CASARETT AND DOULL’S TOXICOLOGY THE BASIC SCIENCE OF POISONS pdf

[...]... sick and the poor, Catherine tested toxic concoctions, carefully noting the rapidity of the toxic response (onset of action), the effectiveness of the compound (potency), the degree of response of the parts of the body (specificity, site of action), and the complaints of the victim (clinical signs and symptoms) The culmination of the practice in France is represented by the commercialization of the service... perspective for the nontoxicologist in the application of the results of toxicologic studies and a better understanding of the activities of those engaged in the various aspects of the discipline of toxicology It will be obvious to the reader that the contents of this book represent a compromise between the basic, fundamental, mechanistic approach to toxicology and the desire to give a view of the broad... led to the development of quinine derivatives for the treatment of the disease and the formulation of the early principles of chemotherapy The pharmacology department at Chicago was charged with the development of antimalarials for the war effort The original protocols called for testing of efficacy and toxicity in rodents and perhaps dogs and then the testing of efficacy in human volunteers One of the. .. between 1940 and 1946 led to an explosion in toxicology Thus, in line with the hypothesis advanced above, the crisis of World War II caused the next major leap in the development of toxicology If one traces the history of the toxicology of metals over the past 45 years, the role of the Chicago group, and Rochester, is quite apparent This story commences with the use of uranium for the “bomb” and continues... II Toxicology, like medicine, is both a science and an art The science of toxicology is defined as the observational and data-gathering phase, whereas the art of toxicology consists of utilization of data to predict outcomes of exposure in human and animal populations In most cases, these phases are linked because the facts generated by the science of toxicology are used to develop extrapolations and. .. toxicology can be viewed as a continuation of the development of the biological and physical sciences in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Table 1-1) During the second half of the nineteenth century, the world witnessed an explosion in science that produced the beginning of the modern era of genetics, medicine, synthetic chemistry, physics, and biology Toxicology has drawn its strength and. .. conjectures, and guesses An insight into modern toxicology and the roles, points of view, and activities of toxicologists can be obtained by examining the evolution of this discipline Toxicology has been defined as the study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics and thus is a borrowing science that has evolved from ancient poisoners Modern toxicology goes beyond the study of the adverse effects of exogenous... With the advent of anesthetics and disinfectants and the advancement of experimental pharmacology in the late 1850s, toxicology as it is currently understood got its start The introduction of ether, chloroform, and carbonic acid led to several iatrogenic deaths These unfortunate outcomes spurred research into the causes of the deaths and early experiments on the physiological mechanisms by which these... viewpoint presaged the “magic bullet” (arsphenamine) of Paul Ehrlich and the introduction of the therapeutic index Further, in a very real sense, this was the first sound articulation of the dose–response relation, a bulwark of toxicology (Pachter, 1961) The tradition of the poisoners spread throughout Europe, and their deeds played a major role in the distribution of political power throughout the Middle Ages... growth of the discipline can be traced to the World War II era with its marked increase in the production of drugs, pesticides, munitions, synthetic fibers, and industrial chemicals The history of many sciences represents an orderly transition based on theory, hypothesis testing, and synthesis of new ideas Toxicology, as a gathering and an applied science, has, by contrast, developed in fits and starts Toxicology . Medicine University of California Davis, California Chapter 15 PREFACE The seventh edition of Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, as the previous. representative view of the many facets of the subject. Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons has been organized to facilitate its use by these different types of users.