MODULE 3 PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES PROCEDURES CHAPTER 1 • Transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure (emprunt, loan word, transcription) • Names of SL objects, inventions, devices,[.]
MODULE P R O C E D U R E S A N D S T R AT E G I E S CHAPTER PROCEDURES 1.1 TRANSFERENCE • Transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure (emprunt, loan word, transcription) • Names of SL objects, inventions, devices, processes to be imported to the TL community • Eg: Décor (đề co), demo (đề mơ), module (mơ đun), ounce (ao xơ) etc 1.1 TRANSFERENCE • Naturalization: succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL • Cultural equivalent: An approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word; greater pragmatic impact than culturally neutral terms Eg: snack (bim bim), phở (beef noodles) 1.1 TRANSFERENCE • Functional equivalent: applied to cultural words, requires the use of a culture-free word; neutralizes or generalizes the SL word; a cultural componential analysis, the most accurate way of translating (deculturalizing) a cultural word, but also used when a SL technical word has no TL equivalent Eg: pudding (món thịt đơng Anh) • Discriptive equivalent: discription and function - essential elements in explanation →translation (function used to be neglected; now overplayed) 1.2 SYNONYMY • A near TL equivalent to a SL word in a context where a precise equivalent may or may not exist • Used where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent; the word not important; adj/adv of quality 1.3 SHIFTS OR TRANSPOSITIONS • Change in the grammar from SL to TL • Singular to plural/position of adj • SL grammatical structure not exist in the TL • Literal translation is grammatically possible but not accord with the natural uses of TL CHAPTER WHEN AND HOW TO IMPROVE A TEXT PRINCIPLES • No right to improve authoritative text -> pursue style: personality of author more important than forms of language (make comments/correction of facts in separate, signed note ) • More concessions to readership when translating nonliterary texts than creative writing • “anonymous” text (informative, vocative): first loyalty to truth/matter -> make as few modifications as possible 2.1 Logical sequence: time, space, argument 2.2 Syntactically weak sentences 2.3 Idiolect: Particular way of speaking, depending on age, sex, mood, education, etc 2.4 Ambiguity: deliberate ambiguity -> retained, unintentional -> clarified, avoiding possible misunderstandings 2.5 Metaphor: unnecessary to translate sense by metaphor in informative texts; original & colloquial metaphor out of place ABOUT LANGUAGE 3.1 WORDS AND CONTEXT Words are conditioned by a certain linguistic, referential, cultural, and personal context • Linguistically: collocation/sentence/beyond sentence • Referentially: topic of the text • Culturally: ways of thinking and behaving within particular language community • Personally (individually): idiolect of writer (we all use words and collocations in way peculiar to ourselves) 3.2 COLLOCATIONS • Lexical items that enters mainly into high frequency grammatical structures: • • • • Adj+N N+N V+O Others: unit/container + unc N • Useful way: consider acceptable collocational ranges of any lexical word • Grammar – bones of text; collocations – nerves; lexis – flesh EXAMPLES • Việt Nam thực tốt chương trình mục tiêu quốc gia xố đói giảm nghèo => • Việt Nam hồn thành trước thời hạn mục tiêu chương trình phát triển thiên niên kỷ Liên Hợp Quốc => 3.3 TRANSLATION OF DIALECTS • Regional variations of a language: American English, New Zealand English, Australian English vs British English • Translator’s main job: decide on functions of dialect: • Show slang use of language • Stress social class contrasts • Indicate local cultural features 3.4 TRANSLATION OF EPONYMS AND ACRONYMS • Eponym: any words that is identical with or derived from a proper name that gives it a related sense • categories: • Persons: inventors/discoverers (Marxist, Marxism) (difficulty: alternative name, authenticity of discoverers disputed) -> replace by descriptive term; problem: transferred word be understood? -> use footnote if necessary) • Objects: brand names tending to monopolise manufacturers of products (Formica, Honda) • Geographical names: transfer and gloss, beware of idioms, note increasing metonymic practice of referring to governments by names of capitals/locations/institutions (the White House, Washington) * acronym: initial letters of words that forms a group of words used for denoting an object, institution, or procedure 3.5 TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES • People’s names: first & surnames transferred → preserving nationalities & assuming names have no connotations in text (with exceptions) • Object’s names (trade marks, brands, proprietaries): names not know to TL readership → transferred-coupled with classifier (type of product) • Geographical terms: be updated, respect, educate when appropriate, not invent, distinguish between toponyms as names or items in address 3.6 TRANSLATION OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES, QUANTITIES, AND CURRENCIES • Setting and implied readership • Eg: newspaper & periodical articles translated into English → imperial system (miles, pints, pounds), Vietnamese (lượng, lạng, cân), specialized articles/magazines (metric system retained), cookery articles (both) • Approximate figures: translate with correspondingly approximate figures (10 km →6 miles, not 6.214 miles) ... profession (Integrate: hội nhập - Integrate: tích hợp (computing)) -> degree of authoritativeness of SL statement and norms of SL and TL CHAPTER S T R AT E G I E S ABOUT LANGUAGE 3. 1 WORDS AND. .. => 3. 3 TRANSLATION OF DIALECTS • Regional variations of a language: American English, New Zealand English, Australian English vs British English • Translator’s main job: decide on functions of. .. rhetorical flourishes (in the long march of history), abstract terms (the development of, the process of) , sonorous phrases used for sound effects (might and main, ways and means, luôn) 2.7 Slips, misprints,