

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

Internet phat trien rat nhanh, ca ve pham vi bao phu, pham vi ring dung

va chat luong van hanh So dia chi tren Internet, so Website cung nhu so ngudi sir dung Internet ngay mot tang; giua nam 1994, toan the gidi co 3,2 dia chi tren Internet, tdi giua nam 1996 da len tdi 12,9 trieu dia chi, vdi khoang 67,5 trieu ngudi sii' dung, giira nam 1998 da co 36,7 trieu dia chi Internet vdi khoang 100 trieu ngudi sir dung Nam 2000, so ngudi sir dung Internet la 500 trieu ngudi Dir doan, den nam 2005, se cd hon 1 ty ngudi tren hanh tinh sir dung Internet, 70% trong so do lam nhung cong viec lien quan den TMDT

Gan day, TMDT phat trien nhanh vdi toe do 200% mdi nam va rong khdp tren quy mo toan cau, theo cac xu hudng phat trien nhanh ca ve be rong

va chieu sau, dac biet la ve phuong tien, cong nghe, mo long quy mo va pham

vi linh vuc hoat dong Hang tram nghin cong ty va 1.500 ngan hang tren the gidi dang tham gia hoat dong TMDT [11, tr.37]

Chang han nhu My - quoc gia cd nen tang ky thuat so tien tien, nSm quyen khong che ba nhanh cua ha tang cong nghe TMDT : may tinh, truyen thong, bao mat La quoc gia khdi xudng TMDT, My da chii dong dua ra mot

he thong cac nguyen tdc co ban ciia TMDT va ra sue co vu cho viec xue tien TMDT tren hinh dien toan cau Ngudi ta udc tinh rang, My dang chiein ty trong tren 70% tong doanh so TMDT cua toan the gidi Tinh tdi thang 7/1997,

so linh vuc kinh doanh cd sir dung TMDT d My cd tdi hang nghin [11, tr.37]

Hay nhu Trung Quoc, la mot quoc gia xue tien TMDT chain song cd toe do gia tang cao : cuoi nam 1997 mdi chinh thu’c hoa mang Internet, tdi thang 3/1998, Internet da phu tren 30 thanh pho vdi so thue bao tren nira trieu ngudi, tdi cuoi thang 6 len 1,17 trieu, cuoi nam len 2,1 trieu va dir bao tdi nam

2005 se dat tdi con so 100 trieu Trung Quoc da tien hanh mot so dich vu qua mang nhu : dich vu quang cao, giao dich thong qua Trade point, dich vu dat mua ve tau, ve may bay [11, tr.38],

Hoac nhu Canada, mot quoc gia phat trien va cung la nude nftm trong top dftn dau trong viec ung dung TMDT Trong chien lucre phat trien TMDT cua minh, Canada coi trong va dac biet de cao vai tro tien phong cua cac cong

ty tu nhan trong hoat dong ung dung

Con d khu vuc ASEAN, theo bao cao chinh thu’c cua Uy ban ASEAN

ve van hoa va thong tin (ASEAN COCI), theo trinh do phat trien CNTT, cd the chia thanh hai nhom quoc gia :

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

V Nhom 1 gom: Singapo, Malaixia, Thai Lan, Indonexia, Brunei, Philipin

- la cac quoc gia co trinh do phat trien CNTT cao hon trong khu vuc vdi tdi thieu tren 1 trieu ngrrdi dung Internet Trong nhom nay, Singapo va Malaixia la hai trudng hop dac biet ma mo hinh phat trien CNTT cua ho dupe ca the gidi quan tarn Cu the :

- Singapo cd "Chuang trinh xay dung dao quoc thong minh", “ Diem nong TMDT” ngay tir dau thap nien '90 vdi muc tieu cu the la loan dan sir dung Internet vao nam 2005

- Malaixia vdi Szezz hanh lang Multimedia dai 70 km, rong 15 km - la mot thanh pho tri tue dupe xep ngang hang vdi Thung lung Silicon ciia My va

Thanh pho Bangalore ciia An Do.

V Whom 2 gom: Viet Nam, Lao, Myanma va Campuchia la nhung nude cd

ha tang CNTT chua phat trien, so ngudi sir dung Internet thap (Myanma 10.000 ngudi, Lao 4.000 ngudi, Viet Nam khoang 1 trieu ngudi) [11, tr.41,tr.42J

Hien Viet Nam cd 5 nha cung cap dich vu Internet (ISPs) la: FPT, Net Nam, Phuong Nam Net, VNN Support, Saigon Postel

1.3.3 Xu the ting dung TMDT vao hoat dong kinh doanh d Viet Nam :

"Trong khi TMDT dang dem lai lo'i nhuqn khong Id cho cac DN d cac nude co nen kinh te phat trien thi nhieu DN Viet Nam vdn con chua diet the ndo Id TMDT" [6], Nam 1997, Viet Nam chinh thirc ket noi mang Internet Sau 4 nam, lupng thue bao gian tiep deu tang 100% mdi nam Theo bao cao ciia Tong cue buu dien, tdi thang 6/2002, Viet Nam cd khoang 1 trieu ngudi sir dung Internet vdi 2500 dai ly Internet Nhung muc do pho cap Internet tfnh tren tdng dan so Viet Nam lai qua thap, chi lit 0,25%, trong khi do khu vuc dupe danh gia la cd muc pho cap thap nhat the gidi la Chau Phi cung dat tdi 0,6% [11, tr.46]

TMDT cung da dupe de cap den trong khoang 3 nam trd lai day trong mot so bai bao, mot so cuoc hoi thao chuyen de vdi sir tham gia ciia mot so cong ty tin hoc tarn cd nhu IBM, INTEL do Phong Thuong mai va cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) va Bo Thuong mai to clitic Tuy nhien chua cd bien phap tuyen truy6n rong rai cho nhieu ngudi hieu ban chat thuc su ciia TMDT, nhat la vai trd ciia nd trong nen kinh te hoi nhap, toan cau hoa Chinh phu Viet

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

Nam chira co mot tuyen bo chinh thuc nao vd TMDT nhung trong thuc te, Chinh phu da co nhung budc di cluic chan va khoa hoc nhu : chi 1 ty dong cho viec thuc hien dir an quoc gia "Ky thuqt TMDT "(nam 1999); ky Hiep dinh

khung ve E-ASEAN (24/11/2000) khdng dinh tham gia phat trien khong gian dien tu va TMDT trong khuon kho cac nude ASEAN

Ddi vdi khoi doanh nghiep, nhan thirc ve TMDT cung mdi d budc so khdi Hien nay, d nude ta cd khoang hon 6.000 doanh nghiep Nha nude va 38.000 cong ty trach nhiem him han, doanh nghiep tir nhan; so DN cd ting dung CNTT, tham gia TMDT chi chiem ly le rat nho Tai thu do Ha Noi, cd den 60 den 70% DN vira va nho (DN co von phap dinh dirdi 5 ty ddng va so lao dong dudi 500 ngudi) khong co ca may fax kin may vi tmh - la cac phuong tien ky thuat co ban de ung dung TMDT Ty le cac DN d nude ta cd the tham gia hoat dong TMDT rat thap, cd the noi dai da so cac DN chira shn sang tren thuong trudng dien tir [2|

Theo so lieu tong hop tir 3 cong ty : VASC, VDC va FPT : Cd 1241 DN trong ca nude, du moi thanh phan, da thue hoac nhd dat trang Web ciia minh len serve ciia cac ISPs nay nhSm muc dich gidi thieu thong tin tiep thi len Internet Nhin chung, luu lirpng khach truy cap cac trang Web nay la khong dang ke vi so trang Web ciia mdi DN it, "kho citng" (hau nhu khong cap nhat)

va hieu qua dem lai khong cao Da so (tren 90%) DN khong danh gia cao hieu qua tiep thi tir xa tren Internet hoac do TMDT dem lai Vi vay, ho dau tir vao xay dung Website gidi thieu thong tin ve minh chi nhu mot sir tham do Rat it cac DN tao dupe ra hieu qua kinh te tir khi tham gia Internet Cu the chi cd khoang 35 Website ciia cac DN hoat dong trong linh vuc xuat nhap khau va

du lich (trong do phan ldn la lien doanh hay co quan he true tiep vdi thi trudng quoc te) la hoat dong cd hieu qua va mang tinh chuyen nghiep [11, tr.50J

Ddi vdi ngudi tieu diing, cd the noi chira cd nhan thuc gi vd TMDT

"Nhin chung, cd ba khdi chu the (chinh phii, doanh nghiep, ngtfdi tieu diing) dViet Nam nhan thuc veTMDT rat thap, nhat Id khoi chii the ngudi tieu diing Khdi chii the dan dau trong TMDT Id DN, nhan thirc khong ddng deu nhung co tiem nang de sum tham gia TMDT" [2, tr.84]

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

1.4 NOI DUNG TRIEN K.HAI UNG DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN TIT VAO

HOAT DONG KINH DOANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP :

1.4.1 Cac cap do ling dung Thuong mai dien tu vao hoat dong kinh

doanh d doanh nghiep:

Viec ung dung cap do TMDT nao phu thuoc vao loai hinh kinh doanh va

muc tieu ma DN muon dat tdi

* Cap do 1.1: Sil dung thu dien tit (Email) :

Trong thuc te, email nhanh hon va re hon so vdi may fax (hoac dich vu bun

dien) va cung linh hoat hon Day la loai hinh dung de lien lac va trao doi thong tin

(material) vdi nha cung cap, khach hang, ddi tac va dong nghiep Giri kern email cd

the la cac files van ban hoac bimg tinh nhu don dat hang, tai lieu ve quy each san

pham, bao gia, bang tinh chi phi hoac thong tin hd tro, quang cao Cung cd the gui

kem mot doan am thanh hoac hinh anh dong

Khi sir dung email, DN can phai quan tarn den van de chong lai vims Email

chira van ban don thufin khong bao gid chira vims Nhung nhung thu giri kem email

co the mang virus (dac biet vdi nhung files kem theo email cd dudi exe) Do do,

nhu da thanh quy dinh, hay dung chtrong trinh phan mem diet vims kiem tra nhung

files dinh kem email trudc khi md chung Cung can luon sao chep lai cac du lieu

kinh doanh quan trong hang ngay de tranh trudng hop vims xam nhap va pha hong

cac dir lieu nay

* Cap do 1.2: Sil dung Internet de tim kiem thong tin :

Ngay nay, cd rat nhieu DN sir dung, to chirc sir dung Internet vao viec tim

kiem thong tin Nhung thong tin ve thi trudng, ve ddi thu canh tranh, tin turc ve cac

nganh cong nghiep khac, nghien cuu dir an, thong tin tai chinh, hoac fun kiem thong

tin ve khach hang tiem nang

* Cap do 2 : Website quang cao :

DN muon ung dung TMDT thi phai xay dung mot Website de khach hang cd

the tim kiem nhung thong tin ve san pham, gia ca, dich vu cung nhu xem xet tinh

hinh hoat dong kinh doanh cua DN

Hien nay, hon mot nira cac DN vira va nhd va khoang 80% cac DN Ion sir

dung Internet de truy cap thong tin ve cac DN ma ho quan tarn Do vay, neu d mire

don gian nhat cung can cd trang Web chira dir lieu ve DN, mot so thong tin co ban

ve san pham, dich vu ciia DN, cac thong tin de lien lac nhu : dia chi, so dien thoai,

fax, dia chi email

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

Cac Website co ich led la chi phf rat thap va ft khi phai bao dudng Tuy nhien, cac DN khong duoc quen viec cap nhat thong tin vao Website DN co the nang cap Website quang cao bang each dtra them vao chuc nang catalogue true tuyen Lqi ich cua catalogue true tuyen la DN co the cap nhat thong tin ma khong phai tang chi phf

in lai toan bo catalogue Catalogue true tuyen cung rat quan trong neu phan Ion khach hang cua DN mua hang bang cac sir dung so cua don dat hang (purchase order number) va thanh toan bang the tin dung

* Clip do 3.1 : Dot hang true tuyen va sit dung dich vu true tuyen :

DN co the khong co duoc mot Website rieng nhung DN vfin co the la mot thanh vien tfch cue cua TMDT

Chung loai hang hoa va dich vu duoc mua ban true tuyen tang len hang ngay Bu'dc xuat phat diem dau tien la dal hang true tuyen tdi nha cung cap, kiem tra xem nha cung cap da cd trang Web de phat trien TMDT chua de chung ta tien hanh giao dich vdi ho

* Cap do 3.2 : Website vdi dat hang true tuyen :

DN dua them chuc nang "xe mua hang" (shopping car) vao Website

Phan mem "xe mua hang" cho phep DN khach hang lua chon hang hoa cho

vao ro va de nghi duoc mua hang true tuyen Khi duoc chon va duoc dal trong

"xe mua hang" Khi ket thuc giao dich, don dat hang duoc chap nhan ciing vdi nhung chi tiet ve thanh toan (chu yeii la viec cung cap so the tin dung) DN se xac nhan lai viec hang hoa da drrqc chuyen tdi ngudi mua qua email Trong khi

do hang hoa va viec thanh toan duoc thuc hien d mot lien trinh khong true tuyen

* Cap do 4.1 : Website giao dich :

Website giao dich bao quat toan bo tien trinh tir viec lua chon hang hoa, dat hang, chuyen hang va xac nhan chuyen hang tdi viec thanh toan true tuyen

Thanh toan true tuyen nghia la khi ngudi mua chap nhan nhung dieu kien ve thanh toan bang the tin dung thi viec thanh toan ngay lap tire duoc chuyen qua de ngan hang tien hanh Trong trudng hop nay, Website can phai duoc ket noi vdi lie thong thanh toan dien tir ciia ngan hang

* Cap do 4.2 : Website co khd nang dap img yen can ve thong tin cho khach hang:

Viec cung cap thong tin ve san pham va dat hang true tuyen la rat quan trong nhung day la nhung cong doan ton ft thdi gian va khong qua phuc tap

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

Cong doan tieu ton nhieu thdi gian chinh la dich vu phuc vu khach hang, dac biet la trong viec dap ung cac yeu cau, ddi hoi cua khach hang Thong tin ve hien trang ciia san pham va viec cung cap cac loai hoa don cung cac du lieu khac qua mang bdi mot phan cua Website dupe bao ve bang password1 da lam giam cac yeu cau bang dien thoai va giay td Bang each nay, khach hang co the kiem tra cac thong tin bat ke luc nao ho muon Trong thuc te, co rat nhieu DN da ap dung chuc nang nay cho Website trudc khi dtra vao cac chuc nang nhu dat hang true tuyen vi tmh tien lqi cho khach hang va tiet kiem chi phi

1 Password : Mat khau

* Cap do 5 : Gidi phap toan dien ve TMDT:

Dieu cd y nghia nhat la CNTT cd the ap dung vao toan bo cac boat dong san xuat kinh doanh cua DN Nd cd tac dong to ldn den hieu qua hoat dong cua DN va nang cao kha nang canh tranh

Nhung diem sau day se cho thay giai phap toan dien ve TMDT la gi:

'd Internet la mot cong cu thong tin lien lac cho phep DN dua san pham loi khach hang tren toan cau

V De cd the hoat dong thuong mai qua Internet va gia nhap the gidi kinh doanh TMDT dd dang hon, DN can cd mot he thong quan ly kinh doanh hieu qua

C Cong doan dat hang la trong tarn cua TMDT: Cac ddi tac thirong mai muon

cd the xem qua cac du lieu san pham trudc khi dua ra yeu cau Ddng thdi,

DN phai kiem soat dupe hoa don va thanh loan bang phuong phap dien tir Ngudi mua cac san pham vat the (physical products) cung muon biet ve thdi gian chuyen hang

V Cac cong doan hd trp cong doan dat hang phai dupe lien ket va tao thanh he thong hoan chinh thong nhat Cong doan sau can phai dupe noi tiep cong doan trudc va sau do vdi he thong ke toan va kiem ke Trong trudng hpp ban

le, he thong cho phep dal hang tir dong can dupe lien ket vdi he thong quan ly kiem ke, mot he thong dat hang tu dong khac noi vdi nha cung cap Khi lupng hang DN giam duoi muc cho phep, don dat hang mdi lap tire dupe tao

ra va chuyen tdi nha cung cap

1,4.2 Tien trinh ting dung Thuong mai dien tu hoat dong kinh doanh d doanh nghiep:

TMDT la mot phuong thuc kinh doanh mdi, do do khi ap dung cac DN

ciin pluii co nhung budc di, trinh tu phu hap vdi kha nang cua DN.

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Hien

* Buoc 1 : Nhan thitc rang TMDT dang thay ddi hoat dong kinh doanh nhu the nao :

TMDT dang lam thay doi phirong phap tien hanh cac hoat dong kinh doanh Cac phirong phap kinh doanh truyen thong co the khong con dirpc ap dung dupe lau trong moi trudng dien tir Mdi DN can tim kiem mot linh vuc kinh doanh trong diem de co the ton tai Cac doi tac kinh doanh phai lien ket hoat dong cua ho lai vi cac ddi thu mdi co the thu hut mat khach hang thong qua viec ung dung TMDT

* It hoc 2 : Nghien ciru tien trinh kinh doanh va lap ke hoach cho sit thay doi:

Cong viec kinh doanh cua ban lien quan nhu the nao den cac nha cung cap, khach hang va nhan vien ?

Cong doan nao cd the cai tien bang each sir dung Internet ?

Can phai tien hang lap quy tai chinh, nghien cuu kha nang ung dung, lich trinh irng dung; nghien ciru mdi trirbng trong va ngoai DN Vdi nhung thong tin nay, DN xay dung ke hoach chien lirpc, quyet dinh bat dau ung dung tir cong doan nao va cap do irng dung (muc do sir thay doi mil DN can) Tat ca dieu nay dupe tao nen trong mot tarn nhin rang cac ddi tac thuong mai se chia

se va ung ho chien lupc nay

* Buoc 3 : Sit dung nhan lire trong vd ngoai DN :

Mot khi viec thay doi tien trinh kinh doanh da dirpc quyet dinh thi DN can phai kiem tra xem da cd chuyen vien ky thuat de thuc hien dir an nay chira Thue chuyen gia ben ngoai cd the giup DN tiet kiem chi phi nhung vim ddi hoi sir dong gop, trp giup ciia cac nhan vien trong DN Viec nay la can thiet de dam bao rang he thong dap ung dupe sir mong dpi va doi hoi

Tien hanh khao sal nhirng du an ma ho da lam se giup DN danh gia dirpc kha nang cung nhu trinh do ciia ho DN cung cd the tiep can cac DN da dug dung TMDT de hoc tap kinh nghiem va tranh nhung sai lam khong dang cd

* Bude 4 : Thiet ke - can su don gian, hai hoa :

Thiet ke he thong lam sao cho tien trinh hoat dong cd hieu qua va tiet kiem chi phi la ddi hoi cao nhat ca ngudi lanh dao DN Do do, mo hinh hoat dong TMDT can dap irng dupe cac yeu cau thay doi va nhirng van de mang tinh thuc te nay sinh tai DN

Luan van Thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh Vu Thi Minh Mien

Noi chung viec thiet ke he thong cung nhu trang Web la mot cong viec day thu thach ma muc dich cua ngudi sir dung la khong co khuynh hudng chiem ngudng ky thuat Vi vay, trang Web tot nhat la trang Web dam bao cac yeu cau sau:

J Bo tri don gian vdi nhung chi din khong qua khd

J Han che tdi thieu cac muc quang cao

V Noi dung phai cd ich va hap din nhung khong lam giam toe do truy cap

V He thong thanh toan thich hop va an toan

* Buoc 5 : Dita tien trinh hoat dong vao dung vi tri :

Trong khi con dang thiet ke trang Web va tim kiem cac giai phap ky thuat, hoat dong ciia DN can phai dupe dieu chinh cho phu hop vdi chien hrqc

ve TMDT, coi hieu qua hoat dong la chia khoa vang

Tien trinh hoat dong can duoc dat trong mdi lien he mat thiet den cac

bo phan cua DN; cac yeu to ben trong va ben ngoai DN, dac biet la sir an toan

va tfnh chat bi mat ca nhan Dieu nay xem ra cd ve khong quan trong nhung trong thirc te lai rat quan trong vi nd anh hudng den niem tin ciia khach hang vao DN

* Bitoc 6 : Lien tuc cap nhat vd edi tien :

DN can thudng xuyen nghien ciru cai tien (hien dai hoa) va bao dudng

he thong Khuyen mai het thdi han, truy cap vao trang Web bi nglt quang hay viec tra ldi khach hang bi chain tri se him xau di hinh anh ve DN Mong muon cua khach hang va dieu kien thi trudng luon thay doi nen chien lirpc u'ng dung cua DN cung can phai thay doi cho phu hop

* Bude 7 : Cung cap sit hd tro' cho khach hang hodn lido:

Thanh cong cua DN phu thuoc vao sir ting ho va tin nhiem cua ngudi sir dung, du ho la khach hang, nha cung cap hay cac nhan vien trong DN Vi vay, dieu quan trong la DN phai cung cap mot dich vu hd tro khach hang tot, hudng din ho ngay khi ho gap phai nhung van de trong viec.su dung he thong Chang cd gi dam bao cho khach hang ciia DN hon viec DN cho khach hang thay sir toan ven va tin cay trong hoat dong kinh doanh nhu tra lai tien thira hay bao hanh san pham

* Bitoc 8 : Quang cao vd khuyen khich sit dung :

Hoat dong Marketing cung rat quan trong trong linh vuc TMDT Marketing cd the dupe thirc hien thong qua cac bieu mlu dien tir, chlng han