ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 15 ppt

15 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 15 Studi Visser Staff Senior Editor: Paula K. Byers Project Editor: Suzanne M. Bourgoin Managing Editor: Neil E. Walker Editorial Staff: Luann Brennan, Frank V. Castronova, Laura S. Hightower, Karen E. Lemerand, Stacy A. McConnell, Jennifer Mossman, Maria L. Munoz, Katherine H. Nemeh, Terrie M. Rooney, Geri Speace Permissions Manager: Susan M. Tosky Production Director: Mary Beth Trimper Permissions Specialist: Maria L. Franklin Production Manager: Evi Seoud Permissions Associate: Michele M. Lonoconus Production Associate: Shanna Heilveil Image Cataloger: Mary K. Grimes Product Design Manager: Cynthia Baldwin Senior Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Research Manager: Victoria B. Cariappa Research Specialists: Michele P. LaMeau, Andrew Guy Malonis, Barbara McNeil, Gary J. Oudersluys Research Associates: Julia C. Daniel, Tamara C. Nott, Norma Sawaya, Cheryl L. Warnock Research Assistant: Talitha A. Jean Graphic Services Supervisor: Barbara Yarrow Image Database Supervisor: Randy Bassett Imaging Specialist: Mike Lugosz Manager of Data Entry Services: Eleanor M. Allison Manager of Technology Support Services: Theresa A. Rocklin Data Entry Coordinator: Kenneth D. Benson Programmers/Analysts: Mira Bossowska, Jeffrey Muhr, Christopher Ward Copyright © 1998 Gale Research 835 Penobscot Bldg. Detroit, MI 48226-4094 ISBN 0-7876-2221-4 (Set) ISBN 0-7876-2555-8 (Volume 15) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world biography / [edited by Suzanne Michele Bourgoin and Paula Kay Byers]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Presents brief biographical sketches which provide vital statistics as well as information on the importance of the person listed. ISBN 0-7876-2221-4 (set : alk. paper) 1. Biography—Dictionaries—Juvenile literature. [1. Biography.] I. Bourgoin, Suzanne Michele, 1968- . II. Byers, Paula K. (Paula Kay), 1954- . CT 103.E56 1997 920’ .003—dc21 97-42327 CIP AC While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale Research Inc. does not guar- antee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. a This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair compe- tition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. World Biography FM 15 9/10/02 6:32 PM Page iv 15 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY World Biography FM 15 9/10/02 6:32 PM Page v Wes Studi Wes Studi (born c. 1944) got a relatively late start as a film star—he was about 44 when he landed his first movie—but prior to that career move the Native American performer had compiled a list of real-life credits that included soldier, reporter and activist. B orn Wesley Studie—a full-blooded Cherokee—in rural Oklahoma, the eldest son of a ranch hand and a housekeeper, he was educated at an American Indian boarding school and got an early taste of how Native Americans were often treated off the reservation. As a boy, Studi and his friends would venture to nearby towns, where ‘‘all the shopkeepers got very careful when we walked in,’’ as he recalled to Mark Goodman in a People interview. Served in Vietnam Undaunted, Studi became a soldier in 1967, and even- tually served in Vietnam. ‘‘At one point,’’ Goodman wrote, ‘‘his company was pinned down in the Mekong Delta—and nearly killed—by friendly fire.’’ Not every Army memory was traumatic, though. As Studi related to Goodman, one day he and a fellow Native American recruit were ‘‘told we didn’t have duty that particular day. The rest of the company went out on a two-day operation. When they came back, we learned they had relocated entire villages. I don’t know that it had anything to do with the fact that many of our own people had been relocated, but it sort of struck me as funny.’’ An unfocused young man on his return stateside, Studi enrolled at Tulsa Junior College, which led to his participa- tion in the Trail of Broken Treaties protest march in 1972, according to People. ‘‘He was one of the protesters who briefly occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs,’’ Goodman noted. ‘‘The next year he joined the celebrated protest at Wounded Knee, [South Dakota], and was among those arrested on federal charges of insurrection.’’ Studi was jailed on that charge, but earned a waiver after only a few days. Soon afterward, Studi landed a job as reporter for the Tulsa Indian News, writing on Native American issues. For several years, Studi worked and ran a horse ranch in Tulsa. Then, in 1982, after divorcing his second wife, Studi felt a need to ‘‘build another life,’’ as he said in the People piece. He joined the American Indian Theater Company and by 1986 had moved to Los Angeles to pursue his craft. ‘‘At first Hollywood treated me like I wasn’t there,’’ he remarked to Dana Kennedy in an Entertainment Weekly profile. ‘‘Then they treated me like I was marginally there, and now they treat me much better.’’ Lands Big Hollywood Roles In 1988 Studi got his big break—a role in the ac- claimed independent feature Powwow Highway . That role led to a small but intense part in the blockbuster Dances With Wolves . In the Kevin Costner-directed film, Studi was an ‘‘angry Pawnee warrior who scalps actor Robert Pas- torelli,’’ Goodman wrote. Next came another big role, in the popular remake of The Last of the Mohicans. Though the film itself received mixed reviews, many critics took special note of Studi’s performance— New York magazine’s David Denby went so far as to say that ‘‘only vicious Magua, played by the striking Cherokee actor Wes Studi, seems like a flesh-and-blood man.’’ S 1 In 1993 Studi landed his most important acting role to date—the title role in Geronimo. As the legendary Chiricahua Apache leader who waged a determined—and, ultimately, ill-fated—campaign against the U.S. Army, Studi crafted a layered performance. ‘‘Photographs of Geronimo in his prime show a man with a fierce, implacable demea- nor and the stocky physique of a defensive lineman,’’ stated New Yorker critic Terrence Rafferty. ‘‘Wes Studi . . . has a lean, wiry frame, but he nonetheless manages to convey, superbly, the essential quality of those photographs, which is the gravity of Geronimo’s idea of himself.’’ While Geron- imo didn’t pack in the audiences the way Dances With Wolves and Mohicans had, Studi earned virtually unani- mous praise. While Studi’s roles have leaned toward the grimly dra- matic, those close to the actor know another side. ‘‘All you see is the stoic guy onscreen,’’ fellow Native American actor Rodney Grant told Goodman. ‘‘People don’t realize how humorous he is.’’ And how versatile; according to the arti- cle, Studi has ‘‘written two children’s books in Cherokee and even translated the Pulitzer Prize-winning play The Kentucky Cycle into that language.’’ ‘‘I’m a Cherokee first and an American later,’’ explained Studi in Entertainment Weekly. ‘‘While I may forgive, I will never forget—and I will pass that feeling on to my own kids.’’ Further Reading Entertainment Weekly, December 24, 1993; November 10, 1995. New York, September 28, 1992 New Yorker, January 10, 1994. People, December 20, 1993. Ⅺ Charles Sturt Charles Sturt (1795-1869), British officer, explorer, and colonial public servant, led three major expedi- tions into the interior of eastern Australia. C harles Sturt, the eldest son of an East India Com- pany judge, was born in India on April 28, 1795, educated at Harrow, and became an ensign in 1813. After serving in the Peninsular War and the American War of 1812, he performed garrison duties in France and Ireland before acting as an escort in 1826 for convicts being transported to New South Wales. The discovery of inland rivers west of the Great Divid- ing Range in New South Wales had excited speculation about the existence of an inland sea which Capt. Sturt, now military secretary to Governor Sir Ralph Darling, was deter- mined to find. In 1828, under conditions of considerable hardship, he led an expedition which discovered the Dar- ling River, 500 miles inland, and he unraveled the main features of the northern river system in New South Wales. Sturt led a second expedition, in November 1829, to track the source of the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee rivers. In an epic return journey of some 2,000 miles in 7 months, much of it in a 27-foot whaleboat, Sturt reached Lake Alex- andrina at Encounter Bay on the southern coast, having outlined the huge internal river system which drains a vast area west of the Great Dividing Range and having found extensive pastures suitable for pastoral farming. His health impaired and sight failing, Sturt went on leave to England in 1830 and published Two Expeditions into the Interior of South Australia (1833). After resigning from the army, he married and returned to New South Wales as a settler with a 5,000-acre land grant from the Colonial Office. Financial difficulties led him to become surveyor general in the new colony of South Australia in 1839. But his income and status as a public servant waned to such an extent that in order to restore his fortunes he sought permission from the Colonial Office to find an inland sea in the center of the continent. Sturt’s third expedition, which left Adelaide in August 1844, lasted for 17 months. Trapped by drought, the party was marooned in temperatures above 100 degrees from January to July 1845 at an isolated water hole 400 miles inland. Subsequently Sturt made a 450-mile journey toward the center but failed to reach the Tropic of Capricorn or to cross the Simpson Desert. When he returned to Adelaide, almost blind and broken in health, Sturt had abandoned his belief in the existence of a great inland sea. Like so many early explorers, he was disappointed by the hot, dry interior, which offered no prospects for farmers. But much of the area he crossed subsequently became a paradise for mineral prospectors. STURT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 2 On his return Sturt became colonial treasurer, received the Royal Geographical Society’s Gold Medal, and pub- lished Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia (1849). In 1853 he retired to Cheltenham in England, where he died on June 16, 1869. Further Reading The short biography by John Howard Lidgett Cumpston, Charles Sturt: His Life and Journeys of Exploration (1951), is detailed and well illustrated. It was the standard work until Michael Langley’s perceptive account, Sturt of the Murray: Father of Australian Exploration (1969), which incorporates fresh mate- rial. A briskly written, popular book is George Farmwell, Riders to an Unknown Sea: The Story of Charles Sturt, Ex- plorer (1963). Additional Sources Beale, Edgar, Sturt, the chipped idol: a study of Charles Sturt, explorer, Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1979. Swan, Keith John, In step with Sturt, Armadale, Australia: Graphic Books, 1979. Ⅺ A. H. Sturtevant Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970) was a genet- icist and National Medal of Science winner whose principles of gene mapping greatly affected the field of genetics. A . H. Sturtevant, an influential geneticist and winner of the National Medal of Science in 1968, is best known for his demonstrations of the principles of gene mapping. This discovery had a profound effect on the field of genetics and led to projects to map both animal and human chromosomes. He is the unacknowledged father of the Human Genome Project, which is attempting to map all of man’s 100,000 chromosomes by the year 2000. Sturtevant’s later work in the field of genetics led to discov- ery of the first reparable gene defect as well as the position effect, which showed that the effect of a gene is dependent on its position relative to other genes. He was a member of Columbia University’s ‘‘Drosophila Group,’’ whose studies of the genetics of fruit flies advanced new theories of genetics and evolution. Alfred Henry Sturtevant, the youngest of six children, was born in Jacksonville, Illinois, on November 21, 1891, to Alfred and Harriet (Morse) Sturtevant. Five of his early an- cestors had come to America aboard the Mayflower. Julian M. Sturtevant, his grandfather, a Yale Divinity School gradu- ate, was the founder and former president of Illinois Col- lege. Sturtevant’s father taught at Illinois College briefly but later chose farming as a profession. When Alfred Sturtevant was seven, his family moved to a farm in southern Alabama. He attended high school in Mobile, which was 14 miles from his home and accessible only by train. Sturtevant enrolled in Columbia University in New York City in 1908, boarding with his older brother, Edgar, who taught linguistics at Columbia’s Barnard College. Edgar and his wife played a significant role in young Sturtevant’s life. They sent him Columbia’s entrance examination, pulled strings to get him a scholarship, and welcomed him into their home in Edgewater, New Jersey, for four years. Edgar was also responsible for steering his brother toward a career in the sciences. The young Sturtevant had discovered genetic theory at an early age and often drew pedigrees of his family and of his father’s horses. Edgar encouraged him to write a paper on the subject of color heredity in horses and to submit the draft to Columbia University’s Thomas Hunt Morgan, the future Nobel Laureate geneticist. The paper used the recently rediscovered theories of Gregor Mendel, the 19th-century Austrian monk and founder of genetics, to explain certain coat-color inheritance patterns in horses. Sturtevant somehow mastered this subject in spite of his color-blindness. Student Work Leads to Major Genetic Breakthrough As a result of his paper on horses, which was published in 1910, Sturtevant was given a desk in Morgan’s famous ‘‘fly room,’’ a small laboratory dedicated to genetic research using Drosophila (fruit flies) as subjects. Fruit flies are ideal subjects for genetic research. They mature in ten days, are less than one-eighth inch long, can live by the hundreds in small vials, require nothing more substantial than yeast for food, and have only four pairs of chromosomes. Morgan’s early work focused on the phenomenon of ‘‘crossing-over’’ in the fruit fly. By 1910, he had already described the sex-limited inheritance of white eye. From Volume 15 STURTEVANT 3 this observation, he postulated the idea that genes were linked because they were carried by the same chromosome and that genes in close proximity to one another would be linked more frequently than those that were farther apart. Sometimes, dominant linked traits, such as eye color and wing size, became ‘‘unlinked’’ in offspring. Sturtevant stud- ied the process of crossing-over of sex-linked traits, which are carried on the X chromosome. Female fruit flies have two X chromosomes. In addition to one X chromosome, males have a Y chromosome, which carries very few genes. Sturtevant correctly hypothesized that the exchange be- tween X chromosomes probably occurred early on in the process of egg formation, when the paired chromosomes lie parallel to each other. Morgan believed that the relative distance between genes could be measured if the crossing-over frequencies could be determined. From this lead, Sturtevant developed a practical method for determining this frequency rate. He began by studying six sex-linked traits and measured the occurrence of this related trait. The more frequently the traits occurred, Sturtevant reasoned, the closer the genes must be. He then calculated the percentages of crossing- over between the various traits. From these percentages, he determined the relative distance between the genes on the chromosome, the first instance of gene mapping. This major discovery, which Sturtevant published in 1913 at the age of 22, eventually enabled scientists to map human and animal genes. It is often considered to be the starting point of modern genetics. In 1914, Sturtevant received his Ph.D. from Columbia and stayed on in Morgan’s lab as an investigator for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C. Along with C. B. Bridges, Hermann Joseph Muller, and Morgan, he formed part of an influential research team that made significant contributions to the fields of genetics and entomology. He later described the lab as highly democratic and occasion- ally argumentative, with ideas being heatedly debated. The 16 x 24-foot lab had no desks, no separate offices, one general telephone, and very few graduate assistants. Sturtevant thrived in this environment. He worked seven days a week, reserving his mornings for Drosophila research and his afternoons for reading the scientific literature and consulting with colleagues. He possessed a near photo- graphic memory and wide-ranging interests. His only short- coming as a researcher was his incessant pipe-smoking, which often left flakes of tobacco ash mixed in with the samples of fruit flies. In spite of this minor flaw, the fly-room group raised research standards and elevated research writ- ing to an art form. They also perfected the practice of chromosome mapping, using Sturtevant’s methods to de- velop a chromosome map of Drosophila, detailing the rela- tive positions of fifty genes. Sturtevant published a paper in 1914 that documented cases of double crossing-over, in which chromosomes that had already crossed-over broke with one another and recrossed again. His next major paper, published in 1915, concerned the sexual behavior of fruit flies and concen- trated on six specific mutant genes that altered eye or body color, two factors that played important roles in sexual selection. He then showed that specific genes were respon- sible for selective intersexuality. In later years, he discov- ered a gene that caused an almost complete sex change in fruit flies, miraculously transforming females into near males. In subsequent years, researchers identified other sex genes in many animals, as well as in humans. These discov- eries led to the development of the uniquely twentieth- century view of sex as a gene-controlled trait which is subject to variability. During the 1920s, Sturtevant and Morgan examined the unstable bar-eye trait in Drosophila Drosophila. Most geneticists at that time believed that bar eye did not follow the rules of Mendelian heredity. In 1925, Sturtevant showed that bar eye involved a recombination of genes rather than a mutation and that the position of the gene on the chromo- some had an effect on its action. This discovery, known as the position effect, contributed greatly to the understanding of the action of the gene. In 1928, Morgan received an offer from the California Institute of Technology to develop a new Division of Biolog- ical Sciences. Sturtevant followed his mentor to California, where he became Caltech’s first professor of genetics. The new genetics group set up shop in Caltech’s Kerckhoff Labo- ratory. Sturtevant continued working with fruit flies and conducted genetic investigations of other animals and plants, including snails, rabbits, moths, rats, and the evening primrose, Oenothera. In 1929, Sturtevant discovered a ‘‘sex ratio’’ gene that caused male flies to produce X sperm almost exclusively, instead of X and Y sperm. As a result, these flies’ offspring were almost always females. In the early 1930s, giant chro- mosomes were discovered in the salivary glands of fruit flies. Under magnification, these chromosomes revealed cross patterns which were correlated to specific genes. The so-called ‘‘physical’’ map derived from these giant chromo- somes did not exactly match Sturtevant’s ‘‘relative’’ location maps. In the physical map, some of the genes tended to cluster toward one end of the chromosome and the dis- tances between genes was not uniform. But the linear order of the genes on the chromosome matched Sturtevant’s rela- tive maps gene for gene. This discovery confirmed that Sturtevant had been correct in his assumptions about chro- mosomal linearity. In 1932, Sturtevant took a sabbatical leave and spent the year in England and Germany as a visiting professor of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. When he returned to America, he collaborated with his Caltech col- league Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian-born geneticist, on a study of inversions in the third chromosome of Dro- sophila pseudoobscura . In the 1940s, Sturtevant studied all of the known gene mutations in Drosophila and their vari- ous effects on the development of the species. From 1947 to 1962, he served as the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech. His most significant scientific contribu- tion during that time occurred in 1951, when he unveiled his chromosome map of the indescribably small fourth chromosome of the fruit fly, a genetic problem that had puzzled scientists for decades. STURTEVANT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 4 During the 1950s and 1960s, Sturtevant turned his attention to the iris and authored numerous papers on the subject of evolution. He became concerned with the poten- tial dangers of genetics research and wrote several papers on the social significance of human genetics. In a 1954 speech to the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he described the possible genetic consequences of nuclear war and argued that the public should be made aware of these possible cataclysmic hazards before any further bomb testing was performed. One of his last published journal articles, written in 1956, described a mutation in fruit flies that, by itself, was harm- less but which proved lethal in combination with another specific mutant gene. Sturtevant married Phoebe Curtis Reed in 1923, and the couple honeymooned in Europe, touring England, Nor- way, Sweden, and Holland. The Sturtevants had three chil- dren. Sturtevant was named professor emeritus at Caltech in 1962. He spent the better part of the early 1960s writing his major work, A History of Genetics, which was published in 1965. In 1968, he received the prestigious National Medal of Science for his achievements in genetics. He died on April 5, 1970, at the age of 78. Ⅺ Peter Stuyvesant Peter Stuyvesant (ca. 1610-1672), Dutch director general of the New Netherland colony in America, was compelled to surrender his colony to England. T he last and most efficient of Dutch proconsuls in the European struggle for control of North America, Pe- ter Stuyvesant is remembered as the stubborn, some- what choleric governor of the Dutch West India Company’s base on the mainland. A zealous Calvinist, he brought a relatively effective government to the colony, absorbed the nearby rival Swedish settlements, and attempted to remold New Netherland in his own and the company’s image. His efforts at reform were cut short with the seizure of New Amsterdam (later, New York) by a British force in 1664. Born at Scherpenzeel, Friesland, Stuyvesant was the son of a Calvinist Dutch Reformed minister. He attended school in Friesland, where he heard much about New Netherland and about Holland’s war with Spain. He be- came a student at the University of Franeker but was ap- parently expelled, for reasons unknown, about 1629. Patriotic, and desiring adventure, Stuyvesant entered the service of the Dutch West India Company—first as a clerk and then, in 1635, as a supercargo to Brazil. By 1638 he had become chief commercial officer for Curac¸ao; in 1643 he returned there as governor. The following year he led an unsuccessful attack against the Portuguese colony of St. Martin in the Leeward Islands. During the siege he was wounded in the right leg, and the crude amputation re- quired resulted in a lengthy convalescence and a trip to Holland to obtain an artificial limb. (Because of its adorn- ments, he was thereafter often nicknamed ‘‘Silver Leg.’’) In Breda he married Judith Bayard, the sister of his brother- in-law. On Oct. 5, 1645, Stuyvesant came before the chamber of the nearly bankrupt West India Company and volun- teered his services for New Netherland. The next July he was appointed director general of that colony. On Christ- mas Day he sailed for America with four vessels carrying soldiers, servants, traders, and a new set of officials. Also on board were his widowed sister and her children, together with his wife. The ships, proceeding by way of Curac¸ao, arrived at New Amsterdam on May 11, 1647, to be greeted by cheering settlers. The inhabitants soon learned, however, that their new governor was not so liberal as themselves. Stuyvesant’s first domestic order restricted sale of intoxicants and compelled observance of the Sabbath. He became a church warden of the Reformed congregation and commenced rebuilding its edifice. Clerics and councilmen easily persuaded him (in a move aimed at Lutherans and Quakers) to forbid meetings not conforming to the Synod of Dort. Though Amsterdam reproved him on this point and counseled tolerance, under the narrowly religious Stuyvesant dissent was always frowned upon. Though harsh and dictatorial, Stuyvesant introduced a number of needed reforms, particularly directed toward im- proving New Amsterdam’s living conditions. He appointed fire wardens and ordered chimney inspections, instituted a weekly market and annual cattle fair, required bakers to use Volume 15 STUYVESANT 5 standard weights, somewhat controlled traffic and sanita- tion, repaired the fort, and licensed taverns. Stuyvesant con- cerned himself about all aspects of town life. He organized a night watch, had streets paved, encouraged local bakeries and breweries, and promoted the colony’s commerce whenever possible. Stuyvesant expected the people to obey his will and opposed the New Amsterdam citizen’s desire for a separate municipal government for the city, but he early established the Board of Nine Men to advise him in promoting the public welfare. Citizens found onerous his diligent attempts to enforce Dutch trading restrictions and to collect taxes and tolls—though when their ‘‘Remonstrance’’ to Holland fi- nally procured a distinct government for New Amsterdam (1653), they continued their delinquency about such obli- gations. One of Stuyvesant’s first official acts was to organize a naval expedition against the Spaniards operating within the limits of the West India Company’s charter. A force sent against Ft. Christina in 1655 conquered Sweden’s province on the Delaware River and absorbed the settlements into New Netherland. Peace was made with marauding Native Americans, and captive Dutch colonists were ransomed. Stuyvesant promoted trading relations with New England and succeeded in achieving a modus vivendi respecting the troublesome boundary with Connecticut. In 1657 he granted a system of ‘‘burgher rights,’’ providing (at a price) eligibility for trading and office holding; at first limited to New Amsterdam, this came to apply throughout the prov- ince. The governor’s salary plus allowances (approximately $1,600, all told) enabled Stuyvesant to purchase a bouwerie, or farm, of 300 acres north of the city wall and a town lot for a house with gardens beside the fort. He lived comfortably in these, and his two sons were both born in New Amsterdam. In 1664, while England and Holland were still at peace, Charles II decided to seize New Netherland for his brother James, Duke of York. When four British warships under Col. Richard Nicolls reached New Amsterdam, the colony was completely unprepared. Stuyvesant wanted to resist this aggression, but word of Nicolls’s lenient terms eroded his already scanty support, and after lengthy negotiations he capitulated on September 7. He obtained provisional trad- ing rights for the West India Company in the province and, to defend his official conduct, went to Amsterdam in 1665—though his evidence as to the company’s neglect of colonial defense did not endear him to its directors. Return- ing to New York in 1668, Stuyvesant retired to his farm until his death in February 1672. Further Reading Henry Kessler and Eugene Rachlis, Peter Stuyvesant and His New York (1959), is the most scholarly and readable study of Stuyvesant. Informative is John Franklin Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland (1909; new ed. 1952). Bayard Tuckerman, Peter Stuyvesant (1893), although outdated, is valuable. Hendrick Willem Van Loon, Life and Times of Pieter Stuyvesant (1918), provides a provocative character interpre- tation. Additional Sources Picard, Hymen Willem Johannes, Peter Stuyvesant, builder of New York, Cape Town: Hollandsch Afrikaansche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1975. Ⅺ William Styron William Styron (born 1925) was a Southern writer of novels and articles. His major works were Lie Down in Darkness, The Long March, The Confessions of Nat Turner, and Sophie’s Choice . His major theme was the response of basically decent people to such cruelties of life as war, slavery, and madness. W illiam Styron was born January 11, 1925, in Newport News, Virginia, to a family whose roots in the South go back to the 17th century. After attending Christchurch, a small Episcopal high school in Middlesex County, Virginia, he entered Davidson Col- lege in 1942. In 1943 he transferred to Duke University but left school for service with the Marines. His experiences first as a trainee at Parris Island and then as an officer are the bases for the preoccupation with war, the military mind, and authority in his novels. Discharged in 1945, Styron returned to Duke. There, under the guidance of William Blackburn, he became seri- ously interested in literature and began writing short stories. After he graduated in 1947 and took a job in New York, it was Blackburn who influenced him to enroll in a creative writing class taught by Hiram Haydn at the New School for Social Research. But Styron found that his job writing copy and reading manuscripts for McGraw Hill sapped his energy and creativity. Within six months he was fired ‘‘for slovenly appearance, not wearing a hat, and reading the New York Post .’’ The loss of his job turned out to be beneficial, since, with financial support from his father and encouragement from Haydn, he could write full-time, and in 1952 he pub- lished Lie Down in Darkness . This novel is about the disintegration of a southern family, the Loftises. The immediate setting is the funeral of one of the daughters, Peyton, a suicide. But the conflicts between the narcissistic, alcoholic father and the emotion- ally disturbed mother, the hate between mother and daugh- ter, and the near incestuous love of the father for Peyton— all contributors to the characters’ disillusionment and the suicide itself—are unfolded in flashbacks. Though the story is told in third person, the final section is a remarkable monologue recited by Peyton before she jumps out of a window. Lie Down in Darkness was an impressive first novel, and in 1952 Styron won the Prix de Rome of the Academy of Arts and Letters for his achievement. During the Korean conflict, in 1951, just before Lie Down in Darkness appeared, Styron was recalled briefly to the Marines. Two incidents—the accidental killing of sol- diers by a stray shell and a forced march—which occurred STYRON ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 6 [...]... of Sullivan’s life, as did an appointment in the University of Maryland’s School of Medicine In 1936 he helped establish the Washington School of Psychiatry In later life he served as professor and head of the department of psychiatry in Georgetown University Medical School, president of the William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, editor of Psychiatry, and chairman of the Council of Fellows of. .. Division, Library of Congress, 1995) Ⅺ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY Sir John Suckling The English poet and playwright Sir John Suckling (1609-1642) was one of the Cavalier poets of the reign of Charles I B orn into an old Norfolk family early in February 1609, John Suckling was the son of the secretary of state to King James I He studied at Cambridge and Gray’s Inn, London, the latter one of the chief... Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols., 1877-1893), is a sympathetic biography by a friend An excellent biography in two volumes is by David Donald: volume 1: Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (1960), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1961; and volume 2: Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970), deals with the remainder of Sumner’s life Ⅺ 31 32 S UM N E R ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY. .. conductor of the Philharmonic Society of London (1885-1887) and of the Leeds Festival (18801899) He also taught composition at the Royal Academy of Music and was the first director of the Royal College of Music All the while Sullivan kept at his primary vocation of composing His first published piece was an anthem written when he was 13 Thereafter he composed a quantity of A detailed analysis of Sullivan’s... 12 grades of cap ranks were first instituted in 603 The system was modeled after the Chinese one of distinguishing ranks of court officials by the form and materials of the official caps Nihongi recorded that the prince regent also prepared in person the first written ‘‘constitution’’ of Japan, which was promulgated in 604 It is evident, however, that the document was rather of the nature of moral maxims... Tahmasp, reoccupied many of his conquered territories, thus necessitating Suleiman’s return and leading to the sack of Tabriz in 153 6 SULLA Volume 15 That same year Ibrahim fell from favor Favorite, confidant, adviser, policy maker, and even brother-in-law of Suleiman, Ibrahim was found outside the palace strangled the morning of March 15, 153 6 He had apparently overstepped the bounds of his position, frequently... posthumous name of the Chinese emperor Yang Chien, founder of the Sui dynasty He brought about the unification of China after more than 3 centuries of political division T he ancestry of Sui Wen-ti, born Yang Chien, is not certain, but it is likely that his antecedents served as officials under several of the non-Chinese states in North China His father, Yang Chung, was a soldier and was given a title of nobility... crucial cause of later Ottoman decline The first of Suleiman’s military moves was against Belgrade, captured on Aug 29, 152 1, in retaliation for the harsh treatment accorded a Turkish embassy seeking tribute of the king of Hungary Thus the way into the heartland of central Europe was opened Rhodes, only 6 miles off the Turkish coast, was the Sultan’s second military objective The resident Knights of St John... University of Chicago Press, 1987, 1986 Ⅺ Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Arthur Ochs Sulzberger (born 1926), long-time publisher of the New York Times, was involved in the transformation of this newspaper from a New York City enterprise into one of broad national influence Volume 15 A rthur Ochs Sulzberger was born February 5, 1926, in the city of New York He was the son of Arthur Hays Sulzberger, chairman of the... self-sacrifice More directly in the stream of naturalism was Sudermann’s four-act drama, Die Ehre, produced in November 1889 It treats of class conflict and the relativity of the concept of honor, contrasting the rich, dwelling in the ‘‘front of the house,’’ with the humble occupants of the ‘‘rear of the house.’’ Without glorifying the latter, Sudermann defends the viability of bourgeois principles and a persistent . classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. World Biography FM 15 9/10/02 6:32 PM Page iv 15 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY World Biography FM 15 9/10/02. 15 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 15 Studi Visser Staff Senior Editor: Paula K. Byers Project. (Set) ISBN 0-7876-2555-8 (Volume 15) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world biography / [edited by Suzanne