XA HOI - GlAO DUC 77 55 VAI TRO CUA TRUYEN THONG DAI CHUNG Vt BAO VE MOI TRU'OfNG NHAM PHAT TRIEN BEN VXTNG Do Hdng Qudn' TOM TAT Phdt triin bin vimg Id mot khdi niem ducrc su dung khd biin hien tgi Viet Nam vd tren the gi&i Ngi hdm ciia khdi ni$m ndy nhdn mgnh din yiu td bdo ve moi tnr&ng ben cgnh yeu to kinh te \d xa hoi Tinh ben vung cua bdt ky mgt xa hgi "do dirge xdc dinh la vi4c cdc qude gia ldm nhv the ndo de dung hda giiea ba tru cot tren tien trinh phdt trien Vi khia cgnh bdo ve mdi tru&ng, truyen thdng dgi chung v&i chuc ndng nhu la mgt thiet che quan trong xd hdi hien dgi se thirc hien chuc ndng thdng tin gidm sdt vdphdn bien xd hoi tnr&c nhiing hien tuang cd lien quan den nhiem mdi tru&ng- CUng thdng qua truyen thong md ngu&i ddn v&i tu cdch nhu Id nhimg chd the mdi xd hdi se ndng cao y thuc cua minh vi^c tham gia bdo ve moi tru&ng nhdm m^c tiiu phdt trien ben vung ABSTRACT Sustainable development is a concept widely used in Vietnam and in the world The connotation of this concept emphasizes environmental factors besides economic and social factors The sustainability of any society is considered as an issue in which a country find a way to reconcile among the three pillars ofthe development process Regarding environmental protection, mass communication plays an important role as an institution in modern society to perform the function of information, monitoring and public debation to the phenomena related to environmental pollution Moreover through the communication, people, the subjects of any society will raise their awareness of their panicipation in environmental protection to achieve sustainable development objectives I Dat van d^ mgt khai niem dSc biet dang quan tam The gioi hien dang chiing kiSn Kong chiln luge phat tri^n dfi la chi^n nhidu su thay dfii nhanh chfing tren lit ca 'wye pbat trien ben vflmg tren co sfi each cac mat cua doi sfing kinh t^, van hfia, xa liep ^^ co 'inh he thong: ngufii hgi Trong vai thap nien trfi lgi day, mfii khong phai diing ngoai thien nhien de quan lam v^ v i n d^ fi nhi^m moi truong khai thac va cai tgo thien nhien ma sfing da chiSm mgt vi tri quan trgng nhidu vfii thien nhien, cimg phat trien no dien dan ciia khu vuc va thd gifii (Bg Tai nhu mgt he thfing Nhiing yeu to uen da nguyen va Moi truang, 2009) Chinh viec lam cho "nhung van de chung ve moi khai thac va sii dgng tai nguyen phung truang va tinh ben viing thoi gian phi da giong Ien nhung hfii chufing danh gin day da nhgn dugc su chu y dac biet dgng d^n nhan thiic chung ciia nhan logi Unh vuc cong cgng va giao vd mfii quan he giua phat trien kinh td tidp khoa hgc mac dii co mgi su tham but voi bao ve moi truong ve mfii quan he ly thuydl va nhung nghien ciiu van gi&a ngufii vfii thidn nhien Nhung chi la nghien cim iruong hgp" (Heinz tien dd lam c a sfi cho su hinh Bonfadelli, 2010, Ir 273) 'Giaig vii" **0" -W Hoi Hqi- & Cong Tac Vd //pi irudng Dai hot: Ma Tp Ho Chi Mmtr 78 TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO (23) 2011 Tai Viel Nam, kd tu quan diem chinh thfing vd phat tridii ben vimg dugc cfing bfi nam 1987, thd neu len ba mfic thoi gian quan trgng xac nhan qua trinh nhap cugc cua Vi?tNam: (l)Ngay 12/6/1991, tai quydt dinh so 187-CT, chinh phu thong qua •'ke hogch quoc gia vd moi truang va phat tridn lau bdn giai doan 1991-2000": day dugc xem nhu la mgt irong nhiing ke hogch quoc gia dau tidn dugc xay dung va theo quan didm phat trien ben vung dugc quoc td chinh thiic cfing bfi (2) Ngay 26/6/1998, Bg Chinh tri ban hanh tieu chi sfi 36-CT/ TW '• ve vi?c tang cufing cong tac bao ve moi truofng thai ky cfing nghidp hfia, hien dgi hfia dat nufic" (3) Tiep do, dai hgi IX ciia Dang da Idiang dinh duong phat tridn kinh le-xa hgi eiia Viet Nam la: •'phat gien nhanh, hidu qua va ben vting, tang truong kinh td di dfii vfii tien bg, cfing bang xa hfii va bao v^ moi truong", "phat trien kinh le-x3 hfii phai gin chat vfii bao ve va cai thien mfii trufing, dam bao su hai hfia giiia mfii trufing nhSn tao vfii mfii trufing tu nhidn giii gin da dang sinh hoc" (Le van Khoa 2009 tr 234) /./ Khdi niim phdt triin bin virng Phdi tridn bdn vihig la mgt khai nidm mfii sinh tir sau cugc khung hoang mfii truang do cho ddn chua cfi mpt dinh nghTa nao day dti va thfing nhit Theo dinh nghTa ma Uy ban the gioi vd mfii trufing va phat tridn ban bao cao thuong dugc ggi la "ban bao cao Brundiland" de lrinh cho Dgi hgi dfing Lien hidp quoc vao nam 1986 thi su phat Irien bdn vimg la ""mgt su phat trien dap ung dugc cac nhu cau cua cac the he hien tgi ma khong gay nguy hai ddn kha nang ma cac thd hg tuang lai dap iing cac nhu cau ciia hg" Thuc nhiing y tuong vd phat tridn bdn viing co the nfii la da bit dau tii nha sinh hgc ngufii Due Ernst Haekel (18341919) vao nSm 1866 da lan dau lien tgo thuat ngit sinh thai hgc (ecology) vdi y nghTa la khoa hgc vd "ngoi nha", Haekel Haeckel hieu "ngfii nha'" a day chi'nh la hanh tinh ciia chung ta va bau sinh quydn ciia no Sau dfi, mgt nhihig ngufii hgc trfi eiia Haeckel la nha khoa hgc tg nhien va nha dia ly ngufii Ru-ma-ni ten la Grigore Antipa da su dung vao nam 1909 thugt ngir geonomie, cfi nghia la su quan trj dat dai de mo ta he thong q u ^ trj mgt each Iy doi vfii cac nguon tai nguyen trdn luu vuc song Danube va bidn Hac Hai (Tran Hiru Quang, 2010) Muc lieu cua su phat tridn ben viing la Jam lim each xac dinh dugc nhung khuon khfi phat trien cfi the chap nhan dugc bing cdch ket hgp hai hfia ba khia cgnh kinh te, xa hfii va moi truong sinh thai tit ca cac hoat dpng cua nguai Ngufi'i la thufing coi day la '*ba cgt tru ciia su phat trien ben vimg" ma bat cii cfing dfing nao cung nhu bat cii xi nghidp hay ca nhan nao ciing bugc phai luu lam cac chuang lrinh phat tridn ciia minh Ciiu canh ciia su phat tridn bdn viing chinh la llm mfit su quan binh nhat quan va cfi the chap nhan dugc mgt each dai hgn giiia ba cgl tru ay (xin xem So dfi I) Sor dh Sir ve sir phat triln ben vimg: sg hgp liru ciia ba linh v ^ cin quan tam, hay la "ba c$t tr^ cua sn* phat trien b^o virng" Nguo»:kltp:i'/wwH:hydroquebec.com''sustainable-developmcnt/approche/definir.klntl XAHOI-GIAODUC Vide xay dgng khai nidm phat tridn ciia thugt ngii tru>'dn thfing, Merten da ben vung la mfit gong nhiing buo'c tidn ciia phan chia lahai logi theo cau tnic: (1) loai nhan logi viec nang cao y dnic cua cua qua lrinh cfi ciu tnic mgt chieu (truyen ngufii ve bao v$ moi trufing Vdi nhSn ihfing nhu la iruydn dan, nhu la hanh dgng thiic chung ve trach nhi?m ciia ngufii 'kich thich - phan iing, ) va (2) la loai cua doi vfii thidn nhidn, nhidu phong trao bao qua Uinh cfi cau tnic dfii xiing (uuydn ve mfii trufing da trfi phong trao xa thfing nhu ia thfing hidu, trao doi, tham hgi rgng Ifin mang tinh chit loan cau Moi gia, tuong tac ) Cuoi ciing ong di den Irufing va h? sinh thai cung trfi dfii mgt kdt luan ring " truyen thong la mfit tugng nghidn cihi ciia nhieu chuydn nganh phgm trii co ban ma qua nfi cac he thfing khoa hgc nhu dich te hgc, kinh td hgc, y te, xS hgi hinh va liep luc phat U'idn xa hfii hgc Theo Vu Cao Dam (1999) co Thong qua uuydn thong, cac chuan muc ba nOi dung can dugc quan lam nghien va gia tri dugc chii>'dn giao va xa hgi hfia" Cliu ve mfii truong hien nay: (1) trach (G.Endruweii va G.Trommsdorff, 2001, nhiem cua ngufii, ciia c^c nhom xa hgi tr 519) Theo Trin Huu Quang (2005) thi vide tan pha mfii truong, (2) sy tufic "truyen thong la mfit qua trinh truydn dgt, dogt Igi thd su dung tai nguyen ciia nhfim tiep nhan va gao dfii diong lin nhim thidt Irufic nlifim khac la nguydn nhan trgc lap cac mfii quan he giiia ngufii voi tidp, nguydn nhan xa hgi cua su tan phd nguoi" Tniydn thfing dai chung (mass moi Uuang, (3) vai trfi cua cac djnh chd communication) la qua ginh truydn dgt xa hfii vide bao ve moi tnro'ng Theo thong tin mgt each rgng r§i den mgi ngufii chung toi, vide nhan manh ddn vai trfi ciia xa hgi ihfing qua cdc phuang lien cac dinh chd (institutions) bao vd truydn thfing dgi chiing nhu b^o chi, phat mfii truong cung la mgt hufing tidp can Ihanh, truydn hinh Trong xa hfii hidn dgi mai can dugc quan tSm Thuc td truydn truydn Ihfing dai chung dfing mgt vai tro thong dfing mgt vai tro quan trgng tror;g quan U-gng boi le: vide thfing tin, tuyen tmydn va giao di c • Chiing la kdnh chu yeu cung cip den ngufii dan nhiing gia trj vd bao vd mt i ihong lin thai sg, kidn thiic va giai iruong nham dinh hufing cho phai iritn tri cho nguoi dan, va da trfi bdn viing tung giai doan lich svr xii hfii khac mpt bg phan h&u ca khong the thidu doi sfing hang cua mgi ca nhan xa hgi 1.2 Truyen thong dgi chung v&i chtrc Chiing la cfing cu hiru hidu dd quan nang nhu la mpt dinh chS xa hpL IV, didu hanh va cai each xa hgi Khai nidm tmydn thong (communication) dugc dinh nghia va sir dung nhidu lmh vgc khac Hidu iheo nghta chung nhat va trim tugng nhat, truydn thong la qua trinh truyen dii lieu giira cac don vj chiic nang (Hoang Phd, 2000, tr.l053) Con cudn lir didn Xa hfii hgc eiing dua mfit dinh nghta long quat nhu sau: truydn thfing la "su tgo mfii lidn he giiia hai dfii tugng cfi thd mang ban chit su sfing hay khfing" (CEndruweit va G.Trommsdorff, 2001, tr.517) Vfii vide phan tich 160 dinh nghia khoa hge xa hgi • Chung da tro Ihanh mgt dinh che cfi nhiing quy tac va chuan muc ridng cua minh Ifing xa hgi, va cfi nhttng quan he mat thidl vfii cac dinh chd khac xa hpi Theo Andre Akoun so dt truyen thfing dgi chiing Xra ndn quan trpng xa hfii hi?n dai la vi nhiing cai cau nfii xa hfii cua xa hfii co truyen (nhu lang xa, gia dinh, phuong hfii nghd nghiep, cfing dong tfin giao lin ngu&ng ) cang trfi ndn lu mfi va ydu fit Ngay nhttng cai cau TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO (23) 2011 phucmg Tay, d5c biet la tii co su xuit hidn bao cao Brundtland (1987), hgi nghi Rio (1992) nghi dinh thu Kyoto (1997) ( Heinz Bonfadelli, 2000, tr 257-258) Khai nidm truydn thong moi truong dugc sir dung rgng rai trdn thd gifii tir nam 1972 Day ciing la nam danh dau vide hgp tac qufic'td ITnh vuc bao vd mfii uuong va phat irien ben virng thfing qua "Hgi nghi ciia Lien Hidp Quoc ve mfii truongcon nguori" hgp tai Stockholm (Thuy Didn) Theo Vii Cao Dam Mai (Juynh Nha xa hpi hpe Lemer timg cho ring Nam (2002) thi "khai ni?m truydn thong xa hgi hidn dai khac voi s a hpi truyen thfing moi truong la mgt qua trinh tuong tac hai a bon didm : dfi thi hfia (xet vd mat kinh chidu, giiip cho mgi doi tugng tham gia td), giao dgc (xet vd mat v5n hoa), biu cii vao qua trinh dfi cung tao va cimg chia (xet ve mat chinh trj), va cac phucmg tidn se vfii cac thong tin vd mfii truong, truygn thfing dai chiing (xet v^ mat truydn vai muc dich la tao su hieu bidt chung thfing) (G.Endruweit va G.Trommsdorff, vd cac chu dd mfii truong cfi lidn quan va 2001, tr 208-209) Andre Akoun cho ring tir cfi nang luc ciing chia sc trach nhidm so dT truydn thong dgi chiing trfi ndn quan bao ve mfii Iruong vai nhau" trgng cac xa hgi hien dai la vl nhttng Vfii sg thay dfii iheo huang dinh chd cua xa hgi cfi truyen (nhu lang cang xau di ciia moi trudng chung, cong xa gia dinh, phucmg hgi nghd nghidp, lac tniydn thong dai chiing khong chi cfing dong ton giao, tin ngudng ) dfing mgi vai trfi quan trgng vide cang trfi nen lu mo va yeu fit Trong xa phfi bidn thfing tin ma nhim vao hgi hien dgi nhiing dinh chd ay khfing cfin viec chia se vd mpt phuang thiic song dong vai tro thidt ydu vide thiel lap ben viing va nham xay dgng kha n&ng cac mfii lidn h^ xa hfii cung nhu irong vide giai quydt nhttng van de mfii trufing cho xac lgp can cuac linh (identity) cua mfii ca cac nhfim nguon cgng dfing xa hgi nhan (Andre Akoun Pierre Ansarl 1999 Truyen ihfing cung la mgt cfing cu ho trg tr 264, din lgi theo Tran Httu Quang) rat die luc cho nhttng cong cu khac Chinh vi vay ma nguoi cfi nhu cau tiep vide quan ly vd mfii trufing nhgn khoi lugng thong tin cap nhat hang Muc dfch ciia truyen thfing mfii tir cac phuong tien tmydn thong dai truong: Theo Vii Cao Dam, Mai Quynh chiing, de bii dip vao su thidu thfin hay su Nam thi truyen thong moi truang cfi nhttng hut hang ay, cung nhu dd cfi thd diich ung muc dich sau; kip thai vdi nhung yeu cau ciia mgt thd Thfing tin cho mgi dfii tugng nhan giai thay dfii cang nhanh Ihong diep bidt dugc linh trgng 1.3 Truyen thong vd hogt ddng cua hp, tir Ifii cufin hg tham gia truyen thdng mdi truvmg den vide Um kidm cac giai phap khac phuc Ke lir thap nidn 1970 moi truang 2.Huy dgng cac kinh nghidra, ky va sinh thai hgc da trfi mgt van dd nang bi quydt cua co so dd hg cang dugc quan tam nhidu hon tren cfi thd dfing gfip vao cac chuong cac phuong tidn thfing lin dgi chiing va trinh kd hoach bao vd moi irufing khfing gian cong cgng a hau het cac xa hfii nfii iy khfing dfing vai tro quan trpng vide thidt lap mfii quan he giua nguoi vfii nguoi, ciing nhu vide xac lap can cuoc tinh (identity) cua mfii ca nhan Chinh vi vay ma nguoi cfi nhu ciu tiep nhan thong tin tir cac phuong tidn truydn thfing dai chung vfin khfing nginig dugc cap nhat, dd bu dip cho sg thidu thfin hoac hut hing iy, ciing nhu de cfi thd thich ling kip thoi vfii nhung ydu cau cila mOl thd gifii thay dfii lien tuc (Trin Hiru Quang 2005, tr 17-18) xA HOI - GIAO Dye Lfii cufin, thuc day sg tham gia ciia cgng dfing vide lim cac giai phap dfii voi moi mfit van de mfii truong tao cho hp kha nang danh gia va kiem soat chiing 3.Thuong lugng hoa giai cac xung doL khidu nai tranh chap vd mfii trufing gitta cac co quan nhan dan Tao CO hfii cho mpi phan xa hfii cfi ihfii quen "iing xii diing" hay hanh vi "than thidn" dfii voi mfii trufing va cimg diam gia vao vide hao vd mfii tnro'ng - xa hpi hoa cfing tac bao ve mfii trufing Thong qua dfii thoai thufing xuydn Irong x3 hpi chting ta cfi thi lao ta mgt kha nang thay dfii hanh vi mgt each loan dien han Xung quanh chu de mfii truong cac thfing diep cfi muc lieu cufii ciing la nham hufing vao vide thay dfii hanh vi cua nguoi dan xa hfii Di thay dfii hanh vi theo Vu Cao Dam (2002) cac thfing diep can huong vao cac muc tieu cu thd nhu sau: dung CO tac dfing chi p^hfii nhat Bfii vi ngufii co thd kem nhan thiic, kem kidn thiic nhung neu nhu cfi y thiic thi hg van co hanh vi ling xii tfit trufic moi truong Giao due dao diic moi trucmg Giao due hanh vi mfii truong / / / Chuc nang thong tin cua truyen thdng dgi ch ung bdo ve mdi tru&ng Truydn thfing cfi chiic nang nhu la nguoi kiem soal va ciing la ly ihuyet vd djnh gia lin tire (Staab,1990 tr.260) Tuy nhidn chuc nang chinh ma nguai ta vin thuong thay a truydn ihfing dai chting la chuc nang cung cap thong tin cho dfic gia x a hfii hidn dai voi nhidu loai hinh truydn thong khac dang cang dap iing d^y dii ban cho nhu cau cang phong phii va da dang cua doi sfing ngufii Vi the sfi nhiing thfing tin ma truydn thfing chuyen lai ddn ngufii dan, nhiing gia trj vd tin nic co lien quan den ITnh vuc moi trufing den khai niem phat tridn bdn vttng sd cfi nhttng anh hufing khong nhfi den su quan tam ciia chinh ngufii dan Truydn thfing ve mfii truang dang dan I Giao due nhan thuc ve mfii inrfing: dan trfi mgt chii dd nghidn ciiu Day la nOi dung quan trpng, nfi truydn thfing tai Diic va Thuy ST tu gitta huong cfing dfing di den su thira thap nidn 1980 Tuy nhien nhttng chii de nhan day dii vd lac hgi cua mfii va ca nhung quan diem Iy thuyet van truong Quan nidm phfi bidn cho la da nganh va bi phan manh (Ileinz rang ngucri ndu nhu nhgn thiic Bonfadelli, 2010) Dua tren nhiing dtt lieu da>' du vd tac hai ciia mfii truang quan sat tai Chau Au, Schuiz (2003) da cbiing minh rang truyen thfing dai chung thi hp se bao vd mfii tmong 2.Giao due kidn thiic mfii truang: la va cac chuong trinh truydn hinh dac biet la nham nang cao von hidu bidt vd nhiing ngufin thfing tin quan trgng vd mfii mfii truang nhidm mfii trufing, trufing Nam 2005 dga trdn phuong phap cac chat dgc hgi va lac dgng ciia nfi phan tich ngi dung, Muller va Strausak da ma hfia va phan tich ba to bao co sfi lugng den sue khfie cua ngufii phat hanh cao tgi Thyy STla"BIick"."Tag- Giao dgc kJ thuat moi truong; nhim es-Anzeige" va •' Neue ZQrcher Zeitung" cung c ^ kidn thiic vd phuang phap Vfii mlu nghien ciiu dugc dga tren nhirng xii ly ky thugt moi truang nghidn eiiu so bfi vfii muc dich nhim nhan Giao due y ihiic mfii truang: giao dang bufic dau nhiing bai bao da dugc xuat due y thuc can dugc xem la nfii ban khoang thai gian tii nam 1993 TAP CHf KHOA HOC SO (23) 2011 den nam 2004 Vfii muc dich nham thong kd lin so xuat hidn cua thuat ngu "phat tridn ben viing" ba to bao Irdn Kdt qua nghien ciiu cho thay rang thual ngu xuit hien 11.342 bai bao da xuat ban ciia tfi bao Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 5.104 gong ta bao Tages-Anzeige va chi 304 ta bao Bl:ck (Heinz Bonfadelli, 2010, tr 265) Thfing qua vide phan lich nhung ngi dung chinh thfing qua ba to bao Muller va Strausak da kdt luan rang nhimg hogi dfing Uifing Un vd moi truong va phat tridn ben viing dirge phan anh tren cac phuang tien truyen thong van giu mfit vai tro quan trgng vide dua nhiing thong tin quan Irgng ciing nhu nhim thay doi ve thai va hanh vi ciia nguai dan" Tgi Viet Nam nghidn ciru cua Lc Thanh Sang (2008) vd van dd bi£n dfii hau va su quan lam ciia nguai dan lai viing dfing bang Sfing Ciiu Long cung dS kdt lugn rang "hiu hdt nguai dan biel dugc thfing tin vd bidn doi hgu la xem tivi Mgt bfi phgn khac la nhor nghe radio va xem bao chi Didu cho thaj cac phuang tidn truyen thfing dai chiing dong vai trfi quan trgng irong viec nang cao hidu biet va nhan thiic cua nguai dan vd bidn dfii hau'' (xem them bang 1) (Lc Thanh Sang- 2008) Bang 1: Cach thtrc chii yeu ma qua ngiroi dan biet dirge thong tin ve bien doi hgu So y iden Plian ti^m (*) Xem tivi Cach tiep can thong tin 461 96,8% Nghe r^dio 67 14.1% 66 13.9% Dugc dja piiiicmti bien 19 4.0% Nghe ngiToi gia dinh noi lat 1.9% Nghe hang xom noi lai 14 2,9% DQC bao Cach khac Tong so \ kien tj^ loi 0,8% 640 134,5% / *} phun tram y kien tren long so ngin'fi tra im Nguon: Le Thanh Sana ^>^n ctdi tdii lian va vir quan tdm cua ngu&i dan vimg ddng hdnfi wng Ci'tv Long, tidi Viet ddng tren Icy yeu hoi thdo "Khoa hoc xa hot vdphdt Irien h^n vOng vi/ng Jong hdng \dng Ctru Long " Cdn Vio ngdy 2H/IQ,20!0 If.2 Chur ndng gidm sdt, phdn bien cua trt^en thong dgi chung ve moi tru&ng Ben canh chiic nang thfing tin truyen ihfing dgi cluing ciing dfing mfit vai trfi rat quan trgng thfing qua vide giam sat va phan bien xa hfii "Trong xa hgi hidn dai thong lin cfi vai gfi dac bidt quan trgng chinh Ihfing qua su dung va giam sal ihfing tin nen bao chi the hien dugc chuc nang giam sat va phan bien xa hfii ciia minh Chirc nang thd hidn quydn luc ciia bao chi dfii sfing xa hfii Giam sat xS hfii cua bao chi thuc chat la giam sal bing du luan xa hgi Qua giam sat iheo doi mfit each khach quan va cfi dinh hudng ma hao chi the hidn vai trfi p h ^ bidn xa hgi cua minh" (Nguydn Linh Khidu, 2009) Tai Vi?i Nam nhiing nam vira qua, nhiing hogt dgng ma truyen thfing tham gia vd bao v? moi truang da bat dau cfi tinh hieu qua Du luan van cfin nha logt phfing sg vd tinh hinh xa nuo'c thai cua cfing ty Vedan tgi XAHQi-GlAODgc song Thi Vai nam 2008 Ciing thong qua tniydn thong ma nguoi dan, nhat la nhiing hg gia dinh nfing dan tai ba tinh Dfing Nai, Ba Rja Vung Tau va Tiianh phfi H6 Chi Minh bat dau y thiic dugc quydn Igi ciia minh, tii dfi dan ddn mgt vu kidn doi bfii thircmg vd anh hufi'ng cua nhidm mfii Inrong cfi the nfii la \an nhat tir truoc den tgi VietNam Nghidn ciiu ciia Vidn Phat tridn Ben vung vung Nam Bg (2010) vd dd tai "Mgt s6 van de co ban vd van dd bao vd moi uuong nham phat uidn bdn vttng vung Nam Bg" vfi-i kdt qua phan tieh iruong hgp ciing cho kdt qua ring truydn thfing dai chiing dfing vai trfi quan ggng nhim thay doi hanh vi cua doanh nghiep' Hop 1: Nghidn ciiu trufing hgp doanh nghidp Cdng ty X.N duac thdnh lap ndm 2001 vd hogt dgng chu yiu linh vuc xudt khdu tdm su cho th} tru&ng My, Nhgt Bdn vd Chdu Au Hi^n cdng ty dang CO khodng 2400 cdng nhdn vd chu yeu Id ngu&i ddn tai dia phucmg Hiin doanh nghiip ndy ndm trin tuyen quoc Id IA tiep gidp giita huyen Chdu Thdnh vd thdnh phd Sdc Trdng Vi ndm ngodi khu cdng nghidp nen hien vdn di v4 sinh mdi tru&ng cua doanh nghiep ndy chinh doanh nghiip t^ ddu tuxie ly Vl hogt ddng lmh vuc thdy sdn lgi ndm sdt bin ddng sdng nen nlriing ndm ddu m&i di vdo hogt ddng doanh nghiep ndy Id mot nhitng tdc nhdn gdy nen tinh trgng d nhiem nghiem trgng cho dong sdng xung quanh khu vuc ddn cu Nhieu hg c^nxtmg quanh cdng ty ddphdn ung bdng cdch bdo len chinh quyin dia phuang de xir ly doanh nghidp ndy Dd cd nhiiu dodn tra xuong kiem tra tgi cdng ty vd thuc ti cong ty cUng dd hi phgt nhiiu ldn, Tuy nhien vi sd tiin ddu tu cho cdng tdc Itr iy nu&c thdi Id qud l&n so vai sd tien 83 bi phgt nin cong ty vdn chi chdp nhdn xit Iy d nhiem irong phgm vi ndo lgi la chdp nhgn biphgt Tuy nhien co hai su kien da-ldm thay ddi chinh sdch cua cdng ty dot v&i viic xit ly nhiim moi tru&ng: 1/ Trong ndm 2005, cdng ty ndy dd ky hap ddng xudt khdu ihuy sdn sang thi truangMy, vdn Id nhitng nudc cdng nghiip phdt triin nen phia doi tdc ndy da yeu cdu cdng ty phdi cd nhitng chung nlign rdt nghiem nggt vi ve sinh an todn thfcphdm, vi chinh sdch xit lyo nhiim mdi iru&ng vd phuc lgi cho ngu&i lao ddng Ddy chinh Id nhung yeu id ddu tien tdc ddng ldm thay ddi nhgn thiic cua doanh nghiep ve vdn de xu ly mdi tru&ng 2/ Yiu td thu hai hi^n dang cd tdc ddng rdt mgnh den y ihuc vi viec xu ly chdt thai gdy d nhiem mdi tru&ng cua doanh nghi?p ndy Id vi^c hi4n tgi phong Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru&ng tinh Soc Trang dang irien khai ki hogch cong khai danh tdnh nhiing doanh nghiip gdy nhiem mdi truang tgi dia phuang len tren cdc phuang lien truyen thdng dgi chung ben cgnh kinh ihitc xuphgt bdng lien Doanh nghiep cho rdng neu nhu ten tudi cua ho bi cdng khai tren cdc phuang tien truyin ihdng thi hg si rdt khd ldm an v&i nhitng quoc gia khdc vdn dang dgt lieu chi ndy len hdng ddu Chinh v'i thi, doanh nghiip phdi ddu tir trang thiet bi xit ly nu&c thai mdc dit m uc ddu lu h iin tgi Id khd l&n Hiin ta i (tdc Id thdng 9/2010), doanh nghiep dd du^c phdng Tdi nguyin vd Mdi tru&ng chung nhgn dgt chudn ve ve sinh moi tnmng Nguon; so lieu tii cugc dieu tra tai tinh Sfic Trang ve de lai "Mgt sfi vin de ca ban ve van dd bao vd mfii tnrcmg nham phat uien bdn vttng vimg Nam Bg" Nham muc dich danh gia vd chiic nang giam sat va phan bi?n cua bao chi ve vide bao v? moi trufing, Kensiclty (20(M) da dua kdt ludn quan trgng dua 'Day la Oi iai nghien Th $ Nguyen \'soc Diim tt 'icn Phdt tnin Bin vihig vung Sam Bp) lam chu nhifm TAP CHf KHOA HQC SO (23) 201 ] tren phuang phap phan tich vd nfii dung tniydn thong trdn bao chi: '"nganh cfing nghidp dugc ndu tdn u-ong 75% cac bai bao nhu la thii phgm chinh vide gay nhiem khfing Tuy nhien, nhiJng hau qua cua nhidm khong chi chidm 40% so nhiing bai bao Ngoai chinh phu cung da dugc vidn dan 75% ciia cac bai vidt nhu la nhiing ngufii chju trach nhi?m cho nhung giai phap nhim giai quyet hi?n tugng fi nhiem" (Heinz Bonfadelli, 2010) Thong qua vi?c phan tich ve chiic nang giam sat cua truydn thfing dgi chiing dfii voi van de vd moi uucmg chimg toi nhSn thiy ring truyen thfing dfing mgt vai tro quan trpng vide thiet lap chide cau nfii gitta ngufii dan vfii nhung ngufii Ikm chinh sach Trong nhi?m vu bao v? mfii truong, can co sg chung lay ciia rat nhieu nhi/ng thidt che xa hgi khac truydn thfing cung dfing gfip mot su; m?nh quan Irgng vide tri, bao v^ moi truang nham mgc tidu phat irien ben vihig IIL Ket luan Theo danh gia cua Bg Tai nguyen va Moi truong, bao chi ia phuang tidn tuydo truydn bidn thfing tin, kidn thiic, ca chd, chinh sach phap luat vd lai nguyen moi trufing ddn voi nguoi dan, cac to chiic, gfip phan nang cao nhSn thiic cho cgng dong; dfing thoi tuydn truydn cfi vu cac guang didn hinh tidn tien, nhSn tfi moi xay dung, phai tridn dai nuac Thoi gian gan day, "vai tro ciia bao chi thd hidn ro thfing qua vide phan anh nhOng vi phgm phap luat ciia cfing ty trach nhi^m hihi han Vedan \1?t Nam, Cfing ty Miwon (Phii Thg), Cty Tung Kuang (Hai Duong) ; Song, cfi liJc, cfi noi bao chi cung phan anh chua sat, chua day du nhttng vin dd lien quan ddn mfii Iruong tao ndn biic xiic khong dang cfi cgng dong" (Theo Bao didn tii Dang Cgng San Viet Nam, 08/10/2010) Chiing toi cho rang linh vgc bao ve moi truong, ngoai viec nang cao y thiic ciia nguai dan, su quan tam ctia cac cap chinh quyen cfin cfi su tham gia rat manh me ciia truydn thfing vide thong tin cung nhu giao due va giam sat nhttng hogt dpng gay nhiem moi truong Nhim phat huy hidu qua cua cfing tac nay, chiing tfii nhgn thay cfi mpt so van di can quan tam sau day: Hoat dgng truyen thfing vd mfii trucmg cin dugc tfi chiic va phai dugc xem nhu la mfit nhttng ngi dung chuang trinh cfii loi tren cac phucmg tien truydn difing M^t khac, truyen thong dai chiing cung chi la mfit cong cu vide bao ve mfii trufing Vi vay chiing toi cho rang mufin thgc hidn vi?c bao vd mfii truong mgt each tridt de, can co su tham gia va gfip siic ciia rat nhidu nhung to chiic, co quan cung nhu ngoai nha nufic Vi du: tgi Nhat Ban "trong tfing s6 khoang 10.000 tfi chiic phi chinh phu (NGO) dugc thfing ke a Nhgt nam 1994, thi cfi den 4.500 to chttc cfi lien quan ddn vide bao v^ mfii truong, rai rac fi tat ca cac dja phuang va cac nganh Ngoai nhthig tfi bao chuyen vd mfii tnrong, ve xu ly chat diai hoac vd bao ton thien nhien, thii vat thi hau hdt cac tfi bao Ion ddu danh han nhirng chi^en trang thuong xuyen dang tdi tin nic, bdi va vd ITnh vgc DT nhidn hg cung bidt ring giao due y thuc ve mfii truang khdng phai la chuyen de, ndn hg da dua npi dung vao chucmg lrinh giao dgc" (Trdn Hiiu Quang, 1995, tr.18-19) Cdc phuang tidn truydn thong can tang cucmg hon ntta chiic nang giam sat va phdn bidn cfia minh cfing tdc luydn ti^ydn vd mfii truang Nhttng thfing tin tuyen uuydn vd moi truang thuong chi xual hidn nhidu tren nhiing phuong tien chinh nhu la truydn thanh, bao chi, truydn hinh, Inlemet Tuy nhien, xa hgi vfii nhidu loai hinh cu dan vd mo tip nhan thiic khac vd cung mgt XA HOI - GIAO Dye S5 ngi dung iruydn thfing nen theo chiing toi can cfi sg da dgng vd ngi dung cung nhu hinh ihiic truydn thong dfi cfi nhan mgnh ddn yeu tfi nhu cau, ngfin ngtt, van hfia, dan tfic Nguydn Tin Ddn (2009), "^ua^WrzA phdi triin kinh li xd hdi viing Ddng Nam BQ vd cdc ldc dgng mdi tru&ng 'Cua viing" Tgp chi nghtdn eiiu Phdt tridn b^n vttng, sfi (25) Trongbao ve mfii truang cac phuang tien truydn thfing cin cfi su kdt hgp vfii chinh quydn dja phucmg nham kip thai thong tin ddn ngucri ddn Vide tao ndn sg dfing thugn gong xa hgi nhim muc dich '"ran de" nhihig doanh nghidp gay nhidm moi truang ciing Id can thidt nham danh dgng ddn y thiic bdo vd mfii trudng ciia chinh nhung doanh nghidp 10 Nguyen Linh Khidu (2009), "Trach nhiim xd hoi aia bdo chi Yi$t Nam th&i ky m&i" Tgp chi Cgng sdn, so 12 TAI L i f u THAM KHAO Bp Tdi nguydn vd Mfii trufing (2009), " Bdo cdo mdi tru&ng quoc gia 2009: mdi trudng khu cdng nghidp Viet Nam", HdNfii Desai, Uday (1998), -'Ecological Policy and Polictics in Developing countries" GJEndruweil va G.Trommsdorff (2001), "Tit diin Xd hoi hoc", Nxb Thd gifii Heinz Bonfadelli (2009), Environmental Sustainability as Challenge for Media and Journalism, Irong '''Environmental Sociology" Matthias Gross Harald Heinrichs (editors), Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York 11 Philippe Bontems va Gilles RotiUon (2007), "Kinh ti hgc moi tru&ng", nha xuil ban tre 12.Tong cue mfii truang (2010), "Xung dgt mdi tru&ng: nguyen nhdn vdgidi phdp qudn ly" Tap chl moi trufing s6 1/2010 13.Tfi Duy Hpp vd Dang Dmh Long (2003), "Vdn hda moi tru&ng d Viii Nam hiin nay: thuc trgng vd xu hu&ng biin ddi", Tgp chi xa hpi hoc s6l(81),2003 14.Trin Hun Quang (1995), "Thdng di^p Nhgt Bdn: hay cdnh gidc thdm hga mdi tru&ng \ Thai bao kinh td Sai Gon, 7-12-1995 15.Trin Httu Quang (2005), "Xd hgi hgc bdo chi", nha xuat ban Tre 16 Trin Httu Quang (2010), "Co-so-rfi? lieu, thdng tin vd tri thiic phuc vu chiin luge nghien cuu 2006-2010", Di tai cip Vien, Vidn Phat tridn ben vCfng viing Nam Bfi Hoang Phe (cb) (1996), "Tir diin tiing Vi4t", Nxb Da Ning 17.Vu Cao Chuang, ''Truyen Ngi, Nha Dam, Nguydn Nguydn Mai Quynh Nam (2002), thdng mdi tru&ng" Ha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hgi Ld Thanh Tdi (chii bidn) (2009), "Sue khoe mdi tru&ng", nha xuil ban Lao dgng xa hfii 18 Vu Cao Dam (2002), " Xd hgi hgc mdi trudng ", Ha Nfii, nhd xuat ban khoa hgc va k^' ihuat Ld v a n Khoa (2009), "Mdi iruang vd phdt triin bin vitng " NXB Giao ducVN Ludt bdo ve mdi tru&ng, 2005 19.Vu Cao Dam (1999), "Nghiin cuu xa hdi hgC syr phdt trien tu tu&ng ve moi truang", Tgp chi Xa hgi hgc, so 3,4 ... Uuang, (3) vai trfi cua cac djnh chd communication) la qua ginh truydn dgt xa hfii vide bao ve moi tnro''ng Theo thong tin mgt each rgng r§i den mgi ngufii chung toi, vide nhan manh ddn vai trfi... hfii hidn dgi mai can dugc quan tSm Thuc td truydn truydn Ihfing dai chung dfing mgt vai tro thong dfing mgt vai tro quan trgng tror;g quan U-gng boi le: vide thfing tin, tuyen tmydn va giao di... mgi vai trfi quan trgng vide cang trfi nen lu mo va yeu fit Trong xa phfi bidn thfing tin ma nhim vao hgi hien dgi nhiing dinh chd ay khfing cfin viec chia se vd mpt phuang thiic song dong vai