Hoang van Hung vo Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 104(04) 17 22 NGHIEN CUU THUC TRANG 6 NHIEM MOI TRUOfNG NUOC SONG CAu DOAN CHAY QUA DIA BAN TINH BAC KAN Hodng van Himg*, NguySn IVTiinh Ih''''i Tnn''''mg[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN CUU THUC TRANG 6 NHIEM MOI TRUOfNG NUOC SONG CAu DOAN CHAY QUA DIA BAN TINH BAC KAN
Hodng v a n Himg*, NguySn IVTiinh Ih'i
Tnn'mg Dai h(>c \dng l.dm - Dll Ihm \[V(U7/
TOM TAT
Bac Kan la tinh dau ngudn luu v^rc sdng Cau, do^n song Cau chay qua Bac Kan dai 83km, cd y nghTa to ldn trong phat trien kinh te - xa hpi sinh thai vi da dang sinh hpc cua tinh nhung lai dang
CO dau hieu bi 6 nhiem Nguyen nhan chinh la do nude thai tir cac hoat dpng dan sinh; cac ca so y te; san xuat kinh doanh; khai Ihac va che bien khoang san trong luu vuc chira dugc xir ly triet de trudc khi xa vao sdng Cau De danh gia hien trang 6 nhiem mdi Irudng nude sdng Cau, nghien ciru
da lien hanh lay mau va phan tich djnh ki 1 lan/lhang theo Quy chuin Vi^i Nam tai cac xB: Duong
nghien ciru cho Ihay Chat lugng nude sdng cdn tuong doi tot va dang co xu huong cai ihien dan (trung binh nam van thdp hon QCVN 08:2008/B'fNTM cpl A1 va A2) nhirng khong dn dnih giua cac miia va cac vi tri tren sdng Nghien ciru da de xuai 4 giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua cong tac quan ly, bao ve moi trudng nude sdng Cau tren dia ban tinh Bac Kan ndi rieng va tren ca luu vuc song Cau noi chung, phti hop vdi muc lieu kinh le - xa hoi dam bao phal trien b^n vung
Tir khoa: Bdc Kan hao ve mdi trirdng nude, nu&c thai, sdng Cdu, 6 nhiem mdi trudng nude
M O D A U
Sdng Cdu ddi 2 8 8 k m , cd y nghTa to Idn trong
phdt t n e n kinh le - xa hgi, tdng tinh da dang
sinh hgc va duy tri cdc h e sinh thai nude eho
6 tinh, bao g d m : Bac Kan, Thdi N g u y e n , VTnh
Phiic, Bac Ninh Bac G i a n g , Hdi D u o n g vd
mgt phdn dien lich ciia thanh phd Ha Ndi [6]
Tuy nhien d o sire e p ciia gia tang ddn sd vd
su phat trien k h d n g ben v u n g , sdng Cau ngay
cang bi d nhiem nghiem trong, trong dd cd
doan chdy qua dja ban tinh Bac Kan [5]
N h a m nang c a o hieu q u a c d n g tac quan ly,
kiem soat chat c h e cdc ngudn thai vd bdo ve
mdi t r u g n g n u d e s d n g Cau doan chay qua
tinh Bdc Kan, viec dieu tra, ddnh gid t h u c
trang d nhiem la viec lain can thiet
Kel qua nghien ciru se la c o sd cho quy hoach
phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, dira ra cac c h u o n g
trinh hanh d d n g d e bdo ve mdi I r u d n g n u d e
sdng Cau tai Bac Kan ndi rieng vd tren todn
luu vuc thugc 6 tinh ndi c h u n g [6]
V A T LIEU, P H U O N G PHAP N G H I E N C U U
P h u o n g p h a p n g h i e n c u u
- Phuong phdp ke thii'a: Ke thira cdc sd lieu, tdi
heu thir cap lien quan den van de nghien ciru
Tel- 0989 372386 Emad ln'hiingin74.dlvahoo c
- Phirong phap phdng van, khao sat thuc te
Khao sdt todn bd khu vuc nghien ciiu gdm cac huyen C h a Ddn, Bach Thdng, Ihi xa Bac Kan, Chg Mdi vd phdng vdn true liep bang phieu dieu tra Ddi t u g n g phdng van Id nhdn dan trong khu vuc vd lanh dao cdc cap chinh quyen dia p h u o n g ve dieu kien t u nhien, hien t r a n g mdi t r u d n g n u d e , cac ngudn d
n h i e m , linh hinh sire k h d e c g n g d d n g vd he sinh thai v.v
- P h u o n g phdp lay man \ d phan lich: Lay mau lai xa D u o n g Phong, Cau Phd ciia ihi xa Bdc Kan; Thac Gicng Na Ban ciia xa Thanh Binh;
C h o Mdi, dinh ki 1 lan/lhdng Cdc p h u a n g phdp thu mau, bdo qudn va phan tich d u g c thuc hien theo dimg quy chuan Viet Nam ( Q C V N ) va qudc tc (ISO) t u g n g irng da dugc cdng nhdn dal tieu chuan V I L A S [4]
- P h u a n g phdp tdng h g p so sdnh: Tdng hop cdc sd lieu thu thdp vd so sdnh vdi Tieu chudn Viet N a m Tii dd danh gia hien trang chdt luong mdi t r u d n g n u d e luu \ i i c sdng Cdu chdy qua dia ban tinh Bac Kan ket luan mirc
d o d nhiem
- P h u o n g phap t h d n g ke: sd lieu d u g c xii ly
thdng ke tren Excel \e dd thi dien bien chat
luo'ng n u d e Iheo khdng gian, thdi gian bang phdn mem S A S
Trang 2T h i o l b|, vat lieu nghien ciru
- Cac loai thiel bj \ d \ d l lieu dc lay, \ i i n
chuyen bdo qudn \ a phdn tich mdu dugc qui
djnh trong Q C V N
- Thdi gian nghien ciru: 2009 den 201 1
K L l l , ) U A V A T H A O L U A N
Tdng quan \C' sCtn>i i iin \-A luu virc MUig Cfiii
Liru vuc song Ci\u co dicn lich tu nhicn 6 030
km" \ d i chieu ddi 288km \ a long lugng nude
khoang 4,5 ty in'/ndm i)d ddi hinh qudn ciia
sdng Can kha ldn (16.1"-!)) vol long lugng
nude hdng nam cao nen d nhiem nidi IruiTiig
nude lai ^dng Cau hang ndm chi mang linh
cue bd vao liing thdi diem nhdl djnh cho lirng
doan sdng chii yen la cdc vj tri cd hoal ddng
kinh te xa hgi phdt trien nhanh [6]
Theo ihdng kc linh den niim 2010, cd 65 khu
cdng nghiep vd chi cd 15 khu cd he thdng \ i i
1\ luioc ihdi tap trung Hoat dgng khai Ihac
khoang sdn tai cac md \ d cdc co so khai thdc
\ a che bien khodng sdn rdt phdt trien tai cac
tinh luu vuc sdng, ddc biet la d thugng luu
nhu cdc linh Bac Kan \ a Thai Nguyen vdi
khodng 370 co sd va cac lang nghe phat trien
manh d ha luu Day la ngudn gay d nhicm ldn
cho luu vii'c |6]
Dan sd cdc tinh thudc luu vuc vdo khoang
6,72 trieu ngudi Mat dd trung binh vao
khoang 648 ngudi/km^ cao hon gap 2.5 lan
mdt dd dan sd irung binh todn qudc [ I ] Tdc
do dd thi hda cao mat do dan sd ldn, phan ldn
cac dd thj chua cd he thdng \d ly nude thdi
lap trung, nude thai thai true licp ra nguon
licp nhan nhu sudi, sdng hd v \' ct'ing la mgt
trong nhiTng nguyen nhan gay d nhicm mdi
Irudng nude sdng lai day
Theo kel qud quan trac hang nam vc chat
luang nirdc mat liru vuc sdng Cau ciia Tdng
cue mdi trudng thi dicn bien chat lugng nude
mai luu vuc sdng can irong \;ii nam i r d lai
ddy da cd ddu hieu cai thien 1 uy nhicn, vice
d nhicm van dicn ra d nhung vj i r i gdn ngudn
liep nhan
Tir nhiTng tdng kel iron, cdc nghien ciiu khoa
hgc \ e hien trang d nhicm nude song Cdu tren
cdc dja ban sdng Cau cha\' qua la het sue cdn
Ihict nhdm danh gid mdt cdch day dii va
T d n g (|uan vc sdng Cau doiin chay qua dia hdn t i n h Hiie K i i n
Bac Kan Id tinh ddu ngudn luu vuc sdng Cau, doan song Cau chay qua Bac Kan dai 83km, qua cdc xd Phuong Vien (huyen C h g Ddn) Duong Phong (huyen Bach Thdng) thj xa Bac Kan va huyen Cho M d i dien tich luu \uc khodng 110 km" chicm 1/4 dien tich tu nhicn linh Bdc Kan [6J
Luu VU'C sdng Cau doan qua linh Bac Kan cd khoang tren 30 nhanh sudi Ion nhd chdy vao sdng chinh trong dd cd nhung nhanh sudi ldn
cd chieu ddi hdng chuc km nhu sudi Nam Cat, sudi V i Huong, sudi Thanh \ L T I V d i dan sd chii yeu ldm ndng nghiep vd canh tdc Iren ddi ddc dieu nay anh hudng khdng it den idc do bdi lang cho luu vuc f 5 |
Che dd thuy van mang linh ddc trung ciia sdng mien niii: Miia khd keo ddi ddng chay nhd Miia lii ngdn nhung luu lugng Idn, dnh Inrgng Irirc tiep den bd sdng \ a Idng sdng: + Luu lugng ddng cha; nhd nhat trung binh miia kict: 4,07 m / s
+ Luu lirong ddng chay trung binh miia kiel" 5.22 mVs
+ Ddng chd> trung binh miia lii- 550m ,'s + Luu l u o i m ddng clid\ trunu binh nam: 17.3 mVs
Luu lugng ddng cha_\ lu Idn gdp 32 Idn ddng cha\ trung binh nam va 110 ldn trung binh miia kici
Nghien ciru nay cd \ nghTa cho viec qudn l\'
va bao ve mdi trirdng mrde ciia dau ngudn va bdo \ e mdi trudng \ img ha luu song Cau Cdc ngudn gay o n i i i c i n sdng Cau tren dia han t m h Bac K i i n
Khai thdc vd che hien khodng son:
Tinh Bac Kan co 273 nid \ a diciii khoang san
Trong do mdi so loai cd tiem nang luang doi
Idn nhu khodng san chi-kcm sat, vang v.v
Trang 3Cac md khai thdc vd che bidn khoang san
Irong luu vuc sdng Cdu deu cd cong nghe tac
hau, chua cd he thong thu gom, xir ly triet de
nude thdi, rac thai md xd true tidp vao sdng
Cau nhu: md quang sdt Sy Binh, md set ggch
ngdi Khau Ma, md da vdi Pa Chii v.v, Day la
mdi trong nhirng ngudn chinb gay d nhi^m
mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cdu
Nuf'fc thdi do thi, cong nghiep:
- Nirdc thai sinh hogi: Theo Nien giam thong
ke nam 2010 thi xa Bdc Kan cd khoang
37.739 ngugi vdi luong thdi gan 4.000
m/ngdy dem (dinh mirc lOOIil/ngudi/ngay
dem) Trong dd 50%o duoc thai true tiep \do
sdng Cau md khdng xir 1\
- \itdc thai sinh hoal benh vien: Nam irong
luu virc sdng Cdu cd 5 benh \ len gdm Benh
vien da khoa (BVDK) hii>en Bach Thdng:
BVDK thi xa Bac Kan; BVDK tinh Bdc Kan;
BVDK huyen Chg Mgi, BVDK 500 giudng
benh (dang ddu tu xay dung) Hien cd 3 benh
vien dang hoat dgng vd deu cd he ihdng xir ly
nude thdi nhung do van hdnh khdng dam bdo
nen nude thai y te thdi vdo ngudn liep nhan
van vugt QCVN 28: 20I0/BTNMT Cac tram
y te thudc luu vuc sdng Cau tren dja bdn tinh
deu khdng cd he thdng thu gom va xu ly nude
thdi y te, rac thai y te Day chinh la ngudn
phal sinh vi khudn, djch benh, gdy d nhiem
mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cau
- Nirdc thai sinh hoat ciia cdc ca sd san xudl
kinh doanh 100%) ca sd san xuat kinh doanh
xdy dung he thdng xir ly nude thdi sinh boat
chua dimg quy chuan, khdng dii cdng sudt xir
ly Day cung la 1 trong nhiJng ngudn ga\' d
nhiem mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cau [5]
- Nude thai cong nghiep klni cdng nghiep:
Cdc loai hinh sdn xuat kinh doanh phat sinh
ngudn nude thai gdy d nhiem mdi trudng Id:
khai thdc va che bien khodng san; che bien
giay de; che bien hoa qud; khu cdng nghiep
Thanh Binh Nude thai trong khai thdc va che
bien chi dugc xii ly so bg trudc khi xa vao
ngudn tiep nhdn vd deu vi pham quy djnh ve
xir ly vd xa nude thai [6]
- Mat so nguon thai khdc: boat ddng canh tdc
ndng nghiep, chan nudi cung gdp phan khdng
nhd gdy d nhiem luu vuc sdng Cdu Vdi tren
phap truyen thdng cung da gdy dnh hudng ldn tdi d nhiem ngudn nude luu vuc Dac biel Id boi lang tir cac boat ddng sdn xudl ndng nghiep, khai thdc khoang san va vat lieu xay dung da Idm dnh hudng tdi ca vimg ha luu Phan tich, danh gia dien hien chiit lugng nude song Cau qua cac ndm
De vice ddnh gia dugc dam bao, sd lieu quan trac da dugc lien hanh tir nam 2009 den thdng
6 ndm 2011 Nghien ciru nay chii yeu lap Irung nghien ciru mdt sd thdng sd co' ban vc d nhiem mdi irudng nude
Thdng sd DO (Dissolved Oxygen - lirang d.xy hod tan):
Ham lufl-nR OO
Hinh 2: Bieu do dien bien hdm luang DO
cua mrdc sdng Cdu linh Bdc Kan tu 2009-2011
Ham luong DO til thugng ngudn den ha ngudn sdng Cau chdy q_ua dia bdn Bdc Kan deu ndm trong lieu chuan cho phep (TCCP) ciia QCVN 08:2008 cot Al (D0>6mg/1) A2 (D0>5mg/I) Til' 2009-2011 hdm lugng DO
cd xu hudng giam ddn do su tac ddng ciia ngudn thai cdng nghiep lai ddy Mirc do tdc dgng gia tang cung su phdt tnen KT - XH
Thdng sd BOD^ (Biochemical O.xgen Dentiind
5 - Nhn cdu dx}- sinh hgc trong 5 ngdy)
IIDnilir7nel)OI>5
Hinh 3; Dien bien hdm luong BODs cua nude
song Cdu tmh Bdc Kan qua cdc ndm 2009-2011
Dien bien ham lugng BOD5 tir 2009 den 201 ! ludn theo quy luat sau Hdm liro'ng BOD^ cao vdo ddu miia mua, dau miia khd va tang gidm
Trang 4dang cd xu hudng giam ddng nghTa vdi vi?c
gidm muc dg d nhicm
Thdng so COD (Cheinicid O.xygen Demand
-nhu cdu <Xxy hda hgc)
Hinh 4: Bieu do dien bicn hdm lugng COD
qua cdc nam 2009.2011
Ket qua quan trac cho ihdy COD lang cao vao
miia khd, tuy khdng dao ddng Idn giua cdc
dgt quan trac nhung cd xu hudng gidm dan
qua cdc ndm Dieu dd chirng td chdt lugng
nude sdng Cdu dang ddn duoc kiem soat vd
cai thien
Thdng sd TSS
Hinh 5: Ihi'u eld dien hicn ham hmng TSS
cua sdng Cdu qua cdc nam 2009-2011
Hdm lugng TSS qua cac nam cd xu lui'dng
tang Nguyen nhdn Id do tdc dgng ciia hoat
ddng khai thdc cat sdi Idng sdng da gdy ra
Thdng ui N-NH/
Hinh 6: Bieu do dien bien hdm lugng N~NHj
Hinh 6 cho thay ham lugng N-NH4'*^ trong nude sdng Cdu qua cac nam 2009, 2010, 2011
cd xu hirdng gidm Nguyen nhan la nam 2010
vd 2011 linh Bdc Kan da dau tu du an xdy d\rng chuong trai cho ndng dan, xu ly nuoc thai y te, thu gom rac thai sinh hoat, dang dau
lu he thdng xir ly tdp Irung va nhdn thuc cua ngudi ddn da dugc nang cao
Thdng so coliform
-i\
Hinh 7: Bieu do dien hien hdm tuang coliform
qua cdc ndm
Tru khu vuc Cau Pha hdm lugng coliform trong nude sdng Cdu tren dia bdn tinh Bdc Kan cd xu huang gidm dan qua cdc nam
De xuat giai phap gidm thieu nguon gay 5 nhiem niro'c song Cau
Gidi phiip qudn ly:
Ddy manh vd md rang ke hogch thirc hi?n QiivOt dinh 64 cua Thu tuang Chinh phu Cdc chinh sdch thirc hien quyet dinh 64:
- Chinh sach dau tu tir ngudn ngan sach nha
nude Xir ly iriet de cac co sd gay d nhiem mdi Irudng cd su chi dao \a hd trg tir ngan sdch nhd nude ddi vdi ingt sd boat ddng djch
vu cdng nhu benh vien, bdi rdc v v
- Cdc chinh sach hd tro cua chinh quyen dja phuong: Dja phuong chti ddng xdy dyng phuang an, ke hoach, hd trg di ddi co sd gay
g nhiem mdi trudng bang ngudn kinh phi dja phuang theo quyet djnh ciia Thu tudng
Cite cong eu hdnh chinh
Uu dai thue, giao dat, ho trg cdc doanh nghiep, eg sd sdn xuat kinh doanh gdy d nhiem mdi trudng nghiem trgng di ddi dung lien do
Trang 5Nam: Nhdm hd trg lai chinh chg thuc hien de
an xii ly nude thai triet de va dugc co quan
thuc hien du an bao lanh
- Ndng cao nhdn thirc va cdng bd thdng tin
qua cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chimg
Gidi phdp ky thuat:
Kiem soat d nhiem bdng quy dinh irong cdc
vdn bdn phdp qui
Cong cu kmh lc: Phi nude thai; Cho vay uu
ddi; Uu dai su dung ddt, Uu dai thue
Cdi tien cdng nghe
- Thiic da\ irng dyng sdn xudt sach hon
- Khen thudng cho cdc thdnh tich tdt ve sdn
xuat sach ho'n va bdo ve mdi trudng
Thiic day cdc djch vu lien quan den mdi
trudng nhu: tu van, quy hoach va thiet ke ky
thudl, do dae va phan tich chat lugng nude v.v
Ndng cao nhdn thirc, gido due vd xd hgi hod
edng tdc bdo ve mdi trudng
Xep hgng hogt dgng mdi Irudng nhu: Chirang
trinh PROPER ciia Inddnesia, chuong trinh
EcoWatch tai Philippines v.v
Cdng bd thdng tin ve mdi trudng
Ndng cao nhdn thiie trong hogt ddng sdn xudl
nong nghiep chdn nuoi
Phdt trien ca sd hg tdng
Phdt trien he thdng thoat nude do thj
Ddu tuxdy dimg he thdng thu gom, phdn logi
vd xir ly tap trung rdc thai, nude thdi
KET LUAN
- Nguyen nhdn chinh gay d nhiem sdng Cdu
doan qua tinh Bdc Kan la do nude thai tii' cdc
hoat ddng ddn sinh: sdn xudt kinh doanh, khai
thdc che bien khodng sdn va co sd y te trong
luu vuc chua dirge xir ly tnet de trudc khi xd
vao ngudn tiep nhdn
- Chat lugng nuoc sdng cdn tuong ddi tdt, trung binh nam vdn ihap hgn QCVN 08: 2008/BTNTM cdt Al va A2 Tuy nhien, chdl lugng nude khdng dn dmh giira cac miia vd cdc vi iri tren sdng- chat lugng nude song gidm vdo miia khd vd miia lij mpt sd doan cd dau hieu d nhiein keo dai nhu doan sdng Cau chdy qua huyen Chg Mdi vd thj xii Bdc Kan
- Nhu'ng nam gan day, chat lugng nude sdng Cdu tinh Bac Kan cd xu hudng cdi thien dan, chirng minh cdng tac quan ly, bdo ve mdi trudng vd y thirc ngudi ddn da nang cao
- Cdng tdc bdo ve mdi irudng luu vuc sdng Cdu tren dia ban tinh Bac Kan van cdn nhieu thach thirc, nhdt la thdch Ihirc giiTa bao ve mdi trudng phdt trien ben vung vdi muc lieu phdt Irien kinh te, an sinh xa hgi
- De nang cao hieu qua cdng lac quan ly vd bao ve mdi trudng nude sdng Cdu, can dp dung tdng hgp cac cdng cy: phdp luat, kinh te,
ky thuat v.v phdi hgp nang cao nhan thiic ngudi ddn huy ddng sir tham gia ciia todn
xa hdi
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1], Cue thdng ke tinh BSc Kan (201!) Nien gidm
thdng ke 2010
[2] Luu Dire Hai, Nguyen Ngoc Smh (2000) Quan
ly moi truong cho sicphdt Irien ben vung Nxb Dai
hpc Quoc gia HaNoi
[3] Le van Khoa (1995) Mdi trudng vd 6 nhiUm
Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi
[4] Kostas Voudouris and Dimitra Voutsa (201 I)
Water Quality Monilortng and Assessmen InTech
[5] Trung tam Quan trac moi trudng - Bp Tai
nguyen va Moi trudng (2008) Bdo cdo vd ket qud
quan trac mdi trudng Itm vuc sdng Cdu cdc ndm
2008, 2009: 2010 vd 6 thdng ddu ndm 2011
[6] van phdng Uy ban song C'm (201 I) Nhung
djnh hudng vd ndi dung Irong Idm iriC'n khai de dn tdng the sdng Cdu ndm 2011 vd giai doan
2011-2015, HOI nghi sdng Cau tai Bac Kan
Trang 6SUMMARY
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER POLLUTION STATUS
OF CAU RIVER IN BAC KAN PROVINCE
Hoang Van Hung*, Ngiijen Manh Ha
('allege of Agriculture aiul I oreslry - T\'U
Bac Kan is ihe iivcihcad of Cau river watershed, a passage of Cau river in the area of Bac Kan province is 83km long Ihat has great signillcancc in socio-economic development, ecology and biodiversity protection bul this is showing signs of contamination The main reason is due lo waste water from daily life activities, medical facilities; production and business: mining and mineral processing in the basin has not been thoroughly treated before being discharged into the Cau river
To assess Ihe status ofthe walei pollution of Cau river, research conducted periodic sampling and
town): Thac Gieng Na Ban village of Thanh Binh commune Cho Moi district Results showed that: walcr quality of ihe river is relalively good and lend to improve gradually (average still lower Ihan QCVN 08- 2008/BTNTM base on column At and A2) but not stable between the seasons and the location on ihc river Research lias proposed 4 solutions to improve ihe efficiency ofthe management, protection of water environment for Cau river in Bac Kan province in particular and the Cau river
Keywords: Bac Kan, Cau river, environmental waier protection, ^vasle water, water pollution
A'^'i/i nhdnbdr26/3/2013, ngig-phan bien- 10/4/2013, ngdy duyet ddng-24/4/20l3
Tel- 0989372386 Email hyhiii!gln74'dyahooc: