17 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 17 Index Staff Senior Editor: Paula K. Byers Project Editor: Suzanne M. Bourgoin Managing Editor: Neil E. Walker Editorial Staff: Luann Brennan, Frank V. Castronova, Laura S. Hightower, Karen E. Lemerand, Stacy A. McConnell, Jennifer Mossman, Maria L. Munoz, Katherine H. Nemeh, Terrie M. Rooney, Geri Speace Permissions Manager: Susan M. Trosky Production Director: Mary Beth Trimper Permissions Specialist: Maria L. Franklin Production Manager: Evi Seoud Permissions Associate: Michele M. Lonoconus Production Associate: Shanna Heilveil Image Cataloger: Mary K. Grimes Product Design Manager: Cynthia Baldwin Senior Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Research Manager: Victoria B. Cariappa Research Specialists: Michele P. LaMeau, Andrew Guy Malonis, Barbara McNeil, Gary J. Oudersluys Research Associates: Julia C. Daniel, Tamara C. Nott, Norma Sawaya, Cheryl L. Warnock Research Assistant: Talitha A. Jean Graphic Services Manager: Barbara Yarrow Image Database Supervisor: Randy Bassett Imaging Specialist: Mike Logusz Manager of Data Entry Services: Eleanor M. Allison Manager of Technology Support Services: Theresa A. Rocklin Data Entry Coordinator: Kenneth D. Benson Programmers/Analysts: Mira Bossowska, Jeffrey Muhr, Christopher Ward Copyright © 1998 Gale Research 835 Penobscot Bldg. Detroit, MI 48226-4094 ISBN 0-7876-2221-4 (Set) ISBN 0-7876-2557-4 (Volume 17) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of world biography / [edited by Suzanne Michele Bourgoin and Paula Kay Byers]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Presents brief biographical sketches which provide vital statistics as well as information on the importance of the person listed. ISBN 0-7876-2221-4 (set : alk. paper) 1. Biography—Dictionaries—Juvenile literature. [1. Biography.] I. Bourgoin, Suzanne Michele, 1968- . II. Byers, Paula K. (Paula Kay), 1954- . CT 103.E56 1997 920’ .003—dc21 97-42327 CIP AC While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale Research Inc. does not guar- antee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. a This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair compe- tition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII HOW TO USE THE INDEX XXIII INDEX 1 CONTENTS World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page v Photographs and illustrations in Encyclopedia of World Biography have been used with the permission of the following sources: American Automobile Manufacturers Association: Wal- ter P. Chrysler, Alfred P. Sloan Jr. American Museum of Natural History: Henry Hudson AP/Wide World Photos, Inc.: Abbas I, Berenice Abbott, Bella Stavisky Abzug, Chinua Achebe, Ansel Adams, Hank Adams, Giovanni Agnelli, Madeleine Korbel Albright, Horatio Alger, Paula Gunn Allen, Salvador Allende Gossens, Giulio Andreotti, Iuri Vladimirovich Andropov, Maya Angelou, Jean Anouilh, Michel Aoun, Corazon Cojoangco Aquino, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Louis Daniel Armstrong, Matthew Arnold, Arthur Robert Ashe Jr., Hanan Mikhail Ashrawi, Hafiz Assad, Fred Astaire, Aung San Suu Kyi, Patricio Aylwin Azocar, Jose Azcona Hoyo, Bruce Babbitt, Polly Baca-Barragan, James Baker, Dennis J. Banks, John Bardeen, Luis Barra- gan, Marion Barry, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Kathleen Battle, Etienne-Emile Baulieu, The Beatles, Stephen Davison Bechtel, Clyde Bellecourt, Joseph Bernardin, Nabih Berri, Mary Frances Berry, Joseph Beuys, Benazir Bhutto, Steve Biko, Larry Bird, Mel Blanc, Judy Blume, William E. Boeing, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Norman Borlaug, Robert Bourassa, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Barbara Boxer, Ed R. Bradley, Benjamin Britten, Earl Russell Browder, Carol Browner, Susan Brownmiller, Dennis Brutus, Pat(rick) Buchanan, Warren Buffett, Anthony Burgess, William S. Burroughs, George Bush, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Joseph Campbell, Jennifer Capriati, George Carey, William J. Casey, Wilt Chamberlain, Charles (Prince of Wales), Linda Chavez, Benjamin Chavis, Richard Cheney, Judy Chicago, Julia Child, May Edward Chinn, Jacques Chirac, Shirley Chisholm, Joaquin Chissano, Connie Chung, Henry Cisneros, Sandra Cisneros, Tom Clancy, James Cleveland, William Jefferson Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Johnnie Cochran, Johnnetta Cole, Eileen Collins, Marva Delores Collins, Fernando Collor de Mello, Padraic Colum, Barry Commoner, Bert Corona, Corrigan and Williams, Charles E. Coughlin, Noel Coward, Seymour Cray, Edith Cresson, (John) Michael Crichton, Alfredo Cristiani, Walter Cronkite, Countee Cullen, Merce Cunningham, Dalai Lama, Henry Dale, Mahmud Darwish, Angela Davis, Simone De Beauvoir, Edward DeBartolo Jr., Ada E. Deer, Fredrik Willem de Klerk, Doi Takako, Rita Dove, Charles Richard Drew, William E. Dubois, Jean Dubuffet, Albrecht Durer, Sylvia A. Earle, Marian Wright Edelman, Joycelyn Elders, Gertrude B. Elion, Ralph Waldo Ellison, Akihito, Julius Erving, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Louis Far- rakhan, Federico Fellini, W.C. Fields, Paul Flory, Dian Fossey, Helen Frankenthaler, Aretha Franklin, Karl von Frisch, Athol Fugard, Alberto Fujimori, J. W.Fulbright, Muammar al-Gaddafi, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, William (Bill) Gates, Helene Gayle, Clifford Geertz, Murray Gell- Mann, Lillian Gilbreth, Newt Gingrich, Philip Glass, Kurt Godel, Whoopi Goldberg, James Goldsmith, Felipe Gonzalez Marquez, Ellen Goodman, Raisa Maximovna Gorbachev, Berry Gordy, Al Gore, Stephen J. Gould, Cary Grant, Nancy Graves, Robert Graves, William H. Gray, III, Andrew Greeley, Graham Greene, Wayne Gret- zky, Nicolas Guillen, Alec Guinness, Woody (Woodrow Wilson) Guthrie, George Amman Habash, Fritz Haber, Alex Haley, Barbara Harris, Patricia Roberts Harris, Fran- cis Brett Harte, Hassan II, Stephen Hawking, Coleman Hawkins, Roland Hayes, Rita Hayworth, Bernadine Healy, Seamus Heaney, Joseph Heller, Walter Heller, Lil- lian Hellman, Ernest Hemingway, Jimi Hendrix, O. Henry (William Sydney Porter), Matthew Alexander Henson, Katharine Hepburn, Anita Hill, Gregory Hines, Soichiro Honda, Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Edward Hopper, Godfrey Hounsfield, Gordie Howe, Aldous Huxley, Lee Iacocca, Patricia Ireland, Kareem Abdul Jab- bar, Jesse Jackson, Maynard Jackson, Michael Jackson, Reggie Jackson, Shirley Ann Jackson, John E. Jacob, Mick Jagger, Helmut Jahn, Daniel James, Jr., P. D. James, Mae ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY viii C. Jemison, Jiang Zemin, Juan Ramon Jimenez, Robert Joffrey, John Paul II, Betsey Johnson, Earvin “Magic” Johnson, Philip Johnson, Virginia Johnson, James Earl Jones, Quincy Jones, June Jordan, Franz Kafka, Louis Kahn, Radovan Karadzic, Isabella L. Karle, George Kauf- man, Gerald Kaufman, Kenneth Kaunda, Yasunari Kawa- bata, Helen Keller, Gene Kelly, Jomo Kenyatta, J. Robert Kerrey, Sayyed Ali Khamenei, Har Gobind Khorana, Kim Il Sung, Kim Young-sam, B. B. King, Coretta Scott King, Calvin Klein, Helmut Kohl, Ray(mond Albert) Kroc, Eliz- abeth Kubler-Ross, Hans Kung, Madeline Kunin, Akira Kurosawa, Estee Lauder, Mary Leakey, Richard Leakey, John Le Carre, Spike Lee, Annie Leibovitz, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Rita Levi-Montalcini, James Levine, David Levy, Carl Lewis, Roy Lichtenstein, Maya Lin, Little Richard, David Lodge, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Kathleen Lonsdale, Konrad Lorenz, Susan Love, Robert Lowell, Gerardo Machado y Morales, Samora Machel, Hugh MacLennan, Malcolm X, Andre Malraux, David Mamet, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Winnie Mandela, Wilma Mankiller, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos, Paule Marshall, Lynn Martin, Quett Masire, William Masters, (Ian) Robert Maxwell, Robert Maynard, Ernst Mayr, Hattie McDaniel, John McEnroe, Floyd B. McKissick, Terry McMillan, Robert Strange McNamara, Aimee Semple McPherson, Margaret Mead, Russell Means, Golda Meir, Rigoberta Menchu, Carlos Menem, James Meredith, James Merrill, Kweisi Mfume, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, Harvey Milk, Arthur Miller, C. Wright Mills, Yukio Mishima, Isaac Mizrahi, Mobutu Sese Seko, N. Scott Momaday, Thelonious Monk, Joe Montana, Marianne Craig Moore, Garrett A. Morgan, Robin Morgan, Akio Morita, Mark Morris, Toni Morrison, John Mortimer, Carol Moseley- Braun, Grandma Moses (Anna Mary Robertson), Mother Teresa, Shirley “Cha Cha” Muldowney, (Martin) Brian Mulroney, Rupert Murdoch, Ralph Nader, Irene Nativi- dad, Martina Navratilova, Gloria Naylor, Benjamin Netanyahu, Louise Nevelson, S. I. Newhouse, Jr., Huey Newton, Anais Nin, Joshua Nkomo, Isamu Noguchi, Jessye Norman, Robert Noyce, Sam (Shafihuna) Nujo- ma, Sam Nunn, Julius K. Nyerere, Sandra Day O’Con- nor, Joyce Carol Oates, Clifford Odets, Oginga Odinga, Jose Ortega y Gasset, John Kingsley Orton, George Orwell, John Osborne, Ruth Bryan Owen, Jesse Owens, Turgut Ozal, David Packard, Leon Panetta, Dorothy Park- er, Rosa Parks, Ruth Patrick, Luciano Pavarotti, Norman Vincent Peale, Robert Edwin Peary, Ieoh Ming Pei, Leonard Peltier, Carlos Andres Perez, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Harold Robert Perry, Saint John Perse, Paloma Picasso, Edith Piaf, Pickney Benton Stewart Pinchback, Augusto Pinochet, Harold Pinter, Luigi Pirandello, Sylvia Plath, Sidney Poitier, Cole Albert Porter, Katherine Anne Porter, Ezra Pound, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Colin L. Powell, Elvis Presley, Marcel Proust, Yitzhak Rabin, Cyril Ramaphosa, Fidel Ramos, Charles Rangel, Jeannette Rankin, Simon Rattle, Dixie Lee Ray, Ronald Reagan, Vanessa Redgrave, Walter Reed, Erich Maria Remarque, Rembrandt, Janet Reno, Anne Rice, Elmer Rice, Adri- enne Rich, Charles Richter, Leni Riefenstahl, Richard Riordan, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Jackie Robinson, Mary Robinson, Max Robinson, Theodore Roethke, Rolling Stones, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Diana Ross, Philip Roth, Mark Rothko, Carl T. Rowan, Maude Roy- den, Wilma Rudolph, Elizabeth S. Russell, Bayard Rustin, Ernesto Sabato, Antoine de St. Exupery, J. D. Salinger, Frederick Sanger, Margaret Sanger, Jean Paul Sartre, Jonas Savimbi, Edward Schillebeeckx, Phyllis Schlafly, Charles Schulz, Norman Schwarzkopf, Albert Schweitzer, Walter Scott, Bobby Seale, Pete Seeger, Anne Sexton, William Shakespeare, John Shalikashvili, Anatoly Shcharansky, Percy Shelley, Robert E. Sherwood, John R. Silber, Karen Silkwood, Georges Simenon, Louis Simpson, Frank Sinatra, Upton Sinclair, Margaret Chase Smith, Charles Percy Snow, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Stephen Sondheim, Susan Sontag, John Philip Sousa, Benjamin Spock, Danielle Steele, John Steinbeck, Gloria Steinem, Frank Stella, Robert Louis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, Carl B. Stokes, Oliver Stone, Robert Stone, Tom Stoppard, Richard Strauss, Alfredo Stroessner, Wes Studi, William Styron, Leon Howard Sullivan, Helen Suzman, Oliver Tambo, Ida Minerva Tarbell, Helen Brooke Taus- sig, Kiri Te Kanawa, Studs Terkel, William Thackeray, Twyla Tharp, Margaret Thatcher, Clarence Thomas, Dylan Marlais Thomas, Hunter S.Thompson, George Paget Thomson, James Thurber, Jacobo Timerman, Jan Tinbergen, J.R.R. Tolkein, Mildred Trotter, Franjo Tudj- man, Tina Turner, Desmond Tutu, Peter Ueberroth, Sigrid Undset, John Updike, George Vancouver, Victor Vasare- ly, Sarah Vaughan, Nydia Velazquez, Robert Venturi, John Von Neumann, Kurt Vonnegut, Marilyn vos Savant, Hugo de Vries, Lech Walesa, Alice Walker, Margaret Abigail Walker, Ernest T. S. Walton, Sam Walton, An Wang, Andy Warhol, Maxine Waters, Thomas J. Watson, Robert Weaver, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Kurt Julian Weill, Herbert George Wells, Eudora Welty, William West- moreland, Patrick Victor Martindale White, Theodore H. White, Walter Francis White, Alfred North Whitehead, Christine Todd Whitman, Kathryn J. Whitmire, Sheila Widnall, Elie Wiesel, Richard Wilbur, Lawrence Douglas Wilder, Tennessee Williams, August Wilson, Edward O. Wilson, Oprah Winfrey, Carter Goodwin Woodson, Yev- geni Yevtushenko, Andrew Young, Coleman A.Young, Marguerite Yourcenar, Babe (Mildred Ella) Didriksen Zaharias, Ernesto Zedillo, Zhao Ziyang, Vladimir Zhiri- novsky, Emile Zola Archive Photos, Inc.: Abdul-Hamid II, Peter Abelard, Dean Gooderham Acheson, Theodore Weisengrund Adorno, Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer), Ahmadou Ahidjo, Anna Akhmatova, Edward Albee, Albertus Mag- nus, Sholom Aleichem, Miguel Aleman Valdes, Alexan- der II, ibn Abi Talib Ali, Ramiz Alia, Isabel Allende, World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page viii Volume 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix Jorge Allessandri Rodriguez, Saint Ambrose, American Horse, Idi Amin Dada, Roald Amundsen, Hans Christ- ian Andersen, Mario Andretti, Edmund Andros, Saint Anslem, Moshe Arens, Oscar Arias Sanchez, Aristo- phanes, Giorgio Armani, Thomas Augustine Arne, Ray- mond Aron, Jean Arp, Les Aspin, Atahuallpa, Clement Richard Attlee, John James Audubon, Saint Augustine, Richard Avedon, Johann Christian Bach, Johann Sebast- ian Bach, Phillip Emanuel Bach, Francis Bacon, Roger Bacon, Nathaniel Bacon, Russell Baker, Samuel White Baker, Mikhail Bakunin, George Balanchine, Stanley Baldwin, George Ball, Hubert Howe Bancroft, Joseph Banks, Hugo Banzer Suarez, Bao-Dai, Ehud Barak, Samuel Barber, Klaus Barbie, Daniel Barenboim, P(hineas) T(aylor) Barnum, Paul Jean Francois Nicolas De Barras, Raymond Barre, Rene Ortuno Barrientos, Justo Rufino Barrios, Bela Bartok, William Bartram, Johann Bernhard Basedow, Basil I, Ferdinand Christian Baur, Beatrix Wilhelmina von Amsburg, Samuel Beck- ett, Saint Bede, Henry Ward Beecher, Vincenzo Bellini, Saul Bellow, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., William Ben- nett, Jack Benny, Thomas Hart Benton, Lloyd Millard Bentsen, Alban Berg, Saint Bernard, (Ernst) Ingmar Bergman, Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria, Sali Berisha, William Berkeley, Georges Bernanos, Romulo Betan- court, John Betjeman, James Luther Bevel, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Patrick M. S. Blackett, Harry A. Blackmun, Ernst Bloch, Charles (Chip) Bohlen, Heinrich Boll, Louis Bonaparte, Bonaventure, Boniface, Aleksandr P. Borodin, Hieronymus Bosch, William Joseph Brennan, Jr., Andre Breton, Kingman Brewster, Jr., Stephen Breyer, Harry A. R. Bridges, John Bright, Benjamin Helm Bris- tow, Joseph Brodsky, Charlotte Bronte, Joyce Diane Brothers, Joseph Emerson Brown, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alois Brunner, John Bruton, Paul “Bear” Bryant, 1st Duke of Buckingham, William F. Buckley, Jr., Guillaume Bude, James Buel, Buffalo Bill, Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Nikolai Bulganin, Rudolf Karl Bult- mann, Luis Bunuel, Robert O’Hara Burke, Frank M. Burnet, Fanny Burney, Arthur F. Burns, Richard Burton, Kofi Busia, William Byrd, Jane Margaret Byrne, James Francis Byrnes, Calamity Jane, Alexander Calder, Rafael Caldera Rodriquez, (Leonard) James Callaghan, Alexan- der Campbell, Albert Camus, Joseph G. Cannon, Eddie Cantor, Robert Capa, Al Capone, Al(fred Gerald) Capp, Frank Capra, Andrew Carnegie, Venustiano Carranza, Peter Carrington, Johnny Carson, Elliott Carter, Jacques Cartier, Giovanni Giacomo Casanova De Seingalt, Mary Cassatt, Humberto de Castelo Branco, Louis Ferdinand Celine, Chadli Benjedid, James Chadwick, Joseph Chamberlain, Whitaker Chambers, Coco Chanel, Syd- ney Chapman, J. B. Simeon Chardin, Erwin Chargaff, Charles IV, Charles IV, Charles The Bold, Charles VIII, Chiang Kai-shek, Roberto Chiari, Noam Chomsky, Fred- eric Chopin, Joseph-Jacques-Jean Chretien, Warren Christopher, Chun Doo-hwan, Tansu Ciller, Liz Clai- borne, Margaret Clapp, Samuel Clarke, John M.Clayton, Clement of Alexandria, Patsy Cline, Henry Clinton, Ty(rus Raymond)Cobb, George Michael Cohan, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Edward Coke, John Colet, Gasperd de Coligny, Henry Steele Commager, Roscoe Conkling, John Bowden Connally, Jr., Joseph Conrad, Constantine XI, Jay Cooke, Erza Cornell, Victor Cousin, Norman Cousins, Henry Cowell, Archibald Cox, Tench Coxe, Hart Crane, Bettino Craxi, Francesco Crispi, Bing (Harry Lillis) Crosby, Oswaldo Cruz, Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Albert Cuyp, Thascius Caecilianus Cyprianus, Edouard Daladier, David, Arthur Vining Davis, John Davis, Willem De Kooning, Miguel De La Madrid Hurtado, Agnes De Mille, James Dean, Claude Debussy, Daniel Defoe, (Ferdinand Victor) Eugen Delacroix, Martin Robinson Delany, David Dellinger, Cecil B. DeMille, Andre Derain, Jacques Derrida, Pierre Jean DeSmet, Bernadette Devlin, Thomas Edmund Dewey, Diana (Princess of Wales), Bartholomeu Dias de Novais, Richard Diebenkorn, John George Diefenbaker, Joe DiMaggio, Karen Dinesen Blixen-Finecke, David Dink- ins, Otto Dix, Elizabeth Dole, Josef Ignaz Von Dollinger, Domitian, Do Muoi, Jose E. Dos Santos, Fyodor Dosto- evsky, Thomas Clement Douglas, William Orville Dou- glas, John William Draper, Daniel Drew, John Dryden, David Dubinsky, Alexander Duff, Isadora Duncan, Saint Dunstan, Asher Brown Durand, Thomas Clark Durant, Thomas Eakins, Amelia Earhart, Charles Eastman, Abba Solomon Eban, John Carew Eccles, Bulet Ecevit, Luis Alvarez Echeverria, Edward III, Edward IV, Mamie Dodd Eisenhower, Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Daniel Ellsberg, John England, Epicurus, Ludwig Erhard, Leif Ericson, Erik Erikson, Max Ernst, Erte, Sam J.Ervin, Jr., Leonhard Euler, Euripides, Oliver Evans, William Maxwell Evarts, Edward Everett, Hubert Van Eyck, Jan van Eyck, Ezekiel, Laurent Fabius, William G. Fargo, Suzanne Farrell, Father Divine, Brian Faulkner, Jules Feiffer, Lyonel Feininger, Ferdinand II, Ferdinand VII, Geraldine Ferraro, Jules Ferry, Marshall Field, Henry Fielding, Jose Figueres, Louis Finkelstein, Bobby Fischer, Garret Fitzgerald, Robert Flaherty, Titus Q. Flamininus, Abraham Flexner, Thomas Foley, Jane Fonda, Michael Foot, Malcolm Forbes, John Ford, E(dward) M(organ) Forster, Abe Fortas, Bob Fosse, Joseph Fouche, John Fowles, Francis II, Saint Francis de Sales, John Franklin, Antonia Fraser, Malcolm Fraser, Simon Fraser, Frederick William, Frederick William III, Frederick William IV, Gilberto Freyre, Milton Friedman, Jean Froissart, Erich Fromm, James A. Froude, William H. Fry, Carlos Fuentes, Richard Buckminster Fuller, Clark Gable, Naum Gabo, Dennis Gabor, Marius Gaius, George Gallup, Rajiv Gandhi, Federico Garcia Lorca, John Gardner, Judy Garland, Jean P. Gaultier, Ernesto Geisel, Hans Dietrich Genscher, Richard Gephardt, J. Paul Getty, Sr., Alberto Giacometti, Vo Nguyen Giap, William Gibson, Humphrey Gilbert, World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY x Allen Ginsberg, Valery Giscard D’Estaing, Rudolf Giu- liani, Kiro Gligorov, John Glubb, Godfrey of Bouillon, Manuel de Godoy, Johann Goethe, Arthur Goldberg, Harry Golden, George Peabody Gooch, Benny Good- man, Andrew Goodpaster, Mikhail Gorbachev, Klement Gottwald, Jean Goujon, Joao Goulart, Jay Gould, William Russell Grace, Ramon Grau San Martin, Asa Gray, Robert Gray, Graham Greene, Alan Greenspan, Germaine Greer, David Lewelyn Wark Griffith, Juan Gris, John Grisham, Jennie Grossinger, George Grosz, Jerzy Grotowski, Lamine Gueye, Gustavus I, Gustavus III, Philip Guston, Tyrone Guthrie, Alexander Haig, George Ellery Hale, Hamilcar Barca, Armand Hammer, George Frederic Handel, Hannibal Barca, Thomas Hardy, Keith Haring, Harold II, Michael Harrington, William Henry Harrison, Gary W. Hart, George Hauss- mann, Robert James Lee Hawke, Victor-Raul Haya de la Torre, Helen Hayes, Robert Y. Hayne, Henry I, King of England, Henry I, King of Germany, Henry II, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III, King of England, Henry VI, Audrey Hepburn, Barbara Hepworth, Johann Friedrich Herbart, Edward Herbert, George Herbert, Felipe Herrera, Chaim Herzog, Roman Herzog, Theodore Martin Hesburgh, Abram Stevens Hewitt, Herbert Hill, Edmund Hillary, Sidney Hillman, Hip- parchus, Alger Hiss, Alfred Hitchcock, Thomas Hobbes, David Hockney, Dorothy Hodgkin, Jimmy Hoffa, Abbie Hoffman, August Wihelm von Hofmann, Hanya Holm, Keith Holyoake, Homer, Sidney Hook, Thomas Hooker, J. Edgar Hoover, Horace, Lena Horne, Harry Houdini, A(lfred) E(dward) Housman, Elias Howe, Geoffrey Howe, Enver Hoxha, Howard Hughes, John Hughes, William Hull, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, H.L. Hunt, William Hunter, Douglas Hurd, Gustav Husak, Thomas Hutchinson, Dolores Ibarruri, Ignatius of Loyola, Ion Ili- escu, Eugene Ionesco, Isaiah, Alija Izetbegovic, Vladimir Jabotinsky, Henry M. Jackson, Robert Jackson, James I, King of Scotland, Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski, Karl Jaspers, Jean Jaures, John Rushworth Jellicoe, Roy Jenkins, Jeremiah, George Jessel, Steven Jobs, Isaac Jogues, John III, John Maurice, Count of Nassau-Siegen, John of Gaunt, John the Baptist, John Johnson, John H. Johnson, Samuel Johnson, Jean Sire de Joinville, Al Jol- son, Ernest Jones, Louis Jordan, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Flavius Josephus, Julian, Julius II, Kamal Jum- blatt, Carl Jung, Ernst Junger, Justinian I, Dimitry Kabalevsky, Janos Kadar, Donna Karan, Theodore Kar- man, Abeid A. Karume, Joseph Kasavubu, Nancy Lan- don Kassebaum, Rashidi Kawawa, Paul Keating, Estes Kefauver, Modibo Keita, Ellsworth Kelly, Petra Kelly, Fanny Kemble, Anthony Kennedy, James Kent, Rockwell Kent, Jack Kerouac, Clark Kerr, Francis Scott Key, Valdimer Orlando Key, Jr., John Maynard Keynes, Seretse M. Khama, Ed Kienholz, Kim Dae-Jung, Billie Jean King, Charles Kingsley, Neil Kinnock, Samuel Kirk- land, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Nobusuki Kishi, Benedicto Kiwanuka, Abraham Klein, Friedrich Gottlieb Klop- stock, Philander Chase Knox, Ed Koch, Ivan Stefanovich Konev, Lavr Georgyevich Kornilov, Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev, Bruno Kreisky, Ernst Krenek, Juanita Kreps, Krishna Menon, Paul Kruger, Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, Milan Kundera, William Kun- stler, Kuo Mo-Jo, Spiros Kyprianou, Jean de La Bruyere, Oskar Lafontaine, Karl Lagerfeld, Melvin Laird, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, Charles Lamb, Joseph Lan- caster, Hugh Latimer, Ralph Lauren, Henri Laurens, Wil- fred Laurier, Francois Laval, Pierre Laval, John Law, Abbott Lawrence, T.E. Lawrence, Thomas Lawrence, Henry Charles Lea, Edward Lear, Timothy Leary, William Edward Hartpole Lecky, Jacques LeClerc, Le Corbusier, Le Duan, Arthur Lee, Anton Van Leeuwen- hoek, Herbert H.Lehman, Earl of Leicester, Peter Lely, Lyman Louis Lemnitzer, John Lennon, Leo I, Leo III, Leo IX, Leo X, Leo XIII, Leopold I, Leopold II, Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, Alain Rene Le Sage, Vicomte de Lesseps, Carlo Levi, Cecil Day Lewis, Matthew Gregory Lewis, Trydve Halvdan Lie, John Lilburne, Lydia Kamakaeha Liliuokalani, John Lindsay, Jacques Lipchitz, Fritz Abert Lipmann, Walter Lippmann, Edward Liv- ingston, Robert R. Livingston, Livy, James Logan, Peter Lombard, Vince Lombardi, Huey Long, Carlos Lopez, Pierre Loti, Rudolf Herman Lotze, Louis I, Louis XI, Louis XII, Louis XIII, Louis XV, Louis XVIII, Louis Phillipe, Seth Low, James Russell Lowell, Ernst Lubitsch, Lucas van Leyden, Henry Robinson Luce, Lucian, Robert Ludlum, Saint Luke, Jean Lully, Joseph Luns, Rosa Luxemburg, John Lydgate, Diosdado P. Macapa- gal, Edward Alexander MacDowell, John William Mackay, Alexander MacKenzie, Harold Macmillian, Rene Magritte, Mahmud II, William Mahone, John Major, Makarios, Bernard Malamud, Thomas Robert Malthus, Horace Mann, Mickey Mantle, Alessandro Manzoni, Gabriel Marcel, Rocky Marciano, Imelda Marcos, William Learned Marcy, Margaret of Anjou, Francis Marion, Saint Mark, 1st Duke of Marlborough, Othniel Charles Marsh, Agnes Martin, Luther Martin, William McChesney Martin, Jr., Harriet Martineau, Andrew Marvell, Harpo, Groucho, and Chico Marx, Karl Marx, Mary I, Mary II, Masaccio, George Mason, James Murray Mason, Lowell Mason, Philip Massinger, Quentin Massys, Increase Mather, Enrico Mattei, Saint Matthew, William H. Mauldin, Maurice of Nassau, John Frederick Denison Maurice, Willie Mays, Jules Mazarin, Giuseppe Mazzini, Amadou M’Bow, William Gibbs McAdoo, John McCloskey, John W. McCormack, James McCosh, Hugh McCulloch, George McDuffie, Ralph Emerson McGill, George Stanley McGovern, John McLean, Marshall McLuhan, Andrew George Latta McNaughton, Butterfly McQueen, Joseph Medill, Richard Meier, Henry Meiggs, Arthur Meighen, Philip Melanchthon, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Andrew W. Mellon, Herman Melville, Gregor Mendel, Moses World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page x Volume 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi Mendelssohn, Pierre Mendes-France, Anton Raphael Mengs, Menno Simons, (Philip) Metacom, Robert Gor- don Menzies, Robert K. Merton, Olivier Messiaen, Michelangelo, Thomas Middleton, Barbara Mikulski, John Everett Millais, Joaquin Miller, Samuel Freeman Miller, William Miller, Slobodan Milosevic, Miltiades, Comte de Mirabeau, George John Mitchell, Francois Mitterrand, Ratko Mladic, Amedeo Modigliani, Mehmed the Conqueror, Daniel Arap Moi, Count Hel- muth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, Theodor Mommsen, Geroge Monck, Duke of Monmouth and Buccleugh, Jean-Omer-Marie-Gabriel Monnet, Marilyn Monroe, Eugenio Montale, Claudio Monteverdi, Montezuma II, Richard Montgomery, Dwight Lyman Moody, Daniel Morgan, J(ohn) P(ierpont) Morgan, John Morgan, Samuel Eliot Morison, John Morley, Aldo Moro, Justin Smith Morrill, Gouverneur Morris, Lewis Morris, Robert Morris, William Morris, Oliver Perry Morton, Robert Moses, Rudolf Mossbauer, Robert Motherwell, John Lothrop Motley, Bill Moyers, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Hosni Mubarak, Elijah Muhammad, William Augustus Muhlenberg, Lewis Mumford, Thomas Munzer, Joachim Murat, Bartolome Esteban Murillo, James Murray, Edward R. 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James Collinson, from a portrait by: Christina Rossetti Corbis Images: Gerald Adams, Alexander III, Alexander the Great, Muhammad Ali, Judith Anderson, Sherwood Anderson, Anthony, Attila, Wystan Hugh Auden, Djuna Barnes, Catherine Beecher, Ruth Fulton Benedict, Owen Bieber, Ambrose Bierce, Joseph Black, Humphrey Bogart, James Bradley, Tom Bradley, Con- stantin Brancusi, Bertolt Brecht, Helen Gurley Brown, Edmund Burke, Samuel Butler, Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca, John Cabot, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, Frances Xavier Cabrini, John Cage, John Caldwell Calhoun, Annie Jump Cannon, Lazaro Cardenas, Benjamin N. Cardozo, Rod Carew, Anna Ella Carroll, Paul Cezanne, Thomas Chatterton, Chief Joseph, Paul Ching-Wu Chu, Bessie Coleman, Elizabeth Cotten, William Cowper, Walt(er)Disney, John Donne, Marcel Duchamp, George Eastman, Clint Eastwood, Mary Baker Eddy, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Pierre de Fermat, Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault, Francis Ferdinand, Francis of Assisi, Frederick the Great, Vivian Fuchs, Yuri Gagarin, Paul Gauguin, Hans Wilhelm Geiger, Theodor S. Geisel (Dr. Suess), Genghis Khan, Kahlil Gibran, Andre Gide, Charlotte P. Gilman, Ruth Ginsburg, Sheldon L. Glashow, Emma Goldman, Barry Goldwater, El Greco, William R. Green, Augusta Gregory, Walter Adolph Gropius, Hadrian, Dag Hammarskjold, William Christopher Handy, Lorraine Hansberry, Duane Hanson, Vaclav Havel, Joseph Henry, Herod the Great, Alexander Herzen, Michael Heseltine, Hermann Hesse, Bob Hope, Charles H.Houston, William Dean Howells, Jan Hus, Anne Hutchinson, Hypatia of Alexandria, Irene of Athens, Ivan IV, Jiang Qing, John, King of England, John XXIII, Jasper Johns, World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page xii [...]... TO USE THE INDEX The Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB) Index is designed to serve two purposes First, it locates information on thousands of specific topics mentioned in the encyclopediapersons, places, events, organizations, institutions, ideas, titles of works, inventions, and schools, styles, and movements in an art or a field of knowledge Second, it classifies the subjects of EWB articles according... Adolphe Adolphus Frederick (171 0 -177 1), king of Sweden 175 1 -177 1 Gustavus III 7 45-46 Adonais (poem; Shelley) Arnold, Matthew 1 311-313 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 14 176 -178 ADONIS (Ali Ahmad Said; born 1930), Lebanese poet 1 64-65 Adonis (poem) La Fontaine, Jean de 9 156-157 Adoptionism (heresy) Alcuin of York 1 122-123 Adorable Clio (book) Giraudoux, Jean 6 349-350 Adoration of the Golden Calf (painting)... 543-544 Lee, Richard Henry 9 291-292 Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec (177 4) Dickinson, John 4 543-544 Address to the King (177 4) Lee, Richard Henry 9 291-292 Address to the Nations of the World (essay) Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt 5 116-118 Address to the People of Great Britain (177 4) Lee, Richard Henry 9 291-292 Address to the People of New York, An (tract) Jay, John 8 230-232 Address to the... 494-495 Acts of the Apostles (New Testament) John 8 273-274 Luke 10 38 Mark 10 266-267 Paul 12 141-143 Peter 12 252-253 Actualitộs Africaines (newspaper) Mobutu Sese Seko 11 69-71 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F WO R L D B I O G R A P H Y ADAM, JAMES (173 0 -179 4), British architect 1 38-40 McIntire, Samuel 10 415 Adam, Lambert Sigisbert (170 0 -175 9), French sculptor Clodion 4 121 ADAM, ROBERT (172 8 -179 2), British... Thomas Hecker, Margaret OShaughnessy Heckler, Hugh M Hefner, Georg Wil- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY helm Friedrich Hegel, Werner Karl Heisenberg, Hermann von Helmholtz, Jesse A Helms, Claude-Adrien Helvetius, Arthur Henderson, Richard Henderson, Henry IV, King of France, Henry IV, King of England, Henry V, Henry VII, King of England, Henry VIII, Herodotus, Edouard Herriot, John Frederick Herschel,... and theologian 1 16 -17 Zaghlul Pasha, Saad 16 485-486 Abdu-I-Malik see Abd al-Malik Abdul Hamid I (172 5 -178 9), Ottoman sultan 177 4 -178 9 Selim III 14 95-96 Abdul the Damned see Abdul-Hamid II ABDUL-HAMID II (1842-1918), Ottoman sultan 1876-1909 1 17- 18 Enver Pasha 5 290-291 Gửkalp, Mehmet Ziya 6 395-396 Herzl, Theodor 7 352-354 ABDULLAH AL-SALIM AL-SABAH, SHAYKH (1895-1965), Amir of Kuwait (1950-1965)... Adoration of the Magi (panel) van der Goes, Hugo 15 416- 417 Adoration of the Magi (sculpture) Pisano, Nicola 12 325 Adoration of the Magi (tondo) Lippi, Filippo 9 439 Veneziano, Domenico 15 459-460 Adoration of the Shepherds (painting) Ghirlandaio, Domenico 6 292-293 Giorgione 6 340-341 Greco 6 511-514 Jordaens, Jacob 8 347-349 Adoration of the Trinity (altarpiece) Dỹrer, Albrecht 5 159-161 Adornment of Spiritual... Battle of (1896) Menelik II 10 495-497 Advaita (philosophy) Shankara 14 150-151 Advaita Vedanta (Indian religion) Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 10 132-133 Advancement of Learning, The (book) Bacon, Francis 1 422-424 Advantages of Vegetarianism, The (book) Hidayat, Sadiq 7 377-378 Advent (poems) Rilke, Rainer Maria 13 171 -172 Adventures of David Simple, The (novel) Fielding, Henry 5 442-444 Advocate of Peace... Estlin 4 334-336 Adventures of a White-collar Man (autobiography) Sloan, Alfred Pritchard Jr 14 274 Adventures of a Young Man (novel) Dos Passos, John Roderigo 5 69-71 Adventures of an Atom, The (satire) Smollett, Tobias George 14 305-307 Adventures of Augie March, The (novel) Bellow, Saul 2 141-143 Adventures of Caleb Williams, The (novel) Godwin, William 6 383-384 Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A... Jewish philosopher and statesman 1 31 Abrechnung folgt (lithographs) Grosz, George 7 17- 18 Abreha see Ezana Abridged Catechism, An (book) Canisius, Peter 3 258 Abridgement of the History of England, The (book) Burke, Edmund 3 138-141 Abridgement of the Public Laws of Virginia, An (book) Beverley, Robert 2 252 Abridgement of the Talmud (book; Tschernowitz) Kaufmann, Ezekiel 8 460 Absalom and Achitophel . 17 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 17 Index Staff Senior Editor: Paula K. Byers Project Editor:. Mae ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY viii C. Jemison, Jiang Zemin, Juan Ramon Jimenez, Robert Joffrey, John Paul II,. Joseph Story, 1st Earl of Straf- ford, Lee Strasberg, Igor Stravinsky, Charles Edward World Biography FM 17 9/10/02 6:33 PM Page xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY xii Louis Philip