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•m ^*, ^ i IH| 1 NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA THONG TIN LA DANG BAT Que: Hoa Lir- Ninh Binh Cir nhan Van hoc Hoi vien Hoi VHNT Ninh Binh Nghe nghiep: Day hoc Giai thinmg VHNT Trmmg Han Sieu LADANGBAT CHUA NINH BINH ^ <^- ^^a^o;^ > ^ ^•M l^ I z 'ca I z z I z 1- NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN PHAN THir NHAT KHAI LUAN NGOICHUA Cac lang que Viet Nam cho den ngay nay, dirang nhu van la noi liru dau nhieu nhat nhiing ngoi chiia CO kinh, tich lang. Do la nhiing cong trinh kien triic doc dao lam noi thd Phat. Dat dung chiia phai la dat thieng. tuong doi cao. khong bi ngap lut. trong sach, khong co mo ma, phong quang, thoang dang, xung quanh co it nha dan 6. Dac biet dat do phai tu linh, tu due, thu hiit duoc sinh lire tir tren cao xuong duoi thap va tao ra am duong doi dai. Vi the, trudc chiia thuong co dong nuac chay qua, neu khong, trong chiia phai dao gieng, dao ao hoac xay ho ban nguyet. Chiia tren cao bieu hien cho duong, nudc d dudi thap la am. Neu chiia cd reu phong dugc coi la trong duong da cd am, cdn nudc chiia dugc anh sang d tren trdi rgi xudng tiic la trong am da cd duang. Am duang ddi dai la the. Ngoai nhiing di(!u ca ban dd, chiia phai toa lac d mdt nai xiing dang vdi ca khdng gian tirng viing que lang xa. NhQng ngdi chiia cd tieng tam thudng dung ben niii, hoac lii'y mii lam chd dua, "tien thuy, hcju scfn ". Dd cung la nai cay cd, hoa la tuoi td't quanh nam, ludn bao phii mdt mau xanh mudt mat, cd nhieu chim chdc den lam td, la noi "cMt lanh, chim dcni ". Dau nha Tran, Viet Nam mdi cd chCr "tir" dat ttin cho chiia. Dau cdng nguyen, bang dudng bien, dao Phat tit An Do du nhap vao Luy Lau (cdn ggi la Dau), nay thugc Thuan Thanh, tinh Bac Ninh (ddng Nam Tdng). Den the ky II thi dao Phat vao Viet Nam qua con dudng Trung Qud'c (ddng Bac Tdng). Tdi the ky XI, dao Phat mdi phat trien manh, chiia dugc xay dung nhieu. phan lam 3 hang: Dai danh lam (chua do trieu dinh dung kiem Hanh cung ciia vua, xay tren ddi), Trung danh lam (chiia ldn ciia ca mdt viing), Tieu danh lam (chiia ciia lang). Noi thd Phat la mdt thap, trong dat mdt tugng Phat chinh va mdt sd tugng phu. Thap chinh la chiia. Thap cd cao nha't cdn den ngay nay la thap Long Dgi, 13 tang, xay dung d the ky XII. ddi vua Ly Nhan Tdng (thudc huyen Duy Tien, tinh Ha Nam). Sang the ky XIII, thap dugc tach ra khdi Thugng dien, thanh hai kien triic rieng: chiia va thap. Thap khdng cdn la chiia ma trd thanh md su, nhu thap Phd Minh (Nam Dinh). Thdi ky Ly - Tran, Phat giao dugc coi la qudc giao, nen chiia trd thanh trung tam van hoa cua lang xa, VI vay lang nao cung cd chiia, cd thap. Thdi ky nay nha su dugc trgng vgng va dugc coi la ngudi hudng dan giao due ve van hoa, dao diic. Chiia chfnh la dac trUng ciia van hoa Phat giao, cung cd the dugc xem nhu van hoa dan tgc. Tren khap mgi mien ciia da't nudc Viet Nam. tir mien xudi den mien ngugc, tir thanh thi de'n ndng thdn. d dau cung cd chua, chiia da gdn bd va trd nen than thiet vdi ngudi dan. Chua la ciia lang, ciia dan, la mdt phan khdng the thieu ddi vdi cdng ddng lang. Nhan dan thudng la'y ten lang dat ten cho chiia. Trudc mdi chuyen di xa hay trudc nhitng cdng viec he trgng, ngudi dan thudng den chiia de cau xin sir binh yen, dan dan viec ngudi dan di II chiia da trd thanh mdt tuc Ie, mot sinh hoat van hoa. Trong thdi ky each mang, nhiing nam khang chien chdng Phap, chdng My, nhilu ngdi chiia da trd thanh ca sd each mang, nudi giau, che chd cho can bd, bd ddi, la dia diem hgp ciia nhieu hdi nghi quan trgng. Vl vay, trong ca nudc cd den hang tram ngdi chiia da dugc Nha nudc cdng nhan la Di tich Lich sir - Van hoa. Kien triic ciia cac ngdi chiia Viet Nam deu la mdt tang gidng nhu nhiing ngdi nha d lang que, nhung nd la mdt toa nha to, rdng hinh chir "dinh " (') (chii T), phan ngang la Tien dudng, phan dgc la Chinh dien hay Thugng dien - chd tham nghiem de thd Phat. Chiia cdn dugc xay dung theo kieu chii Tam (^ ) vdi ba day nha chfnh: Tien dudng, Thieu huang, Thugng dien, hoac theo kieu mpi cong ngogi quoc (ben ngoai chu" c/uoc, ben trong chir cong (Han tu)). Nhiing chiia Idn dugc xay dung bang nhung cot gd lim cao to. Vi, keo, xa ngang, xa dgc cung bang gd lim. Dieu ddc dao la, d nhu'ng chd Idi ldm cua vi keo, tru, van nong, van lung, canh cira, cd khi cdn dugc cham bong kenh, cham long, tao thanh nhiing tac phaim nghe thuat tren gd tuyet dep. Mdi bii:c cham nhu dugc thdi mdt ludng sinh khf dem de'n ve dep sdng dgng, la ky. Trudc Thugng dien, cd nai cira vong dugc cham long, thep vang lam nen cho Phat dien, nhu loe len mdt diem sang cua anh vang de hudng con ngudi vao cdi Phat. Day dugc coi la nhiing tac pham nghe thuat cd gia tri cao. J ' Ben tren cira vdng va d tren cao ciia cac gian hai ben Bai dudng hay trong Thugng dien cdn treo nhirng bu'c dai tu son son thep vang ndi ve ten chiia hoac ca nggi Phat. Cac cdt trong chiia cung treo nhitng cau ddi ca nggi cdng diic ciia Phat va canh dep ciia chiia. Dd la nhiing san pham ciia trf tue con ngudi, cung la di san van hoa Phat giao, van hoa dan tdc cua nudc ta. Nhin chung, cac ngdi chiia d Viet Nam deu thap va cd xu hudng bi "hiitxuong" dat, an minh dudi nhiing tan cay cd thu de ddn gigt suang va ciing chung nang gid, hoa nhap trong khdng gian rdng Idn ciia thien nhien. Nhiing ngdi chiia d mien Bac mang tfnh chat chiia cd, vi kien tnic tren bd khung bang gd. Cdn d mien Nam kien true theo kieu be tdng hoa, ggi la chiia diic. He thdng bd mai cua chiia thudng chiem hai phan ba cdng trinh. Dd la dac trung kien triic ciia chua Viet Nam. Mai chiia dugc udn cong, Igp bang ngdi ta, khdng cd mau, mui lugn trdn, phfa dudi la ngdi chieu. Cac gdc ciia mai chiia deu cd dau dao xay cong len nhu hinh ludi dao hoac nhu hinh cai dudi chim phugng lam cho mai udn lugn, uyen chuyen, hai hoa nhu sdng nudc thuy trieu, nhu con thuyen trdi tren nudc, nhu hai canh chim dang dang rdng de bay len. Dudng net nay da thay khac tren mat trdng ddng Ddng Son, dd cung la net cua vudng va trdn, ciia trdi va dat, bie'u tugng cho am duang hoa hgp, ndi len chi hudng va tam hdn ngudi Viet Nam, the hien triet Iy nhan sinh phuang Ddng sau sk. Chua thudng dugc xay theo hudng nam (hudng ciia trf tue) hay hudng tay (hudng duang - Yen tam mdt chd). Trudc chiia bao gid ciing cd Tam quan, tren cd gac chudng, hinh thiic la ba cira, cira Hiiu, cira Vd va cira Dai (gdm ca Vd va Hiru), nhung ndi dung la mdt tuyen ngdn cho ca ba Idi nhin ciia dao Phat: khdng quan, da quan, trung quan. Khdng quan la nhin vao sir vat, that ra cai gi cung la khdng. Da quan la sir vat gi cung cd bien hoa, cd dil ca, cai gi ciing la cd. Trung quan la khdng phai la khdng ma cung khdng phai la cd. Nd la giira, vira cd vua khdng. Ngoai cira cua Tam quan thudng cd ddi lan d tren dinh tugng trung cho siic manh d tren cao, sir hieu bie't, kiem sat tam linh ciia cac chiing sinh khi budc vao cira chiia. Sau Tam quan cd con dudng Nhat chfnh dao. . ,!( Vao chiia la budc vao Bai dudng hay Tien dudng (nha phfa trudc) nam ngay lien vdi dien thd Phat. Phai vao cira ben trai ciia Tien dudng. Ben trai Tien dudng cd ban thd rieng dat tugng Diic Ong. Tugng nhu mgt quan van mat dd, ngdi budng chan, tay de tu nhien tren diii. Ll Dire Ong xong mdi den ll d Thugng dien. Bai dudng dat 2 tirgng to ldn la Hd Phap, cdn ggi la Kim Cuong, mac ao giap, ddi mu tru, cam binh khf, hinh dang rat dir tgn, chan di giay, cd khi diing hoac cudi tren con sau (ten mdt loai vat tudng tugng, gan gidng su tir). Tugng [...]... Viln, dugc menh danh la ddng dep thiir ba d trdi Nam Ngoai ra, Ninh Binh cdn khoang 15 chiia khac cung ndi tieng ndm trong cac hang ddng dep la: chiia Ban Long (xa Ninh Xuan, huyen Hoa Lu), chiia Hoa San (xa Ninh Hod, huyen Hoa Lu), chiia Dia chiia Am, chiia Am Tiem (xa Trudng Yen, huyen 31 Hoa Lu), chiia Phong Phu chiia Trung Trir (xa Ninh Giang, huyen Hoa Lu) chiia Ddng Mat (xa Yen Son thi xa Tam... Nau thudc thdn Dai Nhan, nay thudc thi xa Ninh Binh, cap cho chiia 160 sao rudng Cac Vua Trdn cdn cho xay dung chiia Ddu d xa Khanh Hod, huyen Yen Khanh de Hoang tir va Cdng chiia den dd tu hanh Nhu the mdt sd chiia d Ninh Binh da gdn lien vdi ten tudi cac vua chiia qua cdc trieu dai phong kien Dd cung la nilm tu hao ciia chiia Ninh Binh manh dat Cd dd xua 33 6 Ninh Binh cho den hien nay, cd gdn 25 ngdi... mdt sd hang ddng dep de lam chua Ninh Binh la viing cd nhilu mii da vdi nen cd nhilu hang ddng dep Ban than cac hang ddng dd da dep rdi, nen lam chiia d trong hang ddng cang dep them len Dd la sir hod nhap giira con ngudi va thien nhien Nhiing chiia ldn d Ninh Binh ndm trong hang ddng, bay gid la nhirng diem tham quan du lich hap ddn va ly thii nhu: chiia Bfch Ddng d xa Ninh Hai, huyen Hoa Lu, dugc menh... "cong" (Han tur)) O Ninh Binh trong cac lang que diu cd nhung ngdi chiia nhu the Nhung dilu dang chii y nhat la d noi day cd mdt so chiia dugc xay dung rat sdm Mdt ngdi chiia d thdn Ddng Hdi, xa Ninh An, huyen Hoa Lu da dugc xay dung tir trudc thdi Hai Ba Trung Chiia Tan Yen thudc thdn Tien Yen, xa Khanh Lgi, huyen Yen Khanh da cd tir trudc nam 541 Chiia Ban Long d thdn Khe Ddu Thugng, xa Ninh Xuan huyen... (Nggc My Nhan) thudc thi xa Ninh Binh, nam Minh Mang thii 2, vua Minh Mang ciing den tham chiia, ben canh chiia cd mdt gieng da nudc trong va ngon, sdc chi lay nudc dang, vi vay ggi la Gieng Ngu Chiia Hoa San vua Tur Diic ciing den tham va dat '" ' ten cho chiia la Hoa San Ngoai ra, mdt sd chiia d Ninh Binh cdn dugc nha vua true tiep cho xay dung Chiia Sd d thdn Van Lam, xa Ninh Hdi, huyen Hoa Lu do... Ngdn ndm trong Thanh Ndi d 30 Kinh dd Hoa Lu dugc xay dung tir thdi Tiln Le Nhu the d Ninh Binh cd rat nhieu ngdi chiia cd Dieu ddc dao thir hai cua chiia d Ninh Binh la nhimg chiia Idn diu ndm trong cac mii da Neu d tinh Ha Tay cd chiia ldn nhat nudc - chiia Huong - "Nam thien de nhdt dgng" ndm trong mii da, thi d Ninh Binh cd "Nam thien de nhi dgng", "Nam thien de tam dgng" cung ndm trong mii da Khi... ghi ten nhirng ngudi ciing tien xay dung, tu sira chua O Ninh Binh ciing vay, chua nao Cling cd bia Nhung dilu khac biet la cac bia d day thudng la nhiing bia cd va cdn dugc cham khdc tren cac vach niii Chiia Am Tien d xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu, tren vach da cira ddng, cham khdc bia cd nien dai 1179 Chua A Nau d phudng Ninh Khanh, thanh phd Ninh Binh cd bia cham khdc tai phia tay nam mdt vach mii... khdc vao the ky XVI, nien hieu Nguyen Hod, tiic la ddi vua Le Trang Tdng (Duy Ninh) (1533-1548), cho biet: 'Tit thdnh cd Hoa Lu men theo nid dd md di ve phia Nam den ldng Khe 29 Ddu ddo CO chiia Bdn Long Ddy Id danh thdng tie ngdn xua Trdi cdc trieu Dinh Le Ly Trdn, chiia ndy cdng them ndi tieng" Chiia Hoa Son d thdn ang Ngu, xa Ninh Hoa, huyen Hoa Lu cung cd trudc thdi Dinh Chiia da cd tir lau, la nai... (Giap Than), que d thdn Van Bdng, xa Gia Phuang, huyen Gia Viln, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay Cudi nam 967 sau khi da dep yen loan 12 sii quan, non sdng thu vl mdt md'i, dat nudc trd lai thd'ng nha't, nam 968 Dinh Bd LTnh len ngdi Hoang de, lay hieu la Dinh Tien Hoang, dat ten nudc la Dai Cd Viet, chgn Hoa Lu (xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay) la viing niii non ky thii nhung hiem trd de xay... Nhung ngdi "chua " do thien nhien kien tao nen, khdng phdi triing tu, dai tu thi chi Ninh Binh mdi cd nhilu nhu vay, vi d day cd nhilu mii da vdi, nd da trd thanh nhu'ng danh lam thdng canh, cud'n hiit dugc nhilu du khach trong va ngoai nudc de'n tham thii, chiem ngudng ve dep nai day 32 > Dilu ddc dao thii ba ve chua d Ninh Binh la mdt sd ngdi chiia ndm trong hang ddng dep, diu dugc cac vua chiia den . LA DANG BAT Que: Hoa Lir- Ninh Binh Cir nhan Van hoc Hoi vien Hoi VHNT Ninh Binh Nghe nghiep: Day hoc Giai thinmg VHNT Trmmg Han Sieu LADANGBAT CHUA NINH BINH ^ <^- ^^a^o;^. bien, dao Phat tit An Do du nhap vao Luy Lau (cdn ggi la Dau), nay thugc Thuan Thanh, tinh Bac Ninh (ddng Nam Tdng). Den the ky II thi dao Phat vao Viet Nam qua con dudng Trung Qud'c