^ Anh hu'O'ng ciia lirong bon Cu, Pb, Zn den sinh truong va sir tich luy chiing rau cai xanh {BrassicajunceaL Czern) ^ * Nguyin Xuan C\i Ma OAU Cai xanh la loai rau an la dugc si> dung r l l phd bidn bua an hang cua nguai dan Viet Nam Cay cai xanh cung co mat h i u hdt cac vUng trdng rau ca nude, dae biet la d vung ngoai d cac phd Idn de cung d p rau xanh eho nhu c i u cua khu vuc ndi Trong nhung nam g i n day, su dung nude thai tu phd ndng nghiep da lam tieh luy dang ke mot sd kim loai nang dit Day eung la nguyen nhan lam tich luy cao cac kim loai nang san p h l m nong nghiep, Nhidu nghien cUu nude cOng nhu ngoai nuac da canh bao muc dp nguy hai cua cac loai rau khdng an loan biua an hang cua ngugi dan co tich luy cao cae kim loai nang nhu Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd Cheang Hong va Nguyen Dinh Manh, 2003; Ravi Naidu, Danielle Oliver and Stuart McConnell, 2003; Dang Thi An, Chu Thi Thu Ha, 2005; Ho Th| Lam Tra, 2005) Nghien cuu kha nang hut thu la ca sd de tim eac giai phap n h i m giam thieu su tieh luy kim loai nang cay noi chung, dae biet la nhung loai rau xanh duac su dung rit phd bidn nhu cai xanh se cd y nghTa thuc tien Idn, gop p h i n san x u l t rau an loan cung d p cho tieu dung hang cua nguai dan Xult phat tu v l n de tren, nghien cuu nhim danh gia anh hudng eua eac kim loai nang Cu, Pb, Zn den sinh trudng va xac dmh kha nang hut thu kim loai nang cCia rau cai xanh a eac lidu luang gay nhidm khac DOI TirONG VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU Cay rau cai xanh (Brassica juncea L Czern) Cai xanh la mot nhUng eay rau de trdng, nhanh eho thu hoaeh, chi tu 30-45 va CO the gieo trdng dugc nhidu vu nam Han nua, chi phi d i u tu thip lai nhuan cao, viec lieu thu de dang va dugc nguai lieu dung ua chudng nen day la loai rau duoc trdng r i t phd bien hien D i t thi nghiem D i t thi nghiem la d i t phu sa khdng dugc bdi hang nam thudc he thdng song Hdng lly tai vung trdng rau thudc xa Vinh Quynh, Thanh Tri, Ha Ndi, Mdt sd tinh chit eiia d i t nghien cUu nhu sau: CEC 23 cmol dit/kg, pH (KCI) 6,15, mun long sd 2,44%, N tdng sd 0,32%, P2O5 tdng sd 0.19%, K2O tdng sd 1,02% Cu tdng sd 21.29 ppm, Cu^* dl dong (HNO3 0,43N) 13,38 ppm; Pb tdng sd 57,16 ppm, Pb^" di ddng (CH3COONH4 IN) 1,88 ppm; Zn tdng sd 81,27ppm, Zn^* di dpng (KCI IN) 7.24 ppm Phu'O'ng phap bd tri thi nghiem Thi nghiem duoc tien hanh chau tai nha luai cua Vien Khoa hoe ky thuat Nong nghiep Viet Nam (Van Didn, Thanh Tn, Ha N61) tu thang 1112/2007, Mdi chau (CT) gdm 5kg dit duac lap lai lan Gieo 30 hat rau/chau, sau 15 tia thua eon 15 cay/ehau Cong thue ddi chung (ndn): O i l ndn duac bon phan ure (NH2)2CO va kalisunfat K2SO4 tuang Ung vai luo'ng bon 75kg N va 30kg K20/ha Cae eong thUe thi nghiem gay nhiem kim loai d eac muc Oppm, 50ppm, lOOppm va 200ppm (ddi vai Cu va Pb); Oppm, lOOppm, 300ppm va 500ppm (ddi vai Zn) Hoa chit gay nhiem Cu^^, Pb"^*, Zn^* la CUSO4, Pb(N03)2 va ZnS04, Cae eong thue thi nghiem duge bo tri nhu d bang Bang Cac cong thuc thi nghipm gay nhigm Cu, Pb va Zn Cong thuc N+K2O (kg/ha) CTO CTI CT2 CT3 75+30 75+30 75+30 75+30 Lupng bon cac kim loai (ppm) * Cu Pb Zn 50 100 200 50 100 200 100 300 500 'Cae eong thuc bon Cu Pb Zn duoc b6 tri neng re Truong Oai hoc Khoa hpc T u nhien OHQGHN 83 Theo ddi thi nghiem va lay mau nghien ciru KET QUA NGHIEN CUU 3.1 Anh hu'O'ng cua Cu ddn sinh tru'O'ng va tich luy Cu rau cai xanh Kdt qua xac dinh anh hudng cua luang bon Cu ddn sinh trudng va tich luy Cu rau cai xanh dugc tnnh bay bang Bang Anh hudng cua lupng bon Cu den sinh trudng va tich luy Cu rau cai xanh (tinh theo chat tuoi) Theo doi smh trudng cua cay rau d cac cong thuc thi nghiem vdi cac chi sd chieu cao cay va nang s u i t thu hoach lly m l u d i t phan tich sau 45 gieo trdng Cong thuc CTO CTI CT2 CT3 Chieu cao cay cm % 19,5 100 15,0 77 14,7 75 64 12,5 Nang suat rau g/chau % 70.3 100 55.9 80 50,0 71 33.1 47 T u sd lieu d bang cho thiy lugng bdn Cu CO anh hudng kha ro ret ddn chidu cao cay rau cai xanh, Khi lugng bon Cu tang tu len 50ppm lOOppm va 200ppm lam cho chidu cao cua cay giam di tuang ung 23%, 25% va 36% Nhu vay d lugng bon cao nhit 200ppm, chieu cao cay rau cai xanh giam di r i t rd ret vao khoang 36% so vai ddi chung, Luang bon Cu khdng chi lam giam chidu cao cay ma anh hudng ddn nang suit eua rau cai xanh Q lugng bdn 50ppm (CTI) nang suit rau giam 20%; d luang bdn lOOppm (CT2) nang suit giam 29%; d luo'ng bon 200ppm (CTS) nang s u i t giam tdi 53% so vdi ddi chung (CTO) Nhu vay xu huang bidn ddi vd nang suat rau cai xanh cung didn tuang tu nhu vd chidu cao cay, nhien muc dd chiu anh hudng the hien ro ret han, Ham lupng Cu rau ppm % 100 2.75 115 3.17 190 5.21 308 8.46 Cu su tich luy Cu rau cai xanh tang len rit ro ret Kdt qua la phu hgp vdi su giam sut kha nang sinh trudng eua cay da dugc trinh bay d tren, Co the thiy ro han nhung tac ddng khae cua lugng bdn Cu ddn chieu cao cay, sinh khdi va su tich luy Cu rau cai xanh nhu duge trinh bay d hinti 3.2 Anh hu'O'ng cua Pb den sinh tru'O'ng va tich luy Pb rau cai xanh Anh hudng eua lugng bon Pb ddn sinh trudng va tich luy Pb rau cai xanh duac trinh bay d bang O lugng bdn 50ppm Pb (CT1) chieu cao cay la 19,5em, d luang bdn 50ppm Pb (CTI) chieu cao da giam dl 25%, d luang bon lOOppm Pb (CT2) chidu cao cay giai.i % , d lugng bdn 200ppm Pb (CT3) chidu cao cay giam 44% so vdi ddi chUng khdng bdn Pb Khac vai nhung anh hudng eua lugng bdn Cu Cung dien tuang tu nhu chieu eao eay, ddn chidu cao va nang suat rau da trinh bay d tren, nang suat rau cai xanh giam di nhanh chdng luang bon Cu lam tang dang ke su hut thu va tich lugng bdn Pb tang len, 6* cae lugng bdn luy Cu rau, Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay 50ppm, lOOppm va 200ppm Pb nang suit rau lugng bon Cu tang tu len 50-100 va 200ppm thi da giam tuang ung 27%, % va 56% so vdi ham lugng Cu rau eung tang tuang ung 15%, ddi chUng khdng bdn Pb, 90% va 208%, Nhu vay d luang bon tu 200ppm Bang Anh hudng eua lupng bon Pb den smh truongva ich luy Pb rau cai xanh (tinh theo chit tuoi) Cong thuc i j CTO CTI CT2 CTS Chieu cao cay cay cm % 19,5 100 14.7 75 13,4 69 11,0 56 Nang suat rau g/chau % 100 70.3 37,0 53 34.7 49 31,0 44 Lugng Pb bdn vao d i t da lam lang r i t nhanh su tich luy Pb cay, l u cac ket qua nghien cuu cd the thiy r i n g lugng Pb tich luy rau cai xanh da tang len han l l n ; lan va 10 lan lugng bdn Pb tang len 50ppm, lOOppm va 200ppm Ham lugng Pb tich luy thap nhit 0,17pDm cong thuc ddi chung khong bon Pb (CTO) va cd gia tri cao nhit 79ppm a luang bon 200ppm Pb, Ket qua thi 84 Ham lupng Pb rau ppm % 0,17 100 0,96 565 1,67 982 1.79 1053 j nghiem cung cho thiy d lugng bdn dudi lOOppm Pb thi kha nang hut thu va tich luy chung cay tang nhanh nhung luong bdn tren lOOppm thi kha nang hut thu Pb cua cay cung giam di (hinh 2) Neu so vai Cu nhu da trinh bay d tren, Pb co anh hudng manh han hay chidu cao cua cay giam di nhanh hon so vgi lugng bon Cu tuang ung 3.3 Anh hu'O'ng cua Zn ddn sinh tru'O'ng va tich luy chung rau cai xanh cua rau cai xanh, O CTI vai luang bon Zn la lOOppm chidu cao cay hiu nhu khong thay ddi, chi tang 1% so vai cdng thuc doi chung, Tuy nhien d CT2 vdi lugng bdn Zn la 300ppm chidu cao eua cay da giam di 14%, cdn d lugng bon 500ppm Zn chieu cao cua cay giam di 20% so vdi ddi chung Anh hudng cua luang bon kem ddn sinh trudng va tich luy chung rau cai xanh duge trinh bay d bang Kdt qua cho thiy Zn CO anh h u d n g khac ddn sinh trudng Bang Anh hudng eua lugng bdn Zn ddn smh trudng va tieh luy chung rau cai xanh (tinh theo c h l l tuai) Chieu cao cay Cong thuc Nang suit cm % g/chau CTO 19,5 100 70.3 CTI 19,7 101 75.7 CT2 16,7 86 64.1 CT3 15,5 80 43,8 Ddi vai nang suit rau, lugng bdn Zn thip d mue lOOppm (CT2) lam tang nang suit rau 8%, nhung d lugng bdn 300ppm (CT3) nang suit rau lai giam di 9%, cdn d CT3 vgi lugng bdn 500ppm thi nang suit rau giam lai 38% so vdi ddl chung khdng bdn Zn T u kdt qua nghien cuu da ehi ro didu kien d i t thi nghiem, Zn da chi cd tac ddng rd ret den smh trudng cua rau cai xanh lugng bon cao vugt tren 300 ppm Ham lupng Zn rau /o ppm j % I 100 9,05 i 100 ; 108 18.06 200 91 20.40 225 62 22.82 252 ' (CT2) ham lugng Zn tich luy rau tang 125%, d CTS vgi lugng bon 500ppm ham lugng Zn tieh luy rau tang 152% so vai cdng thue khdng bon kem (CTO) Nhu vay ed thd thiy lugng bon Zn tang len dong thai cung lam tang nhanh su lich luy Zn rau cai xanh (hinh 3) 3.4 TiKyng quan giii'a ham luxvng Cu, Pb, Zn dit va rau Anh hudng cua lugng bdn Zn ddn tich luy Su tuang quan giua ham luang Cu^*, Pb^*, Zn rau cung cd mdi quan he kha rd net Zn^* d i t va ham luo'ng cua chung lugng bon lOOppm (CTI) ham lugng Zn tich rau rau duo'c trinh bay d bang 5, luy rau lang 100%, d lugng bdn SOOppm Bang Ham lupng Cu^*, Pb ^ Zn'^* dat va ham lupng cua chung rau eai xanh (tinh theo chat tuoi) 1,88 Pb rau (ppm) 0,17 Zn*^* dat (ppm) 7.24 Zn rau (ppm) 9,05 3,17 4.10 0,96 17,81 18,06 5,21 11,23 1,67 75,20 20,40 8,46 18.27 1,79 112,83 22.82 Cong thuc Cu^* dSt (ppm) Cu rau (ppm) Pb^"* dit (ppm) CTO 13,38 2,75 CTI 15,52 CT2 27,20 CT3 51,10 Mdi luang quan giua ham lugng Cu * d i t va ham lugng Cu tieh luy rau duge bieu didn thdng qua phuang trinh cd dang Y1 = 0,1503x + 0,8685 vdi R^ = 0,9956 (hinh 4) Trong mdi tuang quan giua Pb^" d l l vd ham lugng Pb lich luy rau dugc bieu dien thong qua phuang trinh cd dang Y2 = 0,0095x^ + 0,281 Sx - 0,2095 vdi R^ = 0,9691 (hinh 5) Cdn mdi tuang quan giua Zn^* d i t va ham luang Zn tich luy rau duge bieu didn thdng qua phuang trinh cd dang YS = 5.9867x°^^^^ vdi R^ = 0,8085 (hinh 6) Nhin Chung ham luang cac kim loai nang d l l CO mdi tuang quan rit chat vai ham luang cua chung duge tieh luy rau D Chieu cao (cm) oSinh knoi {gichaui aCu Irong cay (ppmi LI a i I M Hinh Anh Uwdng cua lu'cyng bon Cu (?en chieu cao cay smh khdi va Cu tich luy cay cai xanh 85 •)(-r 8u "C 60 50 4C D Chifeu cao cay (cm) * 30 D Nang suat ig/chau) 20 r 10 B Pb rau (ppm) r i- Hmh Anh hudng cua lupng bon Pb den chieu cao, nang suit va ham luonq Pb tronq cai xanh 20 40 60 80 Zn^* di\ (ppm) 100 120 Hinh Tuong quan giua ham lupng Zn^* tronq dat va Zn tronq cav 80 70 50 50 KET LUAN 4C D Chieu cao cay (cm) 30 Nang suat (g,chau) Id :;! < D Zn Irong rau ippmi Hinh Anh hudng cua lupng bon Zn den chieu eao, nanq suat va ham lupnq Zn tronq eai xanh |7! 015 o - Y1 = 0,1503x + 8685 R'= 9956 ID o„ 20 10 30 Cu'* 40 50 (3at (ppm) Hinh Tuong quan giua ham lupng Cu"^* dat va Cu tieh luy rau cai xanh > •03 o ? 08 O - 06 n a 04 Y2 •0 0Q95x^ + 2813X - , R^ = 9691 Lugng bdn ddng, chi, kem cd anh hudng rd ret ddn sinh trudng va nang suit rau cai xanh, anh hudng cua Pb the hien ro nhit, tiep den la anh hudng cua Cu va I h i p nhit la anh hudng cua kem S u sinh trudng va nang suit rau cai xanh giam d i n lugng bon cac kim loai nang vao d l l lang len lugng bdn lOOppm, Pb lam giam nang suit rau cai xanh tdi 51%, Cu chf Idm giam nang suit rau 29% Ddi vdi kem, d lugng bdn SOOppm mdi lam giam nang suit rau 9% va d lugng bdn r l l cao 500ppm cung chi lam giam nang suit rau 38%, O lugng bdn t h i p lOOppm, Zn anh hudng cua Zn ddn nang suit rau la khdng ro ret Nguac lai vgi xu hudng tren, lugng bdn kim loai nang Cu, Pb, Zn lam lang nhanh chong su tich luy chung rau, dac biet la d cae lugng bdn cao tren lOOppm Q lugng bdn lOOppm va 200ppm ham lugng Cu tich luy rau cai xanh tang tuang ung 90% vd 208% ham lugng Pb tang tuang ung 882% va 953% so vdi ddi chung Ddi vdi Zn, lugng bdn lang len 100-300 va 500ppm lam lang ham lugng Zn tieh luy rau tuang ung 100%, 125% va 152% so vdi ddi chung khdng bdn kem 02 10 15 20 Pb^" 6k\ (ppm) Hinh 5, Tuong quan giua ham lupng Pb^* dat va Pb tronq rau cai xanh L&i cam an: Tac gia bay to long cam an Chan toi Trung tam Hd tro Nghien ciru Chau A, thong qua Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi da tai tra kinh phi cho nghien ciru TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dang Thi An Chu Thi Thu Ha (2005), "Anh Nhung van de nghien cuu eo ban khoa hpc si^ hudng ciJa kim loai nang dat va thoi gian phoi s6ng Nxb Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, tr, 362-368 nhi^m len su tich tu kim loai d mpt s6 cay rau" 86 Cheang Hong va Nguyen Dinh Manh (2003) Nghien cuu anh hudng ciJa phan bon va nuoc tuoi toi ham luong kim loai nang (Pb, Cd, Hg) rau cai xanh Khoa hpc d i t 17/2003 tr 98-103 Hd Thi Lam Tra (2005) Su tieh luy kim loai n|ng dat nong nghiep va nuoc ngam o Oai 06ng, huyen \/an Lam, Hung Yen Khoa hoc O l t 21/2005 tr, 129-134, Ravi Naidu Danielle Oliver and Stuart McConnell (2003), Heavy metal Phytotoxicity (n Soils, In: Lanfley A., Gilbey r^ and Kennedy B (eds ), Proceedings of the fifth national workshop on the assessment of site contamination, ADELAIDE SA 5000, pp 235-241 Summary Effects of dosages of Cu, Pb, Zn on growth and their accumulation in Brassica juncea L Czern Nguyen Xuan Cu The study aims to evaluate the effects of some heavy metals, i,e, Cu, Pb, Zn, on the uptake capacity of heavy metals by Brassica juncea L Czern at differente rates of application The results determined the affects of contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in soil on plant growth and productivity of Brassica juncea L Czern, among them Pb shows the strongest affect, Cu following and then Zn element The growth rate and production of Brassica juncea L Czern decreases when the amounts of heavy metals in soil increases In the case of Cu and Pb, the strong effect occurs at the low applied level of lOOppm, However the effects of Zn on plant X^L Y Pn4j\BAC grov^h has only significance at the high application rate of 300ppm In the opposite side, the content of heavy metals in soil has positive correlation with the contents of heavy metal accumulation in plant At the application rate of 100 ppm and 200 ppm, the content of Cu accumulation in Brassica juncea L Czern increases corresponding by 90% and 208% whereas the content of Pb increases corresponding to 882% and 953% In the case of Zn, the content of Zn accumulation in plant increases by 100% 125% and 152% compared to the control, corresponding to the application rate of lOOppm, 300ppm and 500ppm, TAI JWITA TIEU SIVGAI^ (Tiep trang 71) 4, Dao Chau Thu va nhom nghien ciru: Bao cao nghiem thuHanoi Sientific report of VN-ltaly collaboration project on di; an hop tac QT m CESVl-CHLB Italy: "Chuyen giao cong Organic Farming 2005-2008 nghe xu ly phan bac tai nha tieu ngan gop phan sach moi 6, t^ano Gregon "Co-composting of organic municipal \ruang nong thon vung Soc Son Ha Noi 2007-2008" solid waste and agricultural waste for fertilization of clean 5, iWar/a Noboli: Manure test results before, during, and after composting at new type latrine at Dang Xa, Gia Lam, Titi:ATi>ii