Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.Biểu tượng văn hoá trên hệ thống tiền giấy nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.1 PREAMBLE 1 The rationale of the thesis topic Paper money is not only a means of material values for exchange, payment and circulation functions, etc , but also carrying cultural and historical value.
1 PREAMBLE The rationale of the thesis topic Paper money is not only a means of material values for exchange, payment and circulation functions, etc., but also carrying cultural and historical values In the history of world currency, changes in political, economic, social and cultural characteristics of each country are shown on banknotes Looking at the paper money system, we can see the political, cultural, economic and social characteristics of each country in its development stages In Vietnam, paper money also clearly reflects the national cultural and economic, political and social characteristics of the country in historical periods from 1945 to present Although there are many changes in form, material, printing technique, with multiple denominations and types, counting from the first Vietnamese banknotes to the current set of banknotes, the Vietnamese banknote system is still a seamless flow, expressing the national cultural identity through cultural symbols on the banknotes Each banknote is designed according to its own requirements and standards in terms of quality and technique, and at the same time also conveys cultural and political messages through cultural images and symbols, thus, it is a special cultural product Therefore, the images and themes shown on the two sides of the banknote are carefully selected, are typical cultural symbols, formed in the mind of the whole community and are related and complement to each other closely in terms of content and meaning in order to convey cultural messages, as well as express the goals and tasks of the Party and State in each historical period In fact, Vietnamese paper money also undertakes a great historical mission, both affirming its sovereignty in the monetary field and affirming the cultural sovereignty of an independent country After the success of the August Revolution in 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was born, and Vietnamese banknotes were officially issued Afterwards, Vietnam has its own currency with typical images of the country and Vietnamese people, expressing clear and specific messages about political institutions, cultural characteristics and exclusive independence and autonomy rights in the economic, cultural and social fields Research on Vietnamese currency is a field that attracts a lot of interest and has had many research papers, mainly approaches from historical, social, economic, technical, and fine-art perspectives but the approach from a cultural perspective, more specifically cultural symbols is lacking In fact, paper money has only been interested mainly in material and economic values, but not much attention has been paid to cultural values One reason is that there have not been many studies on the cultural value of paper money but another reason is that people have not had enough access to information about the value of paper money Therefore, understanding and deciphering cultural symbols on paper money will contribute to interpreting the meanings of some national cultural symbols in the near-modern period, understanding cultural messages on the Vietnamese paper money system and affirming the cultural value of paper money, as well as the national cultural identity shown on the banknotes That is why the PhD student chose to study the topic "Cultural symbols on the paper money system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam", with sets of money from 1945 to present Research purpose On the basis of identifying cultural symbols on banknotes of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, formerly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (referred to as Vietnamese banknotes), the thesis will analyze, decode 03 cultural symbols: the symbol of President Ho Chi Minh, the symbol of man, and the symbol of the homeland, the country, to see how the meaning of the 03 symbols on the Vietnamese paper money system and cultural characteristics is represented on paper money Research mission - Clarifying theoretical issues about symbols, cultural symbols, banknotes and related concepts Overview of the history of Vietnamese banknotes and the historical, cultural and social context of the country, as a basis for identifying messages on banknotes - Identify 03 main cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes and how to represent these 03 cultural symbols on money samples - Compare, contrast and interpret the meanings of 03 cultural symbols on the Vietnamese paper money system from 1945 to the present, thereby seeing the national cultural characteristics expressed on paper money Research subject and scope 4.1 Research subject Three typical cultural symbols on the paper money system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: symbol of President Ho Chi Minh, symbol of man and symbol of homeland and country 4.2 Research scope Regarding the scope of paper money: limited to the system of banknotes issued by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 2021 and circulated in the territory of Vietnam Excluding valuable papers issued in some localities before 1975 About the scope of research icons: 03 main cultural symbols on banknotes are the symbol of President Ho Chi Minh, the symbol of the people and the symbol of homeland and country (because these three symbols are shown throughout the Vietnamese paper money system, close relationship with each other in terms of cultural and political meanings, and at the same time clearly show the national cultural identity and consciousness) Methodology and research methods - Methodology: The thesis uses the methodology of Marxism Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought; viewpoints and guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam on culture and the role of culture in the process of social development On the basis of the dialectical and historical materialism methodology of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, associated with the specific context and viewpoints of the Party in each historical period, the thesis analyzes the cultural symbols with an objective perspective to determine the characteristics and ways of representing symbols and deciphering the meanings of 03 cultural symbols on the Vietnamese banknote system The thesis also uses an interdisciplinary approach to conduct research - Research Methods: The thesis uses research methods, namely analysis - synthesis method; survey, statistics, description methods; comparison - contrast method; qualitative research methods (in-depth interviews, retrospective interviews and expert consultation) The applied methods are suitable for the study of each content in the thesis Research question - How are the cultural symbols printed on Vietnamese banknotes from 1945 to 2021 and how are the changes of these symbols over the periods shown? - Which typical value of Vietnamese national culture that does the cultural symbols printed on Vietnamese banknotes represent? Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 7.1 Theoretical meaning - The thesis contributes some content about studying cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes such as systematizing documents on cultural symbols on paper money; identified 03 main cultural symbols shown throughout and uniformly on Vietnamese banknotes - Explain the cultural meaning of 03 symbols on paper money in order to identify the important elements of paper money, which have a close relationship with each other and show national cultural characteristics - Recognize the change of cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes in historical periods, which are always associated with the country's political goals, tasks and cultural acculturation in the modern era 7.2 Practical meaning - Contribute to raising the general awareness of the society about the cultural value of Vietnamese banknotes - Could be applicable in practice, propagating and promoting the image and cultural value of Vietnamese banknotes to international friends, in order to improve the value of the Vietnamese currency - Contribute to research on Vietnamese banknotes Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the main content of the thesis is structured into chapters Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICE OF THE THESIS 1.1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO THE TOPIC * Research works on theory, theory of symbolism, semiotics: The thesis focuses on mentioning and understanding the most typical researches in the world and in Vietnam related to the theory and theory of symbolism and semiotics related to the thesis content The contributions of studies on cultural symbols can be summarized as follows: Firstly, the research works on symbolic theory have fruitful content, systematically present the research directions of symbolism, from anthropology, sociology, psychoanalysis, aesthetics to culturology The research also specifically mentions the concepts, ideas, characteristics, functions, properties of the symbol and distinguishes it with similar terms Secondly, in the world, there are clear theoretical systems of symbolic research; in Vietnam also initially formed an overall theoretical system and mainly studied according to semiotic theory The study about theory, the theory of symbolsis a very important basis, as a foundation for the PhD student to determine the direction of the thesis research However, in the above studies, the term "cultural symbol" is being understood and used in the same way as the term "symbol", without any specific concept or really clear distinction, while there are own concept of "artistic symbol", "literary symbol" or "religious symbol" * Practical studies on cultural symbols and Vietnamese banknotes: The thesis also mentions a number of typical practical researches on cultural symbols and Vietnamese banknotes, including studies on cultural symbols on banknotes by foreign scholars; researches on cultural symbols expressed in different forms; and researches on paper money of Vietnam It can be commented as follows: Firstly, the researches on cultural symbols of paper money by scholars around the world are quite diverse, providing an overview of the images on paper money, asserting that symbols on banknotes are "discourses of national identity", and that symbols or symbolic trends on banknotes are regulated by political, social and cultural factors These are important references on how to conduct research for researchers to study cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes However, these researches have only studied about cultural symbols on paper money in general and money of some countries, not on Vietnamese banknotes; some monographs also briefly analyzed the symbolism of the images on money, but did not explain specifically and thoroughly from a cultural perspective Secondly, research projects on cultural symbols in the world and in Vietnam are also very diverse, researching and applying symbols in many fields, explained the multiple meanings and hidden meanings of cultural symbols are associated with the process of social formation, with the characteristics, awareness and cultural identity of each nation Thirdly, researches of domestic and foreign scholars on Vietnamese banknotes are mainly researched from historical, social, artistic, technical perspectives or just introduce currencies; there is no specific research on the study of cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes However, the studies on Vietnamese banknotes are important references for the PhD student to develop the thesis Therefore, it can be seen that the study of cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes is a new topic that the researcher can delve into from a cultural perspective On the theoretical foundation mentioned by studies in the world and in Vietnam, the thesis will use a more specific approach to the term "cultural symbol"; at the same time, deeply study the characteristics and meanings of 03 main cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes, identifying this as an important element of paper money and expressing the national cultural identity 6 1.2 THEORETICAL BASIS Some related concepts: On the basis of giving some concepts of international and domestic scholars about culture, symbol, cultural symbol, and expression, the PhD student has made a point of view: cultural symbols is a symbolic system that is approached from a cultural perspective, studied on the theoretical system, the point of view of culturology and the symbolic meaning formed, changed and regulated by cultural and social life Cultural symbols reflect the cultural identity of each ethnic group, reflecting the differences and typical characteristics of communities and countries In addition, the thesis also approaches a research perspective on Vietnamese paper from the perspective of cultural symbolism * Theoretical basis: the thesis approaches, analyzes and studies cultural symbols on banknotes based on semiotic theory, considering the symbol as an element of the sign and a special sign, with the "expression" is the image of President Ho Chi Minh's portrait, the image of the homeland, the country and the people of Vietnam (in addition, there are images of patterns, decorative motifs, national emblem, national brand…); and "the signified" are the meaningful layers of symbols, characteristics of political institutions, traditions and national cultural identity from the past to the present * Overview of Vietnamese banknotes: In this chapter, the researcher diverges the stages of Vietnamese banknotes based on the historical, cultural and social situation of the country, including 03 periods: 1945 - 1975; 1976 - 1986; and from 1987 to present; a total of 84 denominations, with 104 notes Chapter also gives some general information about symbols on Vietnamese banknotes On Vietnamese banknotes, there are main symbolic systems showing the political institutions and national cultural identity, including: National Emblem, idiomatic; decorative patterns and motifs; portrait of President Ho Chi Minh; human symbol; symbols of homeland and country The candidate selected 03 main symbols for research, namely the portrait of President Ho Chi Minh, the human symbol and the symbol of the homeland and country because these are symbols throughout the Vietnamese banknote system from 1945 to the present, are repeated, popular, have close relations with each other in politics and culture in historical periods and clearly reflect the cultural and historical characteristics of the nation These three symbols are also associated with the historical, economic, political and social life of the country, reflecting the spirit of the times, at the same time, clearly expressing ideological values and imbued with cultural identity 7 Chapter HO CHI MINH PRESIDENT SYMBOL ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES 2.1 IDENTIFYING THE LOGO OF PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH ON VIETNAM BANKNOTES THROUGH HISTORICAL STAGES The thesis identifies the symbol of President Ho Chi Minh through statistics, synthesis, analysis and evaluation of the following factors: frequency of appearance, the art of expression, position, angle and way of showing Uncle Ho's portrait on Vietnamese banknotes in three historical periods Thereby making some assessments as follows: - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh is the only portrait shown on Vietnamese banknotes and appears on all sets of money from 1945 to the present - The art of lines, colors and positions showing President Ho Chi Minh's portrait on banknotes has its own characteristics, clearly showing the aesthetic thinking and agricultural cultural consciousness of the Vietnamese people, with typical characteristics such as attaching importance to lightness, balance, harmony and orthodoxy The colors showing President Ho Chi Minh's portrait on Vietnamese banknotes basically have main tones: brown, blue and pink, the colors symbolizing agriculture, nature, plants and peace The positions of Uncle Ho's portrait are all on the front of the bill, mainly in the right-skewed position, creating balance and harmony for the bill but still highlighting Uncle Ho's portrait For the use of money in daily consumption, Uncle Ho's portrait in this position is also to avoid folding the bill, causing Uncle Ho's portrait to be folded - The way to express Uncle Ho's portrait is similar to the style of creating Buddha statues, balanced, neat and highly expressive Uncle Ho's portrait is mainly shown at the front angle, which is also a distinctive feature in the design of money in Vietnam, while in the world's coins, the portrait is usually designed at an angle of ¾ Uncle Ho's portrait shown at a straight angle evokes majesty, calmness but closeness and familiarity The decorative motifs around Uncle Ho's portrait are mainly ethnic patterns, lotus flowers, rice flowers or stylized halo are typical symbols of rice culture, which are motifs close to the visual arts of the Vietnamese people The expression way in which Uncle Ho's portrait is shown reflects the Vietnamese mind and culture, which is to deify meritorious characters who love solemnity and majesty; It also evokes the sense of space in Vietnamese communal houses, pagodas and villages and the respect and worship of Vietnamese people towards Uncle Ho 8 - Although Uncle Ho's portraits are presented by artists in their own style, especially in the period before 1975, they have a high similarity in their description with typical features, highlighting the leader's charisma and wise, dignified, but very simple and close It shows that the collective unconscious (C.G Jung) has affected a whole generation of Vietnamese painters, or in other words, the national cultural consciousness has profoundly influenced artists who design the money when expressing the portrait of President Ho Chi Minh 2.2 MEANING OF PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH SYMBOL ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh is a very important symbol on Vietnamese banknotes, expressing the country's sovereignty with the image of the leader of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the banknote The position of Uncle Ho's portrait on the front of the banknote shows the importance of Uncle Ho's portrait to the Vietnamese currency, because the main information related to the state institution, the national symbol is shown in the front is the main side of the bill Uncle Ho's portrait is placed on a par with the National Emblem, National Title and information about the state polity, confirming that the portrait of President Ho Chi Minh is the symbol of the country and carries important cultural significance * President Ho Chi Minh is the most representative image of the Party, the State and the people of Vietnam - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh is the only portrait on the Vietnamese banknote system that is different from the paper money of other countries in the world The uniqueness of Uncle Ho's portrait on Vietnamese banknotes affirms the special cultural value of the symbol of President Ho Chi Minh, symbolizing the leader of the Party, State and people of Vietnam; represents absolute unity in terms of state polity led by the Communist Party of Vietnam comprehensively and uniquely - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh has been shown throughout the Vietnamese banknote system since 1945 and always placed on the front of the banknote, confirming the importance and sustainable value of the symbol of leader Ho Chi Minh for the Vietnamese currency - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh is an important guarantee for the value of the Vietnamese currency, especially in the early stages of the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam In the context that the State does not have a corresponding guarantee of value, people still believe in consumption and call it "Uncle Ho's banknotes" The naming of coins by the name of the leader is also rare in the world, that deeply shows Uncle Ho's value of "spiritual leader" of the people, Party and state of Vietnam - The difference of President Ho Chi Minh's portrait on Vietnamese banknotes compared to other countries is Uncle Ho's portrait expressed on paper money when Uncle Ho was still alive and was the new President; after Uncle Ho's death, Uncle Ho's portrait remained the only portrait on the banknotes, up to the current set of coins This shows Uncle Ho's absolute quality and prestige to the Party and people of Vietnam; demonstrating the consistency in the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the stability in terms of politics and state polity; at the same time, it shows that the symbol of the leader remains the same value even after Uncle Ho's death, he is still an important and valuable spiritual leader leading the development and cultural values of Vietnam * The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh symbolizes national independence and territorial integrity - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh appeared on the first banknotes of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is the affirmation of an independent government and an autonomous currency Because for each country, besides affirming the power of the ruling class through military, political, cultural , the monopoly of printing, issuing and managing currency is one of the public tools to affirm the absolute credibility of the central government - During the war, the Vietnamese people kept and used the banknotes with President Ho Chi Minh's image in order to establish the territorial sovereignty over all three regions and the monetary sovereignty of an independent country It also expresses the people's most sacred will of independence, freedom and territorial integrity During the period of monetary struggle with the enemy (before 1954), the banknotes with President Ho Chi Minh's portrait were "symbolizing the true independence of the nation that had to go through bloodshed to regain"1 - For the Vietnamese people, the image of President Ho Chi Minh on banknotes is the symbol of the leader who brought independence and freedom to the country, as well as a symbol of the solidarity and unity of the nation This is demonstrated by the painter drew the first banknotes with Uncle Ho's portrait with the mentality of free people, of an independent country "when we were slaves, we painters have never worked by such an intoxicating and exciting way"2; or the people of the State Bank of Vietnam (1991), 40 seasons of lotus bloom, Institute of Geological Information, Hanoi, p.178 State Bank of Vietnam (1991), ibid, p.140 10 South said that the banknotes had the portrait of Uncle Ho "who together with the people of the South to fight the enemy, defend the country, and fight against the French colonialists"3 * The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh symbolizes the people's faith and love and arouses the solidarity and unity of the Vietnamese nation - The portrait of President Ho Chi Minh on the banknotes represents the people's love and faith in the leader During the war, it was very difficult to print, issue and consume Vietnamese currency, but Uncle Ho's portrait on banknotes is considered as an important guarantee for the value of the banknote The banknotes before 1954, although printed very crudely, were still trusted by the compatriots, even the tattered banknotes were still consumed by the people, "as long as Uncle Ho's photo is still available, it will be used up".4 It is possible because "the people's trust and love for Uncle Ho is an invaluable guarantee of gold for money"5 In the 1945 and after 1946 years, Uncle Ho was always tracked and searched by secret agents, but the image of Uncle Ho was printed on money No matter how dangerous it is, people still keep and use banknotes with the image of President Ho Chi Minh, showing their iron faith in the leader, the Party and the Revolution - Uncle Ho's portrait on paper money during the war has contributed to propaganda and aroused the spirit of solidarity and unity among the entire Vietnamese people Mr Nguyen Au, Former General Secretary of the Vietnam Silver Production Committee commented: "Vietnamese banknotes with Uncle Ho's image are a symbol of the revolutionary spirit, the brave spirit of fighting and building the country"6 During the period 1945 - 1975, Uncle Ho's portrait on banknotes was often shown on the background of images of struggle, labor and production of the army and people of the whole country such as: soldiers, workers (10 VND in 1949), farmers, intellectuals (100 VND in 1946, 1947), young people (500 VND in 1949), militia (5 VND in 1947), the alliance of workers - farmers - soldiers – intellectuals in the factory, field, battlefield… (5 VND in 1946, 200 VND in 1950, 1,000 VND in 1951…), along with the slogans such as “solidarity, solidarity, greater solidarity” (50 VND in 1947), "Protecting crops" (200 VND in 1950), "Actively preparing for a total counterattack" (1,000 VND Central Treasury bills) All of these images symbolize Uncle Ho's State Bank of Vietnam (1991), ibid, p.291 State Bank of Vietnam (1991), ibid, p.169 State Bank of Vietnam (2011), Vietnam Money, Culture and Information Publishing House, Hanoi, p.51 State Bank of Vietnam (1991), ibid, p.162 11 leadership over the entire people and arouse the unity and unity of the entire people and our army in the struggle for national reunification - The symbol of President Ho Chi Minh on Vietnamese banknotes not only symbolizes the people's faith and arouses the spirit of national unity during the war period, but also retains its value and meaning in peacetime such “The image of the beloved Uncle Ho is always depicted as a symbol of sacred faith in each of our coins today”7 Therefore, Uncle Ho's portrait is still selected as the only portrait printed on paper money to express the views of the Party and State with the meaning that has been mentioned in the eulogy at Uncle Ho's memorial ceremony: President Ho is the embodiment of national unity, the embodiment of the North - South blood relationship Chapter HUMAN SYMBOL ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES 3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES THROUGH HISTORICAL STAGES The thesis has surveyed and identified human symbols on the Vietnamese banknote system through art, expression, and at the same time associated with historical context to see the meaning of human symbols on banknotes Through the analysis and survey, the candidate made some conclusions as follows: - People on Vietnamese banknotes are socialist people, enlightened to the Revolution, with new ideas, new styles, maturity in stature, change in thinking, and access to new technologies of the era That is the farmer who owns his land; the workers are the vanguard of the Party; are soldiers fighting for the independence and freedom of the country; are all classes of working people - intellectuals, small traders, students, the elderly, women , who have become the real owners of the new Vietnam - The image of people shown on Vietnamese banknotes is diverse, but still has a high degree of unity, reflecting the political goals and tasks of the Party and State in each historical period, as well as expressing aesthetic thinking, national cultural characteristics and the "movement" in the approach to culture in different periods In the three periods of Vietnamese banknotes, the image of people is the main theme, appearing most typically in the period 1945 – 1975, which shown on both sides of the bill In the two following stages, the image of people appears less and in the polymer banknotes, there is no SBV Deputy Governor Dao Minh Tu spoke at the meeting to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the National Money Printing Factory (April 17, 2021) 12 human image on the banknotes This change is due to a change in the goals and tasks of the Revolution Before 1975, the goal of the Revolution was to focus on the task of national liberation, so the role of people was paid special attention, reflected in paper money; after 1975 the country gained independence, the goal of the Revolution was to focus on building, developing the economy and promoting a peaceful and beautiful country, a safe and attractive destination for friends all over the world - In terms of style of expression, the human symbol associated with the battle, labor and production space is shown on Vietnamese banknotes in a realistic but suggestive style, in order to convey the spirit and atmosphere of the age This is also the traditional painting style of oriental and Vietnamese painting, such as the depiction of people, houses, boats in a realistic way that has been used since the Ngoc Lu drum period The images of workers, farmers, intellectuals, soldiers, etc., placed in the common space, are images of nature, battlefields, factories, etc., creating realistic and vivid pictures of working and fighting life of the Vietnamese people - The colors of drawing people also show Vietnamese cultural characteristics OLDThe main colors used are brown, sepia, purplish brown, blue, white, evoking the certainty, harmony, solemn but idyllic human image; creating a space that is close, profound, ethnic and typical Vietnamese country soul, with the colors of nature, plants and peace With a combination of lines, shapes, layouts and colors, Vietnamese banknotes express the thinking and cultural consciousness of the Vietnamese people who prefer harmony, balance and symbolic expression - The image of the farmer appears the most (about 35% - 44% compared to other human subjects) clearly reflecting the characteristics of agricultural culture with the main production force being farmers The image of soldiers - army also appeared on banknotes before 1975, bearing very "Vietnamese" characteristics such as wearing defensive shirt, army shirt, wearing a mortar, canoe hat, holding a gun, especially with pictures of soldiers walking barefoot or wearing peasant clothes, wearing hats, holding hoe to pave the way That is a very different feature of the Vietnamese army compared to other countries in the world, they come from all classes in society, all participating in fighting the enemy That is also the method of conducting the Patriotic War with strong Vietnamese identity - the people's war, representing the patriotism and solidarity of the Vietnamese people 13 The image of the worker is also very prominent on paper money, appearing on the first bills of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in order to affirm the position of the worker - symbolizing the progressive working class in Vietnam society The image of the intellectual appeared early from the first money samples in the 1946 banknotes, symbolizing the studious spirit of the Vietnamese nation and also showing the Party and State's respect for the intellectual 3.2 MEANING OF HUMAN SYMBOL ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES The human symbol on the Vietnamese banknote system is very impressive, diverse but unified, imbued with Vietnamese cultural identity and has a special cultural meaning * Symbolizes the strength of national unity and conveys the revolutionary task - Cultural symbols are always associated with the context of the times, so the human symbol has a change in frequency of appearance and expression on money samples in different periods, reflecting the revolutionary task in each historical period During the period 1945 1975, Vietnamese banknotes carried out the task of propagating the Party's combat viewpoint, motivating and arousing the strength of the great unity of the whole people through many images of people shown on almost every page Most of the money samples were used in labor and combat activities, and there were many propaganda slogans such as: "actively preparing for a total counter-attack" (VND 100 in 1949, VND 1,000 for sample Central Bank bills 1947 - 1954), "solidarity, solidarity, greater solidarity" (50 VND sample of Southern banknotes); "Protecting crops" (200d in 1950) During this period, the human symbol expressed on both sides of the banknotes, always in the centre, highlighted the importance role of the people of Vietnam on the process of solidarity of the country and expressed the Revolution missions that not only fighting for the solidarity of the country, but also developing the socialist in the North, actively working, producing and supporting the South battlefield - The representation of images of classes on the banknotes with different frequencies and ways also carries cultural significance, conveys the revolutionary goal and expresses national cultural characteristics The image of the farmer is shown very boldly and typically on Vietnamese banknotes because this is the main productive force of agricultural production, and also shows the Party and State's view that agriculture attaches importance to and rural economic development, at the same time upholding the value of farmers The image of the farmer is 14 shown in association with the traditional agricultural production space, and at the same time, the image of a farmer with more modern machinery and tools such as plows and cane harvesters appears represents the development of the peasantry and the process of rural modernization and industrialization of the country The image of "Uncle Ho" soldiers also occupied a dominant position on banknotes before 1975, highlighting the importance and role of soldiers in the struggle for national reunification Soldiers are not only shown in the practice and battle scenes, but also stand side by side in the class alliance and are also simple, close-knit soldiers who always help the people (help the people reap the rice, support people to pay agricultural taxes ), symbolizing the nature and tradition of the Vietnamese army to serve the people and the quality of "Uncle Ho's army" - a unique beauty in the culture and history of building and defending our nation The image of the worker appears in class unions, associated with the image of a red flag with a yellow star, working in modern machinery factories, symbolizing the enlightenment of the Revolution and being the vanguard of the Revolution, they also represent advanced production methods, leading in the industrialization and modernization of the country The image of an intelligent person was shown right from the first set of coins, representing the Party's urgent task in the post-1945 period, "to destroy the enemy of ignorance"; and appearing in class alliances has highlighted the spirit of solidarity, also symbolizing the necessity of knowledge in the cause of national construction and development In the period after 1975, the images of combat associated with guns, swords, and artillery shells no longer appeared on money, but were replaced by images of people working enthusiastically, building the country with modern machinery and new industrial works, clearly showing the development of the country in the new era - The human symbol on the banknotes represents the solidarity and strength of the whole people through the main image used many times on the money samples, which is the alliance of the working class peasant - soldier - intelligentsia, or the alliances of workers - farmers, workers - soldiers, workers - farmers - soldiers with the image of a red flag with a yellow star or in labor, production and combat activities show the solidarity of the entire Vietnamese people The image of Vietnamese people from the plains to the mountains, the sea, from the North to the Central, the Central Highlands, the South, from the working class, farmers, soldiers to intellectuals, small traders vividly depicted 15 on paper money, symbolizing unity, solidarity against the enemy, productive labor to unify the country * Symbolizes the beauty of Vietnamese people in labor, construction and defense of the country The money samples from 1945 to present all show the beauty of Vietnamese people in unity and harmony with natural beauty, in solidarity, national attachment and the change and development of the country in the new phase - The human symbol on paper money clearly shows the beauty in labor associated with the good cultural tradition of the nation Images of farmers and workers in labor and production are the main themes on banknotes (72.4% of images on banknotes before 1975 and 100% of money samples after 1975) The image of a farmer is always depicted working in the field associated with the image of a buffalo - a familiar symbol of wet-rice agriculture; images of workers appearing in factories, construction sites, farms, etc All these images create the beauty of people in labor, which is extremely innocent, healthy and full of positive energy Human beauty in labor is also expressed through physical beauty such as: muscular farmer, bare body, strong muscles; fresh female fishermen at Ha Long fishing port; a healthy worker with a hammer on an anvil; Workers train elephants to pull timber at forestry farms and work enthusiastically in factories and construction sites The art of shaping people on Vietnamese banknotes has shown the aesthetic conception and cultural consciousness of the Vietnamese people: these are highly symbolic images, harmonious in the whole, symmetrical, balanced in composition, soft, flexible in expression, evoking beautiful images of Vietnamese people - The human symbol also shows the beauty in battle through the image of soldiers, army and the entire resistance people The theme of people fighting with the goal of "killing foreign invaders" is presented with vivid, realistic and very typical images on Vietnamese banknotes, with images of soldiers practicing and fighting with the spirit bold, decisive, with the contribution of militia, self-defense, guerilla, National Guard (50 VND model in 1947), farmers, workers, intellectuals (the fighting people, demonstrating force, celebrating victory…) The beauty in battle is also the image of the marches of Uncle Ho's army, or the people and ethnic minorities celebrating victory over the enemy - In addition, the beauty of people is also expressed through the beauty of the soul, freshness, love of life and enthusiasm for struggle It 16 is also the beauty of solidarity, patriotism and fighting courage of all classes in society - Beauty in everyday life expressed in people across the three regions of the country, associated with regional cultural characteristics The people in the North are described as gentle, hardworking, happy family, carrying rice on the village road, next to green bamboo, or young buffalo reading books with peaceful scenery Central region with the image of healthy farmers in the fields along the mountains, with the train running across the country The people of the South are featured with Ba ba shirt, bandana, conical hat, busy trading on the river, traveling by boat, canoe A typical image for the spirit of unity and consensus of the whole land Water is the image of young girls from North, Central and South standing below with the background of a train running along the regions (10d in 1975) * Symbol of innovation thinking: - The human symbol has reflected great changes in society, which clearly shows the innovation in thinking and awareness of society and of the people themselves The innovation of thinking is reflected in the labor and production process of farmers and workers from traditional methods with buffalo, plow, and hoe, initially approaching modern technology, using modern technology, industrial machinery such as plows, harrows to increase labor productivity Many new factories, workshops, and industrial buildings have appeared such as offshore oil and gas rigs, cement factories, and textile factories, coal mines, hydroelectric power plants also symbolize the renewal of the country - Revolutionary enlightenment is a theme clearly expressed on pre1975 banknotes: such as images of classes and classes appearing on the background of a red flag with a yellow star, or holding a red flag with a yellow star in their hands, symbolizing for the renewal of thinking and awareness of classes and classes in society The image of a red flag with a yellow star symbolizes the revolutionary enlightenment of the working class, farmers and other strata of society, and at the same time symbolizes the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam - The human symbol on paper money also clearly shows the change in thinking and awareness in cultural and social life It is the affirmation of women's equal rights, the wisdom, role and strength of Vietnamese women From the image of a woman who both takes care of her family and is good at farming (5 points in 1947, dollars in 1949; dime in 1972 ); to the image of women who are steadfast and brave in battle (the female citizen who paved the way, the female guerilla in 17 Dong Thap Muoi); female intellectuals who teach people to learn letters; or modern female workers in factories and workshops (1 dime in 1972; 10 cents in 1975 ) The image of women displayed vividly and diversely on the Vietnamese paper money system clearly shows the Party and State's viewpoints that attach great importance to the role of women in all fields; - The transformation of symbols on banknotes in historical periods also represents the innovation of thinking in the process of national construction and development The image of people fighting on banknotes before 1975 has been transformed into people building the country (banknotes after 1975), and at the same time no longer focuses on the specification of people working and fighting as the period Before 1975, the human image was harmoniously represented in the natural setting, construction site, and factory, symbolizing peace, stability and development Chapter SYMBOLS OF HOMELAND, COUNTRY ON VIETNAMESE BANKNOTES 4.1 IDENTIFYING THE SYMBOLS OF HOMELAND, COUNTRY ON VIETNAM'S BANKNOTES THROUGH HISTORY STAGES Through surveying, analyzing the frequency of occurrence, art and ways of expressing the image of the homeland and country on Vietnamese banknotes, the researcher made the following observations: - The symbol of the homeland, the country is one of the three main symbols on Vietnamese banknotes, showing the cultural acculturation quite clearly The symbols of the homeland and the country are expressed in a variety of themes and expressions, but still have a high degree of unity, which is reflected throughout the ideology, aesthetic thinking and national cultural characteristics - In the period before 1959, the image of the homeland and the country was not the main topic on paper money because this was the period when Vietnam focused on the goal of the resistance war to build the nation; From 1959 - 1975, the image of the homeland and the country was shown more, but always associated with the image of people working, studying and fighting From 1975 to the present, the symbol of the homeland and the country is the main image on paper money, expressed through many themes from Vietnamese villages, scenic spots, to historical-cultural relics and exports show more images of new industrial buildings The 100% polymer banknote seri is the symbol of the homeland and the country, clearly showing Vietnam's goal of integration and joining towards the world's trend which is the 18 symbolism of globalization, reducing conflicts, strengthening international relations, promote culture and human values - The art and style of expressing homeland and country symbols on paper money before 1987 was quite diverse, rich, traditional style, in favor of painting The money samples after 1987 have a realistic, simple, modern style with more stability and consistency However, the art and style of expressing the image of the homeland and the country on the Vietnamese banknote system still has a high degree of unity, with the visual impression of simplicity, softness, showing Vietnamese cultural and aesthetic point of view It is an agricultural culture with an introspective, discreet, gentle view, favoring the beauty of harmony, balance, closeness to nature, and peace - The colors showing the image of the homeland and the country before 1975 are mainly deep tones, while the colors on the money samples from 1975 to now are used more diversely with bright, symbolic tones for victory and the country’s peace and renewal 4.2 MEANING OF THE SYMBOL OF HOMELAND AND COUNTRY ON VIETNAM BANKNOTES Vietnamese banknotes, in addition to reflecting the history of the struggle for independence and national construction, also show images of the beautiful homeland and country with distinct characteristics, expressing the national cultural identity, transforming convey national messages and carry deep cultural meanings * Symbolizes the depth of history, culture and national pride - The theme of historical-cultural relics is the topic that appears a lot on Vietnamese banknotes and is strongly reflected in the period after 1975 The images of homeland and country on paper money are symbols in Vietnam throughout the three regions of the country associated with cultural depth and long history of the nation such as Hanoi capital with One Pillar Pagoda (20 VND in 1985), The Huc Bridge - Ngoc Son Temple (10 VND in 1985), Khue Van Cac - Temple of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam (100,000 VND polymer); symbols in the ancient capital of Hue such as the Huong River with Truong Tien bridge (5 VND in 1985), Chua Cau - Quang Nam (20,000 VND polymer), the cluster of relics of Nghenh Luong Dinh and Phu Van Lau (50,000 VND polymer) There are many other images of monuments and landscapes in all parts of the country present from the cultural and historical roots of the nation, demonstrating the will of independence and self-reliance such as Pho Minh Pagoda - Nam Dinh (VND 100 in 1991) is the vestige of Dong A's spirit; The Hanoi flagpole is used in banknotes (1 VND in 1959 and 19 the front of VND in 1985) as a symbol of the spirit of independence, self-reliance and national pride - Places related to President Ho Chi Minh's life and revolutionary career are also frequently used topics on money samples, which is the image of Nha Rong Wharf (30 VND in 1981, 50,000 VND in 1990) , 1994); Uncle Ho's stilt house in the Presidential Palace relic (VND 10 for sample in 1980, VND 100,000 in 1994); the house that President Ho Chi Minh lived during his childhood in Sen Village, Kim Lien, Nghe An (500,000 VND polymer) These landmarks are symbolic of the country, both showing Uncle Ho's importance to the national historical process, affirming the spirit of independence and self-reliance of the Vietnamese people, and at the same time expressing the values of President Ho Chi Minh Traditional culture has been preserved for thousands of generations of the nation - The images of pagodas, communal houses and temples also appear many times on the money samples to show the traditional cultural characteristics, beliefs and depth of the cultural consciousness of the Vietnamese people Communal houses and pagodas are associated with village culture in particular, Vietnamese culture in general, and are also a place where the country's historical and cultural values fully converge and a place of sacred connection in culture, beliefs and traditions folk threshold Communal houses and pagodas are shown a lot on money samples such as One Pillar Pagoda (VND 20 in 1985), Ngoc Son Temple - Ho Guom (VND 10 in 1985), Pho Minh Pagoda - Nam Dinh (VND 100 in 1991), Cau Pagoda - Quang Nam (20,000 VND polymer) In addition, the patterns and motifs on paper money are mostly traditional patterns that often appear in temples and communal houses in the North - Vietnam's landscape is always associated with rivers and seas, because water is the "soul" of Vietnamese agricultural culture symbolizing the flexibility, flexibility, flexibility and adaptability of the Vietnamese people symbolizing the cultural and historical roots of the nation and symbolizing the country's sovereignty This cultural significance is expressed through many images of the sea on the models 10 VND in 1975, VND in 1985, 10,000 VND in 1990, 10,000 VND, 200,000 VND in polymer *Symbolizes wet rice farming culture - Village consciousness and agricultural culture are expressed very boldly on Vietnamese banknotes, especially in the period before and after the unification of the country The theme of Vietnamese villages was used a lot on banknotes before 1975, but it was always shown with 20 the image of people in labor, production and combat This clearly shows that the goal of the Revolution in this period is the struggle to unify the country In addition, the image of the countryside on the money samples is also associated with typical elements, very familiar to Vietnamese people such as fields, buffaloes, bamboo ramps, village roads, riverbanks, mountains, and canals , coconut groves This is a picture of the countryside in the North, Central, and South with its own characteristics On pre-1975 samples, the image of the Vietnamese homeland, although expressed through different themes, But through the specific details, it is also possible to feel the characteristics of Vietnamese villages in the scenic spots, historical and cultural relics That shows that agricultural cultural identity is dominant on Vietnamese money - The image of villages in three regions of the country with diversity but unity is very vividly shown on the money samples Northern villages are shown associated with typical images such as fields, buffaloes, bamboo ramps, dikes, village roads, water wharfs, boats evoking simplicity, authenticity, and reflection The characteristics of Northern villages are closely organized, closed and traditional In particular, the buffalo is a typical image of a Vietnamese village, attached to the life of the farmer shown on many money samples with sophistication, authenticity and vividness Village in the Central - Central Highlands is shown to be more spatially open, associated with images of fields stretching along the mountain range, trans-Vietnamese ships, farmers on salt fields, rubber forests, scenes of elephant riding pulling timber, the people Thuong The village scenery in the Central - Central Highlands has a high similarity with that of the Northern village, but there is a greater expansion of village boundaries, from lowland villages to mountainous villages and coastal areas It also shows the characteristics of Vietnamese culture that are openness, adaptability and acclimation in harmony and flexibility The Southern countryside is shown on banknotes with images of coconut trees, canals, rivers and lakes, boats, floating markets on the river, etc in an open and spacious space (money samples) 1975 in the South 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents, VND ), along with images of Southern farmers wearing ba ba clothes, bandanas, conical hats, participating in trading activities sell Southern villages are shown with openness, high adaptability and acculturation, evoking the dynamism and openness of the people and cultural characteristics of the South Each region represented on Vietnamese currency has a distinct and 21 diverse village cultural nuance, but is still consistent with the traditional cultural values of the nation - Other themes of homeland and country symbols such as historical-cultural heritages, scenic spots, although not directly appearing the image of Vietnamese villages, we all see the silhouette of Vietnamese villages From the rows of trees, rivers, bridges, or arches like the roofs of communal houses and pagodas in Vietnamese villages Village culture, agricultural culture have deeply penetrated into the personality and cultural and social life of Vietnamese people, so the natural images shown on paper money from 1945 to present have images, silhouette of Vietnamese village and wet rice farming culture * Symbolizes the natural beauty of the country - The scenic theme is also used a lot on money samples showing beautiful scenes, famous and iconic works of regions and regions in Vietnam, such as The Huc Bridge, Ngoc Son Temple, One Pillar Pagoda… of Capital Hanoi; Phu Van Lau, Trang Tien Bridge in Hue; Ben Thanh Market - Saigon, to the seas in Ca Mau, Hon Phu Tu (Kien Giang), or Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh) have painted a panoramic picture of nature, beautiful, peaceful country of Vietnam This theme is shown from some pre-1975 money samples, but it is richer and more distinctive in money samples from 1985 to present, especially in Polymer coins - Vietnamese banknotes before 1975 represented the goal and task of the Revolution, which was to focus on unifying the country, but still show the image of peaceful villages and scenic spots, historical and cultural relics new industrial projects After the country was completely reunified, the theme of scenic spots was shown more, richer and more unique, symbolizing an independent, peace-loving country, and at the same time expressing the goal of promoting image of a country rich in cultural and historical traditions and on the path of economic renewal and development - Money samples from 1975 up to now, besides the peaceful beauty of the countryside, many scenic spots are Vietnamese cultural heritages, world cultural heritages that appear many times on money samples such as rivers Huong and Trang Tien Bridge (02 times); Ha Long Bay appears 04 times on money samples… This is to affirm that Vietnam is a country that loves peace and harmony with nature The images on the back of the polymer banknote are all symbolic landscapes for the North, Central and South regions, both representing the natural beauty, recalling the roots, and expressing the goal of modernizing the country as a landscape offshore oil and gas exploitation 22 (10,000 VND), Cau Pagoda in Hoi An (20,000 VND), Phu Van Lau, Perfume River in Thua Thien - Hue (50,000 VND), Khue Van Cac Hanoi (100,000 VND), bay Ha Long - Quang Ninh (200,000 VND) and Sen village in Uncle Ho's hometown - Nghe An (500,000 VND) The polymer banknote seri clearly demonstrates the goal of promoting Vietnam's country and culture to international friends, with the image of a peaceful country rich in cultural and historical traditions, and a safe destination for friends all over the world and convey messages towards globalization, reducing conflicts, strengthening links, promoting culture, upholding human values * Symbolizes the country of innovation and development - The title of new projects appeared on paper money since 1959, but after 1981 it was shown more, with works such as coal mine (5 VND in 1959), Nam Dinh yarn factory (2,000 VND in 1988), Thuy Tri An power station (5,000 VND in 1991), Bach Ho drilling rig (5,000 VND in 1987, 10,000 VND polymer) and factories and ports were built during the development of the country These works symbolize the development of Vietnam in the new period, the result of human strength, wealth and timely innovation of Vietnam in the period of international integration This clearly reflects the shift in the economic development process, paying attention to industrial and technical development, and at the same time associated with the Party's policy and objectives of renewal, industrialization and modernization of the Party, the State - Images of nature, historical-cultural relics, important industrial works in all parts of the country are put on paper money, showing the views and goals of the Party and State to develop culture and economic uniformly across regions; to preserve and develop the traditional cultural values of the nation; uphold the values of truth - goodness - beauty but are also epochal, at the same time, it also shows the determination to renew and develop a rich, strong, integrated and sustainable Vietnam CONCLUSION The three main symbols on Vietnamese banknotes have conveyed many layers of meanings and important messages, reflecting the political goals and tasks of the Party and State, and expressing Vietnamese aesthetic thinking and cultural characteristics Therefore, studying cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes is not only to identify and decipher cultural symbols, but also to contribute to clarifying the special cultural value of Vietnamese banknotes The three symbols on the banknotes that the researcher selected for analysis and decoding are 03 symbols throughout the Vietnamese 23 banknote system, closely linked, supplementing each other's meanings to convey the message of the country and represent the national "cultural code" 03 symbols are placed in the context of the country in historical periods, influenced by the reality of political and social life, which have shown throughout the Party's ideology and views, affirming the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam through the image of President Ho Chi Minh - the leader of the Party, the founder, leader and trainer of our Party - is shown throughout the Vietnamese paper money system The human symbol and the symbols of the homeland and the country are complementary and closely linked in meaning and there is a shift in the main themes in historical periods, showing the connection and continuation of the values between symbols on banknotes Before 1975, the main theme shown boldly on Vietnamese banknotes was the human symbol After 1975, the theme of people showed less and was replaced by the image of the homeland and the country which was mainly shown on the money samples This transformation is due to the change in the political objectives and tasks of the Party and the Revolution in historical periods, from the central task of reunifying the country, to needing to focus on propaganda, agitation and promotion of the productive and fighting spirit of the people for independence, to the transforming task, the main goal of the Party is to restore the country's economy and innovate, integrate to the world This is also a shift in line with the world's trend of cultural diversity, globalization, reducing conflicts, strengthening links, promoting peace, stability and human values Through the results of synthesis, analysis, and decoding of cultural symbols on Vietnamese banknotes, it can be affirmed that Vietnamese banknotes are cultural symbols of the country, because on the banknotes they all show cultural characteristics The culture of the country is formed from the past, reflecting the cultural spirit of the time and the trend of the future The study of cultural symbols on paper money not only contributes to a clearer confirmation of the cultural value of paper money, but also contributes to a deeper study of the meaning and importance of cultural symbols in the national cultural flow 24 LIST OF AUTHORIZED WORKS PUBLISHED RELATED TO THESIS THEME Pham Thi Lien (2021), "Portrait of President Ho Chi Minh on Vietnamese banknotes", Communist Electronic Magazine, at page: https://tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/hoc-tap-va-lam-theo-tutuong-ao-uc-phong-cach-ho-chi-minh1/-/2018/823678/bieu-tuong-chandung-chu-tich-ho-chi-minh-tren-tien-giay-viet-nam.aspx, [accessed July 18, 2021] Pham Thi Lien (2021), "Symbols of homeland and country on Vietnamese banknotes", Culture and Art Magazine, No 473 (9-2021), pp.87-89,93 Pham Thi Lien (2021), "A stuty of human symbol on Vietnamese banknotes: their symbolism and characteristic", HCMUE Journal of Science, Vol 19, No (2022), pg.1186-1197 ... https://tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/hoc-tap-va-lam-theo-tutuong-ao-uc-phong-cach-ho-chi-minh1/-/2018/823678/bieu-tuong-chandung-chu-tich-ho-chi-minh-tren-tien-giay-viet-nam.aspx, [accessed July 18, 2021] Pham Thi Lien (2021), "Symbols of homeland and country on Vietnamese