36 Cong nghf chuyen h6a khi thien nhien thanh nhien lifu long kha nSng ^p dung d ViftjNam, CONG NGHE CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN THANH NHIEN LIEU LONG KHA NANG AP DUNG 6 VIET NAM • • • Pham Van Khang T[.]
36 Cong nghf chuyen h6a thien nhien nhien lifu long: kha nSng ^p dung d ViftjNam, CONG NGHE CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN THANH NHIEN LIEU LONG: KHA NANG AP DUNG VIET NAM • • • Pham Van Khang Trung tdm Nghien ciru vd Phdt trien Che bien Ddu TOM T A T Vai trd ciia thien nhien nin kinh ti ciia cdc mrac khdc khong giong nhung nhin chung ngdy cdng co vai tro to lan moi linh vuc cua nen kinh te Khi thien nhien duac sir dung rong rdi cdc linh vice sdn xudt ndng luang cong nghiep, cong nghiep hod hoc vd ddn dung, thuoc vao cdc muc dich ciia cdc ho sic dung Cung cdp den cdc ho sic dung doi hoi phdi co he thong ong ddn Tuy nhien khong phdi bdt cie ddu cdn Id ngicai ta co the cung cdp den duac cdn tra cda viec xdy dimg he thdng dng ddn phdi duac tinh todn phii hap vd hieu qud Di CO the cung cdp din cdc ho sic dung thudn tien, ngodi viec ddn true tiep bdng duang dng, nguai ta nghien cicu phdt trien nhieu phuang phdp chuyen thdnh dgng long di van chuyin di ddng Co the chuyen thdnh dang long bdng each bien doi vat ly: nen vd ldm lanh - qud trinh nen duai dp sudt cao vd ldm lanh de hod long hodc biin ddi hod hoc: chuyen hod hod hgc cdc phdn tic bi bien doi hod hgc vd kit hap tao thdnh dgng long ben vimg sir dung true tiep ldm nhien lieu van tdi hoae ldm nguon nguyen lieu cho cdng nghiep hod hgc Khi khai thde a Viet Nam hien chu yeu de sdn xudt dien, sdn xudt dgm Trong tuang lai neu cdc de dn sir dung duac dua vdo hogt dgng thi sdn phdm tic se da dgng han N gi dung bdo cdo trinh bay su nghien cuu khd ndng chuyen hod thdnh long (chuyen hod hod hgc) bdng cdch tgo tong hap vd sic dung qud trinh Fischer Tropsch chuyen hod thien nhien thdnh dgng Idng Muc dich Id nhdm gop phdn ndng cao khd ndng sic dung thien nhien ciia Viet Nam vd co the dp dung doi vai cdc mo CO dieu kien khong thuan lai viec cung cdp tai cdc hg tieu thu QUA TRINH CHUYEN HOA KHI THIEN NHIEN T H A N H LONG Cdng nghe mdi dugc phat triln va ap dung dl chuyen hoa thien nhien long la cdng nghe chuyin hoa Idng (Gas To Liquids - GTL) Chuyen hoa long cd thi ap dung va thilt kl tdi uu ddi vdi cac md nhd Anh hudng manh nhat din kha nang canh tranh ciia viec ap dung cdng nghe chinh la chi phi dau tu, chi phi hoat ddng cua nha may, chi phi nguyen lieu, quy md va kha nang dat dugc hieu qua sir dung cao san xuit Tuy nhien, theo danh gia chung, chuyin hoa long khdng thi Tuyen tap bao cao Hpi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dau Vift Nam: Co" hpi mdi, thach thiic mdi" 37^ canh tranh vdi san xuit diu, trir bugc phai tan dung cd gia trj thip va van chuyin khd khan Mat uu viet eua chuyin hoa long khdng chi eho san pham cd gia trj ma cac san phim edn cd thi ban hoae pha trdn vdi san pham lge dau cac san pham cao cap it gay d nhiem mdi trudng Cdng nghe chuyen hoa Idng san xuat nhien lieu diezen cd du kha nang nhu diezen truyen thdng, nhung lai cd chi sd cetan cao hon cho phep chiing ta thilt kl ddng eo manh hon Hon nira, ham lugng luu huynh va ham lugng hydrocarbua tham diezen tir edng nghe GTL rat thap nen giam dang ke sy d nhiem va ddc hai mdi trudng Sir dyng diezen ed ham lugng Iim huynh va hydrocarbua tham thap la yeu cau mang tinh chat toan cau hien Cd hai cdng nghe GTL phd bien: chuyen hoa true tiep san pham dau md tdng hgp (syncrude), va chuyen hoa gian tiep qua qua trinh tdng hgp (syngas) Cd mdt sd qua trinh chuyen hoa trye tiep dugc nghien ciiu, nhung khdng qua trinh nao dugc thuong mai hoa khdng hap dan ve phuang dien kinh te Chuyen hoa gian tiep cd the tien hanh bang qua trinh Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) hoae san xuat metanol Trong so dd trinh bay su sir dyng khi, dd ed qua trinh chuyen hda thien nhien Qua trinh chuyen hoa thien nhien nhien lieu long sir dyng qua trinh Fischer-Tropsch duge chia lam cae bude: - San xuat tdng hgp - Chuyen hoa Fischer-Tropsch - Hoan thien san pham San xuat tdng hgp sir dyng cae phuang phap chuyen hoa khae nhu refoming hoi nude, reforming dioxitcarbon, refoming ty cap nhiet, oxy hoa mdt phan hoae plasma Qua trinh Fischer-Tropsch cho nhieu san pham khae tir metan den butan, naphta, xang, dau hoa, diezen, dau nang, sap, cae chat oxy hoa, nhung chu yeu van la cac san pham trung binh (xang, dau hoa, diezen, dau nang) Hieu suat san pham thudc rat nhieu vao cac cdng nghe ap dyng, dieu kien van hanh nhu ap suat, nhiet do, ty le H2/CO; phan xiie tac; kieu thiet bj xiic tac: tang cd djnh, tang sdi hay tang huyen phii Mdt nha may chuyen hoa thien nhien long bao gdm phan xudng co ban sau: Phan xudng san xuat tdng hgp: chuyin hoa thien nhien hdn hgp CO va H2 Phan xudng tdng hgp Fischer-Tropsch: phan xudng CO va H2 tdng hgp dugc chuyen hoa cac hydrocarbon thdng qua cae phan ung phiic hgp 38 C o n g n g h f chuyen hda k h i thien nhien t h a n h nhien l i f u idng: kha n a n g a p d u n g V i f t j | ; ^ j j ] l • Phan xudng tach va hoan thien san pham • Phan xudng xir ly nude Ngoai ra, thudc vao cdng nghe ma cd hoae khdng cd phan xudng san xuat oxy Bien doi C vat ly I Chii Ihich: SRM: refoming hoi nude (steam reforming) ATR: refoming t^^ cap nhi^t TdNG POX: oxy hoa mpt phan Dung NMLD Ure I MTBE Dung moi Olefin Acetyl San xuat Hydro ^