Cơ chế chính sách phát triển cơ điện nông nghiệp và công nghệ sau thu hoạch

Phan CAC VAN DE CHUNG ca CHE CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN CQDIEN NONG NGHIEP VA CONG NGHE SAU THU HOACH • • Doan Xuan Hoa Pho Cue trif&ng Cue Che bien Thircmg mai Nong lam, Thuy san va Nghe muoi Tom tat Ndi den Cong nghe (Technology) la de cgp den ca quy trinh cong nghe va mdy moc, thiet bi de thuc hdnh cong nghe Ca dien nong nghiep vd Cong nghe sau thu hoach (CNSTH) vira co su phdn biet tuomg doi vira co moi lien he hint co v&i Cor dien nong nghiep chi su nghien ciru, dp dtfng CO hieu qud mdy moc, dong luc vdo cdc khdu canh tde ciia sdn xudt nong nghiep theo huang phii hap, ngdy cdng tien tien, Men dgi nhdm ddp img vai nen sdn xudt hdng hoa Cdng nghe sau thu hoach (CNSTH) chi ve phtrang phdp xir ly doi voi timg logi sdn phdm, no phu thuoc vdo mire dp dting tien bo ky thudt vd trinh to chire sdn xudt; CNSTH khong chi dan thudn chi la cong dogn cuoi cua qud trinh sdn xudt sdn phdm md thuc chdt no cdn lien quan den cdc cong dogn truac vd thu hoach, bao gom cdc cong dogn tir sdn xudt den bdo qudn vd che bien sdn phdm Vi vdy, ca che, chinh sdch nhdm gidm tiin thdt sau thu hogch a nhieu khia cgnh ciing dong nghTa vdi viec khuyen khich dp diing co hieu qua ca cong nghe vd mdy moc sdn xudt nong nghiep I THU'C TRANG PHAT TRI^N CO OIEN NONG NGHIEP VA CONG NGHE SAU THU HOACH & NU'OC TA 1.1 Nhu'ng k§t qua dat du'O'C 1.1.1 So lirang, chung loai may moc, thilt bi phuc vu san xuat nong, lam, ngu nghiep co hvt&c tang truo'ng nhanh a Trong sdn xudt nong nghiep Den 2009, ca nudc cd gin 500 nghin may keo cac loai voi tdng cdng suit khoang trieu ma lire (CV), tapg ba lln so vai nam 2001 Trong may keo hai banh dudi 12 CV chidm 65%, may keo tren 12 CV den 35 CV chidm 27%, may keo ldn (tren 35 CV) chidm 8% Muc trang bi ddng luc binh quan toan qudc dat 1,2 CV/ha canh tac Muc ca gidi hda binh quan ca nudc cac khau san xult ndng nghiep nhu sau: lam dat trdng lua dat 72 %, cay trdng can (mia, dua, ngd, dau, lac) dat 65%, tuai liia chu ddng dat 85%; van chuyin ndng nghiep, ndng thdn 66%; sly lua vu he thu DBSCL 38,7%; thu hoach lua vung DBSCL 15%; tudt liia 84%; xay xat Ilia, gao 95%, gdp phin bao dam tinh thdi vu khin truong, tang nang suit, chit luang va giam tdn that sau thu hoach Muc dp CO gidi hda d cac khu vuc chan nudi ban cdng nghiep, cdng nghiep dat khoang 15%, bao gom h? thdng ehudng ldng, chuong san, ehudng cd he thdng lam mat va sudi Im cho 13 Ion con, he thdng mang an, mim udng tu ddng cho ga, lan Buac dau mdt sd hd chan nudi trau, bd da dau tu may thai cd, bam ram, may vat siia bd (khoang 10%) Nam 2008, san xuat thiic an chan nudi cdng nghiep chiem khoang 55%, dugc san xuat day chuyen cdng nghe va thiet bi tien tien, ddng bd Hien cd 241 ca sd, nha may, cdng ty san xuat thuc an chan nudi cdng nghiep, tdng edng suit thiet ke 12,2 trieu tan (tang 4,2 lan so vai nam 2000; 1,4 lan so vai nam 2006) b Trong lam nghiep Khoang 70% cac khau san xuat cay gidng nhu lam dat, tao bau dugc tien hanh bing may; mdt sd md hinh iing dung hieu qua viec canh tac tren dat ddc de lam dat, dao hd trdng rung nguyen lieu Trong khai thac rimg, mac dau san lugng khdng ldn, nhung cac khau ca ban dugc tien hanh bang may mdc: chat cay 80%; bdc xep, van chuyen gd 90%; ap diing day chuyen so che tai cua rimg nham nang cao ty le Igi dung go va g i t o gia khau van chuyen c Trong nuoi trdng thuy sdn Cdng nghe nudi, trdng thuy san cang duac eai tien, phd bien la cac hinh thiic nudi quang canh cai tien, ban tham canh, tham canh cd sir dung cac che pham sinh hoc de xii ly mdi trudng vdi nhieu md hinh nudi tien tien Doi tugng nudi chu lire thdi gian qua la tdm sii, tdm he chan trang, tdm hdm, tdm cang xanh, ca tra, ngheu, sd huyet dd ca tra va tdm sii hang nam chiem 60-65% tdng san lugng thuy san nudi trdng Ca nuac cd han 90 nha may san xuat thiic an thuy san, da san xuat dugc 1,7 trieu tan, dap iing dugc 60% nhu cau thiic an nudi trdng ca nudc d Trong khai thdc thiiy sdn Nang luc danh bat va khai thac thiiy san tang nhanh, khoang 3,8%/nam ve sd lugng va 10,17%/nam ve ddng lire Hien ca nudc cd tren 95.600 tau hoat ddng nghe ca, tau khai thac hai san gan bd la 10.210 chiee, tau khai thac hai san xa bd la 83.250 chiee, tau lam cdng tac dich vu hau can nghe ca va kiem ngu la 2.199 chiee, vdi tdng cdng suat may dat 5,8 trieu ma lire; tdng cdng suat may tau tang trung binh 18,3%/nam; cdng suat may tau dat binh quan 60,6 CV/tau (nam 2007) e Nghi mudi nudc ta tdn tai ddng thdi ba dang cdng nghe san xuat mudi: phai cat, phoi nudc phan tan va san xult mudi cdng nghiep (phai nudc tap trung) cac loai hinh phai cat, phai nudc phan tan miic ca gidi hda ndi chung la thip Cac ddng mudi cdng nghiep cd dieu kien ca gidi hda cao, da thuc hien dugc khau bam nudc, mdt phan khau van chuyen, danh ddng; budc dau thir nghiem dua vao ap dung cac khau thu hoach, rua mudi sa bd, phu bat che mua d ket tinh Cac ddng mudi hien ed dugc dau tu nang cap, ddng thdi da khuyen khich cac phan kinh te dau tu phat trien mudi cdng nghiep Nhieu ca sd da ap dung cdng nghe san xult mudi sach gan vdi dau tu edng nghiep che bien mudi / Thuy lpi Tudi tieu nudc phuc vu san xuat ndng nghiep gdm cap nude va tieu nudc Hien nay, miic dp ca gidi hda dat khoang 50% (50% dien tich dugc tudi bing may, cdn lai 50% dugc tudi tu ehay va su dung cac phuang tien bom tat thu cdng) Tdng nSng lire thiet ke tudi cua cac he thdng d6n bao dam cho 3,45/4,1 trieu dlt canh tac, dd tudi eho 6,85 trieu dien tich gieo trdng liia, trieu gieo trdng rau mau; dam bao tieu cho khoang trieu ha, ngan man cho 0,87 trieu ha, cai tao 1,6 trieu dlt d p nudc cho sinh hoat, cdng nghiep va djch vu tren ty m"'/nam 1.1.2 Cong tac nghien ciiu iing dung khoa hoc cong nghe, khuyin nong ve cff nong nghiep, bao quan nong san hang hoa cang bam sat hon yeu cau cua san xult, dat duoc nhung ket qua buoc d3u \h giam tdn thit sau thu hoach Cdng tac nghien ciiu ling dyng khoa hpc cdng nghe linh vyc ca di?n nong nghi?p dugc Nha nudc quan tam dlu tu; mdt sd d6 tai cd gia tri thuc tien, ap dung hieu qua san 14 xuat Dien hinh la cac de tai: nghien eiiu thiet ke, ch6 tao day ehuygn ch6 bidn hat giong; may cay nhd; cac loai may lien hgp gieo, thu hoach lac; may canh tac mia, may thu hoach mia; cac loai may say n p , liia; he thdng thidt bi gi6t md gia siic, gia elm, che bidn thiic an chan nudi w ; mdt sd de tai da chuydn cac du an san xult thu nghiem dat ket qua tdt Ndng dan d nhidu vung da sang t^o, tu che cdng nhidu may mdc phuc vu yeu ciu ciia san xuat, nhu: cac loai may gat liia (kd ca gat dap lien hgp); may thai cu, qua; mdy bam nudc; may bde be, te hat ngd Nhidu may ciia ndng dan dugc danh gia cao tai cac dgt binh tuydn, trien lam nude Thdng qua Chuang trinh khuydn ndng hang nam ciia Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat tridn ndng thdn, cac md hinh ve ca gidi hda ndng nghiep (khuyen cdng) da dugc cac dia phuang quan tam va ndng dan tham gia Den nay, da cd hang v?n cdng cu sa liia theo hang d Ddng Nam Bd, ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long va mdt sd tinh phia BIC Cac md hinh ca gidi hda lam dlt, van chuydn bang may keo nhd da nang, gieo hat, gat liia rai hang, gat liia lien hgp da phat huy hieu qua rd ret, nang cao miic dp ca gidi hda san xult ndng nghiep 1.1.3 Chu sor hCru ve may moc nong nghiep da co bu-o-c chuyen dich tir sa hihi nha nu-dc sang so" hCru tu* nhan, tirng hxr&c thich u-ng vdi cac hinh thuc t6 chirc san xuat CO hieu qua or nong thon Doi vdi may keo cdng suit tren 35 CV hd gia dinh sd huu chidm 94%; loai tir 12-35 CV chidm 98,5%, loai dudi 12 CV chidm 99,7% cdn lai thudc sd hiru doanh nghiep, HTX, trang trai (sd lieu thdng ke 2007) Hinh eac td chiic dich vu co lam dlt, thu hoach, tudt dap liia, say, bao quan thdc gao, van chuyen cd hieu qua d ndng thdn, nhit la vimg ddng bing sdng Cuu Long, ddng bang sdng Hdng Cac gia trai, trang trai la ddi tugng cd tiem nang ldn ap dung cac loai may mdc vao san xuat ndng nghiep Hien nay, binh quan 100 trang trai cd khoang bdn may keo ldn (04 banh); 5,2 may keo nhd (02 banh); 1-2 may bom nudc; nhidu trang trai chan nudi da sii dung may phat dien nhd ehay dlu DO, budc dau sir dung may phat dien Biogas 1.1.4 Hinh thi trvo'ng may moc nong nghiep da dang, cac dich vu ca co budc phat trien nhanh Thi trudng cac loai may ddng lire va may ndng nghiep d Viet Nam phat trien nhanh, dd may ddng luc va mdt sd may ndng nghiep che tao nudc chiem thi phan khoang 40% Chung loai san pham da dang, thich iing vdi nhu cau sir dimg cua timg viing Cac loai ddng co, may keo, may ndng nghiep nhap khau ehii yeu gdm: may keo cd cdng suat tir 18-35 CV, cac loai may keo cd cdng suit tren 50 CV cua Belarut, may gat liia da qua sir dung cua Nhat Ban, may gat Ilia lien hgp mdi cua Trung Qudc, may hai che He thong dich vu may mdc ndng nghiep thdng qua cac cua hang, dai ly gidi thieu san phim thuc hien cac dich vu ban hang va sau ban hang phat trien nhanh chdng vdi 1.267 ca sd, tren 18.000 ngudi chuyen kinh doanh; 1.218 ca sd vdi 14.146 ngudi chuyen siia chiia, bao dudng, bao hanh may mdc, thiet bi 1.1.5 Nha nvo-c da co cac chinh sach hd tro* co- nong nghiep phat trien Tir nam 2004, Chinh phu da eho phep cac tinh ho trg ndng dan mua sIm may mdc phuc vu san xult ndng nghiep tir ngan sach ciia dia phuang Tinh ddn 2008, da ed 30 tinh, thuc hifn chinh sach ho trg (tinh Nghe An thuc hien tir nam 1998), vdi cg che tinh ho trg ndng dan tir 70-80% tdng gia tri vdn vay vdi lai suit uu dai, hoae ho trg 50-100% lai suit tidn vay, thdi gian tra vdn vay ba nam Qua nam thuc hien (2001-2008) da cd hang chuc nghin may keo, may ndng nghiep ddn dugc vdi ba eon ndng dan, gdp phin diy nhanh qua trinh co gidi hda san xuat ndng nghiep ddng thod da hudng din va dao tao dugc mdt bd phan ndng dan van hanh, sir dung mdy mdc 15 Chinh sach tai chinh (thud) cd nhidu thay ddi phii hgp vdi cam kdt hdi nhap kinh te qudc te Thuc hien Id trinh clt giam thud quan ddi vdi eac quoc gia ASEAN, miic thue suat cac loai may ndng nghiep ddn 2010 chi cdn d mire 0%, mdt sd it 5% Ddi vdi nha san xult, che tao may keo va may ndng nghiep dugc uu dai dlu tu thude Chuang trinh Ca trpng diem 1.2 Nhu'ng y§u kem va nguyen nhan 1.2.1 Co- giol hoa san xult nong nghiep thip, chura dfing bo va phat triln chua toan dien So vdi cac nudc khu vuc, miic dp trang bi ddng luc cua ndng nghiep Viet Nam cdn thip, binh quan mdi dat 1,2 CV/ha canh tac Ca gidi hda ndng nghiep tap trung chu ydu d khau Iam dat hang nam (liia), tudt dap van chuyen va xay xat liia, gao Cac khau nhu gieo cay, cham soc, thu hoach liia va cac loai cay trdng khae muc dp ca gidi hda rat thap, lao ddng thu cdng van la chii yeu Viec sir dung may mdc, thiet bi trdng va cham sde rung kinh te chua dugc iing dung rdng rai, mdi chi dimg d miic nghien ciiu md hinh nhd Trong khai thac thuy san, tau cdng suat nhd han 90CV chiem tdi 84% tdng sd tau, ngu trudng hoat ddng chu yeu la vung long va ven bd; hau het tau danh ca dugc ddng bang gd, cd thdi han sir dung ngan, trang thiet bi khai thac chua day du nen han che den hieu qua va thieu an toan 1.2.2 Cong nghe sau thu hoach ylu kem va lac hau, mure ton that ve khoi lirang va chat lirang nong san hang hoa qua cao Miic dp tdn that sau thu hoach ddi vdi ndng san hang hda dugc tdng hgp tir cac khau: thu hai; tudt dap, phai say; bao quan va ca xay xat, che bien cdn rat ldn: liia d DBSCL khoang 13,7%, DB sdng Hong 11,6%; ngd 18 - 19%; dau tuang 6,2 - 14%; lac 8,5 - 15,5% Trong do, miic tdn that d cac khau phai say, bao quan va xay xat che bien chiem den 70% tdng lugng tdn that cua timg loai san pham Ngoai ra, bao quan kem nen kem theo su tdn thit vd sd lugng cdn cd su sut giam dang ke ve chat lugng Ngd nhiem aflatoxyn va moi mpt, ea phe nhiemx achrootoxyn gia hat thuang pham cd the giam tdi 20%; ddi vdi gao xult khau loai 5-10% tinj chi chidm dudi 50%, so vdi ty le tren 70% cua Thai Lan Ddi vdi rau qua, thuy san tdn thit sau thu hoach ddi vdi rau qua tir 25-28% Ndu quy ddi gia tri, thi thiet hai tdn that sau thu hoach ddi vdi ndng san va thuy san la rit ldn Chi tinh rieng vdi gao: san lugng liia hang nam khoang 39 trieu tin, tuomg duomg 25,3 trieu tin gao; ndu tdn thit sau thu hoach 12%, hang nam chiing ta mit khoang 03 trieu tin x 450 USD = 1.350.000.000 USD Ndu giam dugc 50% tdn thit sau thu hoach vdi lua thi hang nam chiing ta cd the tidt kiem dugc 675 trieu USD 1.2.3 Chat lu-ong kit cau ting ky thuat nong nghiep, nong thon thip, can tr* viec ap dung may moc, thilt bi va cong nghe sau thu hoach Hien ca nudc cd tdi 70 trieu thira rudng, binh quan mdi hd ndng dan chi cd 0,7 dlt canh tac, gdm 7-8 thiia Mac dlu da cd chu truomg "don didn doi thua", song nhin chung tinh trang manh miin van la phd bien Tdng tich lupmg kho du trii lucmg thuc ca nudc chi khoang 1,8 trieu tin, nhung phan bd khdng deu, nhidu kho dugc xay dung tir nhiing nam 80 cua the ky trude^ cu ky, lac hau khdng bao dam didu kien ky thuat cung nhu hoat ddng kinh doanh theo ca chd thi trucmg; hieu qua su dung kho rat thap, chi dat 30% tdng tich lugng kho 1.2.4 Cong tac nghien cu-u khoa hoc cong nghe v l cff giol hoa nong nghiep va bao quan sau thu hoach nhilu bat cap, cham chuyin giao vao san xuat Nhieu dd tai nghien eiiu vd ca dien ndng nghiep va cdng nghe sau thu hoach chua gin vdi nhu cau cua thuc te, thieu tinh sang tao, ham lugng khoa hpc cdng nghe thip, nen khdng dugc san xuat chap nhan 16 IJKHCAHOCVAKVTHOAT Co che nghien ciiu va chuyen giao ket qua cae dd tai khoa hpc cdfegTleal&^cdiL^fert cap, ehay theo ke hoach ngan han (thudng mdi de tai ehi kdt thiic sau hai nam), thieu nhiing ke hoach dai han, hudng ddn nhung nhiem vu trpng tam, nen khdng tao nhiing chuyen gia gidi, chuyen tam ve mdt ITnh vuc eln xir ly Qua trinh tir nghiem thu dd tai chuydn sang du an san xult thii nghiem thudng keo dai va cdn mang nang tinh bao d p nen khdng dap irng kip thdi yeu ciu cua san xuat Chua t^o duge mdi lien ket hiiu ca giiia cac ca quan nghien ciiu vdi cac doanh nghiep, nen rit it san pham hang hda ed thuang hieu xult xu tir kdt qua nghien ciiu, chuydn giao khoa hpe cdng nghe ITnh vuc ca dien ndng nghiep Mdt sd sang che, sang kien, cai tien may mdc ciia ndng dan dugc danh gia cao, song chi san xult dugc d quy md nhd le, dan chide, chap va va thilu tinh tieu chuin, hoat ddng khdng dn dinh va khdng thd trd san pham hang hda 1.2.5 Nganh ctf niro'c chua dap ung dwac yeu c^u ciia san xuat nong nghiep va ho trff bao quan, giam ton that sau thu hoach Don vi chu luc nganh san xuat may ddng lire va may ndng nghiep la Tdng cdng ty May ddng lire va may ndng nghiep Viet Nam (VEAM) mdi chi dap iing dugc khoang 30% nhu cau ve ddng ca, may keo nhd da nang; mdt sd loai may ndng nghiep khae nhu may tudt lua, may xay xat, may bam nudc va cac cdng cu cam tay chu yeu cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd ehe tao DIU tu nudc ngoai vao ITnh vuc che tao, lap rap may ddng luc va may ndng nghiep rat it, tir nam 2001 ddn 2008 chi cd Cdng ty May ndng nghiep Jiangdong 100% vdn nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc dlu tu nha may tai Da Ning, chuyen che tao cac loai ddng ca diezen cd cdng suat den 30 HP, san lugng khoang 20.000 ehiec/nam Cac CO sd che tao may keo, may ndng nghiep hiu het quy mdrihd, san lugng thip, quy trinh san xult khep kin, thidu chuyen mdn hoa, thidu hgp tac lien kdt td chiie san xult San phim CO ndng nghiep nudc ehe tao cdn hdt siic dom dieu, khdng chii trpng ddn kieu daiig cdng nghiep va hieu suit edng tac; san phim chii ydu mdi chi la ddng co cdng suit nhd Nhidu CO sd chd tao may ndng nghiep trude day da chuydn hudng san xult kinh doanh cae mat hang khae ed Igi nhuan eao hom, nhu: lip rap d td, xe may; thi cdng cdng trinh thiiy dien Cac du an vd may ndng nghiep thudc Chuang tririh ca trpng didm Nha nude cham dugc tridn khai (nhu chd tao ddng ca diezen cdng suit ldm, cac day chuydn chd bidn ndng san ) 1.2.6 Chat lu-g-ng lao dong nong thon thip, nhilu lao dong van hanh, su dung may nong nghiep khong qua dao tao Ty le lao ddng ndng thdn qua dao tao thap, mdi chi dat 8%, phan ldn la nhumg kidn thiic san xult ndng nghidp thuan tiiy, chi sd itdugc dao tao vd van hanh may ndng nghiep, sua chfta CO Phin ldn ngudi van hanh may ndng nghiep (kd ca lai xe van tai ndng thdn), thuyln trudng cac tau danh ca trinh dp van hda thip, khdng qua dao tao, khdng cd chung ehi, bing d p 1.2.7 Cong tac quan ly Nha niro'c nhilu liing tiing, cof chl, chinh sach nhilu bit c^p, ch^m ddi moi Vi?c xay dimg, soat bo sung cae tieu chuin, quy chuin ky thuat ve may ndng nghiep dl phu hgp vdi hdi nhap tien hanh cham, edng tac giam dinh chat lupmg may ndng nghiep ehua ed eac quy dinh cu thl, mang tinh luat hda Ca hda ndng nghiep phai tren ca sd mdt ndn san xult ldm, song chinh sach dlt dai cham dugc didu ehinh theo hudng tich tu tap trung Cac chinh sach ho trg, khuyen khich ndng dan, cae phin kinh tl mua sIm may mdc ndng nghiep chua mang tinh thdng nhit tren ph?m vi c& nuac Nhilu dia phuomg thuIn ndng (nhit la chuyen san xult liia), cd nhu elu cao vl CO hda ndng nghiep, nhung ngan sach dia phuomg eo hep, khd cd dieu ki?n ho trg so voi nhilu dia phuomg khae m 17 Cg chl, chinh sach vl nghien ciiu khoa hpc cham ddi mdi, bd tri ngan sach cho nghien ciiu khoa hpc cdn dan trai, chua tap trung vao san pham cd tinh ung dung cao Tdn tai nhieu de tai khdng gin vdi yeu elu thuc te cua san xuat, thieu eac chinh sach du manh de hudmg cac doanh nghiep lien kit nghien ciiu va dau tu vao ITnh vuc chd tao may ndng nghiep Cdcyiu kem tren co nguyen nhan cff bdn sau: - Nhan thirc vl tlm quan trpng cua ca gidi hda va giam tdn that sau thu hoach cdn nhieu han ehe, bat cap Chua de xuat dugc nhiing dinh hudng, chii truong mang tinh chien luge dd phat trien ca ndng nghiep va giam tdn that sau thu hoach mdt each can ea, toan didn; viec thue hien cac giai phap cdn mang tinh tinh the, chap va, thidu ddng bd - San xuat ndng nghiep phd bien van la san xuat nhd Thu nhap tir san xuat ndng nghiep thap, bap benh, kha nang tich luy de dau tu, mua sam may mdc, trang thidt bi san xuat ciia ndng dan gap nhieu khd khan - Trinh dp san xuat cdng nghiep, nhat la cdng nghiep che tao cua nude ta vin d diem xult phat thap Nang lire nghien cim khoa hpc, ciing nhu nang lire chd tao may ndng nghiep cdn nhilu han che - Dau tu eua Nha nudc cho ndng nghiep ndi chung va ca ndng nghiep ndi rieng edn qua thap, khdng dap iing yeu cau phat triln (Ndm 2006, viec ddu tu ngdn sdch cho nong nghiep dgt 15%, bdng 7% gid tri sdn xudt nong nghiep, 1,3% GDP) - Quan ly Nha nuac ve ITnh vuc ca ndng nghiep chua dugc quan tam diy du; nang luc can bd tir Trung uomg den ca sd vira thilu vira ydu II DjNH HU'QNG, MUC TIEU, GlAl PHAP VA OO OHt C H I N H SACH V^ PHAT TRI^N C a DIEN NONG NGHIEP VA GIAM T N T H A T SAU THU HOACH O^N 2020 2.'1.Djnh hu'O'ng Hdi nghi lln thii bay cua Ban Chip hanh Trung ucmg Dang (khda X) da ban hanh Nghi quyit 26-NQ/TW vl ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn, dd neu rd: "Tang cuong ddu tu ca sa vgt chdt ky thugt, ung diing khoa hoc cong nghe hien dgi, cong nghe sinh hoc, thuy lai hod ca giai hod, thong tin hod thay thi lao dong thit cong, thay ddi tap qudn canh tac Igc hgu di sii dung CO hieu qud ddt dai, tdi nguyen lao dong ndng cao ndng sudt chdt luang, hieu qud vd sue cgnh tranh ciia nong sdn" Ngay 20/10/2008 Chinh phu Nghi quyit 24/2008/NQ-CP ban hanh chuang trinh hanh dpng thue hien Nghi quyit Hdi nghi lln thir bay Ban Chip hanh Trung uang Dang khda X vl ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn, nhln manh yeu elu "Ddy mgnh viec dp dung ca giai hoa nong righiepphii hop vai diiu kien ciia timg viing tieng logi cay trdng, vgt nudi tap trung vdo mpt so vitng sdn xudt hdng hoa ldm thiiu lao dong Thuc hien ddng bo cdc gidi phdp di hgn chi tdi da tdn thdt sau thu hogch" Ngay 23 thang nam 2009, Chinh phu da Nghi quyit sd 48/NQ-CP vl ca chl, chinh sach giam tdn that sau thu hoach ddi vai ndng san, thuy san va 15/10/2010 Thu tudng Chinh phu da ky ban hanh Quyit djnh 63/2010/QD-TTg dk thl chl hda vide triln khai Nghi quyet tren 2.2 Muc tieu 2.2.1 Muc tieu tdng quat - o^vf ,"^" ^^"^ *""' ^^P^"* ^"^" "^"^ ^'^"^ "^"^ "S/^'^P' Siam tdn thdt sau thu hogch dlli nam 2020 la tao dugc su chuyen bien manh me vide ap dung may mdc, thilt bi thay the 18 mpt phan ldn lao ddng thu cdng; cimg vdi thuy Igi hda, dien hda, cdng nghd sinh hpc lam thay ddi can ban tap quan canh tac cii, lac hau, nang cao nang suit, chit lugng, giam tdn that sau thu hoau;h va tang siic canh tranh ciia ndng san Viet Nam tren thi trudng khu vuc va thl gidi Phan dau den nam 2020, nhiing viing ndng nghiep hang hda, san xult tap trung, quy md ldn co ban dugc ca hda ddng bd, mdt phin dugc tu ddng hda (nhit la cae khu cdng nghe cao); tai cac vimg khae, cac khau nang nhpc, su dung nhilu lao ddng dugc tiln hanh bing may, vdi miic dp CO eao hom hidn tir hai lln trd len 2.2.2 Muc tieu cu thl a Cagi&i hoa ndng nghiep Cdng suat may trang bi binh quan ca nudc dat 1,5-2 ma lirc/ha vao nam 2015 va 2,5 ma luc/ha vao nam 2020 b Gidm tdn thdt sau thu hogch - Ddi vai liia ggo: Giam miic tdn that tir 11-12% hien xudng 5-6% vao nam 2020 Trong dd: + Khau thu hoach va van chuyin: giam ty le hao hut tir 3% hien xuong 1,5% vao nam 2020 + Cdng doan tudt dap, phoi say va lam sach: giam ty le hao hut tir 4,2% hien xudng 2% vao nam 2020 + Cdng doan du trir, bao quan: giam tir miic ton that 2,6% hien xudng 1% vao nam 2020 + Khau xay xat: eai thien chat lugng gao pham Den nam 2020 ty le hat trang bac khdng ldn hom 4%, hat hu hdng khdng qua 0,2% Tang ty le gao 5% tam xuat khau dat miic 60% vao nam 2015 va dat 70% vao nam 2020 -Ddi vdi ngd: Giam miic tdn that tir 13 - 15% hien xudng edn - 9% vao nam 2020 Han chl toi da miic dp nhiem aflatoxyn, cai thien gia ban thuang pham tir 10 - 20% - Ddi vai cd phe: Han chl tdi da miic dp nhiem achrotoxyn A, cai thien gia ban ea phe nhan tir 10-20% -Ddi vdi thuy sdn, rau qud: Giam miic dp tdn that (ca ve sd lugng va chat lugng) tir 20 % hien xudng 10% vao nam 2020 2.3 Giai phap Thuc hien ddng bd cac giai phap nhim han che tdi da tdn that sau thu hoach, nang cao hieu qua cua san xult, dn dinh ddi sdng, thu nhap cua ndng dan va chu ddng iing phd vdi nhiing dien biln ciia thi trudng ddi vai cac ndng san chii yeu, trudc mat la luomg thuc (liia, ngd), ca phe, rau qua va thuy san Bao gom: 2.3.1 Nhom giai phap ky thuat a Ddi v&i luomg thurc, chu yeu Id lua, ngd Tap trung vao cac khau cd miic tdn that ldn, tang nhanh ty le ca gidi hda, ket hgp vdi viec ling dyng cae ky thuat bao quan tien tiln - Khdu thu hogch: Thuc hien thu hoach liia bang may dat 30% vao nam 2015 va 50% vao nam 2020, dd khu vuc ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long dat 80% vao nam 2020, chu ylu sii dung may gSt dap lien hgp cd tinh nang ky thuat cao, miic dp gat sdt dudi 1,5% - Khdu sdy: Khuyin khich cac phin kinh tl dlu tu phat triln cac loai may sly, phu hgp vdi quy md, trinh dp san xult, dam bao tir nSm 2015 trd di nSng luc sly liia ca nudc dat tren 10 tri^u tln/ntoi Chii trpng vide dlu tu cac he thdng sly tien tiln, gin vdi cac ca sd xay xat, du trO- luong thyrc lan 19 -Khdu du trie, bdo qudn: Chuyen giao cac miu hinh kho bao quan liia, ngd quy md hd gia dinh theo hudng tien ich, an toan, han che tdi da sir tdn that ve chat lupmg nhiem aflatox)^! Xay dung mdi va nang cap he thdng kho chiia thdc gao vdi tdng tich lugng trieu tan cd cdng nghe tien tien (trong dd xay dimg mdi 2,8 trieu tan), ket hgp cac dich vu say, lam sach de cd the thu mua thdc udt cho dan vao miia mua lii Ca gidi hda cac kho dat 80%, vdi 20% dugc tu ddng hda de nang cao nang suat lao ddng va kidm soat cac thdng sd ky thuajL qua trinh bao quan b Ddi v&i cd phe Cai thien dieu kien ky thuat thu hai, lam khd, khuyen khich ap dung ky thuat che bien udrt, dlu tu he thdng kho chiia dam bao ky thuat de nang eao chat lupmg ca phe nhan - Khdu thu hdi: Van ddng va khuyen khich ngudi dan khdng thu hai qua xanh; iing dung may thu hai ca phe ddi vdi ca phe che (arabica) d nhiing viing cd dieu kien - Khdu ldm khd: Hd trg ngudi dan va doanh nghiep dau tu san phai dung ky thuat va cac may say tien tien, han che tdi da su nhiem achrotoxyn A - Khdu che bien: Khuyen khich cac ca sd ap dung phuang phap che bien udt nham gia tang gia tri san pham va giam tdn that ve chat lugng, ddng thdi cd ehinh sach ho trg eac co sd viec xir ly d nhiem md trudmg -Khdu bdo qudn: Xay dimg he thdng kho dat tieu chuan ky thuat dl thu mua hoae tao dilu kien cho dan ky giii hang hda tai cac vimg san xuat hang hoa, nhit la dia ban cac tinh Tay Nguyen c Ddi v&i rau qud - Khdu thu hogch: IJ'ng dung edng nghe tien tien, xir ly can thu hoach bing cac chit dilu hda sinh trudmg, keo dai thdi gian thu hoach; cai tiln phuomg tien, dung cu thu hai dam bao chit lupmg nguyen lieu trudc thu hoach -Khdu bdo qudn: Thuc hien bao quan rau qua tuai tai ehd theo hudng bpe mang ban thim (coating); iing dung cdng nghe chieu xa, tiet trimg bing nudc ndng ddi vdi mdt sd loai rau qua tuai xuat khau DIU tu phat trien he thdng sa chl rau qua (Packing House) tai cac chg dlu mdi, bao dam ve sinh an toan thue pham va han chl din miic thip nhit tdn thit sau thu hoach - Khdu du trie - luru thdng: Xay dung he thdng kho cd cdng nghe bao quan phu hgp tai cac khu vuc trung chuyen, xuat khiu hang hoa^ nhit la cac cira khiu vimg bien m|u DIU tu cac phuang tien van chuyin dudmg dai cd bao quan mat, nhim tang kha nang luu thdng, tieu thu ndi dia rau qua d Ddi v&i thuy sdn Trang bi tu d p ddng tren tau dl eung d p nudc da va bao quan san phim thdng qua viec ngung tu nudc ngpt tir nudc biln; ling dung him bao quan san phim bing xdp thoi thay cho xop ghep, thay the cac tiii nilon va mudi da true tilp bing eac khay cac tau khai thac Cai tien cdng nghe bao quan ddng cho nhiing nhdm thuang phim cd gia tri cao, cdng nghe bao quan san phim tuai sdng bing phuang phap sue oxy va cho ngu ddng Xay dung he thdng kho ngoai quan (ke ca d nudc ngoai), phuc vu cho xult khiu 2.3.2 Nhom giai phap ve td chirc san xult a Td chu-c Igi sdn xudt ndng nghiep theo hir&ng sdn xudt hdng hod, quy md l&n Kit hgp giiia quy hoach, kl hoach su dung dlt theo hudng tich tu tap trung vdi viec td chlic lai san xult, cai tao va chinh trang ddng rudng, dlu tu kit d u ting phuc vu san xult ndng nghiep, thich nghi vdi vide ap dung ca gidi hoa, giam tdn thit sau thu hoach 20 Khuyen khich, tao ca chl ho trg hinh cac td chiic dich vu (bao gdm td hgp tac, HTX, doanh nghiep ndng thdn) theo hudng chuyen mdn hoa, nhu dich vu lam dlt, thu hoach, sly, bao quan ndng san hang hoa, siia chiia, cung d p phu tiing, vat tu Cae td chiic dich vu dugc uu tien chi dinh mua sam may mdc vdi cac ehinh sach uu dai vl tin dung; hudng cac chinh sach ho trg ciia Nha nudc ve dao tao nhan luc va nang cao trinh dp quan ly Cac doanh nghiep thuc hien viec ho trg ndng dan ap dung eac tiln bd ky thuat, ky kit hgp ddng san xult va tieu thu, tao dilu kien dk ngudi dan tham gia vao thi trudng, xda bdt dlu mdi trung gian, lien ket chat che cac chuoi gia tri tren ca sd hai hoa Igi ich giiia ngudi san xult, ngudi lam dich vu va che bien b Khuyen khich cdc thdnh phdn kinh ti ddu tie vdo linh vuc chi tgo mdy moc phuc vu ndng nghiep, kit hffp nhap khdu mdy mdc thiit hi tien tiin, ddp img ky? th&iyeu cdu cua sdn xudt, gidm tdn thdt vd sau thu hogch Ddi vdi nhumg may mdc, thiet bi phuc vu san xuat ndng nghiep nudc chua chl tao duge, hoae nghien ciiu cdn dd dang, nha nudc khuyin khich nhap khiu dl dap iing kip thdi yeu cau cua san xuat Cac ca nhan, to chiic thudc mpi phan kinh tl dlu tu co sd chl tao may ndng nghiep dugc hudmg cac chinh sach uu dai ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep dlu tu vl ndng thdn Tao dilu kien thuan lpi de eae doanh nghiep nudc lien doanh, lien kit vdi cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai, td chlic che tao hoae lap dat IKD cac loai may ndng nghiep cd tinh chuyen dung cao (nhu: may thu hoach liia, mia , may keo, ddng ca diezen edng suit ldn) 2.3.3 Nhom giai phap ve Khoa hoc cdng nghe va dao tao a Khoa hpc cdng nghe Diy manh iing dung, chuyen giao khoa hpc cdng nghe va tiln bd ky thuat vl bao quan sau thu hoach Khuyen khich eac doanh nghiep dat hang, hgp tac nghien ciiu, dk iing dung vao san xuat Khuyen khich ndng dan cai tien may mdc, thiet bi phuc vu san xuat Nha nudc ho trg 100% kinh phi dang ky d p bang sang che hoae giai phap hiiu ich ddi vdi nhiing san phim sang tao cua ndng dan Tang kinh phi khuyen ndng hang nam cao gap hai lan binh quan nam trudc day, dd danh 20 - 25% kinh phi khuyen ndng hang nam cho ITnh vuc ca gidi hda va giam tdn thit sau thu hoach b vi ddo tgo ngudn nhdn luc xa hdi hda edng tac dao tao nghe theo hudng dao tao ngin han, gin vdi chuyin giao may mdc, cdng nghe Ngudi hpe nghi sir dimg, van hanh may ndng nghiep, bao quan ndng san dugc hudng cae ehinh sach ho trg vl dao tao nghi cho lao ddng ndng thdn Ddi vdi em hd ngheo, hp chinh sach, dan tde thilu sd dugc trg d p them hpc bdng va ho trg cac dilu kien khae dl theo hpc Nha nudc ho trg kinh phi cho cac co sd dao tao (ke ca cdng lap va ngoai cdng lap) dk xay dung ca sd ting, mua sIm dung cu day va hpc, giao trinh 2.4 Mot sd c c chl chinh sach hd tro* Theo tinh thin Quyit dinh 63/2010/QD-TTg 15 thang 10 nam 2010, co chl chinh sach ho trg giam tdn thit sau thu hoach ddi vdi ndng san, thuy san gdm nhiing ndi dung sau: Diiu Vi?c ho trg lai suit vdn vay ddi vdi cae khoan vay dai han bing ddng Vi?t Nam ciia to chlic, ca nhan qua he thdng Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn dl mua may mdc, thilt bi s^n xult nudc nhim giam tdn thit sau thu ho^ich duge quy dinh nhu sau: 21 Td chlic hd gia dinh, ca nhan dugc vay vdn va hd trg lai suat bao gdm: a) Hgp tac xa, td hgp tac, hd gia dinh, ca nhan, cd dia ehi cu tni hgp phap dugc- Uy ban nhan dan cap xa xae nhan la ca nhan true tiep san xuat va phuc vu san xuat; b) Cac doanh nghiep cd ky va thue hien hgp ddng tieu thu ndng san va dich vu ca gidi hda san xuat ndng nghiep vdi ndng dan Vide vay vdn va hd trg lai suat dugc thuc hien ddi vdi cac loai may mdc, thiet bi sau day: a) Cac loai may lam dat, gieo cay, trdng, cham sde, thu hoach liia, ngd, ca phe, che, mia; may say, vat lieu ca ban de laim san phai (liia, ngd, ca phe, hat dieu, hd tieu) cd dien tieh den 1.000 m^; b) May mdc, thiet bi dung cho san xuat gidng thuy san; vat tu, thiet bi xay dimg, cai tao cac ao (hd) nudi thuy san; thiet bi, phuang tien phuc vu nudi trdng, thu hoach va van chuyin thiiy san; c) Thiet bi lam lanh, cap ddng, thiet bi san xult nude da tren tau ca, ham bao quan phuc vu khai thac dai tren bien May mdc, thiet bi quy dinh tai khoan Dieu phai bao dam cac dieu kien sau: a) May mdc thiet bi cac td chiic, ca nhln san xuat cd gia tri san xuat nudc tren 60%; b) Cd nhan hang hda theo quy dinh ciia phap luat ve nhan hang hda Miic tiln vay tdi da de mua may mdc, thiet bi san xult nude theo quy dinh tai khoan Dieu bang 100% gia tri hang hda Ngan sach nha nudc hd trg 100% lai suit hai nam dlu, tir nam thii la 50% lai suat Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn Viet Nam thue hien vide cho vay theo quy dinh tai Dieu nay; ngan sach nha nudc d p bii phin lai suit dugc hd trg Diiu Ap dung lai suit tin dung dlu tu phat triln theo quy dinh hien hanh ddi vdi td chire, hd gia dinh, ca nhan dugc quy dinh nhu sau: Ddi vdi cac td chiic, hd gia dinh, ca nhan vay vdn dl mua may mdc, thilt bi giam tdn that sau thu hoach gdm: thilt bi xay xat gao cd ty le thu hdi gao nguyen cao (din 70%); may mdc, thiet bi che biln udt ca phe, cae thilt bi xu ly nang cao phim d p ca phe (steam, danh bdng udt ) va cac cdng trinh xii ly nudc thai kem theo; may tach vd ciing va xat vd lua nhan dilu; day chuyen che bien hd tieu chit lupmg cao; thilt bi lpc mang ban thim (coating), chiiu \d.^ tiet trimg bang hoi nudc ndng ddi vdi rau qua tuoi, he thdng so chl rau qua (Packing House) tai chg dau mdi Ddi vdi eac du an dlu tu xay dimg kho du trii trieu tin liia, ngd, kho lanh bao quan thuy san (bao gdm ca kho lanh tren tau danh bit thuy san), rau qua va kho tam tru ca phe Ngan sach Nha nudc d p bu chenh lech gifta lai suit thuomg mai va lai suit tin dung dlu tu phat triln; ngan hag Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn Viet Nam thue hien viec cho vay theo quy dinh tai Dilu Dieu Cac to chiic, ca nhan thude cac phin kinh tl dlu tu cac du an xay dung kho du tru trieu tin liia, kho lanh bao quan rau qua, thuy san kho tam tru ea phe theo quy hoach dugc miln tiln thue dlt theo Quyit dinh sd 57/2010/QD-TTg 17 thang nam 2010 cua Thii tudng Chinh phii; dugc Nha nudc hd trg 20% kinh phi giai phdng mat bing, 30% kinh phi hoan thien ket cau ting ky thuat ngoai hang rao va dugc mien thui tliu nhap doanh nghiep ba nam dlu di vao hoat ddng va giam 50% hai nam tilp theo Dieu Cac du an dlu tu vao ITnh vuc chl tao may mdc ndng nghi?p, giam tdn thit sau thu hoach dugc hudng chinh sach dac biet uu dai dlu tu theo quy dinh hi?n hanh Ap dyng thui suit 22 thue nhap khau 0% ddi vdi cac may mdc, thiet bi san xult ndng nghiep nudc chua che tao duge Dieu Chinh sach ho trg khoa hpe cdng nghe: Ngan sach nha nudc ho trg 100% kinh phi eho cac trudng hgp sau: a) Td chlic, hd gia dinh, ea nhan mua gidng dl ap dung thu nghiem lln dlu ddi vdi cac gidng Ilia, ngd tiln bd ky thuat cd nang sdt, chit lugng cao; b) Td chiie, ca nhan mua bing sang chl dl tu san xult hoae phoi hgp vdi cac td chiic, ea nhan khae san xult cae loai may mdc, thilt bi cd kha nang irng dung rdng rai nudc nhim giam tdn that sau thu hoach; c) Dang ky sd hiiu tri tue ddi vdi nhiing san pham sang tao cua ndng dan cd kha nang iing dyng rpng rai nuac dugc Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn hoae Bd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe quyet dinh cdng nhan Cac du an iing dung khoa hpc edng nghe ve giam tdn that sau thu hoach dugc dua vao hang muc dugc hudmg co che hd trg ehi phi chuyen giao cdng nghe tir Quy Ddi mdi cdng nghe qudc gia III THAY CHO LQI K^T Trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda dat nudc, viec chuyen dich ea cau kinh te theo hudng edng nghiep va dich vu la hudmg di tat yeu va ndng nghiep duomg nhien phai phat trien theo hudmg hien dai, san xuat hang hda ldn Su chuyen dich ca c?.ii kinh te va dd thi hda keo theo su chuyen dich co eau lao ddng tir ndng thdn sang eac ITnh vuc khae (theo du bao den 2020, lao ddng ndng nghiep chi chiem 30% luc lugng lao ddng xa hd so vdi 70% hien nay) Mat khae, dilu kien tang trudng ndng nghiep het siic khd khan, nhung tdn that sau thu hoach ldn la mpt su lang phi nghiem trpng Nhiing vin de dat d tren cQng chinh la nhiem vu ma nganh co dien ndng nghiep va cdng nghe sau thu hoach can gdp phan tieh cue giai quyet, dd khoa hpc va cdng nghe phai mang tinh dot pha Chiing ta da cd nhumg de tai nghien ciru iing dung va cac du an san xuat thir nghiem cdng, nhien so lugng cdn it va cdn qua nhieu han ehe, bat cap edng tac chuyin giao vao san xult Chung tdi cho rang can manh dan giai phdng nang lire ndi tai cua dpi ngii cac nha khoa hpc khdi nhiing ca chl mang tinh may mdc, gan nghien ciiu vdi thi trudng, ket hgp chat che giua ca quan nghien ciiu vdi cac doanh nghiep, cac td chiic san xult hang hda thi hieu qua kinh tl eiing nhu xa hdi se mdt cao hom Chiing ta ky vpng, thdi gian tdi, bang ca che, chinh sach cdi md cua Nha nudc, ITnh vuc nghien ciiu, chuyin giao khoa hpc cdng nghe ve co dien ndng nghiep va giam tdn that sau thu hoach se dat dugc nhiing tuu mdi./ 23 ... nghe sau thu hoach ylu kem va lac hau, mure ton that ve khoi lirang va chat lirang nong san hang hoa qua cao Miic dp tdn that sau thu hoach ddi vdi ndng san hang hda dugc tdng hgp tir cac khau: thu. .. tdn that sau thu hoach ddi vdi ndng san va thuy san la rit ldn Chi tinh rieng vdi gao: san lugng liia hang nam khoang 39 trieu tin, tuomg duomg 25,3 trieu tin gao; ndu tdn thit sau thu hoach... nghiep va bao quan sau thu hoach nhilu bat cap, cham chuyin giao vao san xuat Nhieu dd tai nghien eiiu vd ca dien ndng nghiep va cdng nghe sau thu hoach chua gin vdi nhu cau cua thuc te, thieu tinh