Báo cáo "Đề cập tới những nhân tố tác động đến sự can thiệp của Mỹ vào Hy Lạp từ sau năm 1947. " pot

LICH sa - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU NHU'NG NHflN TO TRC DONG D€N SU CRN THICP CUn MV VnO HV LHP • • • • TirSflUNnA/\1947 PGS.TS. Dao Tuan Thanh Ha Thj Hue Khoa Lich sw - Bai hpc Sir pham Ha Npi 1. Dat van de Trong sudt tien trinh lich sir ciia minh, ban dao Bancang ludn chiu sir chi phdi va tac ddng manh me eiia eae cudng qudc chau Au. Ngay khi Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai chua ket thiic, mdt trat tu the gidi da dan hinh thanh - Trat tu hai cue lanta (Yalta). Viec tranh gianh va phan chia khu vuc anh hudng sau ehien tranh giira cac cudng qudc ndng edt ciia khdi Ddng minh chdng phat xit ciing da dien ra (Lien Xd, Anh va My). Thuc trang nay da tac ddng tdi ban dao Bancang. Theo y kien cua Barbara Jelavich, mdt ehuyen gia ngudi My chuyen nghien cim ve lieh sir ban dao Bancang thi "do sic thieu vdng bdt cii mpt thda thuan ndo trudc chien tranh, cdu triic chinh tri cita ede qudc gia Ddng Au vd Trung Au se dugc quyet dinh bdi lice lugng chiem ddng"\ Ngay tir thang 4 nam 1945, ngudi dimg dau Lien Xd Stalin da khang dinh vdi Tito - nha lanh dao Nam Tu sau nay - rang: "Cude chien tranh ndy khac vdi cae cude ehien tranh trudc day; bdt cic ai chiem ddng mpt viing lanh thd se tie dp ddt dugc he thdng xd hpi cita minh. Bdt eu ai cung cd the dp dgt duge he thdng xd hpi ciia minh d nhieng nai md qudn dpi eiia minh thiet lap dugc quyen kiem sodt. Khdng the khde nhu vgy" . Trong sudt the ky XIX den tan nam 1947, anh hudng va sir chi phdi cua Anh ddi vdi ban dao Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap - mdt qudc gia nam phia nam ban dao Bancang - ndi rieng la rat Idn. Ngay tir thang 12 nam 1944'', Chinh phii Anh da quyet dinh thuc thi nhieu bien phap nham tiep tuc duy tri anh hudng d Hy Lap, nhat la trong bdi canh Dang Cdng san d cac qudc gia lang gieng vdi Hy Lap d phia bac (Bungari, Anbani, Nam Tu) dang tang cudng anh hudng va kiem soat dugc chinh quyen. De cd the tiep tuc duy tri uu the ndi trdi cua minh d Dia Trung Hai, Anh quyet tam bien Hy Lap trd thanh eir diem cd vai trd quan trpng hang dau. Vi vay, Anh da theo ddi sat sao mpi dien bien tren chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap, trg giiip Hy Lap khdi phuc lai cac the ehe tai chinh, he thdng tu phap va chinh tri, eiing ' Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Baealnilor secolului al XX-lea (Lieh sir Bancang thi ky XX), Vien Chau Au, lasi, 2000, trang 273 (tieng Rumani). 2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 273. 3 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277. Qlltuntf. nhdn t(% tde itfutg^. 43 nhu thuc hien mdt sd du an nhim khic phuc hau qua chien tranh, han gan nen kinh te. Dai dien cho the luc ciia Anh chinh la tudng Scobie va Dai sir R. Leeper, hp la nhiing ngudi ed anh hudng rat Idn "ho da dicgc hdi y kien ve viee thdnh lap tdt ed 8 chinh phii ndm quyen d Hy Lgp tie thdng 01 ndm 1945 den thdng 04 ndm 1946""^. Ndi ve sir can thiep ciia Anh ddi vdi chinh trudng Hy Lap, cd y kien eho rang "Cho den ndm 1947, chinh phu Anh da etc, edch chiec Thit tiedng, coi Hien phdp cht Id edi binh phong. Cdc chuyen gia Anh dua ra moi quyet dinh lien quan den Chinh sdch kinh te, chinh sdch phdng thit vd ddi ngogi, an ninh, tu phdp, vd cd vdn de cua cdc cdng dodn, that nghiep" . van de dat ra la tai sao Anh lai khdng tiep tuc thao tiing ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri cua Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947, ma th"ay the cho anh hudng eiia Anh lai la anh hudng cua My?; Dau la nhirng ly do can ban/nhan td chii yeu khien eho My, vdn chu y it den Hy Lap quyet dinh can thiep manh me vao qude gia Nam Au nay? -Sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai (1939 - 1945), thai dp cua My da cd su thay ddi, tir chd khdng tim thay Igi ich eiia minh d khu vuc nay, den chd "coi Hy Lgp la mpt qude gia cd tdm quan trong cd y " Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277. 5 C. M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941- 1949, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, London, 1979, trang 149. * Ban dao Bancang noi chung va Hy Lap noi rieng, cho dgn truoc khi Chign tranh thS gioi thu Hai kk thiic chua thu hiit dugc su quan tam ciia IVIy. My rk it can thiep vao khu vuc nay, chu yeu la do chii nghTa biet lap My va viec My danh su chii y nhieu hon din khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong. _ nghia sdng cdn ddi vdi nude My" . Vay, dieu gi da khiln My thay ddi thai dp ddi vdi Hy Lap tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai? Vi sao My lai quyet dinh can du ngay cang sau vao ndi tinh ciia Hy Lap? Phai chang su phan chia anh hudng giiia cac cudng qudc trong trat tu hai cue lanta va tham vpng ciia My va Lien Xd deu cd lien quan chat che ddi vdi nhirng sir kien xay ra d Hy Lap sau nam 1945. Trong khudn khd cua bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn gdp phan lam sang td nhiing eau hdi tren. 2. Nhii'ng nhan to tac dong den su can thiep eiia My vao Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947 Sau nam 1945, nhung bien ddi to Idn ciia tinh hinh the gidi da cd tac dpng khdng nhd tdi muc dp quan tam ciia My tdi Hy Lap. Trude tien, do ehinh la sic cdng (hdng, ddi ddu trong quan he giira Lien Xd vd My. Sau Chien tranh the gidi'thii Hai, My vuon len trd thanh cudng qude hung manh nhat trong the gidi Tu ban chii nghTa, day manh viec hien thuc hda muu do ba chu the gidi eiia minh. Tuy nhien, My cd mgt ddi trgng la Lien Xd. Dudi anh hudng va vdi su trg giiip tich cue ciia Lien Xd, d Trung va Ddng Au, hang loat nha nudc dan chu nhan dan da duge thanh lap dudi su lanh dao eiia cac Dang Cdng san. Ben canh dd, su suy yeu eiia ehinh phii tu san d cae nudc Tay Au va vai trd ciia nhirng ngudi Cdng san d Phap, Italia ciing thuc sir la mdt m.di lo ngai vdi Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment — Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 63. 44 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 n25).20n My. Sau chiln tranh, Lien Xd mong mudn tao ra mdt viing dem chien luge bao quanh bien gidi eiia minh. Nhirng nudc lang gieng phia Bic ciia Hy Lap diu trd thanh ddng minh ciia Lien Xd va Hy Lap la qude gia Bancang duy nhit "khdng bi ddng hda trong khdi Xd Viit thdi ki phdi thai"^. Ddi vdi cac nudc phuong Tay, Hy Lap la mdt bd phan cua vanh dai chiln luge, trong do bao gdm ca Thd NhT Ky va Iran. Khu vue nay khdng ehi quan trpng vdi nhiing suy tinh chien luge, ma cdn bdi vi nd la vimg dem bao ve eae viing diu md d Trung Ddng. Do cd vi tri quan trpng nhu vay nen cac nude phuong Tay tim mpi each dl kiem soat Hy Lap, Thd NhT Ki va Iran^. Viec Anh va My tang cudng sir hien dien ve quan su va can thiep vao ddi sdng chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap ciing da gap phai su phan ling cua Lien Xd. Ngay 21/1/1946, Andrej Vishinsky, dai dien ciia Lien Xd d Lien Hgp Qudc da td cao su hien dien ciia quan dpi nudc ngoai tren lanh thd Hy Lap - mdt dat nudc khdng cd chien tranh - da tao ra mdi de dpa cho hda binh ciia khu vuc . Mac dii Lien Xd khdng can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd ciia Hy Lap", nhung mdi de doa ^ Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 61. ' Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62. '° Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62. ' I Trong thap nien 40 cua thg ky XX, Nam Tu lai la qu6c gia c6 anh huong va vai tro a Hy Lap Ion hon ca Lien Xo. Dg trg giiip cho Dang Cong san Hy Lap, Nam Tu da cho phep nhung nguai Cong san Hy Lap CO thg tu do qua lai duong bign gioi giu;a hai nuoc. Ben canh do. Nam Tu con thanh lap nhigu trai huan cdng sdn - nhu quan niem eiia phuong Tay - ed thi nhin thiy ro rang chinh tir nhiing phong trao each mang xa hdi dudi anh sang ciia chii nghTa Mae. Dang Cdng san Hy Lap (KKE) ra ddi tir rit sdm, ngay tir nam 1918. Trong nhirng nam giira hai cude chien tranh thi gidi Dang Cdng san Hy Lap ludn tich cue nang cao vi the chinh tri ciia minh. Tii' nam 1945, Dang Cdng san Hy Lap la chinh dang manh nhat d Hy Lap . Sir troi day ciia phong trao du kich do Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao da dugc diy nhanh hon sau chien tranh, va nd trd thanh mdi ban tam Idn cho chinh quyen tu san Hy Lap va cac ddng minh ciia nd d phuang Tay. Vao thang 4/1946, lire lugng du kieh da cd khoang 950 ngudi, thang 5 la 1300 ngudi, thang 6 la 2700 ngudi. Cho tdi thang 12/1946, eon sd da tang len 9.285 ngudi'''. cae nhdm du kich, trong mdt sd trudng hgp hoat dpng mdt each dpc lap vdi nhiing chi thi ciia Dang Cdng san, thuc hien hang tram hoat dpng thanh edng chdng lai Chinh phii va lire lupng ban quan sir eanh hiiu''*. Chinh thuc trang nay da khien cho phuong Tay ndi chung va My ndi rieng lo sg luyen nSm bgn trong lanh tho ciia nuoc nay nham giiip da nhung du kich Hy Lap, tham tri ca huan luyen quan su cho ho. Phai dgn thang 7 nam 1949, nha lanh dao Nam Tu Tito mai ra lenh dong cua bign gioi, cat dut duong tigp tg ciia luc luong du kich canh ta do Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao (Ngu6n: Barbara Jelavich,'^^^', trang 278, 284). '2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 278. '3 Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62. ''t Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopn-ent — Greece during thp Cnld War '^M trano 67 Qlkdnq, nhdn to^tde itettg 45 Hy Lap se khd diing viing trudc su lan tran eiia chii nghTa cdng san. Thi} hai, dd Id su khiing hodng trdm trong ve kinh te, chinh tri, xd hdi eiia Hy Lap sau ehien tranh da day nudc nay roi vao tinh trgng hdn logn. Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai cimg vdi su chiem ddng ciia quan dpi phat xit va sir phong tda eua lire lugng ddng minh da de lai nhirng hau qua nang ne eho nen kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi Hy Lap. Ve kinh te: Viee Dire yeu eau Hy Lap phai tra nhirng chi phi cho viec chiem ddng da dan den su sup dd khdng the cim van ciia tien te va toan bd nen kinh te''. Ca san lupng ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep deu giam manh, co sd ha tang eiia he thdng giao thdng (sd dau may va toa xe lira, nhiing cay cau, ham dudng bd va dudng sat, cac cang va kenh dao) bi tan pha gan nhu toan bd'^. Sir chiem ddng eiia quan dpi phat xit Diic va hau qua tir sir phong tda ciia quan Ddng minh da tach Hy Lap khdi nhiing thi trudng qudc te quan trpng, dan den su mat mat ve doanh thu ciia ca xuat khau va nhap khau. Hon niia, phat xit Diie cdn budc Hy Lap phai cung iing cho chiing luong thuc va nhiing nhu yeu pham can thiet, dua den tinh trang thieu luong thue va khan hiem hang hda. Ciing vdi nd la sir tham hut ngan sach khdng the tranh khdi trong thdi chien, day Hy Lap vao nhirng khd khan Idn ve tai chinh. Trong sudt nhiing nam chien tranh. '^ Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 67. '^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press, Columbia, 2002, trang 39. eae khoan tham hut ngan sach tang len miic khiing khiep: tir chi cd 4% trong nhung nam 1938 - 1939 len 71% nhimg nam 1941 - 1942, 82% nhung nam 1942 - 1943 va 94% nhung nam 1943 - 1944'^ Thii tudng Hy Lap Tsaldaris da canh bao vdi cac ddng minh phuang Tay cua Hy Lap trong mdt cude phdng van tai Paris rang: " Trie khi ddng drachma Hy Lgp dugc hd trg bdi ngudn vien trg tie Anh, Phdp, My, neu khdng nd se sup do vdi hdu qud la tinh trgng Igm phdt tai hgi" . Trong nhung nam 1945 -1947, tuy da cd su hd trg tir ben ngoai de giai quyet van de khiing hoang eiia nen kinh te Hy Lap nhung tinh hinh gan nhu khdng cd ehuyen bien gi theo hudng tich cue. Den thang 12/1946, toan bd san lupng edng nghiep udc tinh van ehi dat mirc 67% mirc trudc chien tranh'^. Thu nhap qudc gia nam 1947 ehi dat 62,6% miic trudc chien tranh va thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi dat 52,8 ddla My/nam (1947), so vdi miie 90 ddla My nam 1938 (do theo gia tri nam 1938). Ddng drachma mat gia tir 600/bang Anh rdt xudng 20.000/bang Anh^°. Gia ban le d Hy Lap dugc ghi nhan tang len 100% vao nam 1946 so vdi mire tang 30% trudc chiln tranh. Cac chi sd gia sinh hoat tai Athens da tang tir '^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 41. '8 Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55. " Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 190. 20 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve, Background to contemporary Greece, The Merlin Press, London, 1990, trang 55. 46 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011 19,0 nam 1945 len 145,2 vao nam 1946^'. Du trii vang ciia Ngan hang trung uong Hy Lap ehi eon 4 trieu ddla My, du trir ddla ehi dat 150.000 ddla My. Mae dii Chinh phii Anh da cho Hy Lap vay 2 trieu ddla vao thang 4/1947, nhung nd ciing khdng du de can bang han sir suy giam ve tai chinh eiia qudc gia Bancang nay . Su bat lire eiia cac chinh phii Hy Lap trong viec giai quyet nhiing ddi hdi cap thiet nhat cua nen kinh te da tao them trd ngai cho sir phuc hdi. Khac vdi tinh trang ciia phan Idn cac qude gia chau Au, tinh hinh kinh te eiia Hy Lap khdng nhiing khdng dugc cai thien khi chien tranh cham dirt, ma ngugc lai ngay lai mdt tdi te hon. Hau qua eua cude Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai that nang ne. Ben canh 500.000 ngudi tren tdng sd 7 trieu dan bi giet , nhiing ngudi sdng sdt ciing khdng cd mdt cude sdng de chiu, ddi va ret day hp vao bude dudng cimg. Ve chinh tri, nhiing nam cudi va sau Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai da chimg kien hang loat bat dn Idn d Hy Lap. Trong nhirng nam Hy Lap bi chiem ddng, cd hai chinh phii dugc hinh thanh, dd la chinh phii luu vong va chinh phii bii nhin trong nudc. Chinh phii luu vong da khdng kiem soat dugc tinh hinh chinh tri trong nudc, nhieu lire lugng khang chien dugc thanh lap vdi nhieu dudng hudng chinh tri khac nhau, song Idn manh nhat la lire lugng Cdng san. Cude dau tranh giiia cac lire lugng ehinh tri dan din su thay ddi lien tuc ciia chinh phii. Kl tir khi kit thiie sir chiem ddng eua Due d Hy Lap thang 10 nam 1944 cho den nam 1946, ehinh phii da thay ddi 16 lan^''. Nhiing ehinh phii nay deu rat yeu kem, cd mdt bd may "tham nhiing, khdng hieu qud, vd ngdy cdng mdt ldng ddn" ^. Su tranh chap giiia canh ta va canh hiiu da dan den nhirng cude xung dot vii trang hon la hda giai, quyet liet nhat la cude Ndi chien vdng ba, bat dau tir nam 1946 va keo dai cho den nam 1949. N exd hpi: Cude khiing hoang ve kinh te va chinh tri da keo theo nhirng bat dn ve mat xa hdi. Sir thieu thdn ve ngudn luong thuc, thuc pham da day ngudi dan Hy Lap vao tinh trang thieu ddi. Ap lire ve ngudn cung cap thi trudng chg den da day gia ca vugt xa thu nhap ciia mdt cdng dan binh thudng. Gia ca leo thang da dan tdi nhiing sue ep khdng the tranh khdi ve tien luong. Ddi mat vdi nhiing siie ep dd, nhiing chinh phii bii nhin lien tiep da thue hien chinh sach cung cap viec lam va tien trg cap nhu mdt hinh thirc phuc Igi, khien cho bien che nha nudc tang len mdt each dang bao ddng. Do dd, cho tdi thang 11/1944, sd lupng lao ddng nha nudc va ngudi dugc hudng trg cap da tang len con sd la 72.000 va 117.000 (con sd tuong ung cho nhiing nam 1938 - 1939 la 53.000 va 87.000). Chinh phii ciing nhan trach nhiem cho hang 2' Jon.V. Kofas, Inten'ention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55. 22 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), sdd, trang 55. 23 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 279. 2't Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An examination of American 's first Cold War victory. Center for Naval analyses, 2003, trang 6. 25 Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An examination of American's first Cold War victoiy, sdd, trang 6. QVtunfj, ithdn te tde itdtiq,. 47 nghin ca nhan trong tinh trang bi pha san va ca nhiing ngudi cd kha nang roi vao tinh trang chet ddi, do dd bd sung them 80.000 lao ddng va 55.000 ngudi nhan trg cap vao bien che nha nudc. Tdng sd ca nhan true tiep nhan hd trg ciia nha nudc nhu vay da tang tir 141.000 trude chiln tranh len 324.000^^ Trong tat ea nhirng ngudi ed tien luong, cdng chirc la nhirng ngudi bi anh hudng Idn nhat bdi lam phat. Cude dau tranh de duy tri mirc sdng tdi thieu dua den sir sao nhang trach nhiem va sir tham nhiing thudng xuyen. Ket qua la, nha nudc dan sir Hy Lap sau chien tranh d trong tinh trang tdi te hon bat cir thdi gian nao trudc dd. Vdi con sd khdng Id trong bien che nha nudc, hau het ngudi lao ddng khdng cd viee de lam va chi nhan tien luong. Ti le that nghiep da tang 11% trong khu vuc dd thi trong nhirng nam 1945 - 1947^^. Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi cd viec gi dd de lam, hp thue hanh cdng viec it hang hai hon. Vao cudi thang 7/1947, thdi gian lam viee trung binh mdt tuan la 25 tieng. Do dd, rat nhieu ngudi lao ddng da dimg tat ea phuang tien de lam tang sd tien luong it di eiia hp. Tinh trang tham nliiing tran lan va kieu kiem tien bang mpi each da gay sir bat man Idn trong xa hdi. Cude sdng eiia ngudi dan sdng d ndng thdn va mien mii vdn da khd khan lai cang them khdn cimg. Su ddi ngheo, mit ve sinh va gia tang sir bat binh 26 Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press, Columbia, 2002, trang 45. 27 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), Background to ^Q,,(^,„^op/ii-v Crpprp sdd- trans 55. , ,, trong cdng ddng cu dan ndng thdn, khien khu vuc nay trd thanh manh dat mau md eho cac cude ndi day . Thic ba, su riit lui ciia Anh da tgo ra khodng trdng quyen lice a Hy Lgp. Tuy Anh da can thiep vao cae van de ciia Hy Lap trong sudt hon 130 nam, song vao nam 1945, sir can du ciia Anh bi kim ham bdi nhieu vat can Idn, lam tieu tan mpi tham vpng va tinh toan ciia Anh. Anh budc ra khdi cude chien tranh vdi su ngheo ddi va gan nhu pha san. De duy tri cude chien tranh, 36% vdn tu ban cua Anh d nudc ngoai da phai ban trong nhiing nam 1939 - 1945, va chi tieu 33% du trii vang. Gia tri xuat khau da giam den 40% mirc trude chien tranh . Mac dii cd chuang trinh vay mugn va cac thda thuan khac, song tdng can can thanh toan eiia Anh trong sudt thdi gian ehien tranh van tham hut tdi 10 ti bang Anh, dua tdi nhirng khoan ng qudc te tri gia hon 3,5 ti bang Anh vao eudi nam 1945. Day la mdt khoan ng Idn nhat trong lich sir, vugt xa bat cir nhiing gi phat sinh trong bat cii eugc chien nao khae ma Anh tham gia, va du trir vang va ddla chi cdn 600 trieu bang . Chinh phu London bat dau dam phan vdi Washington cho mdt khoan vay vao thang 9/1945 va da dat duge mdt thda thuan vao cudi nam nay. Khoan vay nay la 3,75 ti ddla, mien lai suat cho nam nam dau tien va lai hang nSm la 12% cho nam muoi nam tiep 28 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 279. 29 Jon.V. Kofas, sdd, trang 51. 30 Athanasios Lykogiannis, sdd, trang 78. 48 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011 theo^'. Nhiing van de kinh te Idn trong nudc va sir thay ddi nhanh chdng trong ddi sdng chinh tri (sir that bai dang kinh ngae ciia Dang Bao thii ciia Churchill), da lam giam bdt sire manh kinh te va quan sir ciia Anh d nudc ngoai. Anh khdng cdn dii kha nang de giii' vi the ciia mdt cudng qudc de qudc va duy tri nhirng vi tri chien luge tren toan the gidi cua minh, chdng lai nhiing thach thirc ciia Lien Xd. Dieu dang chii y la trude khi Hpc thuyet Truman dugc cdng bd, Anh da san sang chia se "ganh nang Hy Lap" vdi My. Thang 12/1944, Thii tudng Anh Churchill da giri mdt thdng diep cho Tdng thdng My Roosevelt thdng qua Dai sii MaeVeagh: "Hay ndi vdi dng ta rdng dng ta cd the giiip dd chiing tdi bdng mpt vdi cdch ndo do. Chimg tdi khdng mudn gl tie Hy Lgp Chimg tdi den ddy do Hiep udc vdi ede nudc Ddng minh de ddnh dudi qudn Diec vd sau do thdy rdng ehiing tdi phdi ddu tranh de bdo ve ngudi ddn Aten khdi su tdn sdt Tdt cd dieu ehimg tdi mudn bdy gid Id bien khdi nai chet tiet ndy" . Cho tdi nam 1947, ngudi Anh da vd cung that vpng vdi tinh hinh ngay cang hdn loan ciia Hy Lap va lo ngai rang mpi viec se trd nen tdi te hon neu Anh tiep tuc cac chinh sach d dd. Thang 2/1947, Anh giri cho My mdt tdi hau thu, ngudi Anh se riit khdi Hy Lap vao cudi 3' Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 52. ^" Paul T. Calbos, Cold War conflict: American inten'ention in Greece, Indiana University, 1993, trang 65. thang 3 nlu My khdng chia se ganh nang vdi hp". Trong nira diu nam 1947, ngudi Anh eat giam su hien dien quan sir eiia hp d Hy Lap tir 15.000 ngudi xudng cdn 5.000 ngudi . Sye rut lui cita Anh tgo ra mpt khodng trdng quyen lice vd ciing lan a khu vice ndy, la ea hdi eho Lien Xd md rpng phgm vi dnh hudng cita minh, vd day thuc sic la dieu khien My gia tdng sir lo nggi. Nhu vay, bdi canh lich sir trong va ngoai Hy Lap sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai da ed nhiing bien ddi manh me. Mdt dat nude vdi sir yeu kem ve kinh te, bat dn ve ehinh tri, hdn loan ve xa hdi, lai nam d mgt vi tri chien luge, rat de bi cdng san tan cdng da de dga true tiep den Igi ich cua My va cac nude ddng minh. Thue te dd bupc My phdi thay ddi cdch nhin ve tdm quan trong eua Hy Lgp vd cd nhicng dieu chinh ve chinh sdch cua minh a khu vice ndy. Cho tdi nhiing nam trude khi Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai ket thiic. My khdng thuc su quan tam tdi khu vuc Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap ndi rieng. My chi thuc hien mdt chinh sach can thiep han ehe. Trong bdi canh Chinh phii tu san Hy Lap phai ddi phd vat va vdi phong trao du kich dudi su lanh dao eiia nhiing ngudi Cdng san, ngay cang gap phai nhiing khd khan Idn trong cude ndi chien, tuy nim giu quyin lue, song hp lai khdng phai la lire lugng nim uu the, ma ngugc lai hg d thi hi 33 Martin Eve, Anti-communism and American intervention in Greece, trang 102. 3t Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An examination of American's first Cold War victory^ Center for Naval aLiiu'viSf;. 2003, •,/;.,;aK 5, QfUuinf^ nhdn t/i^td^ ttmig,. 49 ddng, phai phdng thu trudc cac cude tin edng ciia lire lugng eanh ta, ddng thdi su bit lire cua Chinh phii Anh va sir riit lui ciia Anh khdi Hy Lap da budc Chinh phii Hy Lap phai cau eim sir trg giup eiia My. Sir can du ciia My vao edng viec ndi bd cua Hy Lap leo thang ciing vdi thdi gian. Bude di dau tien la su tang cudng giiip dd ve kinh te. Chinh phii My "bdt ddu cho rdng nhirng su kien dien ra d Hy Lgp la mpt vi du cu the eho thdy su gdy hdn vd xdm luge cita Lien Xd ddi vdi nhieng qudc gia nhd be vd bdt dri'' . Thang 2 nam 1947, Dai sii My tai Aten, Lincoln MaeVeagh, da giri bao cao ve Bd Ngoai giao My, trong dd da canh bao rang: "Neu Hy Lgp rai vdo tay ciia Chii nghia Cpng sdn, todn bp Can Ddng vd mpt phdn Bde Phi chdc ehan se ndm dudi dnh hudng ciia Xd Viet" . Trong sudt nam 1945 va dau nam 1946, bat chap ldi keu gpi khan cap ciia MaeVeagh va sir thue giuc tir Anh de chia se "ganh nang Hy Lap", chinh sach chinh thiic eua Washington van " de trdnh khdng can thiep vdo edng viee npi bp Bancang, vd khong tham gia bdt ky hogt dpng qudn sie ndo ed the, ngogi trir lien quan den cuu trg vd tdi thiet" . Tuy nhien, nhirng bien ddng nhanh chdng ciia tinh hinh qudc te va khu vuc da budc My thay ddi each nhin nhan ciia minh. Sir phat trien trong nhan thiic ve de dpa eua ehii nghTa edng san ca trong va ngoai Hy Lap da ehiing td tim quan trpng eiia viee dinh hinh lai thai dp cua My. Bd Ngoai giao My da trich dan mdt danh sach dai nhirng hanh ddng chdng Hy Lap do Lien Xd va ddng minh thue hien de chirng minh rang Hy Lap va Thd NhT Ki tao thanh "chuang nggi vgt duy nhdt cho su thdng tri eiia Lien Xd phia ddng Dia Trung Hdi" va khuyen nghi Washington nen san sang "dua ra cdc bien phdp thich hgp" de bao ve "todn ven lanh thd vd chinh tri cua Hy Lgp, bao gdm su iing hp ve ngogi giao vd tinh thdn, su hd trg thiet thiec trong cdc hinh thiec tin dung vd trang thiet bi qudn su" . Den dau nam 1947, tinh than ciia nhung edng van do nhung ngudi My sdng d Aten giri ve da gieo' hoang mang thue su cho gidi chirc My. MaeVeagh ehi ra rang sir ket hgp cua siie ep ben ngoai va tinh trang bat dn ben trong ed kha nang dan den cude each mang va "su kiem soat ciia Lien Xd"; trong khi Mark Ethridge, dai dien cua My trong Uy ban Dieu tra Lien hgp qudc, so sanh Hy Lap vdi mdt "qua man chin" cd kha nang rai vao tay Lien Xd chi trong vdng vai tuan^^. Nhiing tin hieu tran day sir hoang mang nay budc Washington tien gan hon tdi hanh ddng cu thi. Ngay 21/2/1947, Thir trudng Bd Ngoai giao My, Dean Acheson, da canh bao ve nhiing hau qua cua viec cho phep Hy Lap roi vao sir thdng tri ciia Lien Xd ehi dan gian la do "thieu sir hd trg day dii" tir phia My va Anh. Dean Acheson eho rang do Anh da khdng the cung cap trang thiet bi quan sir can thiet trong ke hoaeh, nen My can md rdng hd trg cua minh trong ITnh vuc dd. Tren het, dng ta keu ggi mdt du luat 35 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282. 36 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282. " Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 9. 38 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 43. 39Athanasios Lykogiannis (2002), sdd, trang 212. 50 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011 dac biet can dugc nhanh chdng thdng qua d Qudc hdi, cho phep cho mdt khoan vay true tilp danh cho Hy Lap''". Vdi y thuc cap bach da bao triim Washington, trong vdng vai tuin, Hpc thuyet Truman dugc hoan chinh va bien phap dde toan lue cho chinh sach ngan chan chii nghTa cdng san, bao vay, cd lap ciia Lien Xd da dugc thue thi. Theo Tdng thdng Truman "Neu chimg ta that bgi tren the gidi, nhicng khu vice nhie Hy Lgp, bi suy yeu vd phdn chia nhie Id mpt ket qua cua chien tranh, se rai vdo quy dgo Lien Xd md khdng can nhieu nd lice cita ngudi Nga. Su thdnh cdng cita Nga a nhicng khu vice dd vd su thieu quan tdm da dtegc thica nhdn ciia chimg ta se ddn den su phdt trien cua cdc Ddng Cpng san ben trong cdc nudc chdu Au nhic Phdp vd Y, nhieng nai dang bi de doa nghiem trong"'^\ Dieu nay da eho thay sir • kien quyet ciia chinh quyen Truman trong viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan den Hy Lap. Ngay 12/3/1947, Tdng thdng Truman giri den Qudc hdi mdt thdng diep ma sau dd dugc biet den vdi ten gpi la Hpc thuyet Truman. Ong keu gpi 400 trieu ddla hd trg kinh te va quan sir eho Hy Lap va Thd NhT Ky, trong dd 300 trieu ddla dugc danh cho Hy Lap'^'. Tuy nhien, nhiem vii khd khan ciia Truman va cac cd van ciia dng la phai thuyet phiic dugc Qudc hdi. Su phan ddi den tir nhimg nha lanh dao My theo chii ngliTa biet lap. Dieu nay la hoan toan cd can cir, bdi vi hp khdng nhin thay bat cir trien vpng gi cho sir phuc hdi kinh tl d Hy Lap. Trong hai nam dau sau chiln tranh, da ed rat nhieu nd luc cim trg nudc ngoai ddi vdi Hy Lap nhung tinh hinh ngay cang them tram trpng, nhu A. W. Sheppard da khang dinh trong nghien eim ciia dng ve Hy Lap . Trong sudt thang 3 va thang 4, ke hoaeh trg giiip eiia Chinh phii My danh cho Hy Lap va Thd NhT Ky gay ra nhieu sir tranh cai trong chinh gidi My, bi nhirng ngudi chdng ddi chi trich manh me. Tham chi hp eon cho rang:"Chii nghia cpng sdn nhic mpt con ngcia pp, nhicng chiing ta dang dtegc yeu cdu gid lien cua ehiing ta den mpt Id hdng - Hy Lgp" . Tuy nhien, vdi viec vien dan rang an ninh ciia My phu thupc vao viec tang cudng cho Hy Lap, Thd NhT Ky va My can gin giir dde lap dan tdc ciia cac nudc nay, Tdng thdng Truman da thanh cdng trong viec thuyet phuc cac nha lanh dao Qudc hdi My. Dd thue sir la mdt budc ngoat trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My. Thugng nghi sT Arthur Vandenberg, Chii tich IJy ban Ddi ngoai Thugng vien va la ngudi theo chu nghTa biet lap trudc day, da trd thanh mdt ngudi iing hd vd dieu kien cho chinh sach mdi va da giup gay anh hudng den hanh ddng ciia Qude hdi. Trong mdt la thu eho mdt ddng nghiep tai thdi diem dd, dng ta da vilt " vdn de cita Hy Lgp khdng the bi cd lap. Ngugc Igi, nd ed le Id bieu tugng cita xung dpt y thiec he cpng sdn tren loan the gidi giica chit nghia cpng sdn phia Ddng vd 40 Paul T. Calbos, sdd. trang 68. "1 Din theo, Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 68. 42 Paul Olkhovsky (2003), sdd, trang 5. 43 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve , sdd, trang 56. 44 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 70. QfUtu-iifj^ nhau tfitde itanei 51 nen ddn chit phia Tdy md yeu cdu chimg ta thue hien mpt sd quyit dinh mang tinh dinh menh vd vuan xc/""*^. Cudi ciing, dudi su cheo lai ciia Vandenberg, Qude hdi My da img hd ke hoaeh ciia Tdng thdng Truman. Ngay 22/5/1947, Thugng vien My da thdng qua de nghi vien trg cho Hy Lap ciia Tdng thdng Truman. My da bat dau chuyen tir mdt chinh sach can thiep han che va mang tinh hd trp la chii yeu, sang ehinh sach can thiep mdt each manh me, toan dien va cd chii dich vao Hy Lap. Chinh phii My da thay dan vai trd ciia Chinh phii Anh d Hy Lap vdi tu each la the lire nudc ngoai ed anh hudng chii yeu d Aten. cac phai doan quan sir va chuyen gia eua My da dam nhiem nhii'ng sir menh va trpng trach d Hy Lap ma trudc day ngudi Anh da lam . So vdi ngudi Anh, each lam ciia ngudi My cd nhieu diem khac, "khdn kheo han, hieu qud han, linh hogt han, khdng de chdp nhgn ngogi le, ludn dp ddt cdch ldm ciia ngudi My, khdng quan tdm den cdc dgc trung ddn tpe"'^^. Nam 1948 la mdt nam quan trpng ddi vdi cac phe phai trong cude ndi chien d Hy Lap, mdi ben deu chuan bi tung ra nhii'ng ddn danh quyet dinh trong cac cude dimg dp sap dien ra. Vdi su trg giiip tich cue ciia My, quan dpi chinh phii Hy Lap da duge tang cudng khdng chi ve sd lupng ma ea kha nang tac ehien va trang bi vii khi (sd quan tang tir 132.000 len 232.500; ben canh quan dpi Hy Lap cd su hien dien ciia nhieu cd vin quan su My; tinh din thang 9 nam 1948, My da cung cap cho quan dpi Hy Lap 140 may bay, 3.890 khau phao cac loai, 97.000 khau sung trudng va 10.000 xe dtd cac loai"*^). Dieu dang ndi la, mac dii Lien Xd phan ddi manh me su trg giiip tren ciia My danh cho Hy Lap, song Lien hgp qudc lai iing hd hanh ddng eiia My . Sir trg giup kinh te, quan su cua My danh cho Chinh phii Hy Lap da ed vai trd quan trpng trong viec quyet dinh sir thanh bai ciia cude ndi chien d Hy Lap. Dang Cdng san Hy Lap (KKE) da khdng the ddi mat vdi thach thirc den tir phia My va quan dpi ehinh phii. Tuy lire lugng du kieh do Dang Cdng san lanh dao cd nhan dugc su trg giiip ciia Nam Tu va Bungari, song nd khdng dang ke. Trong khi dd, chinh phii Lien Xd da khdng danh cho Dang Cdng san Hy Lap bat ky sir trg giiip nao, cdn ban than nha lanh dao Lien Xd, Stalin, lai mudn cham diit cac cude ndi day do nhii'ng ngudi Cdng san Hy Lap lanh dao vi lo sg sir tac ddng tieu cue ciia nd den ehinh sach ciia Lien Xd d cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi. Stalin da td rd thai dp phan ddi ciia minh trong cude gap mat vdi cac nha lanh dao Nam Tu va Bungari nhan dip hp vieng tham Matxcava khi khang dinh ring: "Nhieng ngudi ndi day khdng ed bdi cic ca hpi thdnh cdng ndo. Cdc anh lieu cd tin rdng Anh vd My - nhicng cudng qudc mgnh nhdt the gidi Igi cho phep viec cat did mdt cdc con dudng huyet mgch a Dia Trung Lldi? Dd la sie ngd ngdn. Vd chiing la khdng cd hgm 45 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 69. 46 Barbara Jelavich, .sdd, trang 282. 47 C. M. Woodhouse. sdd, pp. 235. 48 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282 - 283. 49 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 283. [...]... do) Cupe ndi day a Hy Lgp cdn phdi ddng ve ehinh tri va tinh chat khde liet ngdn Igi nhanh nhdt cd the" cude npi chien Hy Lap (mdt qude gia ed vi 3 Ket luan ciia tri dia-ehinh tri quan trpng tren ban dao Bancang, qudc gia tiep giap true tiep vdi khu Sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai, tinh vuc anh hudng eiia Lien Xd) da khien cho hinh the gidi da ed nhiing bien ddi quan My quyet dinh can thiep vao ndi... Anh de lai, bd quan he qudc te nira sau the ki XX Tham bien Hy Lap trd thanh mdt mat xich quan vpng ciia hai cudng qudc trong viec md rdng trpng trong chien luge toan eau eiia My pham vi anh hudng eiia minh da keo theo rat nham chdng lai chu nghTa cdng san Sir can nhieu qude gia vao vdng xoay ciia nhung du ciia My ngay cang manh me vao Hy Lap xung dot, tranh chap Hy Lap la noi ehimg ke tir nam 1947,... ciia xung dot giira hai phe cho den thdi diem dd "ddnh ddu mpt budc Ddng - Tay Sir bimg nd cude ndi ehien Hy ngogt trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi eiia My Lap trong nhirng nam 1946 duge md ta nhu Nd la mpt su bd sung cho ke hogch Marshall "ldi tuyen bd chinh thiec ciia cude Chien ve giiip dd kinh te cita My ddnh cho chdu Au tranh Lgnh" giiia "the gidi tu do" va luc dugc cdng bd vdo thdng 6 ndm 1947, trong... lugng edng san^' Ddi vdi My, trong cude do bao gdm ed Hy Lgp"^ Cd le, chinh tham chien chdng lai sir md rdng anh hudng ciia vpng ba chii the gidi ciia My la nhan td quan Lien Xd d chau Au va the gidi, Hy Lap da trpng khien My quyet tam the hien vai tro trd nen rat quan trpng "Tdm quan trong ciia minh d nhiing nai dugc My coi nhu tien ehien luge ciia Hy Lgp ddi vdi an ninh eiia ddn trong cude chien chdng... ehien luge ciia Hy Lgp ddi vdi an ninh eiia ddn trong cude chien chdng lai chu nghTa nude My tren thiec te, a chd, ddy la qude gia cdng san, ma Hy Lap la mdt vi du tieu bieu, Bancang duy nhdt chua rai vdo tay Lien Xd trd thanh nai md dau cho sir xung dot, cang Hy Lgp vd Thd Nhi Kl hinh thdnh nen trd thang cua cude Chien tranh Lanh nggi duy nhdt eho sic thdng tri cita Lien Xd d phdn phia Ddng Dia Trung... Army, "The Cradle of US Cold War Strategy ," Military Review (August 1966), trang 6 8 52 Jon.V Kofas (1989), Intervention and underdevelopment - Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 64-65 53 Cuoc noi chign a Hy Lap kgt thiic nam 1949, vai su that bai cua luc lugng du kich duoi s u lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san, thuc s u la m o t tham hoa d6i voi dat n u a c Hy. .. san, thuc s u la m o t tham hoa d6i voi dat n u a c Hy Lap U a c tinh so nguai chgt phia quan doi Chinh phu Hy Lap la 70.000 nguai, phia luc luong du kich ch6ng Chinh phu la 38.000 nguai; thigt hai kinh tg con Ion con h a n ca trong Chien tranh thg gioi thii' Hai Bgn canh do, viec Chinh phii Hy Lap thi hanh chinh sach khiing b6 cac lang mac trong thai gian diin ra cuoc noi chign da lam tang nhanh s6 . da khiln My thay ddi thai dp ddi vdi Hy Lap tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai? Vi sao My lai quyet dinh can du ngay cang sau vao ndi tinh ciia Hy Lap? Phai chang su phan chia anh . cua Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947, ma th"ay the cho anh hudng eiia Anh lai la anh hudng cua My?; Dau la nhirng ly do can ban/nhan td chii yeu khien eho My, vdn chu y it den Hy Lap. quyen lice a Hy Lgp. Tuy Anh da can thiep vao cae van de ciia Hy Lap trong sudt hon 130 nam, song vao nam 1945, sir can du ciia Anh bi kim ham bdi nhieu vat can Idn,