the gale encyclopedia of science

... The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of NEurological Disorders The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of NEurological Disorders VO L U M E A-L S TAC E Y L C H A M B E R L I N , B R I G H A M N A R I N S , E D I TO R S The ... endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ... diagnose GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 23 AIDS HIV infection, one that looks for the presence of antibodies produced by the body in response to HIV and the other that looks for the virus

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... In the standard anatomical position, superior means toward the head or the cranial end of the body The term inferior means toward the feet or the caudal end of the body GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL ... damage the cause of aphasia in this small minority Because the left side of the brain controls movement on the right side of the body (and vice versa), paralysis affecting the side of the body ... the dopamine attaches to dopamine receptors on the other cells, which influences them in various ways depending on the specific type of cell The actions of these cells work in concert with other

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... and the parasympathetic nervous system Dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system are recognized by the symptoms that result from failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the ... resulting loss of flexibility Spinal laminectomy (spinal decompression) Surgical removal of a piece of the bony roof of the spinal canal known as the lamina to increase the size of the spinal canal ... malformations One hypothesis is that the base of the skull is too small, forcing the cerebellum downward Another theory focuses on overgrowth in the cerebellar region The overgrowth pushes the cerebellum

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... The process of atherosclerosis causes a hardening of the walls of the arteries and, in the case of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, results in a carotid stenosis that reduces the flow of ... stenosis is the medical description of the narrowing or constriction of the carotid artery The artery is located in the neck, and the narrowing of the artery is caused by the buildup of plaque ... (MRA) Both rely on the use of magnetism Pulses of magnetic energy can be used to image the targeted area of the body, based on the interruption of the flow of the electrons in the magnetic field

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... into the narrow gaps between the folds (sulci) The divisions of the superficial anatomy of the brain use the gyri and sulci GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS In a reversal of the pattern ... (pyramids) on the surface of the medulla The pons (also known as the metencephalon) is located on the anterior surface of the cerebellum and is continuous with the superior portion of the medulla ... which they are named In the spinal cord of humans, the myelin-coated axons are on the surface and the axon-dendrite network is on the inside In cross-section, the pattern of contrasting color of these

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... center of the brain, just above the brainstem It is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, below the telencephalon, the most basal part of the cerebrum The two major components of the ... odors Also on the underside of the hypothalamus, and toward the front, is the optic chiasma, where the two optic nerve cables of the eyes cross From the floor of the hypothalamus, the posterior ... through the lobes of the thalamus These laminae are full of neurons that interconnect various thalamic nuclei The edges of the internal lamina reach the surfaces of the lobes They show as narrow,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... development, the neural tube forms by the closure of the neural structure When this does not occur in the case of an encephalocele, the result is a groove The groove can form down the middle region of the ... Encephalitis lethargica The latest epidemic is a result of the relaxed surveillance for the disease that happened with the near-eradication of the disease in the 1960s As of 2004, the disease is a threat ... another by a vector or carrier organism early phase symptoms) and the use of tests that detect antibodies to the parasite in the blood An early diagnostic sign of the bite of the tsetse fly is the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... consciousness, the patient may not be able to recall the specifics of the attacks. In these cases, family or friends that have witnessed the episodes can fill in the gaps about the particulars of the seizure. ... Diagnosis Initially, the diagnosis of Fabry disease is based on the presence of the symptoms. It should also be suspected if there is a family history of the disorder. The diagnosis of Fabry disease ... specific muscles of the ankle and the foot The affected muscles participate in the downward and upward movement of the ankle and the foot The specific muscles include the anterior

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... upper part of the neck • the venous sinuses inside the head • the large arteries at the base of the brain • the large arteries that supply the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges ... the brain and spinal cord • the portion of the dura mater at the base of the skull Tension headaches typically result from tightening of the muscles of the face, neck, and scalp as a result of ... headaches; whether other family members have the same type of headache; whether the patient feels depressed; whether the headaches are related to changes in the weather; and so on. The answers to the questions

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... degree of the opening, and whether there are associated ab- normalities of the development of the spinal cord and nerves. Thoracic Referring to the area of the torso com- monly called the chest. There ... individuals (most often the males) may have a split in the tissue in the iris of the eye. Each of these problems will af- fect their vision, and eye surgery may not be beneficial. The central nervous ... toes. Retina The light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that receives and transmits visual signals to the brain through the optic nerve. Vermis The central portion of the cerebellum,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... center@asha.org... Professor, Director of the Anatomical Sciences Laboratory The School of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology The University of Memphis Memphis, TN GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ... the base of the brain and around the brain stem Some of the fluid circulates down through the subarachnoid space encircling the length of the spinal cord, while the remainder ... the upper portion of the lateral (cerebral), third, and fourth ventricles Once produced, the CSF flows down through the fourth ventricle, and then through openings at the base of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... as the initial form of immunotherapy in the treatment of MG The purpose of the study is to determine if the combination of these two medications provides better control of ... Cornea The clear, dome-shaped outer covering of the eye that lies in front of the iris and pupil. The cornea lets light into the eye. Gene A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions ... copy of the gene responsible for the condition. Carriers for the autosomal recessive forms of MPS have one normal copy and one non-working copy of the MPS gene in ques- tion. Female carriers of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... called the substantia nigra Part of the normal function of the substantia nigra is to inhibit overactivity of the GPi, which itself communicates with other portions of the brain in GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA ... in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra degenerate, or die off The loss of these cells disrupts the brain’s 646 Causes and symptoms In the vast majority of cases, the cause of PD is ... halt or slow the degeneration of the brain that occurs in PKAN The recent discovery of the gene defect may lead to a better GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Drug therapy for the movement

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... levelled the city of Carthage and treated the surrounding fields with salt to destroy the agricultural capability of the land, thereby preventing the rebuilding of the city. The attraction of chemicals ... regulation Tenrecs Teratogen Term Termites Terns Terracing Territoriality Tetanus Tetrahedron Textiles Thalidomide Theorem Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermocouple Thermodynamics Thermometer Thermostat Thistle Thoracic surgery Thrips Thrombosis Thrushes Thunderstorm Tides GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE ... phenomena Atmospheric pressure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 viii Topic List TLFeBOOK GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 v CONTENTS Topic List vii Organization of the Encyclopedia xxvii Advisory Board...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... visual center of the brain (the visual cortex) at the back of the head. The visual cortex sends instruction to the eye based on whether the object of vision is near or far and whether the surrounding ... influence of the ciliary body, the lens further bends and directs the incoming light back to the retina. There it is received and trans- ferred through the optic nerve at the back of the eye to the ... pain in the upper body, the ‘‘LI4’’ point is recommended. It is located in the web between the thumb and index finger, on the back of the hand. Using the thumb and index finger of the other hand,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20

... their mother or father. Sometimes the change occurs spontaneously when the egg and sperm come together to form the first cell of the baby. The children of a person with NF2 have a 50% chance of inheriting ... fashion. The cells that make up blood are produced in the bone marrow and the lymph system. The bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the large bones of the body. The lymph system includes the ... brain stem. The brain stem is the stalk-like portion of the brain that joins the spinal cord to the cerebrum, the thinking and reasoning part of the brain. Different parts of the brain- stem have different...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20