Ô nhiễm môi trường đô thị ở việt nam những vấn đề cấp bách hiện nay

rg.j pja ly vi TAi nguyan Moi Irufrng Thira Thign Hug Hoi Dja ly Vi^t Nam nhiim moi triFdng dd thj 6> Viet Nam: nhirng van d l cip bach hien Dao Hoang Tuan' Abstract There are calculations that the annually GDP growth rate was over 8%, if it includes the environmental damage, the growth rate of Vietnam's real GDP will be only 3-4% According to incomplete statistics: in the structure of GDP of Vieinam, Cities of Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi (2007) that has contributed to over 36% of the tolal CDP of the country But on issues of urban environmental, the Review of Global Environment by the Environment Program of United Nations (UNEP 2008) released that- Vietnam has nvo cities to be Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh in the list oJ six cities with the most seriously air pollution in the world Through the results of research and analysis of uiban environmental situation in Vietnam for nearly 10 years, it is able to come lo ; general conclusions: most urban in Vieinam is being polluted environmenl and having more and more seriously err/ironment pollution trend- Having difference on pollution levels by ihe scale of urban developmeni, the big urban have higher pollulion levels than wiall urban, especially water and air environment The fundamental cause of this situation is due to ihe quickly population growth in urban areas they have increased pressure on economic infrastructure, urban techniques to overload The lack of transparency and weak (the "exclusive ", the "overlapping", the lack ofrespimsibUily, ) in the works of planning and urban management Therefore, protecting the urban environment tn the process of nation's sustainable development would like lo have ejfeclive, firstly il is to have lo have solutions to overcome and end above causes, in which the most important is: it is necessary to have a specially policy on population, regulations of urban environment protection of each urban; Innovation and improve quality of planning and urban management associated with planning and management of development of economy and society with long-term vision Finally, although the system of policies and laws on environmental protection is incomplete, and they should be supplemented, but the important decisions slill need people who are responsible, responsible, be mindful, have faith in Ihe work of environmental protection of the country (in general) and in urban areas (in particular) during the process of country's developmeni towards sustainability M O DAU Theo sd lieu thdng ke ciia World Population Data Sheet 2007 of Population Reference Bureau of United States thi da cd k h o i n g % tdng dan so (tren 6,6 ti ngudi) tren t h i gidi song khu vuc thj So vdi tdng dan sd khu vuc thi; Chau MT cd ti le dd thi hda cao n h i t I i % , Chau Au v i Chau Dgi Duong cd ciing ti 1$ la % , Chau A la % , Chau Phi cd % Trong khu v u c Ddng N a m A, Vi§t Nam cd ti lp dd thj hda dimg hang thir 7/11 nudc, vdi ti ie la % (chi cao han Ddng Ti M o la 22%, Lao: % , Cam Pu Chia: 15%) N h u n g qudc gia p h i t trien la nhirng n u d c cd mgng ludi thj % dgc vdi sir phan hoa sau s i c v8 qui md dan sd v i lanh thd, ciing n h u c i u triic khdng gian cua nd Phan ldn gia trj thu nhap tdng s i n p h i m quoc dan (GDP) cua cac quoc gia deu nhan dugc chu yeu tu khu virc thi D o dd, ti le dd thi hda dugc coi n h u l i m p t cac ehi sd c a b i n de danh gia ve "llic d§ phat trien kinh t€ ciia mpt qudc gia va la ehi sd so sanh trinh dp p h i t trien giii'a cac qudc gia Iren the gidi N h u nhieu nudc dang p h i t trien khac, qua trinh dd thi hda, cdng nghiep hda d Viet N a m dang diln rat mgnh mg va g(ip n h i l u thach thuc, khd khan vfi cac mat kinh tS, x a hpi v i mdi trudng hen trinh phat trien, dd: ve mdi t r u d n g la su d nhiem khdng khi, d n h i l m nudc, d nhiem dat, sir li rac thai, dang trd cac v i n ngn can trd sir phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, gay nhieu hgu qua x i u den BIA LY T I ; N H I £ N , TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'CJNG 605 Hoi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thu^ Thi£n Hue Hgi Dja ly Vi^^m nhidu mat cua qui trinh phit trien bin vung; nhat li d khu vuc thi Mac dii, li le thj hda cija Via* Nam vin chua cao, mdi dgt khoang 27% (nam 2009), nhung theo sd lipu thdng ke chua diy du: hi thdng thj da ddng vai trd khdng nhd ca ciu tdng GDP ciia Viet Nam, chi tinh rieng Tp Hj Ndi vi TP Hd Chi Minh (nam 2007) da gdp tdi tren 36% tdng GDP cua ca nudc Ro rang he thdng dg thj ddng vai tro nhu mdt "khung xuang" phit triin mpi mat ciia dat nudc Do dd, cing khing djnl) ring: su phat triin bdn vung ciia hp thdng dd thj cd vai trd dgc bi?t quan trpng, quyet dinh ddi voi sir phat trien ben virng d Viet Nam Nhung, cd nhiing tinh loan cho rang: vdi tdc dp tang trudng GDP hang nam dgt tren 8%, Vj^ Nam dang doi mat vdi mpt hiem hoa d nhilm mdi trudng ngiy cang tram trpng Cie chuyen gia cho bill, nlu tinh den ci cic tdn that mdi trudng thi tdc dp tang trudng GDP thi^c te ciia Viet Nam se chi la 3-4% Rieng vl vin dl mdi trudng dd thi, den nam 2008, Bin tdng kct mdi trudng loan ciu Chuong trinh Mdi trudng Lien Hop Quoc (UNEP) d§ cdng bd cho thiy: Viet Nam cd hai 1^ Hi Ndi va thinh Hd Chi Minh nam danh sich thinh phd bi d nhiem khdng nghiem trpng nhit tren thi gidi Nhu vgy, mdi trudng dd thj d Viet Nam da trd mdt van de trpng di£ni ciia qudc gia vi mang tinh toan ciu MOT SO VAN DE VE TIlVC TRANG NHIEM MOI TRU'CTNG » THI \1%T NAM 2.1 Thirc trang o nhiem mdi trirdng khdng thi Theo Bio cio Hien trgng mdi trudng khdng thj Viet Nam nam 2007 thi d nhicm moi irudng khdng dd thi chu yeu la bui lo limg, PMIO, tieng dn, N02, S02, NO, hoi xing dau, chi, Trong do, dgc biet dang chii y li d hiem khdng bui (bao gdm ci TSP va PM|o) Mirc dp d nhilm khdng dd lhi thay ddi giOa cac gid ngay, giiia eie thing nam vi giiia eic nam Su thay ddi ed nguyen nhan mdt phan cac hogt dpng giao thdng va sin xuit cdng nghiep, mdt phan cic dieu kien thdi tiet hgu khu vuc + nhiem byi - Van dl ndi com chat lugng khdng thj Mdi trudng khdng d hau het cac khu vuc thj dlu bj nhilm byi, dgc bi^t t^i cic mit giao thdng, cac khu vuc xay dung va noi tap trung hogt dpng cdng nghiep Khdng xung quanh cac dudng giao thdng bj d nhiem bui bui bj cudn len tir mat dudng cic phucmg tien tham gia giao thdng PM|o trung binh nam ciia cac phd ldn d Viet Nam nhu phd Hd Chi Minh, Hi Ngi, Da Ning, Hai Phdng nhin chung dlu vugt ngudng trung binh nam dugc khuyin nghj cua WH() (20mg/m^) so sanh vdi TCVN tai hiu hit cic khu vuc ciia Ha Npi va TP Hd Chi Minh ndng dO b\ii PMIO cac nam gan day deu vugt tieu chuan cho phep, ndng dp trung binh PMIO hang nam cdn bi anh hudng ciia hau (die biet la che dp mua) Bui la limg tong so (TSP) rat ding lo nggi, die bi?t la nhiem d hai ben cie dudng giao thdng chinh Ket qua quan trie tgi cic tuyen dudng giao thdng TP Hd Chi Mirh, Hi Ndi, Da Nang, Hai Phdng cho thiy, khoang 60% sd kel qui quan trie vugt TCVN va khoang 25% vugt TCVN tren lan O cac dd thi cd hogt ddng cdng nghiep phat trien, mat dp giao thong kha cao nhu; Bien Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Viet Tri vi Hg Long mirc dp d nhilm bui tren cae tryc deu vugt TCVN Dgc bipt, cac khu virc lien ke vdi cic md than (Ha Long) va md khoang sin (Thai Nguyen), vin dl d nhilm bui di trd ncn bSo dpng, cd nhimg vi tri quan trie gin nhu 100% sd miu byi trung binh gid virgt TCVN MOrc dp d nhiem d nhihig phd khdng cd xu hudng giam di, ngoai trir mpt so true dudng giao thdng dugc cai tgo i 9/2on Hgi nghj Khoa hgc Dja ly Todn quoc ldn thii 6; Thdnh Hue, „«j Dja ly vi Tii nguyen Mfii truo'ng Thfra Thien Hue Hpi Dja ly Vict Nam -jBg cip- Ndng dp byi TSP tai mot sd nut giao thdng cd thdi dilm vugt TCVN den lin va dang cd xu hiTcmg cing tang len Khdng chi cic tuyln ducmg giao thdng ma cac khu vuc dan cu ciia dd thj cung gap phii van dl nhilm bui Die biet la cic khu vuc dan cu nim sat cic khu vuc dang cd hoat dpng xay dung hoac 0^dudng cd mat dp xe Idn (nhu khu din cu gin khu tuyen than Ha Long) + nhiem mdt sd dpc hgi Cac CO, SO?, N02 khdng tai cac dd thi nhin chung vin ngudng cho phep Tuy nhien, tgi mptsd dja diem va mpt sdthdi diem ndng dp cic chit niy cd tang len nhiem khdng NO2 tgp trung d khu vuc cd cac tuyen dudng giao thdng, cd mat dp phitcmg tien giao thdng cao Vi du, nhu d Hi Ndi: trung tam qugn Hoan Kilm, quin Hai Ba Trung la nhiing khu vuc cd nong dp NO; cao nhat CJ TP Hd Chf Minh cung cd tinh trgng tuang tu cic dd ^1 khac, ndng dp N02 tai cic thdi diem quan trie dlu nim gidi han cua TCVN 5937-2005 Gin nhir 100% so lieu trung binh mdt gid ciia cic thdng sd niy tai cac vj tri quan trie thinh phd dlu dgt TCVN Tuy nhien, ding luu y ndng dp N02 khdng dn djnh theo thdi gian ngiy ciing nhu nam Cd nhiing thdi diem ndng dp N02 tang dot biln vugt TCVN nhiem khdng S02 vd CO: Ndng dp S02 va CO trung binh nam tgi cac khu vuc tron^ thinh phd nhin chung van gidi hgn cua TCVN 5937-2005, phan Idn S02 phit sinh tir cac hogt dpng sin xuit cdng nghiep nen su chenh lech ndng dp S02 giO'a khu vuc din cu va cac tryc dudng giao thdng khdng nhieu va dang cd xu huang giam di, mpt phan cic ca sd sin xuat dugc di ddi khdi cic thinh phd irong nam vira qua X^y nhien, tai mpt so it phd noi cd mat dp giao thdng cao ndng dp CO cao hon hin TCVN, vi dy: tgi Bien Hda sd cic miu phin tich CO tgi cac dudng giao thdng nam 2006, cd tdi 20% vugt TCVN Cac thj cd tinh chat hoat ddng cdng nghiep phal trien mgnh, xu hudng gia ting ndng dp • S02 khdng li khdng tranh khdi, vi du: cac khu cdng nghiep xung quanh thinh phd Viet Tri, thinh phd Bien Hda, thinh phd Thii Nguyen ndng dp S02 nhin chung cao, thudng xuyen dao ddng quanh ngudng ctia TCVN I O nhiem khdng Benzen, Toluen vd Xylen: chu yeu tang cao d ven cic true dudng giao thdng m ngudn gdc cua nhung dugc phat thai tir phan ldn tir cac phucmg tien giao thdng va tip trung chii yeudtgiTP Ho Chi Minh (cd nai vuot tieu chuan 2,5-4,1 lanidud^gDi^n Bien Phii, dudng Hiing Vuong) viHaNpi O nhiem tieng on: tang cao ven eac tryc giao thdng: cimg vdi qua trinh dd thj hda, tieng on giao thong mdt ting nhanh vi manh Tgi Ha Ndi vi TP Hd Chi Minh, tiing dn cho phep cao nhit ddi v6i khu vuc dich vy thuong mai va khu virc dan cu thucmg xuyen vugt nguong TCVN 5949-1998 O nhiem tieng dn cd xu hudng giam theo cap phan Ioai dd thj, tai hau het cac dd thi logi muc dn tai cic luyen dudng giao thdng dlu dao ddng xung quanh mirc gidi han ciia TCVN, ngogi trir thinh phd Bien Hoa (33% so dilm quan trie tgi dudng giao thdng cd mirc dn vugt TCVN) Tom lai: van de ndi com ve mdi trudng khdng tai cic thj hien la van de d nhiem byi (baogom ca TSP va PMIO) Hiu het cac khu virc phd deu bj d nhiem bui, die biet la cac jiut giao thdng va cac khu vuc cd cdng trudng xay dung Cac dpc hai khdng tai cac dd thi Wjin chimg van ngudng cho phep Tuy nhien, tat mdt sd dja diem va mpt sd thdi diem, nong cae chat ed tang Ien: NO tang cao dpc eac true giao thdng thi, SO tgi khu vuc tap *n"ig nhieu hoat dpng sin xuat cdng nghiep, chi nim ngudng cho phep kl tir ed ehi thi ciia ^lALYTl/NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIENNHIEN vA MOI TRUCJNG Hoi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi trudng Thira Thien Hue H$i Dja ly Vt^^J Chinh phu vl viec triin khai xir dyng xang khdng pha ehi xong vai nim gin day da cd diu hiea J tang Cic chit Benzen, Toluen, Xylen dlu cd xu hudng tang cao ven cic true giao thdng j Tir thuc trgng d nhilm khdng dd thi, vin dl dat la can phai cd nhii'ng chinh sach va gjjj phap quylt liet nhim triet tieu va giam thii cac chat phat thai chinh din din tinh trgng d nhiem khBnj thj bui, cdc chdi dgc hgi tap trung chu yeu cdc tuyin dudng nut giao ihdng Irong thj 2.2 Thu-c trang nhicm moi trudng nmjrc thi v l khdng gian, phin Idn cac thj d Viet Nam phan bo chu ylu d cac ven sdng, khu vuc done bing thupc cac luu vuc sdng va ven biln nen viec cung cap nudc cho dd thi chiu tic dpng klidng nho tit cie nguon nudc mat tir he thdng sdng ngdi Trong dd, hfi thong song ngdi ciia nude ta Igi bj chi phii' bdi: ngudn nudc nudi dudng chinh (nim ngoii lanh thd Viet nam), s\f nhip nudc man tir biln vi bdi chst thii ciia bin than dd thi Chinh vi vgy, su d nhiem nudc m§t cd anh hudng to ldn den chat lupng nuoc cung cap cho cic thj, Hien nay, ngudn nudc cung cap cho cac dd thj dugc khai thic chii yeu tucic nguon: nudc dudi dit (dugc nudi dudng co ban bdi he thdng nudc mat) va bdi su thim thau nudc lii bi mat dit hoac dugc khai thic true tiep tir cae ngudn nudc mat O nhiem nudc inh hudng tdi nhieu tiigt vl mdi trudng va kinh tl, xa hpi dd thi Th^rc trgng d nhilm nudc dang bao hieu tnrdc nguy ca thieu ninjc nghiem trpng tgi cic dd thi d Vi£t Nam Tgi phd Lgng San, Thii Nguyen, he thdng gilng khoan khu vuc sdng Ky Cimg, sdng Ciu dang bj d nhilm nang Tai TP Ha Long, TP Hai Phdng, hang logt gieng khoan dang bj nhicm rnpn nang nl tdc dp khai thac qua nhanh tren cimg mdt dia ting npi Hii Phdng, nhicu gieng khoan bi nhilm mgn'va muc nudc ngim bi tut sau xudng tdi -2 met Vdi cac thi miln Trung, nudc ngam dugc khai thac d dp sau nhd (khoang 10 -25m), ldp phd bl mat mdng nen dl bj d nhilm Qua khao sit, phan ldn cac ngudn nude niy dlu bi nhiem vi sinh vi' mdt sd chi tieu vi Iugng vugt mii'c cho phep nhieu Ian Cic kit qua nghien ciioj quan trie mdi nhit cho thiy, tgi mgt so thj ldn nhu HaNpi, TP.IIoChi Minh, Hii Phdng, Hdn Gai, Vinh, Ca Mau, Sdc Tring, Bac Lieu ngudn nudc ngim dang co nhiing dSu: hieu can kiet, d nhiem, nhiem mgn Mgc nudc cua cac ting chua nudc khai thac bi thap lien tuc theo, thdi gian Dien hinh nhu Ha Ndi, mye nudc ting chiia Pleistoxen hg thip vdi tdc dp 0,4ni/nam; TP Ho Chi Minh la0,6m/nam; Ca Mau la m/nam Sir nhiem ban ngudn nudc ngam quan sat dupe dhau hetcSc phd d Viet Nam Hien tugng liin sut nin dit khai thac nudc ngim qua muc cd thi thay d Ha Npi, TP.Hd Chi Minh, viing Hoai Dire (HaNpi), TT Cam Lp (QuangTrj) ' Tgi TP.Quang Ngai, noi ma qua trinh dd thj hda, cdng nghiep hda chua phit trien mgnh, nhimg theo Bio cao hien trgng mdi trudng cua tinh Quing Ngai nam 2005 , vl nudc mat: ndng dp chato nhilm tgi cac diem quan trac deu tang qua mdi nam, dac biet la tdng Coliform gia tang nhanh chdng, Tuy nhien, da sd kit qua phan tich cic chi tieu khac tai cac dilm quan trie so vdi Tieu chuan Viet Nam dlu chua vugt qua Tdm lgi: thuc trang quan trie mdi trudng nudc dd thj cho thiy, phin ldn cac dd thj d Vi?t Nam (dac biet tai cac thi Idn) dlu dang ddng trudc nguy ca cgn kiet ngudn nudc va cd mdi trudng nitcrc bj d nhilm Tuy mdc dp d nhilm nudc d mdi thi cd bieu hien khac vl mdc dO, chal gay o nhiem, nhimg deu xuit phat tir nguyen nhan co ban la khai thac tai nguyen nudc khong hpp li ^° Ngoc Ly Nguy ca c^n ki^t nudc dfl thj www.laodong.com.vn ngiy 16/7/2010 Sd T4i nguygn vk Moi tru&ng tinh Quang Ngai, BSo c5o t6m tat hi§n tr?ng moi trudng tinh Quang NgSi 2005 608 Hgi nghf Khoa hgc Dia ly Toan qudc ldn thii 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/20U ij.j Dja ly va Tiii nguyen Moi truong Thira ThiSn Hu£ Hpi Dja ly Vict Nam inh hudng bdi cac chat thai cdng nghiep va chat thii sinh hogt Van de cap bach dit de bio ve mdi tntimg nudc dd thj li phii khai thic sd dyng hgp li tii nguyen nudc, xay dung va hoan thien he thdng xir It cac chit thai d cic dd thj, cac khu vuc cdng nghiep vi tap trung ddng din cu ed su dyng chung fjouon nudc, nham giam thieu cic chit phat thai giy d nhiem mdi trucrng nudc phii hgp vdi cic tieu chuin mdi trudng Viet Nam 2J Thirc tr^ng nhilm moi trirdng dat thi Theo kit qui thdng ke cac nam gin day cho thiy: cac dd thj d Viet Nam da dang chuyin doi ca cau kinh te chu dao li Thuang mai, djch vu - Cdng nghiep - Ndng, lim, ngu nghiep; irong do: cdng nghi?p che bien chiem ti trpng GDP co bin khu vuc kinh tl cdng nghiep Ngiy 27/06/2008, Ngan hang the gidi (World Bank) da chinh thuc cdng bd kit qua nghicn ciru 10 tinh, thinh phd cd ty I? d rihicm mdi trudng nganh cdng nghiep che biln, chi tgo cao nhit Viet Nam Trong dd, hai thinh phd Hi Ndi va TP.Hd Chi Minh chiem ty le khoing 50% ldng luyiig pbii thai chit giy d nhilm khdng khi, dit vi nude ciia hai viing cdng nghiep trpng dtlm phia Bic va viing cong nghjep trpng diem phia Nam Theo ket qui nghien ciru, 10 tinh, phd cd ty le d nhiem cao nhit la: TP Hd Chi Minh, Hi Npi, Hai Phdng, Binh Duang, Ddng Nai, Thai Nguyen, Phii Thp, Da Ning, Ba rja - Vung Tau vi Can Thu Trong 10 tinh World Bank di chpn 10 phudng, xa ciia mdi tinh, thinh phd cd ty le d nhilm cao nhat vdi ba logi hinh: d nhiem dat, nudc va khdng Trong do, ba nginh nginh cd chi sd giy d nhiem mdi trudng cao nhat li: sin xuat dd udng, sin xuat sin pham tir khoang phi kim logi vi det may Sau dd li cic nganh: sin xuil trang phyc; so che vi nhupm da, Idng thu; sin xuat giiy, gd, kim loai, va li, tiii xich vi sin xuat cac san phim tir cao su, nhya Hai thinh phd cd chi sd d nhilm cao nhit Viet Nam la phd Ha Ndi vi TP.Hd Chi Minh, thii phgm gay d nhiem ehii yeu li nganh cdng nghiep hda chat Cy the, ddi vdi phd Hi Ndi d nhiem mdi trudng nudc chiem 41,2%i nhu ciu O xy sinh hpc, 43,9% tong Iugng kim loai va 47,3% tdng eac chat gay d nhiem, d nhiem dat chiem 46,9% kim logi njng va d nhiem khdng chiem 46,7% lugng cic hop chat hiiu ca ciia viing cdng nghjep trpng diem phia Bac Trong dd, tgi TP.Hd Chi Minh d nhiem nudc chiem 59,1% hda chit vi 56,8% kim logi, d nhilm dat chiem 57,2% hda chit, 52,5% kim loai vi d nhilm khdng chiem 50% tdng lugng cac chat gay d nhiem cua toin viing cdng nghiep trpng diem phia Nam Tuy nhien, xep hgng theo phudng, xa thi phudng Cam Gia - TP Thai Nguyen dirng dau danh sich cac xa phudng cd tai lugng d nhi6m cao nhai Tai day cd nha miy hogt ddng phit thai gin 100% tdng tai lugng d nhiem ciia toan phudng Theo Worid Bank, chi phi xd li d nhiem mdi trudng ciia Viet Nam du tinh khoang 2,5 ty USD/nim phan bd ngan sach ciia Chinh phii theo qui dinh khoang l%i GDP, theo sd lieu nam 2004 la khoang 450 tri^u UDS dgt 1/5 so vdi mire dp yeu ciu Ban bao cao nghien cihi cua World Bank dugc thuc hien bang cich ip dung He thdng Du bao nhilm (ISPP) chuyin ddi cac thdng tin kinh tl buc tranh tong the ve tinh trang d nhiem gay bdi nganh cdng nghi?p chi bien, chi tgo tir cap qudc gia den cap xa dya vao dtr lieu toin dien ciia Vi^ Nam Tong cue thdng ke cdng bo nam 2006 Nguin: //vietbao.vn ngiy 28/6/2008 BIA LY TI/NHI£N, TAI NGUYEN THlfiN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'CJNG H§i Bja ly vik Tii nguygn Moi tru'6'ng Thira ThiEn Hue Hpi Dja 1^ Vig( Na„,, Day ciing la mdt kit qui nghien cieu cd tinh tham khio doi vdi viee dinh gii vl d nhilm mfii uudng dd thi d Vi?t Nam, khiin chung ta cin phai quan tam thich dang 2.4 Thuc tr^ng cay xanh 36 thi Theo danh gia ciia Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, hien viec cay xanh d dd thj nudc ta cdn rit it va chua dgt tieu chuin vl dp che phu cung nhu can bing he sinh thii Tgi cac viing thi hoa nhanh, bp khung bio ve mdi trudng la nhirng vanh dai xanh khdng dugc qui hoach va bao v^ Nhan dinh chung la chi tieu dit dl trdng cay xanh cae dd thj cdn qua thip : trung binh mdi chi dgt 0,5 m/ngudi Tgi hai phd ldn la Hi Npi va TP Hd Chi Minh, cay xanh cung dgt khdng qua mVngudi, chi mdi bang I/IO chi tieu cay xanh ciia cac phd hien dgi tren thi gioi (khoing 20 m^ - 25 m^ cay xanh/ngudi) vi chi bing 2/7 theo tieu chuan cay xanh dd thj Bd xay dung ban hanh (2008) He thdng cay xanh mdi chi co bin hinh va tgp trung tai cic thj ldn vi trung binh, cac dd thi nhd cay xanh chua thinh he thdng, chilm dien tich khdng dang kl So vdi cic tieu chuan vi quiehuin thi ty le dien tich dat cay xanh cdn thap xa so vdi yeu ciu Ngudn luc phat trien cay xanh dd thi cdn it, chi dua vao ngin sach Nha nudc, thieu co che, chinh sach dl khuyin khich mpi phan kinh tl va nhan dan tham gia Trir mpt sd thinh phd ldn nhu Ha Npi, TP Hd Chi Minh, Da Nang cdn iai cac dd thj khac, chi phi dau tu cho ciy xanh hiu nhu khdng ding ke hoac rat thap Ben cgnh do, quin li ve cay xanh cdn long leo, tinh trgng chgt pha cay, tia canh; khai thac mpt each tien cdn lam giam dien tich dp che phu va ning sinh tdn ciia cay Vice trdng cay xanh cr nhiing nai cdng cdng vin cdn mang tinh tu phat, manh miin, thieu qui hogch ve lua chpn, bd tri ioai cay trdng phii hgp d timg cdng trinh, tirng dia phuong, Vi dy nhu TP Hd Chi Minh, ngudi ta udc tinh rang: qui hoach cay xanh dd thi den nam 2020 vdi chi tieu khiem tdn 10-15 m2/ngudi (gip 10 lin hien nay) se phii diu tu khoang 80 ngan ty ddng Bdi vay, de phit trien edng vien, cay xanh thj ngoai ngudn vdn ngan sach, can huy dpng ngudn lire nhan dan va cac phin kinh te khae vi ngoai nudc De lim dugc dilu do, phai cd co chi chinh sich uu dai, khuyin khich thu hut vdn diu tu; cdng khai qui hogch va danh sich cac danh myc keu gpi dau tu; xuc tien dau tu cd hieu qua; Idng ghep dii in cong vien, cay xanh dd thj vdi du an sinh Idi khac de tgo dieu kien cho eac doanh nghiep tham gia dau tu Tang cudng cdng tie quan li cay xanh dd thj tren cac mat trdng, tri va bao v8 cay xanh cung la dieu can thiet Viec chgt hg, djch chuyin cay xanh cdng cdng can phai qui djnh cu the ve vi?c cap phep va tham quyen cip phep; phan cdng rd chirc nang va nhiem vy cua cac ca quan quan li Nhi nucic ma dd chinh quyen dd thj eac cap co trich nhiem va vai trd quan trpng viec quan li, bio ve, phat trien cdng vien, cay xanh dd thi tren dja ban theo phan eip ciia UBND cip tinh, phd Mpt bien phap cung het sire quan trpng la khuyin khieh cac hp gia dinh ty cay xanh, cham sdc, bao ve va cay xanh trudc mat nhi, tren cac tuyln ph6 theo qui hogch va theo qui djnh ve chiing loai cay dugc phe duyet Nguon: Linh Vu D ^ h dk cho cSy xanh thj Theo www.monre.gov 8/4/2006 Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/2012 „,j Bia 1^ va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira ThiSn Hui Hpi Bja ly Vict Nam I imif>^G NGUYEN NHAN CO BAN GAY NHIEM MOI TRU'OfNG DO THI VIET NAM Qua ket qui nghien cuu va phan tich thuc trang mdi trudng dd thi d Viet nam gan 10 rtjin qua, cd the di den ket luan tdng quit: hau het eac dd thj d Viet Nam dang bj d nhiem mdi trudng Tyaxu thi nhiem mdi trudng cang tram trpng; cd su phan hda khac ve mdc dp d nhiem [Ago qui md phat trien cua thj, cac thi ldn bieu hien muc dp d nhiem mdi trudng cao hon cic dd •thi nho, dgc bi?t la mdi trudng nude vi khdng Cic nguyen nhin co ban giy d nhiem mdi trudng (jS thi la do: 31 Su gia tang dan so va qua trinh thi hda Rieng ddi vdi mdi trudng dd thj cd the khang dinh rang nguyen nhan co bin li cic hoat dpng cua ngudi Do dd, dan sd vi su gia tang dan sd tai cac dd thj qua trinh dd thi hda, cdng [johifp hda la mpt nhu'ng nguyen nhan ca bin giy d nhiem mdi trudng dd thj Tong Cyc thdng ke vira cdng bd ket qui dieu tra toin bd vi tdng kel tdng dieu tra dan sd vi nhi ffnim 2009 Ket qua dieu tra eho thay dan sd thinh thi dang gia tang nhanh chdng, ket qua dieu tra cho thiy Cung vdi tdc dp dd thi hda chdng mat (gan 30%i/nam) thi dan sd thi hien dang gia tang nhanh chdng Neu d khu vyc ndng thdn tdc dp tang trung binh 0,4%)/nam thi cdn sd niy d thinh thi la 3,4%/nam va ca nudc cd 25.436.896 ngudi dang sdng d khu vuc thinh thi, chiem 29,6% tdng dan sd canudc Cd ba tinh, phd ed quy md dan sd ldn hon trieu ngudi, li Tp.HCM, Hi Ndi va Thanh Hoa dd Tp HCM dirng dau ci nudc vdi din sd 7.163 trieu ngudi Ha Npi dimg thir vdi sd dan 6.452fl-ieungudi Dd thj hda da lim thay ddi dien mgo ciia dit nudc, gdp phan nang cao rnirc sdng ciia mpt sd bp phgn dan cu, nhien ben cgnh nhirng mat ti'ch cue cung da phit sinh nhieu van de phirc tap, dd plii yeu la: vin dl di dan ndng thdn thj gay khd khan them cdng tac quan li dd thj va nita gia tang tinh trang thit hgc, that nghiep va phan hoa giau ngheo; van de nha d va quan li trit tu an toin xa hpi d dd thi; vin 6h he thdng co sd ting qui tai vi d nhiem mdi trudng ' Tgi cic dd thi vi?c ehilm dyng dit cdng, san lip mat bing, sdng ngdi, lin chiem long dl dudng ifc lam nha va xay dung trii phep diln hang lam can trd den viec tieu, thoat nudc vi chat thii il6 thj Ben cgnh dd, h | thong co sd ting khdng dap ung dii, dudng x.a giao thdng tac nghen, nguon niroc ngim va cac ddng sdng bj de dpa nhilm ban nghiem trpng vi chat thai, khdng cang d nhiem ngng nl vi bui cdng trudng, khdi xe, khdi nhi may sin xuat cdng nghiep 3