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Kinh nghiem quoc te ve danh gia hoat dong moi trUdng va kha nang ap dung ci Viet Nam Nguydn Tiing Lam Vien Chien lugc, Chinh s^ch Tai nguyen va Ivloi tri/dng Ngay nhdn b^i 30.6.2015, chuyen phan bien 7.2015, ng^y nh§n phdn bi$n 30,7.2015, chap nh$n dSng 4.8.2015 Ben virng mdi trudng dugc xac dinh la npi dung va dinh hudng quan trpng cac chinh sach phat trien Idnh te - xd hdi va moi trudng ciia nude ta Ddnh gia viee thuc hien eae muc tieu phdt trien ben vung ciia cae chinh sach nay, cung nhu cac chinh sach mdi tnrdng se tao co sd cho qua trinh hoach dfnh, di^u chinh v^ theo doi su tien bp viec thuc thi cac chinh sdch cua cac cff quan, dia phirong Tren the gidi, phuwng phap danh gia hoat ddng mdi trudng dua tren so lieu tin cay dd dugc xay dung va thd nghidm d cap dd quoc gia, cd the la mdt hudng tiep can de xay dung mdt phuong phap danh gia d cap dp dia phmmg Bai viet gidi thifu kinh nghiem quoc te xay dung Chi sd danh gia hoat dpng moi trudng toan cau (EPI) va kha nang xay dung it dieu kien Vilt Nam Tie khda: ddnh gid hop dpng moi tru&ng, EPI Chi so phdn loai 5.7 I ren the gidi, ben vung moi tnrdng cang dugc ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION INTERNATINONAL EXPERIENCES AND APPLICABILITY IN VIETNAM chu trong cac chinh sach phat trien ciia cac nude Td sau hpi nghi thucmg dinh Rio Earth • Summit den nay, nhieu nude da rat n6 luc tim each s danh gia va the hien su tien bo thuc hien cac chinh sach moi trudng bang cac so dinh luong cac eong tac kiem soat • nhiem va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien Ben canh do, chinh phu Summary cac nude cung phai doi mat vdi ap luc cang tang ve viec Environmental Sustainability is considered an important content for : developing the economy and society in Vietnam Environmental evaluation will be the basis for controlHng the social and economic activities in every locality of Vietnam The methods of environmental evaluation based on reliable data have been built and applied at nation level in the world, and they can be suggested to apply at local level in Vietnam | Keywords: Environmental lam the nao de chung minh nhdng no luc bao ve moi trudng la CO hieu qua Cac muc tieu ben vung chi dat dugc co nhung chinh sach phat trien phu hgp va cac chinh sach quan Iy moi trudng - tai nguyen dugc thuc hien hieu qua Tuy nhien eong tac hoach dinh chinh sach, danh gia hieu qua thuc hien cac chinh sach pham vi mot quoc gia, hay so sanh khu vuc, hay hep hofn nhu so sanh giua cac vung, tinh mgt quoc gia, doi hoi each tiep can khoa hgc, c6 can cd De thuc hien cac yeu cau nay, cac nha khoa hgc da nghien cihi xay dung cdc he th6ng chi thi, hay evaluation, EPI I Classification number 5.7 f chi so tong hgp nham phuc vu cac yeu ciu danh gia nhu vay Tai Viet Nam, dudi ap luc phat tri6n kinh ta len raoi trudng, yeu cau xay dung cac chinh sach moi trudng phu hgp, cung nhu thuc hien co hieu qua cac chinh sach cang trd nen c3p 'Tac gi3t chinh: Tel: 0913555106; Email: bnhungitst@itst.gov g|0iJ!!2L\/;& Nam 2(12) 12.2015 bach Tuy nhien, neu khong c6 co sd de danh gia hieu xa hgi va nhung thay d6i tuomg dng ve loi song, muc qua cac chinh sach moi trudng da ban hanh mgt each tieu diing va m6 hinh san xuit Cu thg ban, dpng lire thong nhat, thi vi?c dieu chinh, hay xay dung cac chinh thudng dugc djnh nghTa la cac nganh kinh tg - xa hgi sach mdi se rat kho khan va khong phii hgp vdi yeu dap dng cac nhu can cua ngudi vg thdc an, nude, cau thirc t8 Mat khac, mac dii da co nhung chi so danh nha d, sue khoe, an ninh, van hoa Ddng luc gay ap luc gia chat lugng moi trudng, cac chuong trinh quan trac, len moi trudng nhu mgt kgt qua ciia qua trinh san xuit eong tac hoach dinh chinh sach d nude ta hien van va tieu dung Ap luc (P): la nhung ap luc (chu y hay v6 dang phai d6i mat vdi cac thach thdc nhu: dd lieu moi y) td nhung hoat dSng cua ngudi Ign moi trudng trudng khong day du, thi6u dong bo, raau thuSn, tin Ap luc g6m: sd dung cac ngudn luc tu nhign, thay doi cay thap Vi vay, tiep can theo phucmg phap danh gia sd dung dit, phat thai cac chat (chat boa hgc, rac, hi8u qui ma qu6c tt dang thuc bien la mgt hudng ti6p tigng 6n, phong xa ) Ap luc gay anh hudng tdi hiSn can phu hgp Va can phai co mgt ca sd dd Ii6u chuan, trang moi dudng Hien trang (S): mo ta chat lugng tap hgp cac chi tieu dinh lugng, de eong tac phan tich, cac ygu t6 moi trudng (khong khi, nude, dat ) dong danh gia cac chinh sach moi trudng giiip cho qua trinh m6i tuang quan vdi cac chuc nang cua timg yeu to Do hoach dinh chinh sach va thuc thi hieu qua hon vay hien trang m6i trudng phan anh ket hgp cac dieu kien ve mat dia ly, hoa hoc va sinh hgc Tac ddng (1): Bo chi so EPI ciia Dai hgc Yale va Columbia (Hoa la nhdng tac d6ng thay d6i hien trang moi trudng Ky) la mgt vi du viec danh gia moi trudng d cap gSy ngn doi vdi ddi song cda ngudi thong qua cac toan cau, nhien kha nang ap dung d pham vi danh dich vu (chdc nang hoae kha nang) ho trg sir s6ng cua gia hoat dgng moi trudng cap dia phuang nhu d Viet he sinh thai Hudng dng/dap dng (R): la nhdng quyet Nam nhieu van de can phai xem xet va giai quySt dinh cua ngudi de khic phuc nhung tac dgng dgn Bai viet gidi thi$u ve hudng tiep can mdi danh he sinh thai hoae cac gia tri cua chiing gia boat dgng moi trudng tren the gidi, qua vi du cua Theo each tiep can DPSIR, dgng luc phat trien ciia EPI va phan tich mgt so kho khan, thuan Igi de ap dung d diSu kien Viet Nam nen kinh te se tao cac ap luc ve tieu thu tai nguygn va gay nhiem moi trudng Ngu ap lire vugt qua Tiep can OPSIR danh gia hoat dpng moi kha nang ciia lanh tho do, no se dugc xem nhu khong tniwng bgn viing va hau qua true tigp se la su suy giam chat DPSIR la viet tat cua cac td ti^ng Anh la Driving lugng raoi trudng Dg co thg hoach dinh cac chinh sach - Pressure - State - Impacts - Response, tam dich la phat trign co hieu qua, cin co mgt he thong cac chi sfl Dgng luc - Ap luc - Hien trang - Tac dgng - Dap dng h6 trg cho mo hinh DPSIR, cac chi so c6 thg kiem Day la mgt each tiep can de phan tich t6ng hgp cac chdng cac phan khac de thiet lap moi quan khia canh kinh te - xa hpi va m6i trudng nhim danh he nhan - qua cua nhung suy thoai vg moi trudng, sinh gia su bgn vung, T6 chdc ve hgp tac va phat triSn thai Tigp can theo DPSIR, cac chi tieu vg phat trien kinh tg (OECD) xSy dung hi nam 1993, va sau dugc kinh tg - xa hgi dugc long ghep vdi cac chi tieu moi Ca quan moi trudng chau Au (EEA) ap dimg td 1995 trudng nhu la cac van de Dpng luc va Tac dgng DPSIR dien ta cac y nghTa khac nhSm mo ta ra6i DPSIR da dugc ap dung d nhigu nude, nhu mpt quan he gida cac boat d6ng phat trign kinh tg - xa hgi each tiep cSn mdi phan tich chinh sach moi ciia ngudi vdi moi trudng Dong luc (D): la su trudng hudng tdi muc tieu phdt trign ben vdng DPSIR phat trign ve xa hpi, nhan khiu hgc va kinh tg h6 trg hieu qua danh gia mdc eong cac &NGNGH£Viet , 2(12)12.2015 58 muc tieu quoc gia vg moi tnrdng; rk soat cac tac dgng m6i tnrdng theo thdi gian Tuy nhien, chinh vi pham kbi thuc hien cac chinh sach phat trien va danh gia cac vi nghign cdu rgng nhu v^y nen nhigu y kien cho rang, kha nang giam nhe tac dgng tigu cue ciia cac boat dpng ESI gi6ng nhu mgt bdn hudng dan cho cac nha hoach phat trien bang nhdng chinh sach va each thdc quan ly dinh chinh sdch phu hgp Cl Viet Nam, cac chi tigu th6ng kg moi trudng Viec su dung ESI da khong dugc tigp tuc mpt dang dugc Tong cue Th6ng ke xay dung theo each tiep s6 Iy Thd nhat, viec co dugc ciing each hieu, chap can DPSIR, nham giup cac ca quan quan ly, cac nha thu|in va ludng vg ben vung moi tnrdng van rat kho hoach djnh chinh sach co the dl dang danh gia moi khan Hon nua, dg nhung nhd hoach dinh chinh sach quan he giua cac chinh sach phat trign va tac dpng moi CO thg sd dung cac kgt qua tinh todn td ESI van trudng lien quan, hay nhom yeu td nao thg hien n6 luc bi ban che sir phdc tap cua cdc van de nghien cdu cai thien moi trudng danh gia, nhiing gia thigt khoa hgc chua ehac ehan ve Bg chi s6 Bgn vimg moi trudng (Environmental moi quan he nhan - qud, su phuc t^p vd moi quan he Sustainability Index - ESI): dugc Trung tam Chinh canh tranh giua nhiing hanh dgng thuc hien chinh sdch sach va luat moi trudng Yale (YCELP) va Trung tam vdi nhiing khia canh xa hgi, kinh tg va moi trudng cua Thong tin mang thong tin khoa hgc trai dat (CIESIN) phat trign bgn vung Dg ddnh gia hieu qua moi tnrdng tai Dai hgc Columbia xay dung va de xuat vao nam can rapt phuang phap tiep can don gian han, co thg 2000 [1-3] ESI la tign than cua Chi s6 EPI cung ludng dugc de ban, td co thg gidm va kiem soat cdc Yale va Columbia phat trign sau ESI dugc dua tac dgng moi trudng nhu mOt each b6 sung cho cac Muc tigu phat trien thign nign ky (MDGs) va la doi trpng cho chi so Tong san phim qu6c npi (GDP), mgt chi s6 td lau da dugc dung de chi mdc thinh vugng Muc tigu ciia ESI la cung cip so lieu dinh lugng dua trgn ca sd khoa hgc nham Dg giai quyet thach thuc ndy, nam 2006, nhom nghign cdu cua Dai hgc Yale vd Dai hgc Columbia d Hoa Ky da chuyen sang nghign cdu EPI, tap trung vao cac van de moi trudng hep han md moi chinh phii phai chiu trach nhiem thuc hien xem xet, danh gia cac muc tigu phat trien ben vung dong dai ban Mac dii Tuyen b6 thien nign ky co dua EPI cac muc tigu phat trign bgn vdng nhung hau nhu lai Sau Lign hgp quoc xay dung cdc MDGs dg thuc khong CO s6 ligu dinh lugng dg hd trg thuc hien muc day cdc quoc gia trgn the gidi thuc hien cac chinh sdch tieu nay, khong nhu cac muc tigu khac nhu xoa doi phat trien hudng tdi phat trien bgn viing, viec xay dung giam ngheo, chara soc sdc khoe va giao due Chi so cdc chuan muc de danh gid kgt qud thuc hien ve kiem ESI dugc eong b6 cung nam da giiip giai quygt vin sodt nhiem va qudn Iy tdi nguygn thien nhien trd ngn dg thigu cac s6 lieu djnh lugng co lign quan dg h6 dg rat cdp thigt Cdc MDGs dat cac muc tigu cu thi cac MDGs va da giup cac chinh phu tich hpp tinh ben ve giam ngheo, cdi thien dieu kien y te, giao diic va vung vao cac muc tigu cua cac chinh sach dgng digm nhdng cam kgt ve bgn viing moi tnrdng Tuy nhien, ESI la n6 luc dau tign dg sip xgp cac nude theo 76 tieu chi khac vg bgn vdng m6i trudng, bao g6m ngu6n tai nguygn thien nhien, mdc nhiim qua khd va hien tai, nhdng n6 luc qudn Iy moi trudng, mdc dong gop vao viec bao ve cac cpng dong tren toan cau, va kha nang ciia xa hpi dg cdi thien hoat dpng i :KOAHPC_\;.5,M , „ „ „ , „ CO nhieu tranh luan cho rang, khia canh moi trudng MDGs chua dugc xac dinh diy dii va ludng thich hgp Nam 2006, Dai hoc Yale vd Columbia da nghign cuu va dg xuit xay dung Bg chi s6 EPI nhim gidi quyet cdc thigu hut Bg chi s6 EPI tap trung vao hai muc tigu bao ve moi trudng Id (1) giam cac ap 59 luc moi trudng len sdc khoe ngudi, va (2) thiic day dira fren so lieu theo chuoi thdi gian nang cao sdc khoe he sinh thdi va quan Iy tai nguygn Yale sd dung phuang phdp tigp can gan muc tieu thien nhign tot hem Hai muc tigu ciia EPI da dupe bing cdch lign kit cac chi so muc tigu chinh sach de cac nha khoa hgc ciia Yale va Columbia dua dua den tinh EPI D6i vdi m6i nude va moi chi so, mgt gid nghign cuu ky ludng cac van dl ve moi trudng vd cac fri gin muc tieu dugc tinh toan dua tren khoang each vdn dg uu tign da dugc phdn dnh cac chinh sdch giua cdc kit qua hien tai cua mgt quoc gia va muc tieu lien quan, phan Idn la cac van de moi trudng chinh sach Cdc muc tigu chinh sdch dugc nit tir da dugc dl cdp MDGs ciia Lign hgp quoc bin ngudn: (I) cac dilu udc quoc tg hoae qu6c tl thoa BO chi so EPI dugc xay dung tren ca sd kg thua kgt thuan muc tigu, (2) tieu chuan dugc thilt lap bdi cdc qua cua ESI, Id mgt n6 lire de cu thg hoa ban khai niem t l chdc qu6c tl; (3) ygu ciu im tign hdng dau cua quoc "bgn vung", von trdu tugng dugc dua gia vd (4) dua fren su nhit tri khoa hoc Diem dugc ESI tinh cho m6i so raudi chinh sdch chinh dua fren EPI cung dugc xay dung dg danh gia hoat dgng moi trudng hien tai d cac quoc gia tren thg gidi, - chi tigu CO ban M6i chi tigu ca bdn dai dign cho pham vi ben viing mgt tap hgp du lieu rdi rac Diem sau dugc Chi so EPI gom nhigu chi so thdnh phan va chia tinh cho cdc muc tieu Sue khoe va He sinh thai Chi so hai chii dl Idn Nhdm thie nhdt dg ludng nhiing hieu qua moi trudng dugc tinh bang gid tri trung binh n6 luc giam dp luc len moi trudng vl sue khoe ciia hai ting diem frgn (hien frgng so dg tinh digm ngudi, dugc gpi la nhom chi s6 Sdc khoe m6i tnrdng la 30/70 tuang duong vdi hai chu dl Sdc khoe va H? Nhom thu hai ludng viec giam nhung mat mat hay sinh thai) suy gidm he sinh thai va nguon tai nguygn thign nhign, dugc dua vdo nhom chi so Sue khoe he sinh thai Cac chi tigu dugc lira chpn den ca sd xem xet, rd sodt ky luong cac nghien cihi vl chinh sdch moi trudng, nhung dong thuan ve chinh sach qua cdc doi thoai ve MDGs, va tu tham van cdc chuygn gia Nhiing chi tigu cung thg hi?n mgt pham vi cdc van dg moi trudng uu EPI theo d6i cdc xu hudng hieu qud moi trudng dua trgn phan tich nhung du lieu dang tin cdy nhat Id cdc chinh sach trpng digm Ngoai ra, qua cac so lieu minh bach va de hinh dung, EPI giiip cdc nha lanh dao nam r6 nhdng diem manh va dilm ylu cua boat dpng moi trudng cua quoc gia so vdi cac nude khac tign, CO dinh lugng vd ludng dugc tren cac nguon so lieu hien co Chi so EPI phan anh mgt su sang loc co phuang phap Cach tilp can theo DPSIR khiln EPI frd nen hdu Chi so EPI dugc sodt va cap nhat dinh ky de so ich hon cho cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sdch vi hg co thi sdnh viec thuc hign chinh sdch moi trudng ciia qu6c phdn tich tap trung dua tren mOt bg tigu chuin hep han gia va dua nhiing danh gid vl tinh trang chit lugng Bg tieu chuan gom cac chi tieu c6t loi dap ung cac moi trudng cua cac nude EPI dugc dl xuit lin diu ygu ciu cao hon, nhu cac kgt qua phdi dugc true vao ndra 2006, gim 16 chi tigu Bao cao EPI nam tigp (chu khong phdi ra6 hinh hoa dd lieu), khodng 2010 gim 25 chi tieu, theo doi dgn 10 loai chinh sdch thdi gian nhat quan, hay cdc cam kgt ve the chg de va dugc dimg dg so sdnh xip hang n6 luc bdo ve moi tri nhdng du lieu frong tuang Iai gan Viec dp dung frudng qu6c gia ciia 163 nude Tu EPI thu nghiem diu cac tieu chuan nghiem ngat ban nhu vay cho phep theo tien nam 2006, din da co cdc EPI cua cdc nam do! boat dgng moi trudng theo thdi gian va co the tiep 2008, 2010, 2012 va 2014 Td nam 2012, EPI dugc tuc theo doi tuang lai bang each sd dung mpt tap xay dung dl ddnh gia xu the cai thien EPI qua cdc nam hgp cac chi tigu phii hgp han ISiSSJIoStViaL''"''"''" GO Tyie tre em chet so sinh Moi tru-dng anh hdong sdc khoe Chat lugng khong nha Baove nhi§m bui - Nong dp trung binh PIV12.5 khong khf Chat lu'gng khong sdc khoe ngydi Tiep can nu'dc sach — Nu'dc va V? sinh moi trifdng — Baove nguon nddc H r~ Tiep cgn ve sinh moi trirc'ng Xu" ly nu'dc thai Trg gia nong nor nghiep Nong nghiep Quan lyy sir dung thuoc trir sau Thay doi che phu rtrng Rdng Tru' lugng thuy san Baove Thiiy san sdc song Ap lire cac vung nirdc ven bet Bao ve cac sinh canh co tam quan cua he trpng quoc gia sinh thai Bao ve cac sinh canh co tam quan Oa dang sinh hgc quoc te va nai cu'trO Cac khu bao ton bien Bao ve khu cit tru quan trpng Xu hudng phat thai COj/kWh dien duoc san xuat Khi hau va nang lu'gng Thay doi xu hudng phat thai CO^ Xu hudng phat thai CO2 Hinh mo hinh EPI 2014 ciia Dai hgc Yale (nguon http-//epi yale.edu/our-niethods} P ' " ' * ' ! L \ / ; A M,.« 2112) 12.2015 Mo hmh EPI Dai hgc Yale va Columbia dl xuit dugc bieu diln nhu frong hinh Hai muc tieu Idn ma EPI nham bieu thj la ve Sue khoe moi trudng va Sdc song he sinh thai Vdi m6i chii dg, cdc chinh sach lien quan dugc xem xet, sd dung 18 chi tigu cu thg Vi du, vdi muc tieu Sdc khoe moi trudng, cdc chinh sach vg y tg, chat lugng nude va khong co tdc dgng Ign sue khoe ngudi dupe xem xet Tuang ung vdi cdc chinh sdch nay, nhom cac cbi tieu dugc sd dung nhu anh hudng moi trudng benh tat gay ra, kha nang tilp can nude sach, hay dieu kien vg sinh, bui thi Muc tieu thd EPI muon the hien la vl Sdc song he sinh thdi D I the hien muc tieu nay, cac chinh sdch vl chdt lugng moi trudng tdc dgng Ign hg sinh thai nhu nhiim khong khi, nude, da dang sinh hgc, rimg, biln dii hau dugc xem xet Tuong dng vdi la cac chi tigu dugc dimg de do, vi du nhu muc phdt thdi NOx, bao ve canh quan, du tru tang trudng, che phii riing, phdt thdi nhd kinh frgn dau ngudi, tieu thu nang lugng, phat thai cacbon tinh fren mli dan vi nang lugng dien tao ra, bay phat thai cacbon tinh fren m6i dan vi sdn pham eong nghiep sdn xuat Qua budc dau trign khai de so sanh phdn hang vdi mgt so nude, co thg dg cap tdi nhdng lgi ich ma phuong phdp dem lai nhu sau: - Xdc dinh hieu qud cdc chinh sdch quan ly moi trudng, kiem soat nhiim va xac dinh nhung kho khan, thdch thdc eong tdc qudn ly tai nguyen thign nhien doi hoi dua tren cdc so lieu cu thg, co thi dinh lugng dugc Vi thi dua tren cac phan tich s6 lieu thuc tl dl xdc dinh cac van dl quan ly tit han, hay theo doi cac xu hudng dign biln moi frudng, hay so sdnh ldm ro nhdng ygu to eong va thdt ba! cua cac chinh sach bdo ve moi trudng hien hdnh, la hudng tilp can mdi giiip cac nha hoach djnh chinh sdch xay dung vd hoan thien cdc chinh sach quan Iy phu hgp vdi cac ygu ciu thuc tien - EPI dugc sd dung de ddnh gid hieu qua thuc hien cdc chinh sdch moi trudng bien hanh, la co sd dl ddnh gia cac muc tigu ma chinh sdch da dat co dugc thuc hien day dii hay khong trudng vdi cdc ap lire moi frudng md quoc gia hay dja phuang dang phdi ddi mat Y nghTa Idn ban ve mat phdn tich chinh sach la sd dung cdc ket qua phan tich sau dua vao cdc dd lieu de ddnh gid hieu qua thuc hien cac chinh sach doi vdi cac vdn de cu the cita loai chinh sdch doi vdi cac nh6m/t6 chdc frong xa hgi, va d pham vi dia phuang hay quoc gia Kgt qua phan tich ddnh gid nhu vay rit co ich dieu chinh lya chgn chinh sach, giiip higu ro ban cdc yeu to co y nghia quygt dinh tdi moi trudng Tong quat han, EPI cung cap mgt eong cu manh cho moi dja phuang, qu6c gia dg ludng hieu qua hoat dpng m6i trudng ciia minh, hudng tdi mgt moi frudng ben vdng Chi so EPI, dugc Dai hgc Yale va Columbia phat frien sd dung mOt tap hgp cdc chi tigu dg so sanh va xgp hang hoat d6ng moi trudng gida cdc nude Tign dl ca ban cua EPI la nlu chi diing thong tin dinh lugng va ddnh gid chii quan thi khong du ca sd dg hoach dinh chinh sdch moi trudng Cac dai lugng ludng dinh lugng khong nhiing huu ich frong eong tdc hoach dinh chinh sdch, ma giiip so sdnh thuc hien cac chinh sach moi trudng kha thi Ci cdp tinh, viec dp dung EPI CO thg giiip bo sung thong tin qua frmh chuin bi cdc bao cao quoc gia Digu giiip chinh quyin dia phuang thuan Igi han danh gid cac muc tigu ciia chinh sach, xac dinh cac uu tign vd friln khai tit hon cac chinh sach bao v? moi frudng, frong dilu kien cac nguon lire tdi chinh han hep ciia minh Tuy nhign no lai gap kho khan viec giai thich nhung kit qua chua tit Ci cip Trung uong, EPI giiip so sdnh, xdc dinh dia phuang nao din diu hay di sau, kit qua tinh toan EPI thi hien ro dia phuong nao thirc hign hoat d6ng moi trudng tot nhdt, va frr giiip xdc dinh cdc vin dl uu tign de CO hanh dpng phii hgp Xay dung chi so danh gia hoat dong moi tnrang cap d|a phmmg o Viet iUam - EPI giiip phan tich cac chinh sdch chat che hon D I thuc hien dugc phuang phap nay, cdn phai co nhung bdo cao, s6 lieu thing kg dugc xay dung mgt each co hf thing va thong nhit Vi vay, EPI dat cac ygu ciu vg thiet lap ca sd dir lieu tit han Thdi gian qua, ciing vdi chu fruong ddy manh eong nghiep boa, hien dai hoa, Vigt Nam da dat dugc nhung tuu dang ke phdt friln kinh tl - xa hgi Ddi song ciia nhdn dan da dugc cdi thien, dit nude da thoat khoi tinh trang kem phdt friln vd frd nude co thu nhap trung binh Tuy nhign, cimg vdi nhung tdc dpng bdi sir nong len toan cdu, nude ta cung dang phdi dii mat vdi nhilu van dl bdc xiic vl nhiim, suy thodi moi tiirdng qud frinh phat triin gay nen - Dua fren chi s6 EPI, viec xip hang ting thi co y nghia quan frgng viec chi quIc gia ndo, dia phuang nao thuc hien tit nhdt cdc chinh sach 'm6i Nhan thuc dugc dilu do, giai doan 2005-2010, Chfnh phii Viet Nam da xay dung mgt he thing chinh sach, phap luat vl bdo vg moi frudng (BVMT) tuang SMGIKHEViet N a m ' < " ' ^ " ' ' " 62 doi hoan chinh, ding bo, bao gim Luat BVMT 2005, Luat Da dang sinh hpe 2008, cung nhu cac van ban phdp luat nganh c6 lien quan din moi tiirdng da va dang dugc hoan thien He thing ca quan quan ly nha nude vg BVMT td tiung uong din dia phuang, tii cac CO quan bg, nganh den cac doanh nghiep da timg budc dugc kien toan va di vao boat dgng In dinh Td nam 1992, Ngan hang phat triin chau A (ADB) da trign khai Chuang frinh cdc nude tigu vung song Me Kong md rgng nham hd frg cdc nude frong luu vuc s6ng Me K6ng dat dugc cac muc tieu phdt trien bgn viing ADB da dl xudt va thuc hien npi dung Ddnh gia hoat ddng m6i trudng (Environment Performance Asessment - EPA) nham tang cudng nang lire cho cac quoc gia viec thuc hien cac bdo cdo moi trudng va xac dinh bg chi thi moi trudng Tuy cac dang bao cao nhu EPA da dugc thuc hien, muc dich chinh cua cdc chi so ma cac bao cao dua nhim mo td bdc franh ve hien frang moi trudng ma khong tap trung phan dnh chdt lugng vd hieu qua thuc hien cac chinh sach quan ly moi trudng vd tdi nguygn Chua co rapt he thong chi tieu dung dg so sanh giua cac dja phuang vg hieu qua hoat dpng thuc hien cac chinh sdch quan Iy tai nguygn va moi trudng mpt each co he thong vd day du thi trien khai d cip dia phuang Vdn de quan frgng la viec xem xet, sodt cac uu tign frong chinh sdch quan Iy mdi trudng d Viet Nam thg hien qua cdc muc tigu cu thi cua mdi chinh sach Dd lieu Id mdt ygu to co thg noi dong vai tro quygt dinh de thyc hien tinh toan cdc chi tigu Vi thg can rd soat cac he thdng chi tieu thong kg mdi trudng da dugc xdy dyng vd thuc hien Trgn ca sd nhdng ndi dung nay, phan tich sy can thiet, khd nang xay dyng bp chi so phii hgp d cdp tinh cho Viet Nam Kinh nghigra cua Yale Id sd dung cac ngudn sd lieu ddc lap, CO the kiem chung va tigp can md Tuy nhien vdi digu kien va kha nang d dja phuang cua Viet Nam, viec tiep can cdc du lieu mdi trudng nhieu kho khan, vd chua CO dugc mgt he thong ca sd dd lieu mdi trudng ddy dii, vi thg viec xdc djnh cdc dd li?u can thiet, kha thi la vd cimg quan frgng ddi vdi sy cdng ciia EPI Trong digu kien hien nay, he thdng chi tieu thong ke mdi trudng dang dugc Tdng cue Thdng ke xay dung, hodn thien, se Id ngudn so lieu quan trpng vd co the kigm chdng, phii hgp cho muc dich cua EPI Tuy nhign, cung khong ngn gidi han ngudn sd lieu d do, co the sd dung cdc ngudn du lieu td he thdng bdo cdo dja phucmg va ca quan quan ly, hoae td cdc nghien cdu dgc lap dg so sanh va kigm chdng Tilp can each tinh chi s6 EPI cua Yale theo phuang phdp "gdn vdi muc tieu" (Proximity-to-target) la hudng phil hpp Phuong phap tinh todn kgt qua thuc hien (co thg lugng hoa dugc) cua cdc chinh sach va so sanh vdi muc tigu da dat Sau do, tinh digm tong hgp de xep hang, vdi nguygn tdc diem cang Idn, xep hang cang cao Cdch tinh chi si EPI Id dua frgn nguyen tac tich hgp, hjc la kit qud boat dong moi trudng dugc xdc dinh thong qua danh gid hdng loat cac chi tigu diing dl kit qud thyc hien cac chinh sach lien quan Vi thuc hien cac chinh sdch, cac kit qud/hdu qud tao rat khac bigt, nen cin quy dii vl mgt he tga dp dg co thg so sanh Vdi cdch tinh "gdn vdi muc tigu", cac chi tieu khdc theo cac nhom chinh sdch se dugc tich hgp mgt chi tieu EPI ting hgp, dam bdo phdn anh mdc dong gop ciia cdc chi tigu Vdi Viet Nam, theo nhu cdu danh gia hieu qua hoat dpng moi trudng d cap tinh, co thg cdn cu the hon, vi thg bd chi sd se dugc xay dung sau phan tich cdc nhom chinh sach d cap dp dia phucmg va muc dp tdng hgp ciia nhdm chi s6 vi vay cung se khac Dg xu§t huvng tiep can xag dung chi so EPI cap tinh d Viet Nam Tai lieu tham hhao EPI la mgt cdch tilp can mdi frgn thi gidi vd mdi chi thuc hien thi dilm dl so sanh hieu qua hoat dgng moi hirdng d cip quIc gia Vi thi, dl xdy dyng chi so EPI cdp tinh, cin thuc hien nghien cdu kinh nghiem quoc tg frong vigc xay dyng dl xudt bg chi tieu EPI d pham vi quIc gia (dugc sd dung dl so sdnh hieu qua chinh sdch mdi trudng giua cac nude) dl kl thda cdc npi dung co *^M'J Viec xay dyng cbi so danh gia boat ddng mdi trudng se CO y nghTa viec thuc day nd luc thuc hien cac chinh sdch mdi trudng d dia phuang Ddng thdi la ca hdi dl xdy dung mpt he thing ca sa dd ligu mdi trudng, giiip cdc nha hoach dinh chinh sdch, cac hgc gia hoae CO quan quan ly co thg tiep can, theo doi va danh gid tinh hinh thyc hien moi trudng d cap dia phuang va qudc gia Cdn co thgm nhirng nghign cdu dg lua chgn cdc chi tieu xay dung EPI phii hpp vdi dilu kign, nang lyc dia phuang ciia Viet Nam [1] Yale Cenler for Environmental Law and Policy and Center for Intemational Earth Science Information Network (2012), Environmental Performance Index and Pilot Trend Environmental Performance Index [2] Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy (2013), Measuring Progress A Practical Guide from the Developer.^ of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [3] Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Cenler for International Earth Science information Network (2014) Environmental Performance Index - Summary for Policymakers- ... tac va phat triSn thai Tigp can theo DPSIR, cac chi tieu vg phat trien kinh tg (OECD) xSy dung hi nam 1993, va sau dugc kinh tg - xa hgi dugc long ghep vdi cac chi tieu moi Ca quan moi trudng... ngat ban nhu vay cho phep theo tien nam 2006, din da co cdc EPI cua cdc nam do! boat dgng moi trudng theo thdi gian va co the tiep 2008, 2010, 2012 va 2014 Td nam 2012, EPI dugc tuc theo doi tuang... cdp tinh cho Viet Nam Kinh nghigra cua Yale Id sd dung cac ngudn sd lieu ddc lap, CO the kiem chung va tigp can md Tuy nhien vdi digu kien va kha nang d dja phuang cua Viet Nam, viec tiep can
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