NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI NHIEM MOI TRl/dNG DO THj VIET NAM THtfC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP Vi) BAO* N am 1990, Viet Nam mdi cd khoing 500 dd thj Idn nhd, dd'n da tang tdi 747 dd thj cac loai, dd cd dd thi loai va hon 600 dd thj loai V Dan sd dd thj Viet Nam nam 1990 khoang 13 tridu ngudi (chiem ti Id 20%), nam 2000 tang Idn 25%, du bio nam 2010 la 33% va nam 2020 chid'm 45% Qui trinh dd thj hda ciing vide gia tang ti Id dan sd dd thi da gay ap lire rit Idn den mdi trudng Ngoai ra, sir phat tridn manh cic nginh cdng nghiep, mdt mat gdp phan Idn vao sir phat trien kinh td' nhung mat khac lai gay inh hudng nghiem trgng dd'n mdi trudng L Thirc trang d nhiem mdi trudng dd thi hien Trong nhirng nam dau thuc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi, vi tap trung uu tien phat trien kinh tdva cung mdt phan nhan thirc han chd' nen vide gin phit trid'n kinh te' vdi bao vd mdi trudng chua dugc chiing ta chii trgng diing mirc Tinh trang tach rdi cdng tic bao vd mdi trudng vdi sir phiit trien kinh te - xa hdi didn phd bid'n d nhieu eip, nhieu nganh, din den vide gay d nhidm mdi trudng cang nghiem trgng Cic loai d nhidm thudng thay tai dd thi Viet Nam hidn la d nhidm ngudn nudc, d nhiem khdng (bui, sulfure, eacbonic, nitrit, d nhidm chi (Pb) ) vi chit thai rin Trong dd, d nhidm khdng tai cic dd thj Idn la nghiem trgng nhit, miic d nhidm vugt nhieu lin tieu chuan cho phep - Vd d nhidm khdng khi, theo Bd Tai ^^ nguydn va Mdi trudng, tinh trang d nhidm mdi trudng khdng khi, dac bidt tai cic thj Idn nhu Hi Ndi, TR Hd Chi Minh va cac khu cdng nghiep (KCN) dang d miirc bio ddng Phin Idn cic nha may, xi nghiep chua cd he thdng xir ly d nhidm khdng hoac cd nhung hoat ddng khdng hieu qui va nhieu mang tinh chit ddi phd Ben canh dd, vdi dac diem cua mot nen cdng nghiep, tidu thu cdng nghiep mang tinh chit sin xuat nhd, cdng nghe lac hau da thai vio mdi trudng sdng mot khdi lugng Idn bui, hoi ddc gay anh hudng khdng chi cho cic cdng nhan true tid'p sin xuit ma cho ca dan cu khu vuc lan can Qui trinh phit trien kinh td' ciing miirc gia tang dang kd' cac khu dd thj, khu dan cu, KCN thid'u sir quy hoach ddng bd, tdng thd' lai cang gay phiire tap cho cdng tac quin ly va kiem soat d nhidm tir cie ngudn thii Hon nira, vide gia tang phuong tien giao thdng ciing hien trang quy hoach \i mang ludi cic tuydn dudng khdng dip iing nhu ciu di lai eiia ngudi dan da khien cho tinh hinh d nhidm hd't sure nghiem trgng Tai cic dd thj Idn, cac chi tidu ve ting giao thdng ehi dap iing dugc khoing 35 40% so vdi nhu ciu cin thid't, nhu tai Ha Ndi, dien tich dit giao thdng khoang 7,8%, mat dudng dat 3,89km/km2; tai TR Hd Chi Minh, didn tich dit giao thdng khoang 7,5%, mat dudng dat 3,88km/km2 Cac chi tieu giao thdng tai eic dd thj loai thi'p hon cung nhd hon nhieu so vdi ydu ciu cin thid't Didn tich cic diem dd xe dat 25% * BQ Tdi n g u y e n v d M6i t r a d n g TAP r u i OlIAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 171 (4-2010) NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO 001 song chua cd quy hoach cu the Mat dudng chinh dat 40%, mat ciia dudng lidn khu vuc, phan khu vuc thip nha't chi dat 20 - 30% so vdi ydu ciu Theo danh gii ciia cic chuydn gia, d nhidm khdng d dd thj giao thdng gay chiem ti Id khoing 70% Xet cac ngudn thai gay d nhidm khdng trdn pham vi toan qud'e, udc tinh cho thiy, hoat ddng giao thdng chid'm tdi gin 85% lugng cacbon monoxit cd kha nang gay nhidm ddc eip va nhidu chat ddc hai khic Trong dd, cie ngudn thai gdm: hoat ddng sin xuit cdng nghiep, hoat ddng khai thae khoing sin, hoat ddng xay dung, thai cic nganh khic va hoat ddng dan sinh chi chid'm mdt ti Id tuong dd'i ve thai gay d nhidm khdng dd thj Hien nay, ca nudc cd khoang 20 tridu d td va xe miy, nam 2010 se ed khoang 24 tridu xe va nam 2015 la 31 tridu xe Hing ngay, sd phuang tidn trdn hoat ddng da xa mdi trudng mdt lugng Idn ddc hai; dd, cd nhieu thinh phin gay nen hidu irng nha kinh; gay cac loai benh viem nhidm dudng hd hip, hen suyen, vidm phe quan man tinh, vidm mui Bdn canh dd, hiu hd't cac dd thi deu bj d nhidm nang ve bui TSP va bui PM10, ndng bui trung binh gip 1,5 - lin tieu chuan cho phep (J eic khu phd dang didn hoat ddng xay dung, sira chira thi ndng bui gip - 10 lin tidu chuan cho phep Nhieu noi bj d nhidm trim trgng nhu khu dan cu gin nhi may xi mang Hai Phdng, nha miy Vicasa Bidn Hoi, KCN Tan Binh, nha miy tuyen than Hdn Gai mdt sd khu dan eu gin cic KCN, ndng sulffure cung vugt chi so tidu chuin cho phep nhieu lin (khu dan cu gin nha miy xi mang Hai Phdng, ndng sulfure trung binh li 0,407 mg/m^, gap 1,4 lan tidu chuin cho phep; cum cdng nghiep Tan Binh, ndng sulfure trung binh la 0,338 mg/m^, gip 1,1 lin tidu chuan cho phep) Theo bio cao ciia Chuong trinh mdi trudng ciia Lien hgp qud'e Ha Ndi va TAP CHi Q U A N LY NHA NUOC - SO 171 (4-2010) TR Hd Chi Minh dang diing diu chau A ve miic d nhidm bui - Ve d nhiem ngudn nudc, hidn nay, ndng cic chit d nhidm nudc d cic dd thj Viet Nam thudng rit eao, dxy sinh hoa, dxy hoi hgc, nitorit, nitorat gip tir 2-5 lin, tham chi tdi 10-20 lin trj sd tidu chuin cho phep ddi vdi ngudn nudc mat loai B, chi sd E Cdli vugt tidu chuin cho phep hang tram lin Ngoai cic chit d nhidm hiru co trdn, ngudn nudc d mdt sd noi cdn bj d nhidm kim loai nang va chit ddc hai nhu chi, thuy ngan, asen, clor, phenol Theo thdng kd, hiu hd't cic dd thj hidn chua cd he thdng thoit nudc thai ridng ma chung cho ci thoat nudc mua va nudc thai (chi ed 32 dd thj cd cac du in ve thoat nudc va vd sinh mdi trudng tu ngudn vd'n ODA) Nhieu du in Idn dugc trien khai tai Ha Ndi, TR Hd" Chi Minh, Da Ning, Hai Phdng bude diu phat huy hidu qua, gdp phin lam giam mite ngap iing tai cic dd thi Tuy nhidn, he thdng thoat nude dugc diu tu xay dirng qua nhieu thdi ki khac nhau, khdng hoan chinh, ddng bd, nhieu tuydn cdng xudng eip ndn nang tieu thoit nudc thip Nudc thii hiu nhu chua dugc xir ly mi xa thing vao ngudn tid'p nhan Dac bidt, nudc thai tir cac KCN gay d nhidm nang ddi vdi cic ddng sdng Idn nhu sdng Ddng Nai, Sii Gdn, Thj Vai, sdng Day, sdng Nhud, sdng Td Ljch, sdng Ciu Tinh trang ngap ling dang la mdi quan tam hang ciia cic dd thj Idn song chua cd giii phip kha thi de giai quyd't Theo bao cao giim sit ciia Uy ban Khoa hgc, cdng nghd va mdi trudng ciia Qudc hdi, hidn ci nudc cd khoing 200 KCN nhung ti Id cac KCN cd he thdng xir ly nudc thii tap trung d mdt sd dja phuang rit thip, cd noi chi dat 15 - 20%, nhu Ba Rja - Vung Tau, Vinh Phiic Mdt sd KCN cd xay dung he thdng xir ly nudc thai tap trung nhung hiu nhu khdng van hinh vi 37 NGHIEN CCfU - TRAO 001 miic dich giam chi phi Dd'n nay, mdi cd 60 KCN da hoat ddng cd tram xir ly nudc thai tap trung (chid'm 42% sd KCN da van hanh) va 20 KCN dang xay dung tram xir ly nudc thai Binh quan mdi ngiy, cic khu, cum, diem cdng nghiep thai khoang 30.000 tan chit thai rin, long, va chit thai ddc hai khic Tai Hdi nghj trid'n khai De in bao vd mdi trudng luu vuc he thdng sdng Ddng Nai 26-2-2008, cac co quan chuydn mdn deu cd chung danh gii: ngudn nudc thudc luu vuc sdng Sai Gdn Ddng Nai hidn dang bj d nhidm nang, khdng dat chit lugng mat nudc diing lam ngudn eip nude sinh hoat Lugng NH3 (amoniae), chit rin lo lirng, d nhidm hiin CO (dac bidt li d nhidm diu vi vi sinh) tang cao tai hiu hd't cac rach, cdng va cic didm xi Cd khu vuc, ham lugng ndng NH3 nude vugt gip 30 lin tidu chuin cho phep (nhu cira sdng Thj Tinh); ham lugng chi nudc vugt tieu chuan quy djnh nhieu lin; chit rin lo lirng vuot tieu chuin tir - lin - Ve chit thai rin, nhung nam gan day, chit thii tir cac ngudn nhu san xuat cdng nghiep, giao thdng van tai, xay dung, y te, sinh hoat dd thj dang cang tang nhanh vd chimg loai, sd lugng va tinh ddc hai Tdng lugng chit thai rin sinh hoat phit sinh trdn ca nudc trung binh dat 21.000 tin/ngay O cie phd Idn (Hi Ndi, Hai Phdng, Da Ning, TR Hd Chi Minh) khoing tir 0,6 - 0,8 kg/ngudi/ngay; chit thai rin benh vien (co sd y le) khoing 50-70 tin/ngay Theo thdng kd, ti Id thu gom chit thai rin sinh hoat dd thi da tang tir 70% nam 2000 Idn 80% nam 2008; ti Id thu hdi cac chit cd kha nang tai chd'va tii sir dung dat khoing 20-257o Da thuc hidn phan loai chit thai rin y td' tai ngudn cho hiu hd't cac benh vidn va trung tam y te eiia cic dd thj loai 111 trd len Tuy nhidn, bidn phip thu gom chit thai rin hidn chu yeu la chdn lip ma 85% sd dd thj tir thj xa trd Idn sir dung bien phap chdn lip khdng hgp vd sinh, gay d nhidm 38 mdi trudng, lam gia tang phit sinh metan mdt loai nha kinh giy bid'n doi hau, ddng thdi ton didn tich dit, khdng tan dung dugc cic chat thii rin cd kha nang tai che, tii sir dung va khdng phu hgp vdi dieu kidn tu nhidn ciia mdt so viing, mien nudc ta Hien chi cd khoang 5-6% tdng lugng chit thii rin thu gom dugc chd' bie'n phan bdn him ca, song lugng phan hihi CO chit lugng kem ndn khd tidu thu Mac dii da cd mdt so cdng nghd mdi dugc nghidn ciin va i p dung nudc dap ii'ng dugc tidu chi han chd' chdn lap nhung vide hoan thidn cdng nghd va trid'n khai nhan rdng edn gap nhieu khd khan Vide thu gom, van chuyen va luu gitr chat thii nguy hai ciing chua dam bao an toan, thid'u cac co sd xir ly ndn mac dii vdi sd lugng khdng nhieu nhung loai chit thai dang tiem an nhirng hidm hga rit Idn dd'n mdi trudng va siic khoe cdng ddng Co the ndi, vin de quan ly chit thai rin, dac bidt la xir ly ric, nudc ric, tinh trang nhidm mdi trudng dd thj, viing ven dd thj vi mdi trudng xung quanh cic co sd xir ly rac dang li mdi quan tam ciia nhieu dja phuang Mat khic, vide lira chgn dja diem de xay dung co sd xir ly chit thai rin eung dang la vin de nan giii Trdn ca nude, mdi ed khu xir ly chit thii nguy hai dugc xay dung tai Khu Lidn hgp xir ly chat thai Nam Son, Sdc Son, Ha Ndi Cdn lai hiu hd't cac chit thai rin nguy hai d nhieu dd thj ddu phai xir ly chung ciing cic loai rac thai khic - day dang li mdt nguy co rat Idn ve mdi trudng sdng dd'i vdi cic dd thj Theo kd't qua nghidn ciiu mdi cdng bd nam 2008 eiia Ngan hing The gidi (WB), trdn 10 tinh, phd Viet Nam, xep theo thii hang ve d nhiem dit, nudc, khdng khi, TR Hd Chi Minh vi Ha Ndi dang la nhiing dja ban d nhidm dit nang nhit Tinh trang d nhidm mdi trudng ndu trdn cd nhieu nguydn nhan song tap trung chii ye'u d cic nguydn nhan sau: Tha nhdt ca che, chinh sach, phip luat ve bio vd mdi trudng (BVMT) va vide to TAP CHJ QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 171 (4-2010) NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO 001 chiic thuc hidn cua cic co quan chirc nang cdn nhieu han che Theo thdng kd ciia Bd Tu phip, hidn cd khoang 300 van bin phap luat ve BVMT de dieu chinh hinh vi cua cie ca nhan, td chiire, cac hoat ddng kinh te, cic quy trinh kl thuat, quy trinh sir dung nguydn lieu sin xuit Tuy nhidn, he thdng cic van ban cdn chua hoin thidn, thid'u ddng bd, thid'u chi tidt, tinh dn djnh khdng cao, tinh trang van ban mdi dugc ban hanh chua lau da phai sira ddi, bd sung li kha phd bid'n, tir dd lam han che'hidu qui dieu chinh hinh vi cua cac ca nhan, td chiirc, cie hoat ddng kinh td vide BVMT Tha hai, quyen han phap ly ciia cic td chu'c BVMT, nhit li ciia lire lugng canh sit mdi trudng chua thuc su dii manh ndn da han che hidu qua hoat ddng nim tinh hinh, phit hidn, diu tranh, ngan chan cac hanh vi vi pham phip luat ve BVMT Cac ca sd phip ly, chd' tii xir phat ddi vdi cac loai hanh vi gay d nhidm mdi trudng va cie loai tdi pham ve mdi trudng vira thid'u, vira ye'u, din dd'n han che tie dung giao due, phdng ngira, ran de dd'i vdi nhirng hanh vi xam hai mdi trudng Rit it trudng hgp gay d nhidm mdi trudng bj xir ly hinh su; edn cic bidn phip xir ly khic nhu budc phai di ddi khdi khu vuc gay d nhidm, ddng cira va dinh chi hoat ddng ciia cae co sd gay d nhidm mdi trudng eung khdng dugc ip dung nhieu, hoac cd ap dung nhung cic CO quan chiic nang thid'u kidn quyd't ndn khdng hidu qui Thaba, cic eip ehinh quyen chua nhan thirc diy du va quan tam diing mirc ddi vdi cdng tic BVMT, din dd'n budng long quan ly, thid'u trach nhidm viec kiem tra, giim sit mdi trudng Cdng tic tra, kiem tra ve mdi trudng ciia cac ca quan ehirc nang dd'i vdi cac co sd sin xuit dudng nhu vin mang tinh hinh thirc, hidn tugng "phat dd' tdn tai" cdn phd bid'n Cdng tic thim djnh va dinh gii tic ddng mdi trudng ddi vdi cic du in diu tu cdn nhieu ba't cap vi chua dugc coi trgng diing mii'c TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdc - so 171 (4-2010) tham chi chi dugc tidn hanh mdt cich hinh thiire, qua loa dai khii cho dii thii tuc, din dd'n chit lugng tham djnh vi phd duyet khdng eao Thu tu, cdng tic tuydn truyen, giio due ve BVMT xa hdi cdn han che, din dd'n ehua phit huy dugc y thirc tu giic, trich nhidm cua cic td chirc, ei nhan, cdng ddng vide tham gia gin giir vi BVMT Tha ndm, trinh chuydn mdn, nghiep vu ciia ddi ngu cin bd chuydn trich cdng tic BVMT cdn han che; phuong tien kl thuat phuc vu cdng tic kiem tra chua dap ii'ng dugc ddi hdi cua thuc tidn Do dd, nhieu trudng hgp, doin kid'm tra khdng thd' phit hidn dugc nhirng thii doan tinh vi ciia doanh nghiep thai cic chit gay d nhidm mdi trudng Mdt so giai phap bao ve mdi trudng dd thj BVMT ndi chung vi mdi trudng dd thj ndi ridng, nhit li qua trinh CHN, HDH va hdi nhap kinh td'qudc te nhu hien la yeu ciu eip thid't dat ddi vdi ea he thdng chinh trj, eic eip, cie nginh, cac td chirc, doanh nghiep vi eiia mgi cdng dan Dd' ngan chan, khic phuc vi xir ly cd hidu qua nhirng hinh vi gay d nhidm mdi trudng dd thj, cin thuc hidn ddng bd mdt sd giai phap chii ydu sau day: Mot Id, tid'p tuc hoin thidn chite nang, nhiem vu va td chirc ciia he thdng cic co quan quan ly mdi trudng tir eip trung uong dd'n dja phuang theo hudng phan djnh rd chiic nang, nhidm vu vi diu mdi vd quan ly Hoan thidn he thdng van bin phap luat vd BVMT ndi chun^ vi BVMT dd thj ndi ridng, nghidn ciin ddi mdi co che ke hoach cdng tac BVMT ; dd, xay dung che tai xir phat (cudng ehe hinh chinh vi xir ly hinh sir) thue sir dii manh de ran de cic dd'i tugng vi pham Bdn canh dd, cin xay dung ddng bd he thdng quan ly mdi trudng cic nha miy, cac KCN theo tidu chuan qud'e te, ddng thdi, td chiirc giim sit chat 39 NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI che nhim hudng tdi mdt mdi trudng tdt dep va than thidn hon vdi ngudi Hai Id, tang cudng cdng tic nim tinh hinh, tra, kiem tra, giam sit ve mdi trudng dd thj (thudng xuyen, dinh ki, dot xuit); phdi hgp chat che giira cac co quan chuyen mdn, nhit la giira lire lugng tra mdi trudng vdi luc lugng canh sat mdi trudng nhim phat hien, ngan chan va xir ly kjp thdi, triet de nhirng hanh vi gay d nhidm mdi trudng ciia cic td chirc, ci nhan Ddng thdi, nang cao nang luc chuydn mdn, nghiep vu cho ddi ngu can bd chuydn trach cdng tic mdi trudng; trang bi cic phuang tien kl thuat hien dai de phuc vu cd hieu qua hoat ddng ciia cac luc lugng Chii trgng vi td chiic thuc hien nghidm tuc vide tham dinh, danh gia tie ddng mdi trudng ddi vdi cic du in dau tu d dd thj, trdn CO sd dd, co quan chuyen mdn tham mim chinh xac cho cap cd thim quyen xem xet quyd't dinh viec cap hay khdng eip giiy phep diu tu Viec quyet dinh cac du in diu tu cin dugc can nhac kl ludng giira lgi ich dem lai trudc mat vdi nhurng anh hudng ciia nd dd'n mdi trudng ve lau dii Thtre hien cdng khai, minh bach cic quy hoach, cic du an dau tu va tao dieu kidn de mgi td chirc va cdng dan cd the tham gia phan bien xa hoi ve tac ddng mdi trudng eiia nhurng quy hoach va du an dd Diy manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, giio due ve mdi trudng toan xa hdi nhim tao su chuyen bie'n vi nang cao nhan thirc, y thirc chip hinh phip luat BVMT, trich nhidm xa hdi ciia ngudi dan, doanh nghiep vide gin gitr va bao vd mdi trudng; xay dirng y thtre sinh thii, lam cho mgi ngudi nhan thirc mdt each tu giac ve vi tri, vai trd, mdi quan he mat thiet giua tu nhien - ngudi - xa hdi Tang ti Id chi cho BVMT tir cac ngudn ngan sich, ngudn vd'n hd trg phat trien chinh thirc Huy ddng ngudn kinh phi tir cic td chirc qudc te va cic nudc cho cie hoat ddng quin ly va bao vd chit lugng mdi trudng dd thj Tang cudng cic hoat ddng nghidn cthi khoa hgc va cdng nghd linh virc moi trudng dd thj Tang cudng Idng ghep noi dung dio tao ve mdi trudng vao cac chuong trinh dio tao chuydn nganh Ba Id, nang eip, md rdng vi xay dung lai he thdng ting kl thuat dd thj mdi, dip irng nhu ciu khdi lugng, chit lugng phuc vu dd' cd the BVMT dd thj De an quy hoach BVMT dd thj: bio vd he sinh thai va einh quan dd thj; cai tao cie khu vuc ngheo dd thj; xay dung vinh dai xanh, khdng gian md cho cae khu dd thj cdng nghiep Xay dung he thdng eip thoit nudc hien dai va he thdng xir ly nudc thai vd sinh mdi trudng; quin ly chit thai rin thj; quy hoach nghla trang dd thj; dac bidt, BVMT khdng dd thj (xic lap co che thdng tin ve mdi trudng khdng khi, xay dung CO che trao ddi, chia se thdng tin ve mdi trudng khdng giira cic bd, nganh vi cac phd, phuc vu nghidn ciiru, theo ddi, danh gia, du bao vd tinh hinh chat lugng mdi trudng khdng dd thj trdn ca nudc; hinh mang ludi khdng sach dd thj; xay dung ca che thuc su Idng ghep cic ydu ciu BVMT khdng vao cac chid'n luge, quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien ciia cic nganh, dja phuong, dac bidt la cac quy hoach phit trien dd thj va KCN) Tang cudng ip dung mdt sd bien phap nhim kiem soat, giam phat thii chat d nhidm vao mdi trudng dd thj, tang cudng phuang tidn giao thdng cdng cdng va khuyen khich phat trien cic phuong tien giao thdng sir dung nang lugng sach rihu cdn nhidn lieu, biodiesel vi didn Ung dung eic giai phip giim thieu phat thai chit d nhiem nhu sin xuit sach; lip dat cac thiet bj xir ly thii tai ngudn phit thai; cii tien quy trinh ddt nhidn lieu san xuat, thay the nhidn lieu it gay d nhidm Tang mat cay xanh cic dd thjQ 40 TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUOC - so 171 (4-2010) ... gay d nhidm khdng dd thj Hien nay, ca nudc cd khoang 20 tridu d td va xe miy, nam 2010 se ed khoang 24 tridu xe va nam 2015 la 31 tridu xe Hing ngay, sd phuang tidn trdn hoat ddng da xa mdi trudng... 50-70 tin/ngay Theo thdng kd, ti Id thu gom chit thai rin sinh hoat dd thi da tang tir 70% nam 2000 Idn 80% nam 2008; ti Id thu hdi cac chit cd kha nang tai chd''va tii sir dung dat khoing 20-257o... trudng sdng dd''i vdi cic dd thj Theo kd''t qua nghidn ciiu mdi cdng bd nam 2008 eiia Ngan hing The gidi (WB), trdn 10 tinh, phd Viet Nam, xep theo thii hang ve d nhiem dit, nudc, khdng khi, TR Hd Chi