21 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:18 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 21 EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:18 PM Page 3 Staff Project Editor : Jennifer Mossman Editorial Staff : Laura Avery, Leigh Ann DeRemer, Permissions Manager : Maria L. Franklin Permissions Specialist : Shalice Shah Production Director : Dorothy Maki Production Manager : Evi Seoud Buyer : Stacy Melson Graphic Artist : Mike Logusz Imaging Database Supervisor : Randy Bassett Imaging Specialists : Robert Duncan, Dan Newell Imaging Coordinator : Pam Reed Imaging and Multimedia Content Editor : Kelly A. Quin Manager of Technology Support Services : Theresa A. Rocklin Programmer/Analyst : Andrea Lopeman While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2001 Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 ISBN 0-7876-5283-0 ISSN 1099-7326 Gale Group Inc., an International Thomson Publishing Company. Gale Group and Design is a trademark used herein under license. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ITP TM INTRODUCTION vii ADVISORY BOARD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi OBITUARIES xiii TEXT 1 HOW TO USE THE INDEX 439 INDEX 441 CONTENTS v The study of biography has always held an impor- tant, if not explicitly stated, place in school curricula. The absence in schools of a class specifically devoted to studying the lives of the giants of human history be- lies the focus most courses have always had on people. From ancient times to the present, the world has been shaped by the decisions, philosophies, inventions, dis- coveries, artistic creations, medical breakthroughs, and written works of its myriad personalities. Librarians, teachers, and students alike recognize that our lives are immensely enriched when we learn about those indi- viduals who have made their mark on the world we live in today. Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement , Vol- ume 21, provides biographical information on 200 in- dividuals not covered in the 17-volume second edition of Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB) and its sup- plements, Volumes 18, 19 and 20. Like other volumes in the EWB series, this supplement represents a unique, comprehensive source for biographical information on those people who, for their contributions to human cul- ture and society, have reputations that stand the test of time. Each original article ends with a bibliographic sec- tion. There is also an index to names and subjects, which cumulates all persons appearing as main entries in the EWB second edition, the Volume 18, 19 and 20 sup- plements, and this supplement—nearly 7,800 people! Articles . Arranged alphabetically following the letter-by-letter convention (spaces and hyphens have been ignored), the articles begin with the full name of the person profiled in large, bold type. Next is a bold- faced, descriptive paragraph that includes birth and death years in parentheses. It provides a capsule iden- tification and a statement of the person’s significance. The essay that follows is approximately 2000 words in length and offers a substantial treatment of the person’s life. Some of the essays proceed chronologically while others confine biographical data to a paragraph or two and move on to a consideration and evaluation of the subject’s work. Where very few biographical facts are known, the article is necessarily devoted to an analysis of the subject’s contribution. Following the essay is a bibliographic section arranged by source type. Citations include books, peri- odicals and online Internet addresses for World Wide Web pages, where current information can be found. Portraits accompany many of the articles and pro- vide either an authentic likeness, contemporaneous with the subject, or a later representation of artistic merit. For artists, occasionally self-portraits have been included. Of the ancient figures, there are depictions from coins, engravings, and sculptures; of the moderns, there are many portrait photographs. Index . The EWB Supplement index is a useful key to the encyclopedia. Persons, places, battles, treaties, institutions, buildings, inventions, books, works of art, ideas, philosophies, styles, movements—all are indexed for quick reference just as in a general encyclopedia. The index entry for a person includes a brief identifica- tion with birth and death dates and is cumulative so that any person for whom an article was written who appears in the second edition of EWB (volumes 1–16) and its supplements (volumes 18–21) can be located. The subject terms within the index, however, apply only to volume 21. Every index reference includes the title of the article to which the reader is being directed as well as the volume and page numbers. Because EWB Supplement , Volume 21, is an ency- clopedia of biography, its index differs in important ways from the indexes to other encyclopedias. Basi- cally, this is an index of people, and that fact has sev- eral interesting consequences. First, the information to which the index refers the reader on a particular topic is always about people associated with that topic. Thus the entry ‘Quantum theory (physics)’ lists articles on INTRODUCTION vii people associated with quantum theory. Each article may discuss a person’s contribution to quantum theory, but no single article or group of articles is intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of quantum theory as such. Second, the index is rich in classified entries. All persons who are subjects of articles in the encyclo- pedia, for example, are listed in one or more classifica- tions in the index—abolitionists, astronomers, engi- neers, philosophers, zoologists, etc. The index, together with the biographical articles, make EWB Supplement an enduring and valuable source for biographical information. As school course work changes to reflect advances in technology and fur- ther revelations about the universe, the life stories of the people who have risen above the ordinary and earned a place in the annals of human history will continue to fascinate students of all ages. We Welcome Your Suggestions . Mail your com- ments and suggestions for enhancing and improving the Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement to: The Editors Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Phone: (800) 347-4253 viii INTRODUCTION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY ix John B. Ruth Library Director Tivy High School Library Kerrville, Texas Judy Sima Media Specialist Chatterton Middle School Warren, Michigan James Jeffrey Tong Manager, History and Travel Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan Betty Waznis Librarian San Diego County Library San Diego, California ADVISORY BOARD Photographs and illustrations appearing in the Encyclo- pedia of World Biography Supplement, Volume 21, have been used with the permission of the following sources: AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS: Henry Armstrong, Mar- guerite Ross Barnett, Glenn Cunningham, Jerry Garcia, Bob Gibson, Daniel Guggenheim, Walter Perry John- son, Raul Julia, John Harvey Kellogg, Ethel Merman, George Mikan, Jean Nidetch, Pete Rose, Sam Snead, Dalton Trumbo, Melvin Van Peebles ARCHIVE PHOTOS, INC.: Roger Bannister, Francis Baring, Robert Russell Bennett, Bernadette of Lourdes, George W. Bush, Yakima Canutt, Chien Lung, Clement VII, Roger Corman, Pierre de Coubertin, Bob Cousy, Robert De Niro, Edwin Laurentine Drake, Oliver Ellsworth, Auguste Escoffier, Peter Carl Faberge, Bob Feller, Albert Fink, Werner Forssmann, Jakob Fugger, Gregory IX, Samuel David Gross, Rowland Hill, Joseph- Marie Jacquard, John Kander, Edmund Kean, William Kidd, Charles Michel de l’Epee, Anita Loos, Mata Hari, Christy Mathewson, Bob Mathias, Louella Parsons, John Robinson Pierce, Lydia Estes Pinkham, Gavrilo Princip, Gale Sayers, Willie Shoemaker, Daniel Edgar Sickles CORBIS CORPORATION (BELLEVUE): Desi Arnaz, Blackbeard (Edward Teach), Felix Blanchard, Blanche of Castile, Arna Bontemps, Don Budge, John Chapman (“Johnny Appleseed”), Glenn Davis, Henry W. Flagler, Isabella Stewart Gardner, Frank Gilbreth, King C. Gillette, Otto Graham, Walter Hagen, Samuel Hahne- mann, John Harington, John Harvard, Will Hays, Rogers Hornsby, Bruce Jenner, John II of Portugal, Rafer John- son, Natalie Kalmus, Rene Laennec, Albert Lasker, Nicholas Leblanc, Otto Lilienthal, Mary Mallon, Alice Marble, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, George Perkins Marsh, Winsor McCay, William C. Menzies, Bronko Nagurski, James A. Naismith, Gerald Nye, Al Oerter, Sam Peckinpah, Willie Pep, George Walbridge Perkins, Paul Julius Reuter, John Wellborn Root, Thomas E. Starzl, Simon Stevin, Dutch Warmerdam THE GAMMA LIAISON NETWORK: Charles Frederick Worth THE GRANGER COLLECTION LTD.: Martin Behaim, Alexander Cartwright, Chu Yuan-chang, Gerolamo Fra- castoro, Sophie Germain, Joseph Glidden, John Gorrie, Walter Hunt, Marie-Louise LaChapelle, George Mallory, Berthe Morisot, Nikolaus August Otto, Constantine Rafinesque, Henry Martyn Robert, Tomas de Torquemada THE KOBAL COLLECTION: Saul Bass, Billy Bitzer, James Cagney, Gary Cooper, Vittorio De Sica, William Fox, Bernard Herrmann, Thomas Ince, Jesse Lasky, Gregg Toland, Erich Von Stroheim, Billy Wilder THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: Charles Atlas, Elias Boudinot, Johannes Fibiger, Eadweard Muybridge, Bernardino Ramazzini, Frederick Winslow Taylor NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINIS- TRATION: Captain Jack PUBLIC DOMAIN: John Montagu (Earl of Sandwich), Rick Nelson, Johnny Weissmuller VARTOOGIAN, JACK: Fela (Fela Anikulapo Kuti) WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY: Jerry West ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi The following people, appearing in volumes 1–20 of the Encyclopedia of World Biography, have died since the publication of the second edition and its supplements. Each entry lists the volume where the full biography can be found. ASSAD, HAFIZ (born 1930), Syrian president, died of heart failure in Damascus, Syria, June 10, 2000 (Vol. 1). BALTHUS (BALTHASAR KLOSSOWSKI) (born 1908), European painter and stage designer, died in Rossiniere, Switzerland, February 18, 2001 (Vol. 1). BANDARANAIKE, SIRIMAVO (born 1916), Sri Lankan prime minister, died of heart failure in Sri Lanka, Octo- ber 10, 2000 (Vol. 1). BLOCH, KONRAD (born 1912), American biochemist, died of heart failure in Burlington, Massachusetts, Oc- tober 15, 2000 (Vol. 2). DONG, PHAM VAN (born 1906), Vietnamese premier, died in Hanoi, Vietnam, April 29, 2000 (Vol. 5). FIGUEIREDO, JOAO BATISTA DE OLIVEIRA (born 1918), Brazilian president, died of heart failure in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, December 24, 1999 (Vol. 5). GUINNESS, ALEC (born 1914), British actor, died of liver cancer in Midhurst, England, August 5, 2000 (Vol. 7). HARTSHORNE, CHARLES (born 1897), American the- ologian, died in Austin, Texas, October 9, 2000 (Vol. 7). LAWRENCE, JACOB (born 1917), American painter, died in Seattle, Washington, June 9, 2000 (Vol. 9). LINDBERGH, ANNE MORROW (born 1906), American author and aviator, died in Passumpsic, Vermont, Feb- ruary 7, 2001 (Vol. 9). PUENTE, TITO (born 1923), American musician, died in New York, May 31, 2000 (Vol. 12). QUINE, WILLARD VAN ORMAN (born 1908), Ameri- can philosopher, died in Boston, Massachusetts, De- cember 25, 2000 (Vol. 12). RICHARD, MAURICE “ROCKET” (born 1921), Cana- dian hockey player, died in Montreal, Canada, May 27, 2000 (Vol. 19). ROWAN, CARL T. (born 1925), American journalist, author, and ambassador, died in Washington, DC, Sep- tember 23, 2000 (Vol. 13). SEGAL, GEORGE (born 1924), American sculptor, died of cancer in New Jersey, June 9, 2000 (Vol. 14). SIMON, HERBERT ALEXANDER (born 1916), American economist, died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, February 9, 2001 (Vol. 14). SITHOLE, NDABANINGI (born 1920), African political activist, died in Darby, Pennsylvania, December 12, 2000 (Vol. 14). TRUDEAU, PIERRE ELLIOTT (born 1919), Canadian prime minister, died of prostate cancer on September 28, 2000 (Vol. 15). XENAKIS, IANNIS (born 1922), Greek-French composer and architect, died in Paris, France, February 4, 2001 (Vol. 16). ZATOPEK, EMIL (born 1922), Czechoslovakian runner, died in Prague, Czech Republic, November 22, 2000 (Vol. 20). OBITUARIES xiii William Albright William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) was a well- known, prolific, and gifted archaeologist and scholar of the ancient Near East. He excavated several Bibli- cal sites, served as director of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and was a professor of Semitic languages at Johns Hopkins University for many years. A lbright was born on May 24, 1891 in Coquimbo, Chile, to Methodist missionary parents who were stationed in the Atacama Desert. His family had very modest means. Although they were able to provide the bare necessities of life, he and his three brothers and two sisters were not brought up with any luxuries. The family lived in a missionary compound separate from the Chilean people. They were constantly reminded of their cultural differences. When Albright’s parents wanted him to do errands for them outside the compound, they had to spank him in order to force him to go out and face the Chilean children, who harassed him and occasionally even tossed stones at him, calling him ‘‘gringo’’; they also teased him for being a Protestant in a largely Catholic country. Albright was different from the Chilean children in two other ways: although he was tall and strong, he had such weak eyes that he couldn’t read without holding the book only inches from his face. He was so afraid of becoming blind that he taught himself to read Braille. In addition, an accident with a farm machine when he was five had re- sulted in his left hand being injured and rendered almost useless. Because of these afflictions, as well as his isolated status as a missionary child, he didn’t play much with other children and spent most of his time in his father’s library, which was filled with books on history and theology. These formed the basis for a rich imaginary world. G. Ernest Wright wrote in Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century, ‘‘His play was solitary and mental, in which he constructed ever larger and more complex historical worlds-peopled by imaginary heroes and non-heroes-an activity to which he credits his adult success in historical synthesis.’’ Albright never forgot his childhood experience of being an outcast and a member of a persecuted minority, and throughout his life would remain sympathetic to the plight of minorities, outsiders, and the poor. Albright became deeply interested in Biblical archaeol- ogy by age eight, and by the time he was ten, he had managed to save enough of the pennies his parents gave him to to buy the recently published History of Babylonia and Assyria by R. W. Rogers, a professor at Drew University. At the time, the book was the most comprehensive volume on this topic in English. He read the book so many times that he virtually memorized it. He also taught himself Hebrew so that he could better understand the Bible and Biblical his- tory. Hard Work and Lean Living In 1903 Albright’s parents moved the family back to Iowa, where his father was pastor of a series of small Methodist churches in the Midwest. In 1907, when he was 16, he entered Upper Iowa University, the same school his father had attended, and graduated in 1912 with a B.A. in classics and mathematics. Because his family was poor, he worked as a farm hand during the summers. The work exercised his crippled hand so much that eventually he could milk cows with it. These frugal years of hard work and A 1 [...]... of Epistole devotissime of Catherine of Sienna, letters appeared in the human-like italic script in the inscription below one of the illustrations in the book Aldus introduced his first complete italic typeface when he published a collection of the works of Virgil in 1501 In addition to the new italic fonts, the collection of Aldine typefaces included also three complete fonts of Greek characters Of. .. (Amina’s wall) Additionally, a distinctive series of walls wind throughout the countryside in the vicinities of the ancient city-states of Hausaland These came to be called Amina’s walls to the rest of the world, although not all of the walls were built during the reign of Amina Exploits in Battle Information about the history of Hausaland during the era of Amina is sketchy Foreign visitors who traveled... was a descendant of Godfrey de Bouillon, commander of the First Crusade He worked as a revenue officer and was a knight of the court of King Alfonso II His mother, Theresa Tavejra, was a descendant of Froila I, the fourth king of Asturia The Pope had recognized Portugal as an independent nation for less than 20 years at the time of Anthony’s birth The crusaders were an important part of Portugal’s early... Portalie, Eugene, ‘‘Teaching of St Augustine of Hippo,’’ Catholic Encyclopedia, http://newadvent.org/cathen/02091a.html (January 6, 2001) Robinson, Paschal, ‘‘Saint Francis of Assisi,’’ Catholic Encyclopedia, http://newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.html (January 6, 2001) ‘‘Saint Anthony of Padua,’’ http://www.britannica.com/soe/s/ saint-anthony -of- padua (December 8, 2000) ‘‘Saint Anthony of Padua,’’ http://www.pitt.edu/ϳeflst4/Anthony... spread of learning As his body lay in state in the Church of St Paternian his admirers heaped huge piles of Aldine publications upon the catafalque Although Aldus devoted himself tirelessly to his printing business for over 20 years, he owned only ten percent of the operation at the time of his death in 1515 The Aldine Legacy The printed works of Aldus Manutius are representative of a wave of humanism... traditions of Nigeria As a result, the memory of Queen Amina assumed legendary proportions in her native Hausaland and beyond The extent of her military prowess and her performance in battle was augmented by lore and remains unclear The reign of Amina occurred at a time when the citystate of Zazzau was situated at the crossroad of three major trade corridors of northern Africa, connecting the region of the... The Mali, Fulani, and Bornu were among the aggressors in these clashes During the reign of Bakwa, the teenaged Amina occupied herself in honing her battle skills, under the guidance of the soldiers of the Zazzau military ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY year reign in military aggression Although the military campaigns of Amina were characterized as efforts to ensure safe passage for Zazzau and other Hausa... discipline of Palestinian archaeology as we know it.’’ In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Albright excavated a site called Tell Beit Mirsim, which he determined was the city of Debir in the Bible In 1932 he published a detailed description of the ten layers of the site and its pottery in the Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and added a correction and revision of the chronology of the... collected many of the historical accounts of those times Other information was garnered from the oral traditions of the descendants of the early Hausa people Within three months of inheriting the throne, Queen Amina embarked on what was to be the first in an ongoing series of military engagements associated with her rule She stood in command of an immense military band and personally led the cavalry of Zazzau... demanded of the printer in the mass production of books Among the greatest achievements of Aldus Manutius were the Aldine fonts He was the first printer to develop an italic roman font The Aldine italic fonts were modeled ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY from the handwriting of two Italian scribes, Pomponio Leto and Bartolomeo Sanvito, who were contemporaries of Aldus Francesco Griffo, a Bolognese type . 21 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:18 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 21 EWB SUP. suggestions for enhancing and improving the Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement to: The Editors Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement Gale Group 27500