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1. In Western translation theory, what was the contribution of Cicero? He translated the speeches of Greek orators through creative imatation. 2. In Western translation theory, what translation method did St.Jerome say he was using? He preferred sense for sense over word for word translation except in the translation of the Bible. 3. In Dao’an’s writing about the translation of the Buddhist sutras into Chinese, which of the following does he note as difficulties? Directing the message to a new audiience. The special status of the source text. 4. What was a key difficulty for the Arab translators of Greek scientific texts in the Abbasid period? Whether to translate, borrow or explain technical terms.
CÁC CÂU HỎI ÔN TẬP In Western translation theory, what was the contribution of Cicero? He translated the speeches of Greek orators through creative imatation In Western translation theory, what translation method did St.Jerome say he was using? He preferred sense for sense over word for word translation except in the translation of the Bible In Dao’an’s writing about the translation of the Buddhist sutras into Chinese, which of the following does he note as difficulties? Directing the message to a new audiience The special status of the source text What was a key difficulty for the Arab translators of Greek scientific texts in the Abbasid period? Whether to translate, borrow or explain technical terms What was the importance of the translation method of Martin Luther? He translated into everyday German and thereby helped to strengthen the German language Dryden proposed three methods of translation Which corresponds to literal or word for word translation? Metaphrase Which of the following is the most important of Tytler’s ‘laws’ of translation? Accuracy to the source text content Which of the three translation principles of Yan Fu refers to elegance/ gracefulness? Ya What is Schleiermacher’s preferred translation strategy? To move the reader towards the writer 10.In translatorial action and skopos theory, how is the success of traslation to be judged? By functional adequacy 11 What is the term used by House to describe the process of modification of an ST to conform to TL expectations? Cultural filter 12 Evaluation is a part of which function of language ? Interpersonal Each language has an area of equivalence in to the other language Respect The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from such as pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics Different perspectives The source language of cultural context and situational context Consists Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement and specific artistic means to impress the reader Makes use of Translation is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of, and Studies Translation is a of intedingual communication Means Different types of translation can be singled out the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process a Depending Contemporary translation activities of a translator are characterized by a great variety of types, and levels of his responsibility Forms The transformational model: postulates that in any two languages there is a number of nuclear structures which are fully each other Equivalent to 10 Translation shifts both at the lower level of language, Le the lexicogrammar, and at the higher thematic level of text Occur 11 In translation, there should be no change in the of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text Sequence 12 Literary translation deals with literary texts Le works of fiction of poetry whose main function is to make an or aesthetic impression upon the reader Emotional 13 The original text may deal any subject from general philosophical principles of postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour With 14 Translation is a of actions performed by the translator while rendering the source text into another language Set 15 The source language of cultural context and situational context Consists 16 A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative translations, though the principles of here are somewhat different Classification 17 It is that the translation has the same meaning as the original text presumed 18 In translation, there should be no change in the of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text Sequence 19 The of the translation should follow that of the original text Structure 20 Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may one or some of them in accordance with his talents and experience Specialize in 21 Theme can be identified in terms of three metafunctions Ideational interpersonal and textual 22 The multiple Theme or split Rheme pattern was used at the most frequently This indicates that the multiple Theme or split Rheme patterns are Dominant in the texts 23 In the process of communication, the meaning system is largely determined situational context ideational Leaning by field interpersonal meaning by tenor and textual meaning by mode By the three aspects of 24 The ideational is subdivided into two components, le experiential and logical They convey Different ways of meanings 25 The topical Theme is divided into two subtypes Simple marked Theme refers to when a topical element is chosen for foregrounding while simple unmarked Theme refers to that which is most usual Unmarked and marked Theme 26 Thematic structure includes Theme and Thematic progression patterns, information structure includes and cohesion includes reference, conjunction, ellipsis and lexical cohesion Given and new units of information 27 Theme and Rheme boundary is a sequential ordering and range of possible groups or phrases that use for setting structure Theme and Rheme 28 Context of situation is closely related to various texts Certain asks for certain text and in return, certain text creates certain context Situational context 29 Thematic progression helps give cohesion and thus coherence to a text, guiding the reader through the text In a logical and rational course 30 According to the frequency analysis, the topical/ideational elements occurred at the most frequent rates followed by and interpersonal elements Textual elements 31 The study is devoted to the exploration of English writing skill which sets out to obtain some concrete information on the students problems in writing English Supported by Systemic Functional Grammar 32 The writers used multiple Theme by to topical Theme to create connectedness in the text As a result, it provides the writers with an effective way to convey information circulated in the written text Adding lextual Theme and interpersonal Theme 33 Translators need that help to achieve their goals in enhancing communication across different nations To encompass a diversity of factors \ 34 As in the case of referential cohesive devices, the translator also the strategy of deletion while translating the conditional conjunction "even if Made use of 35 Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to In that case, the target does not state what is transferred, but it states the requirement of the process The message or implication of a sentence 36 A world of needs translators that beside their specialized knowledge in the two languages, they should also experience intercultural competence Different Interacting cultures 37 Furthermore the fourth device-substitution is marked by the use of nouns, verbs or clauses previously presented To replace some information 38 In most cases, a translator decodes a text conditioned by his ideology and world knowledge According to his understanding 39 The distinctive relationship between is established by the ability of translation to approximate a multilingual communication to a monolingual one The original and translation 40 Furthermore, words such as hence and so indicate that there is a preceding segment of text presenting a cause or reason, and A following segment presenting a result 41 Conjunctive cohesion is the type of cohesion commonly and most extensively dealt with It is often referred to as "transitional devices" In grammar and composition writing 42 Similarly to pronoun reference, the cohesive device of conjunction proves of the Target Text To be problematic for the translator 43 The device of substitution was not extensively used in either text Only the ST employed it once, Using the verb 44 In regard to reference, the Target Text tends that are equivalent to the ones used in the Source Text To present cohesive devices 45 The process of in a target language involves both lexico-grammatical and pragmatic analysis Decoding a text and encoding it 46 There are also omissions, partial equivalences and even complete alterations of in the ST The connection signaled by the cohesive device 47 Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from after that inspect the STS and their probable translation The lexico-grammatical realizations analysis 48 In regard to reference the Target Text tends that are equivalent to the ones used in the Source Text To present cohesive devices 49 Technical translation is a type of involving the of documents (., etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological Information Produced by 50 While the presence of specialized is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not classifying a text as "technical since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology Sufficient for 51 Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system in transcription the pronunciation of is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language The Source Language word 52 The theory of translation should be a branch of comparative linguistics His approach was purely linguistic and textual According to Catford 53 Literal translation word to word, group to group: collocation to collocation, clause to clause, sentence to sentence The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures Ranges from 54 Theme which is optional followed by the interpersonal element which is optional and followed by a topical/ ideational element which is obligatory Consists of the textual element 55 The relation between the two segments will be one of reasonresult substitution and ellipsis cohesion ties which are meant to signal only one phoric relation at a time with the exception of a pronoun, which can act in anaphoric, cataphoric, or exophoric reference, Unlike reference 56 Unlike reference, ellipsis, substitution and conjunctive cohesion, lexical cohesion is not associated with any special syntactic classes of elements It is therefore and least adequately defined of the five kinds The most open- ended 57 Mode refers to what part the language is playing, what it is that the participants are in that situation the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its function in the context Expecting the language to for them 58 The model identifies three main functions that speakers/ writers use language for to encode interaction and to organize the previous functions into a coherent whole To represent experience 59 Technical and scientific translation has traditionally been the dogsbody of theoretical discussions of translation The underlying rationale when approaching this type of translation has usually literature a creative elaboration of language been that Involves 60 Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and as well as the primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences Word-order 61 In addition to reading comprehension ability, the knowledge of specialized subjects and a wide cultural background, and the global vision of cross-cultural and interlingual communication Derived from specialized training 62 Translators usually have to deal with six different problematic areas in their work, they are translating technical documents or Whether 63 The translating process translation Models 64 The presumption of semantic between Source Text and Target Text is based on the various degrees of equivalence of their meanings identity 65 If the source text is its translation can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation of some length 66 Their communicative value depends on their artistic quality and the translatior's primary task is to reproduce this quality in translation first and foremost 67 Context of culture and context of situation are outside of language itself Cotext, also known as context, is certainty inside of language itself linguistic 68 Appraisal identifies three systems, dealing with the kind of attitudes, their amplification and the ways in which they are sourced Attitude, Graduation and Engagement 69 In short, Ideational meanings construed to represent experiences, either to encode them (experiential) or between them (logical) are activated by field, which concerns the activity of discourse To show the relationships 70 The problem of empty Theme, the problem of the brand new Theme the problem of overuse of constant progression, the problem of empty Rheme, and the problem of confusing selection of textual Theme 71 In students' writing, lack of text coherence is identified as a major problem lower scores in students examinations which contributes substantially to 72 Most of the texts start by presenting followed by a series of arguments which extends from the parts of the Rheme in the preceding clause and then it becomes the Theme in subsequent clauses their points of view 73 Analyzing the data marked and unmarked Themes, the result reveals that the number of unmarked Themes by far outweighs the number of marked Themes in light of 74 Systemic Functional Grammar means that it is based on it tries to view a language as a system for making a semantic system, with other system for encoding the meaning it produces meaning 75 The reference can be anaphoric (the referent the cohesive device) or cataphoric (the referent follows the cohesive device) precedes 76 Away from seeing the cultural differences as communication barriers, such differences can bi represented as features supporting and improving human collaboration 77 The term ellipsis refers to the a phrase or a clause which is understood in the case of ellipsis cohesion, there are three types, depending on the syntactic category of the presupposed elements a absence of word 78 is a relation of sense identity rather than a relation of reference identity it is also divided into subcategories such as nominal substitution, verbal substitution and clausal substitution Substitution cohesion 79 It is noteworthy that process-oriented approaches to coherence are subject to shortcomings 80 The importance of terminology in technical translation, for example in as well as the highly formulaic and repetitive nature of technical writing makes using and terminology databases especially appropriate consistent 81 Technical translation the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions covers 82 Translation as a whole is a balance of art and science influenced by both Having knowledge of both the linguistic features as well as the aesthetic features of translation applies directly to the field of technical translation theory and practice 83 Translators should be aware of the fact that incorrect comprehension of a text of the translation We must, therefore, use reading comprehension strategies fo translation considerably decreases the quality