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Hoang van Hung vo Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 104(04) 17 22 NGHIEN CUU THUC TRANG 6 NHIEM MOI TRUOfNG NUOC SONG CAu DOAN CHAY QUA DIA BAN TINH BAC KAN Hodng van Himg*, NguySn IVTiinh Ih''''i Tnn''''mg[.]
Hoang van Hung vo Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 104(04): 17-22 NGHIEN CUU THUC TRANG NHIEM MOI TRUOfNG NUOC SONG CAu DOAN CHAY QUA DIA BAN TINH BAC KAN Hodng v a n Himg*, NguySn IVTiinh Ih'i Tnn'mg Dai h(>c \dng l.dm - Dll Ihm \[V(U7/ TOM TAT Bac Kan la tinh dau ngudn luu v^rc sdng Cau, do^n song Cau chay qua Bac Kan dai 83km, cd y nghTa to ldn phat trien kinh te - xa hpi sinh thai vi da dang sinh hpc cua tinh nhung lai dang CO dau hieu bi nhiem Nguyen nhan chinh la nude thai tir cac hoat dpng dan sinh; cac ca so y te; san xuat kinh doanh; khai Ihac va che bien khoang san luu vuc chira dugc xir ly triet de trudc xa vao sdng Cau De danh gia hien trang nhiem mdi Irudng nude sdng Cau, nghien ciru da lien hanh lay mau va phan tich djnh ki lan/lhang theo Quy chuin Vi^i Nam tai cac xB: Duong Phong Cdu Pha thj xa BSc Kan; Thac Gi^ng, Na Ban cua xa Thanh Binh huyen Cho iVIdi Ket qua nghien ciru cho Ihay Chat lugng nude sdng cdn tuong doi tot va dang co xu huong cai ihien dan (trung binh nam van thdp hon QCVN 08:2008/B'fNTM cpl A1 va A2) nhirng khong dn dnih giua cac miia va cac vi tri tren sdng Nghien ciru da de xuai giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua cong tac quan ly, bao ve moi trudng nude sdng Cau tren dia ban tinh Bac Kan ndi rieng va tren ca luu vuc song Cau noi chung, phti hop vdi muc lieu kinh le - xa hoi dam bao phal trien b^n vung Tir khoa: Bdc Kan hao ve mdi trirdng nude, nu&c thai, sdng Cdu, nhiem mdi trudng nude M O DAU Sdng Cdu ddi 288km, cd y nghTa to Idn phdt tnen kinh le - xa hgi, tdng tinh da dang sinh hgc va tri cdc he sinh thai nude eho tinh, bao gdm: Bac Kan, Thdi Nguyen, VTnh Phiic, Bac Ninh Bac Giang, Hdi D u o n g vd mgt phdn dien lich ciia phd Ha Ndi [6] Tuy nhien sire ep ciia gia tang ddn sd vd su phat trien khdng ben vung, sdng Cau cang bi d nhiem nghiem trong, dd cd doan chdy qua dja ban tinh Bac Kan [5] Nham nang cao hieu qua cdng tac quan ly, kiem soat chat che cdc ngudn thai vd bdo ve mdi trugng nude sdng Cau doan chay qua tinh Bdc Kan, viec dieu tra, ddnh gid thuc trang d nhiem la viec lain can thiet Kel qua nghien ciru se la c o sd cho quy hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, dira cac chuong trinh hanh ddng de bdo ve mdi Irudng nude sdng Cau tai Bac Kan ndi rieng vd tren todn luu vuc thugc tinh ndi chung [6] V A T LIEU, P H U O N G PHAP NGHIEN CUU P h u o n g p h a p nghien cuu - Phuong phdp ke thii'a: Ke thira cdc sd lieu, tdi heu thir cap lien quan den van de nghien ciru Tel- 0989 372386 Emad ln'hiingin74.dlvahoo c - Phirong phap phdng van, khao sat thuc te Khao sdt todn bd khu vuc nghien ciiu gdm cac huyen C h a Ddn, Bach Thdng, Ihi xa Bac Kan, Chg Mdi vd phdng vdn true liep bang phieu dieu tra Ddi t u g n g phdng van Id nhdn dan khu vuc vd lanh dao cdc cap chinh quyen dia p h u o n g ve dieu kien tu nhien, hien trang mdi t r u d n g n u d e , cac ngudn d nhiem, linh hinh sire khde c g n g d d n g vd he sinh thai v.v - P h u o n g phdp lay man \ d phan lich: Lay mau lai xa D u o n g Phong, Cau Phd ciia ihi xa Bdc Kan; Thac Gicng Na Ban ciia xa Thanh Binh; C h o Mdi, dinh ki lan/lhdng Cdc p h u a n g phdp thu mau, bdo qudn va phan tich dugc thuc hien theo dimg quy chuan Viet Nam ( Q C V N ) va qudc tc (ISO) t u g n g irng da dugc cdng nhdn dal tieu chuan V I L A S [4] - P h u a n g phdp tdng hgp so sdnh: Tdng hop cdc sd lieu thu thdp vd so sdnh vdi Tieu chudn Viet Nam Tii dd danh gia hien trang chdt luong mdi t r u d n g nude luu \iic sdng Cdu chdy qua dia ban tinh Bac Kan ket luan mirc d nhiem - P h u o n g phap thdng ke: sd lieu dugc xii ly thdng ke tren Excel \e dd thi dien bien chat luo'ng nude Iheo khdng gian, thdi gian bang phdn mem S A S 17 Hoang van Hung vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE T h i o l b|, vat lieu nghien ciru - Cac loai thiel bj \ d \ d l lieu dc lay, \iin chuyen bdo qudn \ a phdn tich mdu dugc qui djnh Q C V N - Thdi gian nghien ciru: 2009 den 201 K L l l,)UAVA THAO LUAN Tdng quan \C' sCtn>i i iin \-A luu virc MUig Cfiii Liru vuc song Ci\u co dicn lich tu nhicn 030 km" \ d i chieu ddi 288km \ a long lugng nude khoang 4,5 ty in'/ndm i)d ddi hinh qudn ciia sdng Can kha ldn (16.1"-!)) vol long lugng nude hdng nam cao nen d nhiem nidi IruiTiig nude lai ^dng Cau hang ndm chi mang linh cue bd vao liing thdi diem nhdl djnh cho lirng doan sdng chii yen la cdc vj tri cd hoal ddng kinh te xa hgi phdt trien nhanh [6] Theo ihdng kc linh den niim 2010, cd 65 khu cdng nghiep vd chi cd 15 khu cd he thdng \ i i 1\ luioc ihdi tap trung Hoat dgng khai Ihac khoang sdn tai cac md \ d cdc co so khai thdc \ a che bien khodng sdn rdt phdt trien tai cac tinh luu vuc sdng, ddc biet la d thugng luu nhu cdc linh Bac Kan \ a Thai Nguyen vdi khodng 370 co sd va cac lang nghe phat trien manh d luu Day la ngudn gay d nhicm ldn cho luu vii'c |6] Dan sd cdc tinh thudc luu vuc vdo khoang 6,72 trieu ngudi Mat dd trung binh vao khoang 648 ngudi/km^ cao hon gap 2.5 lan mdt dd dan sd irung binh todn qudc [ I ] Tdc dd thi hda cao mat dan sd ldn, phan ldn cac dd thj chua cd he thdng \d ly nude thdi lap trung, nude thai thai true licp nguon licp nhan nhu sudi, sdng hd v \' ct'ing la mgt nhiTng nguyen nhan gay d nhicm mdi Irudng nude sdng lai day Theo kel qud quan trac hang nam vc chat luang nirdc mat liru vuc sdng Cau ciia Tdng cue mdi trudng thi dicn bien chat lugng nude mai luu vuc sdng can irong \;ii nam i r d lai ddy da cd ddu hieu cai thien uy nhicn, vice d nhicm van dicn d nhung vj iri gdn ngudn liep nhan Tir nhiTng tdng kel iron, cdc nghien ciiu khoa hgc \ e hien trang d nhicm nude song Cdu tren cdc dja ban sdng Cau cha\' qua la het sue cdn Ihict nhdm danh gid mdt cdch day dii va khach quan 104(04) 17-22 T d n g (|uan vc sdng Cau doiin chay qua dia hdn t i n h Hiie K i i n Bac Kan Id tinh ddu ngudn luu vuc sdng Cau, doan song Cau chay qua Bac Kan dai 83km, qua cdc xd Phuong Vien (huyen Chg Ddn) Duong Phong (huyen Bach Thdng) thj xa Bac Kan va huyen Cho M d i dien tich luu \uc khodng 110 km" chicm 1/4 dien tich tu nhicn linh Bdc Kan [6J Luu VU'C sdng Cau doan qua linh Bac Kan cd khoang tren 30 nhanh sudi Ion nhd chdy vao sdng chinh dd cd nhung nhanh sudi ldn cd chieu ddi hdng chuc km nhu sudi Nam Cat, sudi V i Huong, sudi Thanh \ L T I V d i dan sd chii yeu ldm ndng nghiep vd canh tdc Iren ddi ddc dieu anh hudng khdng it den idc bdi lang cho luu vuc f5| Che dd thuy van mang linh ddc trung ciia sdng mien niii: Miia khd keo ddi ddng chay nhd Miia lii ngdn nhung luu lugng Idn, dnh Inrgng Irirc tiep den bd sdng \ a Idng sdng: + Luu lugng ddng cha; nhd nhat trung binh miia kict: 4,07 m / s + Luu lirong ddng chay trung binh miia kiel" 5.22 mVs + Ddng chd> trung binh miia lii- 550m ,'s + Luu l u o i m ddng clid\ trunu binh nam: 17.3 mVs Luu lugng ddng cha_\ lu Idn gdp 32 Idn ddng cha\ trung binh nam va 110 ldn trung binh miia kici Nghien ciru cd \ nghTa cho viec qudn l\' va bao ve mdi trirdng mrde ciia dau ngudn va bdo \ e mdi trudng \ img luu song Cau Cdc ngudn gay o niiicin sdng Cau tren dia han t m h Bac K i i n Khai thdc vd che hien khodng son: Tinh Bac Kan co 273 nid \ a diciii khoang san Trong mdi so loai cd tiem nang luang doi Idn nhu khodng san chi-kcm sat, vang v.v Hinh 1: Bieu dd cdc logi khodng san linh Bdc Kan Hoang van Himg vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE Cac md khai thdc vd che bidn khoang san Irong luu vuc sdng Cdu deu cd cong nghe tac hau, chua cd he thong thu gom, xir ly triet de nude thdi, rac thai md xd true tidp vao sdng Cau nhu: md quang sdt Sy Binh, md set ggch ngdi Khau Ma, md da vdi Pa Chii v.v, Day la mdi nhirng ngudn chinb gay d nhi^m mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cdu Nuf'fc thdi thi, cong nghiep: - Nirdc thai sinh hogi: Theo Nien giam thong ke nam 2010 thi xa Bdc Kan cd khoang 37.739 ngugi vdi luong thdi gan 4.000 m/ngdy dem (dinh mirc lOOIil/ngudi/ngay dem) Trong dd 50%o duoc thai true tiep \do sdng Cau md khdng xir 1\ - \itdc thai sinh hoal benh vien: Nam irong luu virc sdng Cdu cd benh \ len gdm Benh vien da khoa (BVDK) hii>en Bach Thdng: BVDK thi xa Bac Kan; BVDK tinh Bdc Kan; BVDK huyen Chg Mgi, BVDK 500 giudng benh (dang ddu tu xay dung) Hien cd benh vien dang hoat dgng vd deu cd he ihdng xir ly nude thdi nhung van hdnh khdng dam bdo nen nude thai y te thdi vdo ngudn liep nhan van vugt QCVN 28: 20I0/BTNMT Cac tram y te thudc luu vuc sdng Cau tren dja bdn tinh deu khdng cd he thdng thu gom va xu ly nude thdi y te, rac thai y te Day chinh la ngudn phal sinh vi khudn, djch benh, gdy d nhiem mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cau - Nirdc thai sinh hoat ciia cdc ca sd san xudl kinh doanh 100%) ca sd san xuat kinh doanh xdy dung he thdng xir ly nude thdi sinh boat chua dimg quy chuan, khdng dii cdng sudt xir ly Day cung la nhiJng ngudn ga\' d nhiem mdi trudng luu vuc sdng Cau [5] - Nude thai cong nghiep klni cdng nghiep: Cdc loai hinh sdn xuat kinh doanh phat sinh ngudn nude thai gdy d nhiem mdi trudng Id: khai thdc va che bien khodng san; che bien giay de; che bien hoa qud; khu cdng nghiep Thanh Binh Nude thai khai thdc va che bien chi dugc xii ly so bg trudc xa vao ngudn tiep nhdn vd deu vi pham quy djnh ve xir ly vd xa nude thai [6] - Mat so nguon thai khdc: boat ddng canh tdc ndng nghiep, chan nudi cung gdp phan khdng nhd gdy d nhiem luu vuc sdng Cdu Vdi tren 90%i dien tich ddi nui, cach tdc theo phuong 104(04) 17-22 phap truyen thdng cung da gdy dnh hudng ldn tdi d nhiem ngudn nude luu vuc Dac biel Id boi lang tir cac boat ddng sdn xudl ndng nghiep, khai thdc khoang san va vat lieu xay dung da Idm dnh hudng tdi ca vimg luu Phan tich, danh gia dien hien chiit lugng nude song Cau qua cac ndm De vice ddnh gia dugc dam bao, sd lieu quan trac da dugc lien hanh tir nam 2009 den thdng ndm 2011 Nghien ciru chii yeu lap Irung nghien ciru mdt sd thdng sd co' ban vc d nhiem mdi irudng nude Thdng sd DO (Dissolved Oxygen - lirang d.xy hod tan): Ham lufl-nR OO Hinh 2: Bieu dien bien hdm luang DO cua mrdc sdng Cdu linh Bdc Kan tu 2009-2011 Ham luong DO til thugng ngudn den ngudn sdng Cau chdy q_ua dia bdn Bdc Kan deu ndm lieu chuan cho phep (TCCP) ciia QCVN 08:2008 cot Al (D0>6mg/1) A2 (D0>5mg/I) Til' 2009-2011 hdm lugng DO cd xu hudng giam ddn su tac ddng ciia ngudn thai cdng nghiep lai ddy Mirc tdc dgng gia tang cung su phdt tnen KT - XH Thdng sd BOD^ (Biochemical O.xgen Dentiind - Nhn cdu dx}- sinh hgc ngdy) IIDnilir7nel)OI>5 Hinh 3; Dien bien hdm luong BODs cua nude song Cdu tmh Bdc Kan qua cdc ndm 2009-2011 Dien bien ham lugng BOD5 tir 2009 den 201 ! ludn theo quy luat sau Hdm liro'ng BOD^ cao vdo ddu miia mua, dau miia khd va tang gidm Iheo su thay ddi luu lugng ddng clia\ BOO^ Hoang van Hiing vd Dig 104(04): 17-22 Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE dang cd xu hudng giam ddng nghTa vdi vi?c gidm muc dg d nhicm Thdng so COD (Cheinicid O.xygen Demand nhu cdu