the gale encyclopedia of genetic disorders ii

... The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of NEurological Disorders The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of NEurological Disorders VO L U M E A-L S TAC E Y L C H A M B E R L I N , B R I G H A M N A R I N S , E D I TO R S The ... diagnose GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 23 AIDS HIV infection, one that looks for the presence of antibodies produced by the body in response to HIV and the other that looks for the virus ... of the amniotic fluid from around the baby for analysis Either the fluid itself or cells from the fluid can be used for a variety of tests to obtain information about genetic disorders and other

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... In the standard anatomical position, superior means toward the head or the cranial end of the body The term inferior means toward the feet or the caudal end of the body GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL ... damage the cause of aphasia in this small minority Because the left side of the brain controls movement on the right side of the body (and vice versa), paralysis affecting the side of the body ... the dopamine attaches to dopamine receptors on the other cells, which influences them in various ways depending on the specific type of cell The actions of these cells work in concert with other

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... scissors in the other and rub them against one another with hesitant motions GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Apraxia of speech is a subtype of kinetic apraxia This disorder is often observed ... secondary effects of the inflammatory process itself GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Arachnoid One of the three membranes that sheath the spinal cord and brain; the arachnoid is the middle ... and the parasympathetic nervous system Dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system are recognized by the symptoms that result from failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... The process of atherosclerosis causes a hardening of the walls of the arteries and, in the case of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, results in a carotid stenosis that reduces the flow of ... stenosis is the medical description of the narrowing or constriction of the carotid artery The artery is located in the neck, and the narrowing of the artery is caused by the buildup of plaque ... (MRA) Both rely on the use of magnetism Pulses of magnetic energy can be used to image the targeted area of the body, based on the interruption of the flow of the electrons in the magnetic field

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... into the narrow gaps between the folds (sulci) The divisions of the superficial anatomy of the brain use the gyri and sulci GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS In a reversal of the pattern ... (pyramids) on the surface of the medulla The pons (also known as the metencephalon) is located on the anterior surface of the cerebellum and is continuous with the superior portion of the medulla ... from the base of the brain and into the neck The central GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 199 Central cord syndrome enzymes should be periodically performed As the chronic use of tolcapone

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... center of the brain, just above the brainstem It is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, below the telencephalon, the most basal part of the cerebrum The two major components of the ... odors Also on the underside of the hypothalamus, and toward the front, is the optic chiasma, where the two optic nerve cables of the eyes cross From the floor of the hypothalamus, the posterior ... side GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Dizziness of the body, and slurred speech and/or lack of coordination If the loss of blood supply to the brain is due to a blockage in one of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... lesion in the PNS usually occurs below the level of the lesion There is a broad spectrum of diseases, disorders, and medications that cause dysesthesias There are two broad categories of dysesthesias ... development, the neural tube forms by the closure of the neural structure When this does not occur in the case of an encephalocele, the result is a groove The groove can form down the middle region of the ... a lack of oxygen to the entire brain, which GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Cerebral herniation against the skull Movement of the brain Cerebral ischemia Lack of oxygen to the brain,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... consciousness, the patient may not be able to recall the specifics of the attacks. In these cases, family or friends that have witnessed the episodes can fill in the gaps about the particulars of the seizure. ... Page 353 354 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Epilepsy There are two vagal nerves, one on each side of the neck near the carotid arteries, making a pair of cranial nerves (there are 12 ... Diagnosis Initially, the diagnosis of Fabry disease is based on the presence of the symptoms. It should also be suspected if there is a family history of the disorder. The diagnosis of Fabry disease

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... upper part of the neck • the venous sinuses inside the head • the large arteries at the base of the brain • the large arteries that supply the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges ... the brain and spinal cord • the portion of the dura mater at the base of the skull Tension headaches typically result from tightening of the muscles of the face, neck, and scalp as a result of ... headaches; whether other family members have the same type of headache; whether the patient feels depressed; whether the headaches are related to changes in the weather; and so on. The answers to the questions

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... degree of the opening, and whether there are associated ab- normalities of the development of the spinal cord and nerves. Thoracic Referring to the area of the torso com- monly called the chest. There ... individuals (most often the males) may have a split in the tissue in the iris of the eye. Each of these problems will af- fect their vision, and eye surgery may not be beneficial. The central nervous ... toes. Retina The light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that receives and transmits visual signals to the brain through the optic nerve. Vermis The central portion of the cerebellum,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. The Gale Encyclopedia of ... most of the completed essays to in-sure that they are appropriate, up-to-date, and medicallyaccurate GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS xiii Trang 11HOW TO USE THIS BOOKThe Gale Encyclopedia ... series of steps, the child gradually increases ticipation until they sign and hum with the therapist par-• Level II: The patient begins to repeat the hummed phrases with the assistance of the speech

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... as Type IIIA and the characteristics vary. Type IIIB is the most common of the four types of MPS III in southeastern Europe. MPS IIIC (SANFILIPPO SYNDROME TYPE C) A defi- ciency in the enzyme ... acetyltransferase causes MPS IIIC. This is considered a rare form of MPS III. The gene involved in MPS IIIC is believed to be located on chromosome 14. MPS IIID (SANFILIPPO SYNDROME TYPE D) MPS IIID is caused ... as the initial form of immunotherapy in the treatment of MG The purpose of the study is to determine if the combination of these two medications provides better control of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... slow the degeneration of the brain that occurs in PKAN The recent discovery of the gene defect may lead to a better GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Drug therapy for the movement disorders ... called the substantia nigra Part of the normal function of the substantia nigra is to inhibit overactivity of the GPi, which itself communicates with other portions of the brain in GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA ... in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra degenerate, or die off The loss of these cells disrupts the brain’s 646 Causes and symptoms In the vast majority of cases, the cause of PD is

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... twin to the umbilical vein of the other. This abnormal connection can cause serious complications including loss of the pregnancy. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENETIC DISORDERS 7 Acardia The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA ... activity. These individuals have no symptoms of AKU. However, they are carriers of AKU and can pass the gene on to their off- spring. All of the offspring of two parents with AKU will inherit the disorder. ... some feminization. The degree of severity is a direct result of the degree of severity of the genetic alteration in the androgen receptor and resulting amount of functional androgen receptor. The internal...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 17:20

... visual center of the brain (the visual cortex) at the back of the head. The visual cortex sends instruction to the eye based on whether the object of vision is near or far and whether the surrounding ... influence of the ciliary body, the lens further bends and directs the incoming light back to the retina. There it is received and trans- ferred through the optic nerve at the back of the eye to the ... pain in the upper body, the ‘‘LI4’’ point is recommended. It is located in the web between the thumb and index finger, on the back of the hand. Using the thumb and index finger of the other hand,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20

... their mother or father. Sometimes the change occurs spontaneously when the egg and sperm come together to form the first cell of the baby. The children of a person with NF2 have a 50% chance of inheriting ... few GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CANCER XII Foreword ditions. The preferred treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, but usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. ... brain stem. The brain stem is the stalk-like portion of the brain that joins the spinal cord to the cerebrum, the thinking and reasoning part of the brain. Different parts of the brain- stem have different...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... parts of the larynx are affected and whether the cancer has spread to neighboring areas of the neck or dis- tant parts of the body. The glottis is the middle part of the larynx. It con- tains the ... not grow back. However, other parts of the brain can take over some, or all, of the function of the missing part of the brain. Depending on the part of the brain removed, the effects may be quite ... cells—Flat epithelial cells, which usu- ally make up the outer layer of epithelial tissue, the layer farthest away from the surface the epithe- lium covers. sounds. Scars and alterations of the lips...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... phenomena Atmospheric pressure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 viii Topic List TLFeBOOK GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 v CONTENTS Topic List vii Organization of the Encyclopedia xxvii Advisory Board xxix Contributors ... levelled the city of Carthage and treated the surrounding fields with salt to destroy the agricultural capability of the land, thereby preventing the rebuilding of the city. The attraction of chemicals ... accord with the laws of thermodynamics, all chemical reactions change the energy state of the reac- tants. The change in energy results from changes in the in the number and strengths of chemical...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... the “GB20” points at the base of the skull in the back of the head, just behind the bones in back of the ears. Disperse these points for two minutes with the fingers or thumbs. Also find the “yintang” ... Deep in the back of the abdomen, on either side of the lumbar spine, lie the psoas muscles. They flex the hips. An abscess can develop in one of these muscles, usually when it spreads from the appen- dix, ... also important that the size of the needle is selected based on the thickness of the medication to be given and the depth of the injection, while maximizing the patients level of comfort during...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 06:20

... has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group accepts no ... violence toward others. In addition, the cost of a drug habit often gives a person with a substance addiction another reason for resenting the needs of the dependent person. A majority of workplace ... to avoid further abuse, they are often unconsciously attracted to people who remind them of their family of origin. Abused adults are also likely to fail to com- plete their educations, or they accept...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 17:20