Tác động của gia nhập tổ chức thương mại thế giới đối với xuất khẩu nông sản của việt nam

22 M : : uXl •Q* n IN) O > O Ml ‘71' ’ (Q) O ■i « i o ?! I u1 rwi i’-'vViS • ^•VL-:-VAS^,v ■'- \>\< 2470 TV ThS DHKTQD TRirdNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN Nguyen Thi Bich Hanh TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP • • TO CHUG THLTONG MAI o THE GlOl DOI VOl XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM Chuyen nganh : QTKD Thu’O’ng mai Ngu’di hirong dan khoa hoc : GS.TS Hoang Dire Than Ha Noi, 2007 MUC LUC • • DANH MUC CAC CHtT VIET TAT DANH MUC CAC BANG, BIEU TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOT MO DAU CHlTONG - CO SO CHUNG VE SI/ TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP TO CHUG THlTONG MAI THE GIClI (WTO) DOI VOl XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM 1.1 Xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam dieu kien la vien cua WTO ■yr r •> 1.1.1 Su can thiet cua xuat khau nong san o Viet Nam 1.1.2 Vai trd cua xuat khau nong san doi vdi nen kinh te quoc dan 1.1.3 Nhung diem manh va diem yeu xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 1.2 Nhfrng quy dinh cua WTO ve nong nghiep r a 1.2.1 Tien trinh cua Vong dam phan Doha ve nong nghiep 1.2.2 Quy dinh cua WTO doi voi nong nghiep khuon kho Hiep dinh nong nghiep (AoA) Cac hiep dinh khac cua WTO co lien quan den xuat khau nong san 1.3 Cac cam ket cua Viet Nam doi voi WTO linh vuc nong nghiep 11 11 16 1.2.3 25 29 1.3.1 Cac moc quan trong tien trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam 1.3.2 Cam ket cua Viet Nam doi voi WTO linh vuc nong nghiep 29 CHlTONG - THUC TRANG TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP TO CHUG THlTONG MAI THE Gl6l (WTO) DOI VCH XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM 35 2.1 Thye trang xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam trud’c gia nhap WTO 35 2.1.1 Khai quat thuc trang san xuat va xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 2.1.2 Thuc trang xuat khau mot so mat hang nong san chu luc cua Viet Nam 2.2 Phan ti'ch thuc trang tac dong cua gia nhap WTO doi voi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 30 35 39 49 Tac dong den nang luc xuat khau nong san 49 2.2.2 Tac dong den co che, chinh sach xuat khau nong san 54 2.2.3 Tac dong den chu the xuat khau nong san 62 2.2.1 2.2.4 Thue trang bao ho san xuat nong nghiep r 2.3 r Phan tich, danh gia nhung tac dong doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 65 71 2.3.1 Phan tich nhung tac dong tfch cue doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 71 2.3.2 Phan tich nhung tac dong tieu cue doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 77 CIIUONG - PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM KHI LA THANH VIEN CUA TO CHLfC THtTONG MAI THE GIOI (WTO) 83 3.1 Phuong huong xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam den nam 2010 3.1.1 Nhu cau nhap khau cua the gidi doi vdi mot so loai nong san chu luc 3.1.2 Muc tieu xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam den nam 2010 3.2 Giai phap khai thac nhung tac d(?ng tich cue cua gia nhap WTO doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 83 83 84 95 3.2.1 Hoan thien moi trudng the che cho thuc day xuat khau nong san 95 3.2.2 Hoan thien chinh sach phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon 98 3.2.3 Tang cudng thu hut von dau tu vao nong nghiep 104 3.2.4 Tang cudng xue tien thuong mai 106 109 3.3 Giai phap khac phuc nhung tac dong tieu cue cua gia nhap WTO doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam 3.3.1 Ho tro nong nghiep va xuat khau nong san phu hop vdi cac quy dinh cua To chuc Thuong mai The gidi va cam ket cua Viet Nam 3.3.2 Giai phap phat trien mot nen nong nghiep sach, nong nghiep htru cor i]i 3.3.3 Day manh vai tro Hiep hoi nganh hang 114 3.3.4 Giai phap nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua xuat khau nong san Viet Nam 116 KET LU AN TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 109 DANH MUC CAC CHIT VIET TAT Chir viet tat Tieng Anh Tieng Viet AoA Agreement on Agriculture Hiep dinh Nong nghiep GATT General Agreement on Tariffs Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan and Trade va thuong mai GDP General Domestic Product Tong san pham quoc noi ITO International Trade Organization To chuc Thuong mai quoc te MFN Most Favoured Nation Quy che Toi hue quoc NT National Treatment Quy che doi xu quoc gia SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Hiep dinh ve cac bien phap ve measures Agreement sinh dich te va kiem dich dong thuc vat TBT TRIPS WTO Technical Barriers to Trade Hiep dinh ve hang rao ky thuat Agreement thuong mai Trade-Related Aspects of Hiep dinh ve cac khia canh Intellectual Property Rights thuong mai ve Quyen so huu tri Agreement tue World Trade Organization To chuc Thuong mai The gioi DANH MUC CAC BANG, BIEU Thu1 tu Bang 1.1 rw-1 •> • •> Ten bang, bieu Cac vong dam phan cua GATT 48 nam ton tai Bang 1.2 Nhtrng cam ket quan trong Hiep dinh nong nghiep tac dong tdi cac nude dang phat trien Bang 1.3 Lich trinh va ty le cat giam tong muc thue quan AoA Bang 1.4 Cat giam trp cap xuat khau khuon kho AoA Bang 1.5 Cam ket cua Viet Nam voi WTO cat giam thue nhap khau Trang 13 17 20 24 33 theo mot so nhom hang nong san chinh Bang 1.6 Dien giai muc thue binh quan cam ket cua Viet Nam doi voi WTO Bang 2.1 Kim ngach xuat khau theo nhom hang 2001-2006 Bang 2.2 Mot so mat hang nong san xuat khau chu luc tu 2001-2006 Bang 2.3 San lupng lua phan theo vung giai doan 1990-2004 Bang 2.4 Tinh hinh xuat khau gao cua Viet Nam 1995-2006 Bang 2.5 Dien tich, nang suat, san lupng ca phe 1995-2004 Bang 2.6 Cac loai ca phe xuat khau cua Viet Nam nien vu 2005/2006 Bang 2.7 Xuat khau ca phe cua Viet Nam 1995-2006 Bang 2.8 Xuat khau mot so mat hang nong san thang dau nam 2007 Bang 2.9 So sanh ve lupng xuat khau cung ky mot so mat hang nong san Bang 2.10 So sanh ve gia tri xuat khau cung ky mot so mat hang nong san Bang 2.11 Thue suat nhap khau cua mot so mat hang nong san Bang 3.1 Chi tieu ve quy mo va toe tang trudng cac nhom hang xuat khau Bang 3.2 Chi tieu ve kim ngach xuat khau va ty doi vdi cac nhom hang Bang 3.3 Chi tieu doi vdi mot so mat hang nong san Bieu 2.1 Kim ngach xuat khau rau qua Viet Nam, 1995-2006 (nghin USD) Bieu 2.2 Xuat khau mot so mat hang nong san thang dau nam 2007 35 35 37 40 41 42 45 45 49 52 53 67 86 87 88 47 50 TRUING DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN *** Nguyen Thj Bich Hanh TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP • • TO CIIIC THVONG MAI THE GIOI DOI VOl XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM Chuyen nganh : QTKD Thuong mai TOM TAT LUA N VAN THAC SY • • Ha Noi, 2007 i I.OI MO DAU Sir can thiet cua de tai gioi qua trinh toan cau hoa, khu vuc hoa va quoc te hoa dang dien nhanh chong Khong nam ngoai xu the nay, Viet Nam dang co nhung no luc hoi nhap cang sau va rong vao nen kinh te the gioi Mot nhung budc di quan cua Viet Nam nham chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc te linh vuc thuong mai la thang 11/2006, Viet Nam da chinh thuc tro thanh vien thu 150 cua to chuc Thuong mai The gioi (WTO) Gia nhap vao to chuc thuong mai ldn nhat toan cau nay, mot mat nen kinh te Viet Nam dupe don nhan nhung thbi co, van hoi moi, mat khac Viet Nam cung khong tranh khdi phai doi mat vdi nhung thach thuc vo cung to Ion Nong nghiep noi chung va xuat khau nong san noi rieng duoc danh gia la se chiu rat nhieu sue ep khong chi bdi nhung quy dinh nghiem ngat cua WTO doi vdi nong nghiep nhu van de xoa bo tro cap xuat khau hay cat giam thue quan ma bdi xuat khau nong san Viet Nam phai doi mat vdi su canh tranh gay gat tir ben ngoai tren binh dien moi, rong hon, sau hon Tir thuc tien do, tac gia lua chon de tai nghien cuu: “Tac dong cua gia nhap Td chuc Thuffng mai The gid'i doi vdixuat khau ndng san cua Viet Nam” Muc • tieu cua luan • van - Tim hieu nhung quy dinh, quy che cua Td chuc Thuong mai The gioi ve ndng nghiep cung nhu cac cam ket cua Viet Nam doi vdi WTO linh vuc ndng la vien cua WTO Doi tirong va pham vi nghien ciru a Bdi twang nghien cuu: Nghien cuu ly luan va thuc tien ve tac dong cua ii gia nhap To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam b Pham vi nghien cuu: - Xuat khau mot so mat hang nong san chu luc cua Viet Nam nhu gao, ca phe, rau qua thdi gian tu 1995-2010 - Nghien cuu chu yeu d tarn vi mo Noi dung nghien cuu Ngoai ldi noi dau, ket luan va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, Luan van chia chuong: Chuong Co sd chung ve su tac dong cua gia nhap To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam Chuong Thuc trang tac dong cua gia nhap To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam Chuong Phuong hudng va giai phap thuc day xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam la vien cua To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) Phuong phap nghien cuu Luan van su dung cac phuong phap vat bien chung, vat lich su de phan tich, danh gia cac van de tac dong cua gia nhap To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) doi vdi xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam Luan van su dung cac phuong phap phan tich toan - thong ke, cac phuong phap bieu do, so do, thong ke, tong hop de thu thap va tong hop so lieu va du lieu xuat khau nong san Viet Nam tu 1995 den Ngoai ra, Luan van su dung mot so phuong phap nghien cuu kinh te khac CHlTONG CO Sd CHUNG VE SI/ TAC DONG CUA GIA NHAP TO CIHJC THUONG MAI THE GlOl (WTO) DOI VOI XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM 1.1 XUAT KHAU NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM TRONG DIEU KIEN LA THANH VIEN CUA WTO 113 dau tu va su dung cac yeu to vua bao dam nang cao nang suat, chat luong san pham, vua khong gay tac hai cho ngubi su dung va khong lam suy thoai, nhiem moi truong sinh thai Muon giai quyet dupe nhung van de tren, can tap trung giai quyet nhung van de co ban bao gom: Truoc het, de co the phat trien nen nong nghiep theo dung nhung huong co r a a r r a a ban tren can tap trung giai quyet nhieu van de, dac biet la van de nang cao nhan thuc va trach nhiem cua ngubi dan noi chung va ngubi nong dan noi rieng, cung nhu nang cao vai tro, trach nhiem cua co quan quan ly nha nuoc cac cap Can phai tao nhan thuc dung cua nhung ngubi san xuat hang hoa b nong thon ve su can e < a \ r r thiet xay dung nen nong nghiep sach va nong nghiep huu co Su can thiet bat nguon tu chinh lpi ich cua ho cung nhu lpi ich cua cong dong Chuyen dich co cau kinh te nong nghiep, nong thon theo huong phat trien ben vung: chuyen dich co cau kinh te tren tung vung sinh thai, vua phu hop voi nhu cau thi truong, vua phai phu hop voi dieu kien sinh thai tu nhien, nham cho phep khai thac co hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien de phat trien kinh te, nhung cung phai bao dam dupe cac van de xa hoi va moi truong Vi vay phai xac dinh gioi han san xuat hop ly cho tung nganh va danh gia su tac dong ve mat xa hoi va mdi truong cac phuong an chuyen dich co cau kinh te Ben canh do, can day manh cong tac khuyen ndng hudng vao viec phat trien nen ndng nghiep sach va ndng nghiep huu co thong qua viec xay dung va thuc hien cac chuong trinh khuyen ndng cu the thich ung vdi tung vung, tung dia phuong Song song vdi la viec tang cuong kiem soat luu thong tren cac che pham hoa hoc cd tinh chat doc hai Xac dinh ro trach nhiem cua ngubi ban vdi ngubi mua viec hudng dan su dung va bao quan cac loai che pham hoa hoc Cung nam nhom giai phap la viec Nha nude nghien cuu va ban hanh cac chinh sach ho tro hop ly cho nong dan phat trien nong nghiep sach va nong nghiep huu co, quan hang dau la cac bien phap chuyen giao cong nghe san xuat nong san sach theo yeu cau thi truong tdi nhung ngubi true tiep san xuat b nong thon 114 Tiep theo la can tang cudng dau tu cho nghien cuu cong nghe sinh hoc va dinh hudng nghien cuu vao chu de hien dai hoa cac ky thuat canh tac truyen thong, ke thira va phat trien nhung yeu to tich cue cua ky thuat truyen thong De san pham huu co co ten thuang hieu tren thi trudng va ton tai, yeu cau cac nha quan ly can phai tien hanh dieu tra nghien cuu thi trudng; dao tao ky nang marketing va nang cao nang luc cho nhom ndng dan san xuat huu co ve kien thuc thi trudng; lien ket vdi mang ludi cac to chuc san xuat huu co khu vuc va quoc te; dac biet nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi tieu dung doi vdi san pham huu co thong qua cac chien dich truyen thong dai chung tai hoi chu gidi thieu san pham ndng nghiep huu ca den ngudi tieu dung va nhan dan Nhung giai phap ky thuat can luu y xay dung mot nen ndng nghiep sach la dau tu su dung cac giong cd kha nang khang benh va sau ray; ap dung cac bien phap canh tac tien tien nhu: luan canh cay trong, cay sau bira ky theo dung yeu cau ky thuat, tudi tieu nudc theo khoa hoc, su dung phan huu ca, phan vi sinh; su ' A ' > dung rong rai cac che pham sinh hoc; giam dan muc su dung hoa chat Trong dieu kien hien chua giam duoc thi phai su dung theo dung quy trinh (dung luc, dung each, dung lieu luong) 3.3.3 Day manh vai trd Hiep hQi nganh hang Cac hiep hoi nganh hang cd vai trd rat quan doi vdi hoat dong xuat khau noi chung, xuat khau ndng san noi rieng Cd the noi, hiep hoi nganh hang la cau noi giua cac hoi vien vdi co quan nha nudc, Chinh phu; vira la to chuc bien, trao doi kinh nghiem, dao tao, bdi dudng cho hoi vien; la dai dien bao ve quyen lai cua hoi vien cac tranh chap thuong mai; la dau mdi cung cap thong tin thi trudng cho hoi vien Ben canh do, hiep hoi nganh hang ddng vai trd rat quan trong viec ho tra kien thuc va ky thuat cho cac hoi vien Hiep hoi cung cd vai tro la mot to chuc xue tien thuang mai cho cac doanh nghiep hoi vien; cd trach nhiem giup hoi vien dam phan, thuang luqng vdi cac ban hang de tap hop, nang cao sue canh tranh cho hoi vien 115 Theo bao cao cua Bo Noi vu, den cuoi nam 2006, ca nudc co 320 hiep hoi (trong co khoang 70 hiep hoi cua cac to chuc kinh te) co pham vi hoat dong toan quoc va 2.150 hiep hoi co pham vi hoat dong cap tinh/thanh true thuoc trung uong Viet Nam da la vien WTO, tham gia sau rong vao nen kinh te khu vuc va the gidi, vai trd, hoat dong cua hiep hoi khdng the ton tai nhu hien ma phai duoc nang cao, phat huy hon nua Dac biet tinh hinh hien cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam gap nhieu kho khan giai quyet cac tranh chap, khieu nai r r ■> r ■> cac quyet dinh cam, dung nhap khau cua phia nhap khau doanh nghiep thieu can r r t f bo thong thao ngoai ngu, am hieu phap luat thuong mai quoc te de kiem soat cac giao dich, tranh bi thua thiet, ap thue chong ban pha gia, theo dudi cac vu kien Nhat la thdi budi toan cau hoa kinh te, cac quy dinh phap ly cua WTO len den hang tram ngan trang vdi noi dung phuc tap thi viec cac doanh nghiep "don thuong doc ma" thuong trudng quoc te la bat loi ldn can khac phuc cac van de lien quan den doanh nghiep Trong nhieu trudng hop, theo de nghi cua hiep hoi, Chinh phu can co cac chinh sua kip thdi theo hudng tao thuan loi cho doanh nghiep phat trien Cac Bo, nganh nen chu dong mdi cac hiep hoi nganh hang A ’ dong gop y kien vao de an phat trien nganh nghe, phat trien san pham chu luc Hien hiep hoi co them mot nhiem vu kha nang ne la bao ve doanh nghiep trudc cac vu kien, cao buoc ban pha gia, giup doanh nghiep vuqt qua cac rao can thuong mai tir cac nudc md rong thi trudng va thi phan tren trudng quoc te Dieu ddi hoi can bo hiep hoi phai co nang luc hieu biet chuyen sau ve thi trudng the gidi, cac dinh che luat le lien quan den xuat nhap khau luon thay ddi cua thi trudng, nhat la cac thi trudng ldn nhu My, khu vuc EU, Nhat Do da phan cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam thuoc dang vua va nho nen se rat kho khan viec tham nhap va nang cao uy tin tren trudng quoc te neu dung don le, vi the can co chan mot hiep < A hoi manh Thuc te tren thuong trudng, su xac nhan len san pham cua nhieu hiep hoi uy tin co gia tri hon cac tieu chuan chat lupng quoc te Doi vdi hoat dong noi tai, hiep hoi can tang cudng giup doanh nghiep hieu 116 dung va tuan thu luat phap cua Nha nude cung cac cam ket vdi WTO Hiep hoi phai r •> r y la co quan tu van, phan bien xay dung cac chien luoc phat trien cho nen kinh te tren co so cac chien luoc phat trien cua nganh Trong hoi nhap, hiep hoi nen tang cuong cac hoat dong nhu: Ho tro doanh nghiep phat trien xuat khau nudc ngoai, cung co, mo rong thi truong noi dia, xay dung co che trao doi thong tin thi truong va khach hang cac doanh nghiep hoi vien, phan anh trung thuc y kien cua cac hoi vien ve quy hoach va cac chinh sach phat trien san xuat - kinh doanh nganh hang len cac co quan lien quan, tang cuong ? r r \ r hop tac vdi cac to chuc hiep hoi nganh hang quoc te nham nang cao vi the, uy tin cua minh cong dong quoc te va nham tranh thu ho tro ve tai chinh, ky nang chuyen mon, cong nghe va kinh nghiem hoat dong Ben canh do, hiep hoi can tich cuc ho tro dia phuong, doanh nghiep xay dung nhung thuong hieu manh cho moi loai san pham Tang cuong su lien ket chat che giua cac hiep hoi viec to chuc tham do, khao sat cac thi truong ldn, tranh tinh trang khao sat tim kiem thi truong manh mun nhu hien To chuc bien cac kien thuc mdi ve xuc tien thuong mai nhu khao sat thi truong, xay dung thuong hieu quoc gia, mo van phong dai dien, nang cao nang luc phan tich va du bao thi truong 3.3.4 Giai phap nang cao kha nang canh t rank cua xuct khau nkng san Viet Nam 3.3.4.I Giai phap vie khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe Can nhan thuc ro vai tro cua khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe doi vdi nong san hang hoa xuat khau, tu co nhung chinh sad va giai phap t^ch hop nham phat huy vai tro cua khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe Trudc het, can tap truing vao nhung van de co ban sau day: Mot la, tang muc dau tu cho nghien cuu va trien khai ky thuat so vdi hien nay; chu khuyen mich nghien cuu ung dung cac tuu khoa hoc ky thuat 117 vao san xuat kinh doanh cua tung nganh hang, vao nhung loai san pham co gia tri gia tang cao hoac co kha nang nang cao gia tri gia tang Hai la, day manh viec ap dung co che dau thau cong khai va cho phep moi doi tuong deu duoc tham gia vao hoat dong nghien cuu de khai thac toi da va co hieu qua cac co so khoa hoc nhu cac vien nghien cuu, cac trudng dai hoc; thu hut moi nguon luc cua cac nha khoa hoc vao viec nghien cuu va trien khai, ung dung cho tung nganh hang cu the Ba la, xay dung co che khuyen nong, khuyen ngu theo hudng khuyen khich can bo va ngudi lao dong tham gia vao cac diem trinh dien ky thuat hay cong nghe mdi Cd chinh sach khuyen khich thoa dang doi vdi nhung cong trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc cd hieu qua kinh te cao, cd tinh ung dung rong rai Cho phep tap the hay ca nhan cd quyen dinh gia nhung tuu, nhung san pham cd ban quyen tac gia tren thi trudng khoa hoc cong nghe (cho cong nghe) Doi vdi nhung cong trinh nghien cuu bang von ngan sach, neu cd gia tri cao, Nha nudc se chi thu phan kinh phi dau tu cho cong trinh nghien cuu ma khong tinh lai Bon la, can ho trq viec xay dung co che chinh sach thuc day cac co sd nghien cuu khoa hoc, cac co sd san xuat, cac doanh nghiep va ngudi san xuat chu dong hqp tac cd hieu qua, gan nghien cuu vdi ung dung, gan nha khoa hoc vdi nha ndng Khuyen khich chu dong md rong hqp tac quoc te cac linh vuc khoa hoc cong nghe de tranh thu nhung tien bo ky thuat mdi va hien dai cua cac nudc va cac to chuc tren the gidi Nam la, can cd co che, chinh sach va giai phap khuyen khich cac nha khoa hoc, giao vien cua cac trudng dai hoc tich cue nghien cuu cac de tai khoa hoc r r r r hudng tdi nhung tien boi ky thuat va cong nghe mdi phuc vu cho san xuat, che bien, to chuc san xuat kinh doanh doi vdi nhung mat hang ndng san hang hoa xuat khau, nhat la nhung mat hang dua lai gia tri gia tang cao Sau la, cd chinh sach va giai phap thuc day cac chuong trinh canh tac, che bien ndng san vdi cong nghe cao, cong nghe sach Doi vdi khau canh tac va nuoi 118 trong, can tap trung vao nhung van de co ban nhu ve giong, can tuyen chon, lai tao va dua vao san xuat nhung giong cay, giong moi co chat luong va gia tri kinh te cao Con ve van de canh tac, cac chinh sach va giai phap can khuyen khich, co uu dai doi voi nhung don vi va ca nhan thuc hien su chuyen huong sang “cong nghe canh tac moi” hay “cong nghe sach” hoac phuong thuc canh tac huu co ben vung voi mot quy trinh khep kin tu khau lam dat, trong, cham soc, quan ly cac du luong ft r a r \ co hai doi voi san pham den thu hoach, bao quan Ye che bien, can co chinh sach va giai phap ho tro cho viec tang cudng nghien cuu khoa hoc, cong nghe ung dung cho cac tien bo ky thuat, ket hop nhap khau cac cong nghe cao, nham doi moi quy trinh r r r rv san xuat, thiet bi theo huong tien tien, hien dai; ho tro viec tang cudng cac loai hinh che bien sau, da dang hoa san pham de nang cao chat luong san pham va kha nang canh tranh cua nong san che bien Vu tien cho nhung cong nghe hien dai, nhung cong nghe sach, bao dam an toan thuc pham theo tieu chuan quoc te, nhung cong nghe dem lai gia tri gia tang cao Tung buoc loai bo nhung day chuyen cong nghe che bien da loi thdi, co chat luong san pham che bien thap, khong dam bao tieu chuan ve sinh cong nghiep (chdng han cac lo che bien che thu cong) 3.3.4.2 Phat tirc^u lao dong ky thuat tnong nghiep Nong nghiep, nong thon cua cac quoc gia cham phat trien, cac nen kinh te chuyen doi va nhung nuoc xuat phat diem tu san xuat nong nghiep gia nhap WTO dang co rat nhieu van de dat tham gia vao thi trudng nong san toan cau La mot nuoc co 84 trieu dan, gan 70% dan so va hon 58% lao dong song va hoat dong linh vuc nong nghiep, nong thon nen da trd thanh vien cua To chuc Thuong mai The gioi, Viet Nam can phat trien lao dong ky thuat linh vuc de phat huy toi da loi the cua minh Do do, can tap trung thuc hien tot mot so giai phap co ban sau: ml r < a A a ? a • r * a /a i /a jl ' t a a a r a a Thu nhat, can doi moi va nang cao nhan thuc cua mot bo phan can bo va r r a nhan dan, nhat la can bo quan ly kinh te ve viec phat trien lao dong ky thuat nong nghiep gia nhap WTO 119 nude ta, dai bo phan dan cu hoat dong san xuat nong nghiep nen nong san la mat hang xuat khau quan Tuy nhien cho den nay, nhieu ngudi dan van nhan thuc chua day du ve su can thiet phai dao tao, trang bi kien thuc ky nang nghe nghiep cho san xuat Tam ly khoa cu va xem thuong lao dong chan tay ton tai tuong doi bien nhan dan va cac can bo cac cap Khong it dia phuong co the manh san xuat hang nong san song chua quan tam dung muc de dau tu phat trien Can nhan thuc dung dan rang, hoi nhap kinh te hien nay, moi chu the phai tim cho minh nhung loi the so sanh nhat dinh Thuc tien da chung minh co khong it nude di len bang xuat khau ndng san nhu: Australia, Arhentina, Canada Ddi vdi nude ta, gia nhap WTO, viec dau tu phat trien lao dong ky thuat ndng nghiep la phu hop va rat can thiet Thu hai, can cd su dot pha viec dau tu cac nguon von de phat trien lao dong ky thuat d linh vuc ndng nghiep Theo sd lieu cua Tong cue thong ke, chi rieng giai doan 2001-2005, tong von dau tu cho linh vuc ndng, lam, ngu nghiep dat khoang 130.000 ti dong Sd von tap trung viec chuyen dich co cau kinh te, tang nang suat, gia thanh, tang hieu qua san xuat ndng nghiep, khoan danh cho dao tao, phat trien lao dong ky thuat chua duoc quan tam thoa dang Khi da la vien cua WTO, chung ta can huy dong nhieu nguon von de dao tao nhan luc cho ndng nghiep Ben canh ngan sach Nha nude thi su dong gop cua ngudi dan, viec tai tro cua cac td chuc va nguon von nude ngoai giu vai tro rat quan Hien nay, nguon von nhan roi dan kha ldn Neu chung ta biet phat huy hieu qua cac kenh huy dong von se tap trung dupe nguon tai chinh khong nho phuc vu dao tao lao dong ky thuat linh vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thon Thu ba, ddi mdi he thong cac trudng dao tao lao dong ky thuat ndng nghiep theo hudng tien tien, hien dai, thuc hien xa hoi hoa cong tac day nghe cho ndng dan Thuc hien xay dung mdi va nang cap mang ludi cac trudng day nghe du dieu kien dao tao lao dong ky thuat cho cac nganh nghe ndng nghiep d mot sd dia phuong 120 quy hoach nhung vung chuyen canh, can nhanh chong xay dung cac truong, trung tam dao tao ky thuat va chuyen giao cong nghe theo hudng chuan hoa, hien dai hoa nhu da lam doi vdi cac khu cong nghiep Ben canh do, can tang cudng hop tac dao tao vdi cac nudc cd trinh san xuat ndng nghiep tien tien de phat trien luc luong lao dong ky thuat d linh vuc Ddng thdi, thuc hien xa hoi hoa, da dang hoa cac hinh thuc day nghe cho ndng dan theo dia chi va yeu cau cu the Tung budc dao tao mot bo phan ndng dan d cac vung chuyen canh trd cong nhan ndng nghiep cd trinh ky thuat cao, cd kha nang ung dung cong nghe tien tien vao san xuat Thu tu, cd co che, chinh sach hop ly thu hut lao dong ky thuat thuoc cac nganh nghe linh vuc khac vao phuc vu ndng nghiep Thuc tien nudc ta cho thay ngudi dan it quan tam den viec cho em di hoc nghe, nhat la cac nghe san xuat ndng nghiep Nhieu sinh vien sau tot nghiep cac A A trudng ndng, lam, ngu nghiep khong muon ve cong tac tai cac vung ndng thon Vi vay, Nha nudc va cac dia phuong phai cd chinh sach dai ngo hop ly de thu hut nhung ngudi gidi vao hoc va cong tac linh vuc ndng nghiep Nhu vay, van de phat trien lao dong ky thuat ndng nghiep Viet Nam gia nhap WTO xuat phat tir doi hoi khach quan cua su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ndng nghiep, ndng thon, nang cao ddi song cua dai bo phan nhan dan phat trien lao dong ky thuat ndng nghiep cung la nhan tot quan dam bao cho ndng nghiep Viet Nam phat trien ben vung bdi canh toan cau hoa, hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 3.3.4.3 Day manh hoat dong xay dung va phat trien thuong hieu Trong xu the canh tranh va hoi nhap quoc te, thuang hieu ddng mot vai trd het sue quan cho su ton tai va phat trien cua mdi loai san pham ndng san dac trung Van de thuang hieu vua la chien luge, vua la cap bach Van de xay dung va bao ve thuang hieu ndng san duqc noi den tu lau Tuy vay, Viet Nam van chua cd nhung thuang hieu thuc su manh du cd nhieu dac san gia tri Xay dung thuong hieu khong dan gian chi la gan cho san pham mot cai ten ma phai dat nen mong cho 121 no phat huy het gia tri Thuong hieu duoc vi nhu la yeu to dau tau canh tranh r r r \ r y r i •> tren thi trudng quoc te Vi the, van de can dat la lam the nao de cac loai san pham nong san cua chung ta dung vung va phat trien manh tren thuong trudng ngudi nong dan thi chu yeu tap trung vao viec dau tu tham canh tang nong san, tang san luong, doanh nghiep chi muon ban duoc hang vdi muc co lai Chinh vi the, hang hoa nong san cua chung la luon chiu rui ro ldn nhat ve thi trudng tieu thu va nong dan la ngudi chiu thiet thdi nhieu nhat Viec xay dung thuong hieu cho nong san la van de buc xuc khdng chi dua nong san tieu bieu tham nhap de dang vao thi trudng va ngoai nudc ma mang lai su on dinh san xuat, gia tang gia tri cho nong san Khdng nhung the, thuong hieu rang buoc ngudi san xuat, doanh nghiep, nha phan phoi phai cd trach nhiem nhieu hon doi vdi san pham minh lam ra, dam bao tieu chuan chat lupng dap ung nhu cau ngudi tieu dung De xuc tien cho viec xay dung va phat trien thuong hieu nong san, trudc het can cd su tuyen truyen nang cao nhan thuc va ho trp cac doanh nghiep xay dung, dang ky va quang ba thuong hieu Thuong hieu muon phat trien dupe mot each ben vung can xay dung dupe mot chiec lupc tdng the vdi nhung hang dong cu the, cd su phoi hop cua cac nha khoa hoc, nha doanh nghiep, nha nong va su ho trp cua Nha nudc Phai tao san pham cd chat lupng tot, cd quy md on dinh va gia ha, tu chung ta mdi quang ba dupe san pham, chuyen tai nhung thong diep tot nhat ve san pham cua minh tdi khach hang Muon vay, can td chuc quy hoach lai vung san xuat theo hudng tap trung, chuyen canh, tao san pham hang hoa nong san cd chat lupng cao, thuc hien dung quy trinh ky thuat va quan ly chat lupng ve sinh an toan r r x r thuc pham Can cd dinh hudng chien lupc, chu ap dung he thong quan ly chat r lupng de nang cao chat lupng san pham, tang kha nang canh tranh tren thi trudng 3.3.4.4 Phat trien cac loai hinh to chuc san xuat kinh doanh hang nong F san xuat khau 122 Cac loai hinh to chuc san xuat kinh doanh hang hoa ndng san dong vai tro quan trong su phat trien cua tung nganh hang Can hudng vao nhung noi dung cor ban sau day: Thu nhat, can nghien cuu va co cac chinh sach, giai phap nham doi mdi, sap xep lai cac ndng trudng qudc doanh hien dang san xuat kinh doanh cac mat hang ndng san xuat khau theo tinh than Nghi dinh sd 170/2004/ND-CP cua Chinh phu 22 thang nam 2004 Thu hai, can sdm ban hanh nghi dinh ve cac chinh sach ho tro, khuyen khich phat trien hop tac xa, bao gom cac chinh sach nhu: ho tro lap hop tac xa; dao tao, bdi dudng cac chuc danh va xa vien hop tac xa; dat dai ddi vdi hop tac xa; thue mon bai va thue thu nhap doi vdi hop tac xa; xuc tien thuong mai doi vdi hop tac xa; nang cao cong nghe cho hop tac xa; dau tu co sd tang san xuat va dich vu cho xa vien Sau nghi dinh duoc ban hanh, tung nganh va cac dia phuong se cu the hoa va tung budc van dung sang tao vdi tung nganh, tung dia phuong Thu ba, hoan thien va bo sung cac chinh sach va giai phap ddi vdi kinh te trang trai 123 KET LUAN Ke ttr thdi diem Viet Nam gia nhap To chuc Thuong mai The gidi (WTO) den la khoang thdi gian qua ngan de chung ta co the lam co sd day du cho r \ viec kiem chung tac dong cua gia nhap to chuc thuong mai ldn nhat toan cau 7 den hoat dong kinh te - xa hoi cua nudc ta noi chung, xuat khau noi rieng va sau hon ntra la xuat khau ndng san cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien, nhung nd luc chuan bi cho qua trinh gia nhap, nhung nd luc cai each he thong chinh sach luat phap, kinh te cho phu hqp vdi cac quy dinh cua WTO, tien trinh thuc thi cac cam ket cua Viet Nam vdi WTO da khang dinh trudc het tinh tich cue quyet tam cua Viet Nam hoi nhap cang sau rong hon vao he thong thuong mai toan cau De thuc hien cac cam ket duqc toan dien va triet de, ben canh su chi dao hudng dan cua Dang va Nha nudc thong qua co che, chinh sach, dudng loi va nd luc cai each cua tirng doanh nghiep, tung ngudi dan cung phai duqc nang cao y thuc hoi nhap Mot tap the phat trien thuc su la mot tap the biet doan ket va phat huy sue manh cua tung ca nhan Cu the, doi vdi xuat khau ndng san cua Viet Nam, mot nhung hoat dong duqc danh gia la de bi ton thuong Viet Nam trd thanh vien cua WTO, khong chi doi hoi cac hiep hoi nganh hang, cac doanh nghiep ma ca nhung ngudi ndng dan deu phai nang cao nhan thuc va kien thuc hoi nhap, dac biet khong nen chi cho vao su ho trq cua Nha nudc hay mang nang tu tuong bi dong hudng thu qua ma cai each mang lai Chua day mot nam gia nhap WTO, chung ta da dat duqc nhung ket qua nhat dinh the hien su tang Z 7 z trudng kim ngach xuat khau ndng san cung nhu nhung thay doi ve gia ca hay chat luong ndng san Tuy nhien, nhung dong thai khong the lap tuc khang dinh la tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO Thdi gian dai, va chung ta can phai kien tri vdi viec doi mdi, kien tri vdi viec thuc hien cac cam ket, kien tri dudng chung ta da lua chon Viet Nam md rong cua khong chi don nhan thdi co, van hoi ma san sang 124 r y y chap nhan thach thuc Nhung dieu quan la chung ta phai nhan thuc ro rang thach thuc khong chi dun thuan la su can tro tien trinh phat trien ma thach thuc tao dong luc de phat trien Tren co so do, chung ta phai tiep tuc cai thien, xay dung va thuc hien nhung giai phap tong the va toan dien de mot mat tan dung thdi co, mat khac han che nhung anh hudng tieu cue co the tien trinh hoi nhap Dua tren nhung quy dinh cua to chuc thuong mai the gidi WTO linh vuc ndng nghiep cung nhu xuat khau ndng san, chu yeu qua Hiep dinh ndng nghiep AoA, dong thdi tom luoc nhung cam ket cua Viet Nam ddi vdi WTO cung nhu dua thuc tien xuat khau ndng san Viet Nam truoc va sau thdi diem gia nhap to chuc thuong mai the gidi, Luan van da phan nao phan tich, danh gia nhung tac dong cua xuat mot sd giai phap nham thuc day xuat khau ndng san cua Viet Nam dieu kien la vien cua WTO TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet Dang Nguyen Anh, Tran Dinh Vuong (2005), Tac dong cua cac Hiep dinh WTO ddi vdi cac nudc dang phat trien, Uy ban quoc gia ve hop tac kinh te quoc te r Ban Tu tudng Van hoa Trung uong (2007), Viet Nam - WTO, Nhung cam ket lien quan den nong dan, nong nghiep, nong thon va doanh nghiep, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon (2005), Bao cao nghien cuu “Lo trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam”, Ha Noi Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon (2004), Tdng cudng nang luc hoi nhap quoc te cho nganh Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon (ScardsII): Danh gid su phu hop cua chinh sach nong nghiep Viet Nam vdi cac quy dinh hiep dinh khu vuc va da phuong, Ha Noi Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon (2005), WTO va nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam Bo Thuong mai (2006), De an phat trien xuat khau giai doan 2006-2010 Bo Thuong mai va trudng Dai hoc Ngoai thuong (2003), Thuong mai Viet r r r r r r Nam tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te: Kyyeu hoi thao khoa hoc quoc gia Bo Thuong mai - Tap chi cong san (2006), Xuat nhap khau hang hod Viet Nam 20 nam ddi mdi (1986-2005), NXB Thong ke Nguyen Sinh Cue, Nguyen The Nha, Nguyen Van Hien, Vu Dinh Thang (2001), Nong nghiep nong thon Viet Nam buoc vao the ky 21, NXB Nong nghiep 10 Truong Cudng (2007), WTO - Kinh doanh va tuve, NXB Ha Noi 11 Tran Van Dat (2005), San xuat lua gao the gidi: Hien trang va khuynh hudngphat trien the ky 21, NXB Nong nghiep 12 Huong Giang, Ngoc Minh, Tran Dinh Thien (2006), Doanh nghiep Viet Nam tren tien trinh hoi nhap vao Td chuc Thuong mai The gidi WTO, NXB Van hoa thong tin 13 Nguyen Dinh Long, Nguyen Tien Manh, Nguyen Vo Dinh (1999), Phat huy r r •> loi the ndng cao kha ndng canh tranh cua ndng san xuat khau Viet Nam, NXB Nong nghiep 14 Nguyen Thuy Nguyen (2006), WTO - Thuan lai va thach thicc cho doanh nghiep Viet Nam, NXB Lao dong xa hoi 15 Dao Duy Phap, Nguyen Viet Thon, Cao Due Phat (2002), Con duong cong nghiep hod, hien dai hod ndng nghiep, ndng thon Viet Nam, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia 16 Luong Xuan Quy (2006), Gid tri gia tang hang ndng san xuat khau cua Viet Nam (Thuc trang va gidiphap ndng cao), NXB Dai hoc KTQD 17 Tran Minh Tam (2006), Bao quan va che bien ndng san sau thu hoach, NXB Nong nghiep 18 Hoang Due Than (2006), “Hai muoi nam doi moi va phat trien nganh thuong mai Viet Nam”, Tap chi Thong tin va Du bao Kinh te - xa hoi, (so 2) 19 Hoang Due Than (2001), Chinh sach thuong mai dieu kien hoi nhap, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia 20 Tong Cue Thong ke (2007), Nien giam thong ke 2006, NXB Thong ke 21 Nguyen Trung Van (2001), Lua gao Viet Nam truoc thien nien ky moi - huong xuat khau, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia 22 Vien Nghien cuu thuong mai (2003), Hoi - dap ve tac dong cua WTO doi voi doanh nghiep xuat khau vua va nho, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia 23 Vien Nghien cuu thuong mai, Bo Thuong mai (2005), Doanh nghiep Viet Nam - APEC - WTO Hoi nhap va phat trien 24 Vien nghien cuu quan ly kinh te Trung uong (2006), Kinh te Viet Nam 2005 25 Dang Huu Vinh (2004), Bo cam nang dao tao va thong tin ve phat trien ndng thon toan dien, NXB Nong nghiep 26 Uy ban quoc gia ve hop tac kinh te quoc te (2004), Hoi dap ve td chuc thuong mai the gioi (WTO), NXB Chinh tri quoc gia Website www.agroviet.gov.vn Cong thong tin dien tu Bo NN & PTNT www.wto.dddn.com.vn Chuyen trang WTO www.mot.gov.vn Trang thong tin thuang mai Bo Cong thuang www.mpi.gov.vn Trang web Bo ke hoach va dau tu www.mard.gov.vn Van phong Bo NN&PTNN www.ipsard.gov.vn Vien chinh sach va chien luac PTNNNT www.nciec.gov.vn Uy ban quoc gia v€ hap tac kinh t£ qubc tS