Hiện trạng ô nhiễm môi trường nước biển ven bờ tỉnh quảng ninh

Hoi Dia ly Viet N a m D a i h p c T h a i Nguygp H I E N T R A N G N H I E M M O I TRU^CKNG N U * C B I E N ~~ VEN B d TINH QUANG NINH Luu Thg Anh', Nguyen Thi Hue, Nguyen Due Thanh Nguyen Thi Lan Huang, Duang Tlii Lim, Nguygn Hoii Thu Huong Abstract The pressures of population growth and socio-economic development activities has a great impact on the environment and coastal ecologies in Quang Ninh province The pollutant sources from the production and domestic actmities have caused the changes in some elements and coastal water quality in the study area The analysis results of water samples along coastal zone of Quang Ninh from 2011 to 2013 shown that coastal water in Quang Nmh has been polluted by nutrition, organic matter, oil and heavy metals Concentration ofNH4+ at the monitoring sites exceed National technical regulation on coastal water quality (QCVN10:2008/BTNMT) for aquaculture and fisheries conservation from I to 2.9 times In the Bai Chay tourist wharf, water has been contaminated by waste oil from boats, where content of oil was recorded as 0312 mg/l, exceed 1.56 times the permitted regulation I.DATVANDE Quang Ninh li tinh ven biln thudc vimg Ddng Bic v i nim vimg tam giic ting tnrdng kinh tl Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng - Quing Ninh, vdi 250 km dudng bd biln, cd 40.000 bai trigu va tren 20.000 eo vinh, 2.077 hdn dao 0, Vi vay, Quang Nirdi la mdt so eic dia phuang hpi tu nhilu dieu kign ty rfliign thugn lpi chp phit trien kinh tl - xa hpi, dae biet che phat trien kinh te bien nham khai thac higu qua tigm nang v i Ipi thi cua tii nguygn bien dao hign cd Bgn cgnh cic thinh tuu da dgt dupc vg nhieu mgt cua kinh tl - xa hpi, tinh Quang Ninh dang ddi mgt vdi nhigu thich thiic can giii quyet nhu can kiet va suy thoai cic dang tai nguygn thien nhign, d nhiem moi trudng, suy giim da dang sinh hpc cic he sinh thii ciia sdng ven biln, mat rimg ngap man,.,, Trong bdi canh tie dpng eua biln doi hgu toin cau, suy flioai mdi tmdng dien gay gat trgn dia ban tinh v i da trd thinh nhirng vin dl ndng, la moi quan tam cua xa hoi, Cic ket qua quan trie nhung nam gin day cho thay, chat luang nude bien ven bd tinh Quang Ninh dang cd dau higu bi d nhiera, gay inh hudng den phit triln nudi thiiy san, du hch v i de dpa den sg siiih ton eua cac loai smh vgt biln Vi vay, viec nghien euu danh gia dien biln chat Iupng nude bien ven bd d Quang Ninh la van de cap thiit giiip cho cac nha quin Iy dua giii phap higu qui de glim thieu d nhiem ehiln lupc phat trien ben viing kinh tl - xa hdi Trong nghign ciiu niy, cac tic gia trinh bay kit qua quan trie moi tmdng nude biln ven bo tren dia ban tinh Quin Ninh nam 2011 va 2013 Tuy nhign, so ligu quan tiic niy ehi phin inh hign trang chat Iupng nude biln ven bd tgi thdi diem nghign ciiu DOI TUONG VA PHLTONG P H A P 2.1 Doi tirong nghien ciiu Doi tirpng nghien ciiu la cac chi tieu va flidng so dgc tnmg (Dp dye, chit rin Ip Iibg, coliform, amoni dxy hda t ^ , nhu cau dxy sinh hpc v i hda hpc, nhdm kim Iogi nang, dau, ) de dinh gii chat Iupng nude biln khu vue bai tim, ben cing va mdt so khu vyc khac trgn dia bin flnh Quang Ninh 2.2 Phutmg phap nghign cuu a) Phuang phip kg thira Nghign cim kl fliira kit qui quan tiic hign ttang mdi tmdng tinh Quing Ninh Tmng tam Quan ti^c vi Phan tich Mdi tradng - Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng fliyc hi$n tir tiling dentiling3 nam 2011 b) Phuang phjp thu mau ngoii thyc dia Vi?nDia ly - Vj^n Hdn ldm Khoa hgc va Cong nghS ViSt A Kyyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgcDia lp todn qudc ldn thif Dgi hoc Thai Nguygn H8i Dia lp Vigt Nam Cac mau nude dupc lay va bao quan theo hudng dan quy dinh tai TCVN 5998' 1995 (ISO 5667-9: 1987) Cdng tie khio sat bd sung, lay miu va phan tich dupe thyc hien vio thing nam 2013 c) Phuang p h ^ phan tich phdng thi nghiem - Nhigt dd: Do nhaifli bing tiiilt hi Waterfroof Testr 10 - OAKION; - pH Do nhanh bing flult bi Waterfroof pH Testi" 10 - OAKION (TCVN 6492 -1999); - Oxy hda tan (DO): Xac dinh flieo phuang phip Winkler (TCVN 5499 -1995); ~ Tong chit rin lo lung (TSS): Xie dinh bing Ipc qua spi flniy tinh (TCVN 6625-2000), - Nhu can dxy hda hoc (COD): Xac dinh flieo TCVN 6491 - 1999, -Nhu ciu dxy sinh hpc (BODS): Sii dung tii li BOD Shel Lap Model 2020 Incubator (TCVN 6001-2008); - Amoni: Phuang p h ^ chung cit v i chuin dp (TCVN 5988 - 1995), - Cic ipn Cloraa, Nitnt, Nitrat v i Sunfat hda tan: Xac dinh bang sac ky Idng ion (TCVN 6494-1999); - Dong, kem, eadimi va chi: Phuong phip trie h ^ phy nguyen tii ngon lua (TCVN 6193-1996); - Dau Phuong phip huynh quang vdi thiit bi TD 3100 - Turner Designs (TCVN 5070 1995); - Coliform' Phat hien va dgm bing phuang phip mang Ipc (TCVN 6119 - 1995); d) Phuang phap so sinh Cic man nude dupc xii Iy v i phan tich tgi Phdng Phan tich Thi nghiem Tong hpp Dia ly Vign Dja ly - Vign Hin lam Khoa hpc va Cdng nghg Vigt Nam Cic ket qui phan tich dupc so sanh vdi quy chuin hign hanh (QCVN 10: 2008/BTNMT) K T Q U A NGHIEN ClTU 3.1 Hi^n trgng mdi trirdmg nirdc biln tai cac khu vuc bai tam Kit qua quan trie chat Iupng nude bien ven bd tai mdt sd bai tim Tnmg tam Quan trie v i Phan tieh Mdi trudng Quang Ninh thyc hien nam 2011 cho thay (Bing 1): - pH: Ket qua tai bai tam (Tuan Chau, Bai Chiy, Ti Top, Bai Dii, Tri Cd) d Quang Ninh dao dpng tii 8,05 - 8,19 v i diu nim quy chuan cho phep (QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT) quy djnh doi vdi vimg bai tim, the thao dudi nude Bang I: Kit qud quan trdc mdi tru&ng nude biin ven bd khu vuc bdi tdm ndm 2011 Thdng sd Nhi?t Colifonn Bo XT Vi tri quan trac Bpdan BODS TSS Dk DO pH mu6i (MPN/ m (mg/l) (mS/cm) (mgfl) (mg/l) 100ml) (mgfl) (OC) 13,5 40,8 14 0,021 B3i tim Tuan Chau 8,12 25,4 6,21 1.5 24,0 44,6 8,4 33,0 210 Bii tjmBU Chay 13,8 8,09 28,7 6,24 0,170 41,8 14,9 8,05 30,9 6,68 KPH 331 tim Ti Top 2,1 14,0 41,3 15 BaitdmB3iDaj 14,9 8,15 27,2 6,42 5,7 0,102 1,5 10.2 8,18 29,9 6,32 43,9 5,6 18,0 26 0,067 BSitSmTt^Co QCVN 10:2608/BTNMT(») 30,0 6,5-8,5 >4,0 50,0 1.000 0,100 - Ngudn: Trung tdm Quan trdc vd Phdn tich Mdi trudng tinh Qudng Ninh, 2011 Ghi chii: (*) Gia tri gidi hgn doi vdi vimg bai tim, thi thao dudi nuac - DO: Gia tri dxy hda tan tai cac bai biln ghi nhgn dao ddng tir 6,21 - 6,68 mg/I va deu nam _^mggidi hgn cua quy chuan cho phep f^yyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly todn qudc ldn tha Dgi hpc Thai Nguygn Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam - TSS: Ham Iupng TSS ghi nhan tai bai tim dao ddng tir 5,7 - 33,0 mg/I va deu nam tieng gidi han cua quy chuan cho phep - Ham lupng diu Nude tai mpt so bai tim di cd dau higu d nhigm dau, ham lupng dau ghi nhgn da vupt quy chuan cho phep doi vdi bai tim, the thao dudi nude nhu d Bai Chay li 0,170 mg/l; tai Bai Dai li 0,102 mg/l Tgi bai tim Ti Top chua phit hign ham Iupng dau - Coliform: Ket qua quan trie cho thay, chua cd dau hieu d nhiem vi smh vgt tgi cac khu vyc bai tim Quang Ninh, kit qui ghi nhgn colifonn dao ddng tir - 210 MPN/100 ml 3.2 Hien trgng mdi triroTig nude bign tai cic khu vux ben cang Ket qua phan tich cic thdng so dgc trung chit Iupng nude tai mot sa ben cang chinh d tinh Quang Ninh cho thiy (Bang 2) - pH: Gii tii pH dao dpng tit 7,78 - 8,19 va nim h^ong quy chuan cho phep doi vdi noi khk (ngoai quy djnh doi vdi bai tim, the thao, nudi v i bao ton flniy sin) - DO: Luang dxy hda tan dao ddng tu 5,87 - 6,97 mg/I va deu nim gidi hgn cua quy chuin eho phep - TSS: Ket qui phan tieh TSS nude biln tgi cac cing d Quang Nmh dao dpng tu - 87 mgA, gii tti cao nhat ^ nhgn tgi cing Nam Cau Tring dat 87 mg/l Bdng Kit qud quan trdc moi trudng nu&c biin cdc cdng d Qudng Ninh ndm 2011 Thfing so Colifonn Nhiet Bo Vi (ri quan trSc TT DO Do dan BODS TSS (MPN/ D^u, pH muoi (mg/l) (mS/cm) (mgA) (mgrt) 100ml) (mgj) (OC) (%o) C^g tau du lich Bai Chiy Cing Nam Cau Trang Cum c^g Km C ^ Cua Ong Cdng Cai Rong Cau c^g Co To Cang Dan Tien QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT (*) 13,6 8,03 28,5 6,34 42,1 9,3 35,0 210 0,312 14,7 14,0 13,9 14,8 16,7 10,1 7,81 7,78 7,94 8,08 8,19 7,93 6,5.8,5 27,9 24,5 28,9 29,4 31,9 29,7 5,87 6,14 6,93 6,14 6,97 6,58 42,4 42,1 43,6 43,8 42,5 9,3 7,3 0,3 32,4 3,2 87,0 25,0 11,0 11,0 3.0 2,4 5,0 - - - - 34 24 12 4 13 1.000 0,174 0,074 0,124 0,095 0,007 0,015 0,200 - «,! - Ngudn: Trung ldm Quan trdc vd Phdn tich Moi tru&ng tinh Qudng Ninh, 2011 Ghi chii: (*) Gia tri gidi hgn doi vdi cac muc dich khic ngoai bai tim, the thao, nudi va bio ton thiiy sin - Ham Iupng dau: Nude biln cing tiu du Iich Bai Chay da cd dau higu d ifliiem dau Ham Iupng dau ghi nhin tai day Ii 0,312 mg/l (vupt quy chuan cho phep 1,56 Ian) Cic khu vyc cing khac chua cd dau higu d nhiem dau - Coliform- Gia tri colifonn nude bien tgi cing dao ddng tit - 210 MPN/100 ml va tiiap ban gidi hgn quy chuan cho phep Nhu vgy, chua cd dau hieu d nhiem vl vi sinh vat (thdng qua colifonn) lgi cic beii c&g d Qu&g Niifli 3.3 Hien trang moi trirdug nirdc bign tai cic khu vm khac Ket qui phan tich eie thdng so dgc trung nude biln ven bd tgi cie khu vyc khic d tinh Quing Nmh cho thay (Bing 3): - pH: Kit qua phan tich cho fliay, gia tii pH dao dpng tir 7,31- 8,24 va deu nim gidi han quy chuan cho phep doi vdi viing nudi thiiy san, bao ton thuy sinh isr Kyyeu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly todn gudc IMftli7 Dai hpc Thai Nguygn Hoi Dia ly Vi^t Nam - TSS' Ham lupng chat ran la lirng ghi nhgn tai khu vyc xa Le Lpi, Hoanh Bo la 141,3 mg/l (vupt quy chuan cho phep 2,82 Ian), tai phudng Dgi Ygn, TP Ha Long la 138 mg/l (vupt quy chuan eho phep li 2,76 lin); tai khu vyc thdn 4, Dong Rui, Tien Yen ii 98 mg/I (vuot quy chuin cho phep 1,96 lin); tai xa Thong Nhat, Hoanh Bo la 67,2 mg/l (vuot quy chuan cho phep 1,34 lin) - Him luang amoni (NH4+): Tgi nhieu digm quan trie cd ham luang amoni vuot quy chuan cho phep Gii tri ghi nhan dao dpng tir 0,07 - 0,29mg/l Nhu vgy, nude bien ven bd d mpt sd khu vycflnhQuing Ninh da cd dau higu d nhigm ve dinh dudng (thdng qua amoni) - Ham Iupng COD: Da so cic miu nghien ciiu diu cd ham lupng COD vupt quy chuan cho phep, gia tri ghi nhan dao dpng tir 14-33 mg02/l Nhu vgy, da cd diu higu d nhilm hitu ca (thdng qua COD) tgi mdt so khu vyc ven biln d Quing Ninh - Nhdm cic kira loai nang: + Dong (Cu): Ham Iupng Cu nude bien ven bd d Quang Ninh kha cao, dao ddng tir 0,012 - 0,053 mg/I Khu vyc gin cau Ba Che (thdn Cii Tan, xa Cdng Hda, Tp Cam Phi) da vupt 1,76 lan quy chuan cho phep doi vdi khu nudi trdng thuy sin, bio tdn thuy sinh, + Kgm (Zn): Ham Iupng Zn tgi cic dilm quan trie dao ddng tit 0,001 - 0,08 mg/I Gii tri Zn cao nhat ghi nhgn tgi khu vuc xa Tiin Phong ciia huygn Ygn Hung ghi nhgn la 0,08 mg/l (vuot quy chuan cho phep 1,6 lin) + Mangan (Mn): Him Iupng Mn dao ddng tit 0,04 - 0,38 mg/I, gia tri Idn nhit ghi nhgn tai thdn xa Dong Rui, huygn Tign Ygn la 0,38 mg/I; vuot quy chuan 3,8 Ian - Coliform: Gia tri coliform cac miu quan trie dao ddng tir - 732 MNP/lOOml, diu nim gidi ban quy ehuan cho phep (gii tn cho phep: 1.000 MNP/lOOml) Nhu vay, cac khu vuc quan trie chua ed dau hieu d nhiem ve vi sinh vgt - Him Iupng dau: Tgi mdt so dilm quan trie da ghi nhgn him lupng dau vupt quy chuan cho phep doi vdi vimg nudi thuy sin, bao ton thiiy sin Dien hinh tai khu vye ben chp Ha Long 1, ham lupng dau ghi nhgn dupc li 0,4Img/I; tgi cau Van Don, xa Ddng Xa (Van Ddn); xa Thong Nhat (Hoinh Bo) ghi nhan dupe li 0,075 mgA v i xa Le Lpi (Hoanh Bo) Ii 0,015 mg/I, tai Cua Luc IiO,OI2mg/I; tgi cua sdng Dien Vpng liO,OU mg/l Bdng Kit qud quan trdc mdi tru&ng nu&c bien ven bd ndm 2013 tgi mgt sd khu vuc khac a Qudng N UiongsS STT V| lii quui trie Uion CSi Tin x3 C5ngH6 TP d m Phi (gin ciu Ba Chg) Do Coliform TSS S042- Cl- NH4+ N03- rx) COD BODS Cu Zn (MNP/ (mgfl) (mg/l) (mgfl) (mg/l) (ml/1) (mgn) (mg/l)