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Tiiu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tru&ng va qudn ly Bien - ^^ _^ TRAN DAU, RO RI DAU VA GIAI PHAP KHA THI, HIEU QUA CHO XU" LY NHIEM DAU Pham Van Son Cdng ty TNHH SOS MOI TRLTCJNG, Hdi Bdo ve thien nhien vd mdi trudng Viet Nam P105-D5, TT NghTa Tan, phuong Dich Vgng, qugnCiuGiiy, Ha Ndi DT: 04-37545341 Fax: 04-37545629 Hii-a Chien Thdng Trung tdm Quy hoach, Dieu tra, Danh gid tdi nguyen - mdi trudng Bien vd Hdi dao, Tdng cvc Biln vd Hdi ddo Viet Nam, Bd TN&MT 125 - Trung Kinh, Trung Hda, Ciu Giiy, Hd Ndi Web: www.sosenvironment.com Email: sosenvironmentfgjvrm.vn Tom tat Hdng chuc ngan tdu thuyin logi vira vd nhd hogt dgng tgi vung biin Viet Nam hdng ngdy xd m0t lugng l&n nu&c ddy tdu nhiem ddu moi tnr&ng md khong hi qua xir ly gdy nen tinh trgn^ nuac bi nhiem ddu ngdy cdng gia tdng Khac v&i cdc tdu l&n hiin dgi, vi^c lap dgt thiit bi phdn ly nu&c - ddu cho cdc tdu thuyen nhd la gidi phdp khd khd thi (thiit bi ddt tien, chi phi v^n hdnh lan, ngoai cdn cdn dien hoac dgng ca cho vgn hdnh vd mat bdng cho lap dgt ) Thuc te ung cuu su co trdn ddu trin biin cho thdyjjhao qudy tdu chuyen dung, bam hut ddu chi giiip thu gom dugc tir 0% din 20% lugng ddu trdn Mgt phdn lan ddu trdn khdng dugc thu gom xam nhgp vdo ba gdy hgu qud nghiim trgng Tuy nhien cdc phuong dn ki hogch ung ciru su co trdn ddu m&i chi chii yiu quan tdm den qudy ddu ngoai biin md chua quan tdm din gidi phdp xu ly nhiim ddu xam nhap vdo b& Trin day la vdn di lan ve nhiim mdi tru&ng md cho den vdn chua nh$n dugc su quan tdm cua cdc ca quan chuc ndng cung nhu doanh nghiep Dd chinh Id ngi dung md nhom tdc gid de cap t&i v&i vi0c di xudt nhitng gidi phdp hiiu qua theo phuong cham "suy nghi rdng nhung tiep can cu the vd thirc dung" Abstract OIL SPILLS AND SLEAKS, APPROPRL\TE AND PRAGMATIC SOLLUTIONS Along Vietnam shoreline, every day thousands of medium and small boats pollute seawater by discharging their oily bilges into environment without any treatment Differently from big modern ships, it is nearly impossible to install oil-water separators in the medium and small boats (due to high costs for equipment, operation and maintenance, and the space for installation ) In the reality of emergency response to oil spills on water, it has been recorded that oil containment booms, skimmers are able to recover up to 159 160 Hgi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? bien todn qudc ldn thi 20% of the spilled oil amount Most the unrecovered spilled oil hits the coast and causes huge damages to the environment However, this problem has not been considered properly in oil spill response plans/projects by authorities, as well as enterprises so far The two above environmental issues are in main concern of this article's authors, who address them by suggesting the appropriate and pragmatic solutions I GIAI P H A P K H A THI CHO XC L t NlTdC DAY T A U THUYEN BI NHIEM DAU Tai vimg bien ciia Vigt Nam chiing ta, mdi ngdy cd hdng tram ngan tdu thuyen logi viia vd nhd xa mgt lugng ldn nude day tau nhiem dau mdi trudng khdng hi qua xii 1^ Cac sir cd trdn dau trSn bien ludn thu hiit sir chii y cua cdc co quan qudn ly vd truyln thdng Tuy nhien neu thong ke hang nam chiing ta cd the nhgn thay: lugng ddu thodt moi truang tie cdc 5U- CO trdn dau Igi nho han nhieu so v&i tdng lugng ddu thdi tic hdng trdm ngan tdu thuyen vira vd nho Th\rc trgng dang gay ton thit kinh tl ldn cho cdc vung nudi thiiy san cimg nhu anh hudng lau ddi tdi h$ sinh thai va da dgng sinh hgc biln Hinh 1: Nu&c day tdu thuyen bi nhiem ddu xd true tiip bien Chung ta cd thi xem xet mgt sd gidi phap xii ly nude day tau thuyen h\ nhiem diu da dugc mdt sd noi dl xuit nhu sau: a) Thiet bi phan Iv diu - nude: Khac vdi cdc tdu Idn hien dgi, vi$c ldp dat thilt bi phan ly dau - nude cho cdc tau thuyin nhd la gidi phap khd khd thi: thilt bi ddt tiln (thdm chi dit hon tri gid thuyen), chi phi van hdnh Idn, ngodi cdn cin dien hogc dgng co cho vgn hanh, mat bdng cho ldp dgt ^ b) Xir Iv trung tdm: La gidi phdjp xay d\mg mot trung tdm xu I^ nude thai nhiem diu dat tren bd Tau thuyen phdi cgp ben dS bom nude day tdu 16n c) Thu gom xu Iv co ddng: La gidi phdp bom nude nhilm diu tur cac tau sang khoang chiia cua mgt tau djch vy Tdu djch v\i ndy cd ttil xu ly nude nhilm diu thu gom bdng trang thiet bi tgi chd tren tau hodc dua vl bd xir ly TiSu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tru&ng vd qudn lyBien 161 Vdi gidi phap (b) hoac (c), chi phi xir ly nude thdi ma chu tau thuySn phdi trd khdng hi nhd Tuy nhien lugng thdi gian ddi tau phdi ngiing hogt dgng de chd gidi phdng nude day tdu mdi tuin 2-3 lin gdy thiet hgi kinh te cho chu- tdu cdn ldn hon chi phi xtr Ij- nude thdi Chung ta thu hinh dung rieng tgi khu v\rc tinh Quang Ninh vi?c td chiic xu ly nude thai hang ngdy cho hon 10,000 tdu thuySn nhd hoat dgng tren bien se nan gidi nhu thi ndo Phin Idn tau thuyen nhd d Vigt Nam diu thd so, tinh trang mdy mdc cG nen nude day tdu nhiem dau cdng tram trgng, vugt xa ngudng 5mg/l qui dinh TiSu chudn nude thdi NIU CO quan qudn 1^ moi trudng kilm tra va phgt thi giai phdp ndo kha thi cho cho chu tdu? Vd neu bi phgt thi cd le tiln phgt cling re hon nhieu so vdi chi phi cua chii tdu cho vice lip dat vd vgn hdnh thilt bj phan ly diu - nude Thijc trgng Id hang tram ngdn tau thuyin nhd cii "vd tu" xd nude nhilm ddu biln hdng ngdy, khien cho tinh trang d nhilm ngdy cdng bdo dgng Gidi phdp vd kinh nghiem cua SOS M I TRU'ONG - Xu ly t^i ch3 bdng vdi Ipc diu SOS-1 Gidi thieu vl Vdi loc diu SOS-1: Vdi lgc diu SOS-1 dugrc san xuit tii 100% sgi tai che, cd khd"ndng lgc sgch diu ke ca vdng diu rit mdng ldn nude thdi bat k6 nude nggt hay nude man vdi luu tdc ldn SOS1 cd khd nang hiit lugng diu gap 20 Idn trgng lugmg bdn than, sir d\mg dugc nhieu Ian Vai lgc diu SOS-1 sii dyng rat don gidn: Cho nude nhiem diu chdy qua vdi Vdi cd the d dgng tui lgc bit diu dng cua bom, tiii lgc trudc diu hiit ciia bom, hoac tha noi ty khoang nude ddy tdu (xem Hinh 2) Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 Tiii lgc ddu ciia bom Thd noi nu&c day tdu THI lgc truac ddu hiit ciia bam Hinh 2: Mgt so hinh dnh Vdi lgc ddu SOS-I Khi vdi ngam no diu, tdch diu bang phuong phdp co hoc (vdt ly tdm, ep ), 1dm sgch bang cdch gi^t thdng thudng vd sir dyng Igi Vdi khdng tu bi hdng myc ngdm frong nude md chi cd the tieu hiiy bdng each ddt Kit qud phan tich cho thiy tdng hdm lugng diu nude thai nhilm diu tii 24,000ppm sau lgc bdi vdi lgc diu SOS-1 xuong" cdn 2-4ppm Ig2 ^ //p/ nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh4 biin todn quoc ldn thii: Hieu qud kinh te: Gid thilt mSi tau logi vira hodc nhd m§i xa lugng diu trung binh Id 0.2kg idn khodng m^ nude ddy tau bom bilii, chi phi xu ly nude nhiem diu theo tinh toan se chua tdi 6,000 ddng/ngdy, hoac 180,000ddng/thang Gid sii, nlu chu tau chi sii dung tiii lgc lin rdi tieu hiiy, thi chi phi mdi se Id: 19,500 ddng/ngdy, ho§Ci585,000 ddng/thdng Ap dung bien phdp kilm sodt diu thdi ndy cho cdc tau du lich d cdc vjnh Ion nhu Ha Long hodc Nha Trang, hodn toan Id khd thi H XU* L V NHIEM DAU DO DAU TRAN TlT BIEN X A M NHAP VAO BOf Th\rc tl img ciiu sir co trdn diu tren biln cho thiy: Vdi dgi ngu iing ciiu chuyen nghi^o nhit thi thdi gian tir liic nhdn dugc bao ddng vl sir co trdn diu din dgi ling ciiu tdi hi^af trudng mit khodng 15-60 phiit Vdi thdi gian vet diu trdn da trdi xa yd lan tda^en dien rgng khiln cho viec cd lgp bdng phao quay diu rit khd khan Thuc tl la phao quay, tau chuyen dung, bom hut diu chi giiip thu gom duoc tir 0% den 20% luong diu tran So dau trdn khdng kilm sodt dugc mgt phin tan vdo nude, bdc hoi duoi anh nlng m^t trdi, phan Ion cdn Igi xam nhdp vdo bd tan phd cac viing cd h? sinh thdi nhay cam, ngim xudng dat cat Mgt th\rc tl khde niia la tgi nhilu vung bien cua nude ta thudng phdt hien thiy cac vet diu loang dat vao bd, vdn cyc Ngudn gdc cac vet dau ndy tir dau thi khdng co quan chiic nang ndo xdc dinh dugc Tuy nhien cdc phuong dn iing ciiu sy cd tran dau hien chiing ta mdi chi chii trgng din phin trang thilt hi nhu phao qudy, bom hiit chuySn dyng, tdu iing ciiu tren mat nude Cdn phucmg dn xu ly d nhilm ddu ven bd mdi chi dimg Igi d vi^c thu gom rac nhiem diu, diu vdn cyc mang di xir ly Nhihig gi thu gom dugc chi la mot phin d nhiem het siic nhd b6 so vdi lugfng diu ngim xudng ddt cdt, trdi dat vdo cdc khu vuc nhgy cdm Giai phap va kinh nghifm cua SOS M I TRlTOfNG: a) Thu gom dau lan nu'O'c bien gan bd n Vdi lgc diu SOS-1 da dugc su dung de hiit vd giii dau tran xam nhap vao bd bien sir CO tran diu tgi vinh Mexico (My) thang 4/2010 Vai lgc diu dugc cang tren ludi sat cdc tim chan, cd djnh bing cgc ndi biic tudng dai bao ve khu vuc nude sdt bd c6 he sinh thai nhay cam, giiip Igc hieu qud cdc hgt ddu thd nhd li ti lan ddng nude bien Do nude cd the thoat qua vai nhanh nSn biic tudng loc khdng hi bi nude thiiy trieu cuon troi hay sdng xd Xem Hinh chiing ta thay ro cac hgt dau thd bam den tren vai thiiy trieu xudng De lam sgch dau lan nude bien xam nhap vdo bd, ngoai each da dp dung tai vjnh Mexico (My), chiing ta cd the chgn cdch khde nhu sau: Vdi lgc dau sir dyng d dang phao di dgng, phia tren ndi \di xdp ndi, phia dudi noi voi xich ddn hoac cac vat nang dl keo vdi chim xudng tgo thdnh buc tudng Igc (xem Hinh 4) B^ Idn ciia xdp ndi va trgng lugng cua xich ddn phdi ddm bdo cho m6p tren cua vai loc ndi tren mdt nude, mep dudi ciia vai chim thdng diing tao thdnh biic tudng Tieu ban Sinh thai Mdi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Bien 163 Biic tudng lgc ndy cd thi chdn dgc bd bien de Igc diu nude bien nhiem diu tat vdo bd Tai diu cd thi diing neo hoac cgc de cd dinh tudng Igc khdng bi trdi dat Neu tudng Igc qud ddi se bd sung cac neo/cgc d doan giua Khde vdi tudng lgc ung dung tgi vinh Mexico, tudng lgc logi ndy cd cdc uu diem: Don gidn, it tdn kem hon vd de thi cdng hon tudng Igc bdng khung kim logi; de dang dua len bd, thao vai n^im dam diu dl tdch diu rdi tilp tyc sir dung; cd the dung neo/cgc cd dinh tudng Igc d bat ki vimg nude ndo gdn bd hodc dung tau keo de keo nhu k6o ludi danh ca di ddng tren mat bien Hinh 3: Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 cdng tren khung kim logi thdnh tu&ng Igc su dgng de ngdn giir tgi ba bien co he sinh thdi nhay cdm su co trdn ddu tgi vinh Mexico thdng 4/2010 Cac doan phao giii cho mep vdi noi tren mat ntr&c Xich dan hoac cdc vdt ndng giir cho mep vdi chim >cy de neo co dinh tu&ng lgc gdn b& hogc de tdu keo di tren biSt Hinh 4: Vdi lgc ddu SOS-1 sir dung di ngdn giir ddu tgi ba biin co the co djnh bdng neo hogc keo di dgng tren bien bdng tdu dank cd Hgi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cong ngh? biin todn quoc ldn th 164 b) Xu ly dat cat bd bieo nhiim diu Sau lugng diu trdn xdm nhap vdo bd md cd thi thu gom dugc bdng bi^n phdpi thdng thudng (miic bang xd, tham bang vdi ), viec xu ly phin diu ngim xudng cat rat kh6 Chiing ta khdng thi ddt cdt nhiem diu hodc xuc hang ngan met khdi cat d nhiem mang di x^ly Da cd nhilu thii nghiem dung dung dich vi sinh dl xii ly cdt nhilm dau nhung ket qud khdng mdy kha quan Nguyen nhan: Vi sinh tron^ dung djch tilp xiic vdi diu mang tinh ngau nhien, tdn man va phdi chiu nhilu tdc dgng xiu cua cdc chung vi sinh khde moi trudng ty nhien Chit thdm va phdn huy diu ty nhien Enretech-l vdi co chi hiit va cd lap dau de sau cac vi sinh cua Emetech thvc hi^n chiic nan^ phan huy ddu da bj cd ldp ben cdc xo bdng chinh la gidi phdp xu ly higu qua, kinh t6 nhit vd triet de nhat Gidi thigu ve Enretech-l Hinh 5: Enretech-l che tic xa bong, hut, co lap ddu vd phdn hiiy ddu bang vi sinh Enretech-l cd ddc tinh hit sire quan trgng giup nd vugt trOi hon cdc sdn pham khde: Hiit nhanh hydrocarbon d mgi dang nguyen hay nhii tuong - Kit bao, cd dinh diu ben cac xo bdng khdng cho thoat n^odi Enretech-l khdng chi cd lap diu dieu kien thdng thudng ma cd de dudi trdi mua, ngam dudi nude, phoi dudi trdi nang hay chiu tdc ddng cua dp lye chdn lap dau ciing khdng bi nhd Ddy Id ddc tinh rat quan trgng, giiip khing che dau d nhilm lan toa rdng Bang viec hut het diu trdn nhiem dat cdt va cd lap diu, Enretech-l giup khdi phyc nhanh chdng mdi trudng sdng xdy su cd - Sau diu bi hut va cd lap, cdc vi sinh "dn diu" xo bdng ciia Enretech-l se bit diu thuc hien chiic nang phdn huy diu Enretech-l vugt trgi cac che phdm vi sinh khde ve: o Lugng vd chung vi sinh: D I thuc hien chiic nang phan huy smh hgc hydrocarbon triet de nhat Tiii ''on Sinh ihdi, Moi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Bien ^ Khd nang tri su sdng vi sinh: Vi sinh d trang thai ngu vd thdi hgn (nhu hgt gidng) vd chi "thiic dgy" neu cho tiep xiic vdi ddu Khd nang kiem soat: Vi sinh chi phdt trien mdi trudng cd dau Khi ddu hi phan hiiy het hogc khdng cd dau, vi sinh khdng cdn ngudn thiic an se chet Cdc chung vi sinh cua Enretech-l khdng the nudi cay ben ngoai cdc xo bdng (noi d nhdt ciia chiing) Vi sinh chuyen hda dau thdnh san pham cudi cung Id cacbonic vd nude Thdi gian vi sinh phan huy ddu nhanh hon rit nhilu so vdi thdi gian xo bdng Enretech-l tu phdn buy nen rat an todn Xo bdng phan huy tlianh ngudn phdn bdn hihi dung cho ddt San pham cd ngudn gdc tir xo bdng tu nhien, khdng ddc hgi dli vdi siic khoe ngudi, dgng thuc vat va moi trudng Hon hgp Emetech-1 & ddu bi hap thu Id chit thai thdng thudng, cd thi chdn lap nhu chat thdi khdng nguy hgi Xu ly tai chd (noi xdy su cd trdn ddu hay noi cd dat bi d nhiem dau) Khdng mat chi phi van chuyen chat d nhilm di xir ly hay chdn lap, rat thich hgp cho viec xir ly d nhung vimg xa xdi khd tiep can, giao thdng khdng thugn tien - Don gidn va an toan bao quan va sir dung Khdng cin chuyen gia hay huan luyen ddc biet Cdch sir dune: Cat mieng bao, rac hot Enretech-l phu len toan bg be mat co dau tran vai Trgn Enretech-l vdi ddt hi nhiem dau cdng deu cang tdt Cude, xeng, bira la dung cu thdng dung cho trdn xdi Ddi vdi vimg d nhiem rdng nhu bai bien thi cd the sir dung mdy cay Cdn khodng bao logi 10 kg/bao cho m^ dat d nhilm ddu dudi mire 40,000ppm Qua trinh phan huy sinh hgc ddu (dd hi cd lap) bdi vi sinh Enretech diln sau dd 70 80% lugng dau hap thu bi phan huy sau thang Neu tang lugng Enretech-l len gap ddi (4 bao/lm'') thi sau 30 lugng diu cd thi gidm tdi 80% Viec tang lugng Eruetech-1 nhieu hon niia la khdng cin thiet vd thdi gian phan huy dau cung khdng dien nhanh hon Sau vai rdc vd trgn xdi deu dat cat nhiern ddu vdi Enretech-l, quan sat chiing ta cd cam gidc nhu hoan todn khdng cdn ddu ldn cat bd bien vi da trang va cac sinh vat dat khac sinh sol nd trd Iai va dim cat len rat nhieu Thuc dau van cdn, nhung da hi hut sach va b| cd lap ben xo bdng Enretech-l Qua trinh phdn hiiy ddu bdi vi sinh van dan^ diln ben cac xo bdng mdi trudng cat bien dd sach ddu, an toan cho su sdng ciia cac sinh vdt ddt phuc hdi trd Igi 16 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc va Cong nghe biin todn qudc ldn thie V 166 Rdc, trgn deu Enretech-l v&i cdt nhiem ddu bdng mdy cay Ket qud sau ngdy vd thdng Khu vuc khong dugc xir ly sau I thdng Hinh 6: Sic dung Enretech-l vd kit qud Enretech-l tai Viet Nam: Ngay 07/09/2001 sir cd va dam giira hai tau Farmosa One vd Petrolimex-1 tai Vinh Gidnh Rai da 1dm tren 800 t i n d i u DO tran biln, xam nhdp vdo bd b i l n TP Vung Tau Enretech-l da dugc sir dung d l xu ly d nhilm d i u tai Bai Trudc cho k i t qua h i t sire in tugng (Xem hinh 6) Enretech-l da dugc khao nghiSm l i n tai Vi^t Nam bdi cac co quan quan ly va chuyen mdn d l danh gia khd nang phdn buy biin can nhiem d i u phdt sinh tir viSc xiic nia bdn chiia (Xir ly bun can nhilm ddu khd hon rat nhieu so vdi xir ly ddt cat nhiem diu) Vdi ham lugng d i u biin can nhiem d i u tdi 43,300 mg/kg, Enretech-l da cho ket qua rat tdt vi$c lam giam ham lugng ddu xuong thap hem ngudng qui dinh theo QCVN 07:2009 (Xem chi tiet tai Bdng 1) Bdng 1: Kit qud thu nghiem khd ndng phdn huy sinh hgc ddu cua Enretech-l Ket qua phan tich mau TT Thdnh ph^n nguy hai Dam vi QCVN Due Giang K130 Ty le Im /2 bao trgn lrr^/4 bao 07: 2009 Ddu hydrocacbon < Cio mg/kg 294,4 140,2 1.000 Ddu hydrocacbon C10-C16 mg/kg 2956 1503 3.000 Dau hydrocacbon C17-C34 mg/kg 443,9 211,4 5.000 Dau hydrocacbon >C35 mg/kg KPH KPH 10.000 eu bau Sinh thai Mdi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Biin = ^ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO "Bg KHCN&MT, 2005 Thdng tu sd 2262/MTg, ngdy 29/12/1995 hudng dan vl viec khde phuc su cd tran dau Tdng cue Mdi trudng/Hgp phin Qup Md rdng/Du an SEMLA (2004-2009), 2009 Bao cdo dilu tra xdc dinh nguyen nhan, danh gia thiet hai va khde phyc d nhilm diu tgi cdc tinh ven biln Vi?t Nam Vien Cdng nghe Mdi trudng, 2010 Bao cao kit qua phdn tich nude thdi cua Cdng ty TNHH Mgt thanli vien Ky thuat May bay - san bay Ndi Bai Tong Cong ty Xang diu Viet Nam, 2009 Bao cao kit qua thii nghiem chdt thdm vd phdn huy dau tu nhien Enretech-l ciia vd Bien bdn danh gia nghiem thu nliiem vu mdi trudng cap bg ciia Hdi ddng Khoa hgc Bd Cdng thuong Ngir&i dpc nhgn xet: TS Nguyin Minh San 167 ... - nude cho cdc tau thuyin nhd la gidi phap khd khd thi: thilt bi ddt tiln (thdm chi dit hon tri gid thuyen), chi phi van hdnh Idn, ngodi cdn cin dien hogc dgng co cho vgn hanh, mat bdng cho ldp... trudng kilm tra va phgt thi giai phdp ndo kha thi cho cho chu tdu? Vd neu bi phgt thi cd le tiln phgt cling re hon nhieu so vdi chi phi cua chii tdu cho vice lip dat vd vgn hdnh thilt bj phan ly... gdy thiet hgi kinh te cho chu- tdu cdn ldn hon chi phi xtr Ij- nude thdi Chung ta thu hinh dung rieng tgi khu v\rc tinh Quang Ninh vi?c td chiic xu ly nude thai hang ngdy cho hon 10,000 tdu thuySn
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