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Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky'''' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Hd Ngi JO 20JO XAY DlTNG HE THONG QUAN LY HAN HAN VA SA MAC HOA 6 VIET NAM BUILD UP DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM[.]
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi JO 20JO XAY DlTNG HE THONG QUAN LY HAN HAN VA SA MAC HOA VIET NAM BUILD UP DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN VIETNAM Nguyen Lap Dan, Nguyen Dinh Ky Vien Dja ly 18 - Hoing QuIe Viet, Ciu Giiy, H i Ndi Email: phonatnnm@gmail.eom Tdm tat: Hgn hdn vd sa mgc hod Id mot nhirng logi hinh thiin tai thuang xuyin xdy a nuac ta, ddc biit Id khu vuc duyin hdi miin Tnmg vd khu vuc Nam Trung Bd, mirc gdy thiit hgi chiing gdy chi dirng hdng thir sau lu, bdo Hiin nay, cdng tdc phdng chdng vd gidm nhe thiin tai tap trung chii yen vdo cdng tdc phdng chdng lut bdo vd tim kiim cim nan, cdc hogt ddng phdng chdng vd gidm nhe thiin tai khdc nhu hgn hdn, sa mgc hda cdn thue hiin trin ca so irng phd mot cdch thu dgng vdi tinh hinh hgn hdn a tirng thai ky, thai diem, theo viing lanh thd nhdt djnh Bdi bdo trinh bdy nhung vdn di di xudt qudn ly hgn hdn vd sa mgc hda a Viet Nam Trong dd, niu thue trgng qudn ly hgn hdn vd sa mgc hda, di xudt thue hiin theo chu trinh qudn ly thiin tai da dugc nhiiu nuac dp dung cd hiiu qud Ddng thai ciing di xudt hi thdng td chirc qudn ly hgn hdn, sa mgc hda quoc gia nhdm thdng nhdt vd tap trung chi dgo, diiu hdnh vd triin khai thue hiin cd hiiu qud cdng tdc phdng chdng vd gidm nhe hgn hdn vd sa mgc hda a Viet Nam Abstract: Drought and desertification is one of natural calamities with frequent occurrence in Vietnam, particularly in the central coastal areas and southern area of the Centre, and its devastation degree ranks the 3rd, just less serious than storm and flood The prevention/control and mitigation of natural calamities mainly focus on flood's control and rescue efforts, but other activities for drought's control and mitigation were inactively carried out for each certain period and territorial The Report presents the issues to proposed drought and desertification management in Vietnam In particular, if the situation of drought management and desertification, according to the proposed implementation of disaster management cycle was more efficient water application Also proposed system of drought management, desertification national unity and focus to directing, managing and implementing effective prevention and mitigation of drought and desertification chemical in Vietnam I THUC TRANG HAN HAN, SA MAC HOA O VIET NAM Hgn hdn Theo sd lieu thdng ke, theo ddi giai doan tu 1960 din sd nim bj ban ban li 36 nim chilm 75% vdi mirc ban hin khie (ban vy ddng xuan 13 nim, vu miia 11 nim, vy he thu 12 nim) Trong khoing thdi gian 15 nim gin diy, tinh hinh ban hin nude ta xiy thudng xuyen hon, nghiem trgng hon dd ed the thing kc nhirng dgt ban hin ning nhu sau: 239 Tiiu ban: Cdc Khoa hgc ve Trdi ddt ISBN: 978-604-913-016-8 Han nam 1993 xiy d Bic bd vi Trung bd thieu hut lugng mua nim, giy thiet hai cho khoing 176.643ha lira Han hin nim 1998, keo dii tir cudi nim 1997 din hit thing 4/1998, giy thiet hai cho dien tich lua 253.988 ha, ciy cdng nghiep vi cay in qui ban 236.413 ha, dd chet 50.917 ha, giy chay rirng d nhilu noi va thilu nude sinh boat eho khoing 3,1 trieu ngudi Tdng gii trj thiet hai udc tinh khoing 5000 ty ding Dgt ban hin tir thing din thing 11/2004, xiy tai eic khu vyc Tay Nguyen, Nam Trung Bd, Ddng Nam Bd vi ding bing sdng Cuu Long.Ting dien tich bj ban li 273.392 Han ban nim 2005 xay d cac tinh Nam Trung bd va Tiy nguyen khdng cd mua, trdi lien hic ning ndng, lugng bic hoi ldn Han ban da gay thilu nude sinh boat cho khoang 1.118^651 ngudi (264.922 hd), tdng dien tieh cic loai ciy trdng bj ban li 171.986 ha, dd mit tring li 34.335 Uoc gii trj thiet hai khoing 1743 ty ddng Vao thdi dilm culi nim 2009 diu nim 2010, tinh hinh han hin dang diln bien rit phuc tap tai khu vyc ddng bing sdng Hing Tdng lugng mua thing nim 2010 ehi dat 85%) lugng mua trung binh nhilu nim, myc nude tai tram thuy vin Hi Ndi ehi dat 0,10 m vio ngiy 21/02/2010, mdc thip nhit ljeh sir quan trie duge Hien tai cie ho thuy lgi binh quin mdi trir dugc 82% mirc thilt kl Nhilu hd thuy dien trir nude d mire thip hon nhieu so vdi thilt kl nhu Hoi Binh 94%, Thae Bi 61%), Tuyen Quang 61%) Sa mgc hod Dit sa mac hda (hay hoang mac hoi) d Viet Nam khdn^ tip trung thinh hoang mac rdng hang trim nghin nhu mdt sl quIc gia khie, mi phari bd tren khip ci nude, tip trung chii ylu d khu vyc ndng thdn, miln nui, nhiing viing dit trdng, dat eit ven bien va dat ngheo bj suy thoii Tren 90% dien tieh dit dang chju tie ddng eua hoang mac hda li cie khu vyc dat trdng, dii trgc bj thoii hda m^nh, dit di ong hda tinh trang phi rirng vi su dyng dat khdng hgp ly thdi gian dai Phin cdn lai li cae khu vyc dyn cit, bai cit di ddng tai cic tinh ven bien miln trung, tip trung d 10 tinh tir Quing Binh den Binh Thuin Tai diy da xuit hien nhiing viing sa mac thyc thu (hoang mac cit) nhu: Tuy Phong, Bac Binh (tinh Binh Thuin); Ninh Phude (tinh Ninh Thuan) Theo dieu tra dinh gii eua Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn, Viet Nam hien ed 21 trieu dat dang duge sir dung eho ndng nghiep vi lam nghiep dd mdt dien tieh dit dang ke cd him lugng dinh dudng thap Die biet ed tdi 9,34 trieu ba dit hoang boa, dd khoing 7,85 trieu chiu tie ddng manh bdi sa mac hda, hoang mac hda phin bd tip trung d khap cae vimg ca nude Bdn dang ban hoang mac hda da xuat hien d Mien Trung va Tay nguyen: Hoang mac da, hoang mac cat (sa mac), hoang mac dit cin, hoang mac muoi man, Bdng I Tdc ddng ciia sa mgc hda a Viet Nam Loai dit Dien tieh (ha) Dit trdng bj thoii hda manh, bao 7.000.000 gdm ei dat bj di ong hda Dun eit vi bii cit di ddng 400.000 Ddt khd hgn theo miia 300.000 hoac vinh viin Dat bi xdi mdn 120.000 Dat bj nhiem man, nhiem phen 30.000 Ngudn: NAP, 2002 240 Vimg phan bd tap trung Tiy Bie, Duyen bii Mien Trung, Tiy nguyen, Tir giic Long Xuyen Cie tinh ven bien mien Trung Nam Trung bd (Binh Thudn, Ninh Thudn vd Nam Khdnh Hod) Tay bie, Tay Nguyen vi rngt sd noi khac Ding bing sdng Ciiu Long (Tir giic Long Xuyen) Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi JO 2010 II QUAN LY HAN HAN VA SA MAC HOA TAI VIET NAM • • • • Thyc trang quan ly han ban, sa mac hoa (hoang mac hda) Bin chit ciia sa mac hda (hoang mac hda) la qui trinh ban hin keo dii giy thoai hda dit, li sy suy giim hoac mit ning suit sinh hgc vi kinh tl Viet Nam di thdng qua vi tham gia vio cdng udc qude te ve phdng chdng sa mac hoi vi trd thinh vien thir 134 eua td ehire vio nim 1998 Ngiy 28 thing nim 2003, Thu tudng Chinh phii di quyet djnh thinh lip Ban dieu phdi qude gia thyc hien edng ude chdng sa mac hoi cua Lien Hiep quIe Ban dieu phii Thir trudng thudng tryc Bd Ndng nghiep vi Phat trien ndng thdn lim trudng ban, eic Phd trudng ban bao gdm: Linh dao Cue Lim Nghiep, Cue Thuy lgi Cue Bio ve mdi trudng, vien Uy ban li dai dien cie Bd, nginh lien quan nhu: Ndng nghiep vi Phit trien ndng thdn, Ke hoach vi Diu tu, Tii ehinh, Ngoai giao, Khoa bgc vi Cdng nghe, Tii nguyen vi Mdi trudng vi Vin phdng Chinh phii Ban dieu phdi ed bd phin giiip viee, lim viee theo che kiem nhiem, ed trich nhiem: Giup Thii tudng Chinh phu ehi dao cie Bd, eo quan ngang Bd, eo quan thude Chinh phu, Uy ban nhin din cie tinh, thinh phd tryc thude Trung uong cd lien quan viee thyc hien Cdng ude chdng sa mac hoi eua Lien hgp qude Song vin de quin ly ban hin, sa mac hda (hoang mac hda) cdn chua dugc cu the bing eic the ehe, ehinh sieh ddi vdi viing sinh thii die thii hoang mac hda Ddng thdi chua cd edng eu manh ngin ngira sy lan tda sa mac hda Trong dd, mdt ehu trinh quin ly thien tai (bao gdm quin ly nii ro vi quin ly sy ed) mi nhieu nude di ip dung ed hieu qui viee giim thieu ban hin vi sa mac hda, d nude ta cdn chua dugc sir dung Do dd, de quin ly ban hin va sa mac hda d Viet Nam ed hieu qui ein cimg ed xiy dyng he thdng td chuc quin ly ban hin vi sa mac hda va thyc hien theo chu trinh quin ly thien tai Chu trinh quan ly thien tai (ban han, sa mac hda) duge xiy dyng theo mot ehu trinh bao gdm hai giai doan chinh: (1) Giai doan quan ly nii ro; vi (2) Giai doan quin ly sy ed Cac boat ddng giai doan quin ly nii ro deu mang tinh phdng ban vi giim nhe tic ddng ban bin cie boat ddng giai doan quin ly sy ed de mang tinh irng phd va khie phuc nhii:ng tic ddng ban hin giy Hinh I Chu trinh qudn ly thiin tai Du phdng: Gdm cie bien phip ein tien hinh cd dy bio han hin se xiy dl kjp thdi ung phd mdt each phii hgp vi hieu qui 241 Tiiu han: Cac Khoa hoc vi Trdi ddt ISBN: 978-604-913-016-8 Gidm nhe: Gim tit ci cic bien phip cd the thyc hien nhim giim den miie thip nhat nhiing tie ddng ban ban nhd dd giim nhirng thiet hai ban hin giy Du bdo, cdnh bdo sam: Bao gim cic thdng tin ve tugng, thuy vin, ning xiy ban ban, mirc han hin dl xiy dyng cic bien phip giam nhe ban ban Ddnh gid tdc dgng hgn hdn: Danh gii nhiing tic ddng tryc tiep, giin tiep, eic ddi tugng vi mire bj tie ddng dl cd nhiing phuong in giam nhe vi irng phd kjp thdi Rdi ro hgn hdn li ning ban hin cd thi inh hudng din eic ddi tugng bi tic ddng eiia han hin Riii ro ban hin = Han hin*Tinh trang de bj tin thuong/Kbi ning Tinh trgng di bj tdn thuang la tinh de bj tic ddng han hin Khd ndng la eic bien phip phdng ngira, giim nhe vi irng phd vdi ban hin lfng phd vai hgn hdn: Bao gim cie boat ddng thyc hien vd sau thim hoa xay nhim trg giup cic dii tugng bj inh hudng vi giim thieu tdi da thiet hai ban hin gay Phuc hdi bao gim cac boat ddng nhim giiip nhirng ngudi bi inh hudng ban hin phuc hdi nhanh chdng Tai kien thiet Ld cdc bien phdp tiin hdnh nhdm sira chira hoac thay the ca sa hg tang da bi thiet hgi de phuc hdi sdn xudt vd mdi tnrang Cimg cd xdy dung hi thdng td chirc qudn ly hgn hdn vd sa mgc hod Viec kien toin he thing td ehire phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai, ciing cd vi ting cudng he thdng quin ly ban hin vi sa mac hda dang d dieu kien vi hoin cinh thuan lgi vi chiing ta da ed eic cam ket va nghj djnh eua ehinh phii, cy the li: Cam ket eua Chinh phu viee trien khai cic boat ddng nhim giim thieu tie ddng tieu eye eua bien ddi hiu, dd Viet Nam ed hin mdt Chuong trinh Myc tieu qude gia ve bien ddi hiu; Chinh phu di ban hinh Nghj djnh sd 75/ND-CP ngiy 10 thing nim 2009 ve dieu ehinh Chuc ning, nhiem vu, quyen ban vi eo ciu td chirc cua Bg Ndng nghiep vi Phat trien ndng thdn vi cie Quyet djnh sd 03 va 04/2010/QD-TTg ngiy 25 thing nim 2010 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ve viee thinh lap Tdng Cue Thuy lgi tren co sd sit nhip Cue Quin ly de dieu va phdng chdng lut bao-thudng true Ban chi huy phdng chdng lut bio trung uong va Cue Thuy lgi don vj thudng tryc cdng tic chdng ban, Tdng Cyc Lim nghiep tren co sd sit nhap Cue Lim nghiep-don vj diu mdi ve phdng chdng sa mac hoi vi Cue Kiem lim don vj diu mdi edng tic phdng chdng chiia chay rirng Chinh phu di phe duyet Chien luge qude gia ve phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai den nim 2020 vi Bd Ndng nghiep vi Phat trien ndng thdn dang xiy dyng ke hoach thyc hien Chien luge niy Tren co sd nhu cau thyc te eua cdng tic phdng chdng va giim nh^ thien tai theo tinh than ciia Chien luge phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai den nim 2020 de ra; Chung tdi de xuit, Nhi nude can kien toin he thdng phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai dd bao gdm edng tic quin ly han hin vi sa mac hda chiln luge phdng chdng, giim nhe thien tai vi bien ddi hiu Cu the nhu sau: 242 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc kv niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd \'gi 10 2010 Thii tudng Chinh phii Phd Thii tudng Chinh phu Trudne ban T Uy ban qude gia ve phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai Thir trudng Bd NN&PTNT Tnrdng Tieu ban Phd tieu ban thudng tryc Lanh dao Tdng cue Thuy lgi Bd Ke hoach vi Diu tuThanh vien Bd Khoa hgc vi Cdng nghe Phd tieu ban Linh dao Tdng cue Lim nghiep Bd Tai ehinhThinh vien Tdng Cdng ty dien lye Viet Nam Ban chi huy phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai cie tinh/T.P Phd tieu ban Lanh dao Cue Quin ly TNN i Bd Cdng nghiep vi Thuong maiThinh vien Bd Thdng tin vi Truyen thdngThinh vien Vien Khoa hgc vi Cdng nghe Viet Nam Trung tim Dy bio KTTV TWThinh vien Hinh Ca cdu td chirc cua Tiiu ban phdng chdng hgn hdn vd sa mgc hod Cap trung uong Nang eip Ban chi huy phdng chdng lut bio vi giim nhe thien tai Uy ban qude gia ve phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai mdt Phd thii tudng Chinh phu lim trudng ban, Bd trudng Bd Ndng nghiep vi Phit trien ndng thdn lam Phd trudng Ban thudng tryc, cic Phd trudng Ban khie bao gdm Thir tnrdng Bd Qude Phdng, Thir trudng Bd Tai nguyen vi Mdi trudng, thinh vien cua Uy ban qude gia bao gdm lanh dao eic Bd: Ndng nghiep vi Phit trien ndng thdn, Qude phdng, Tii Chinh, ke hoach vi Diu tu, Tii nguyen va Mdi trudng, Giao thdng van tii, Cdng nghiep vi Thuong mai Giup viee cho Uy ban qude gia li Vin phdng Uy qude gia vl phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai-Van phdng dit tai Tdng Cue Thuy lgi vi Thir trudng hoac Tdng Cue tnrdng Tdng Cue Thuy lgi lim Chinh vin phdng; Ngoii vin phdng, Uy ban cdn cd cae tieu ban bao gdm: Tieu ban phdng chIng lut bio va tim kilm cim nan, Tiiu ban phdng chdng ban hin vi sa mac hoi, Tieu ban phdng chdng chira chay rimg, Tiiu ban irng phd cic vin de khin eip Chirc ning nhiem vu eua Tieu ban phdng chdng han ban vi sa mac hoa li tham muu giup Uy ban quIc gia ve phdng ehIng vi giim nhe thien tai chi dao, ddn ddc cic Bg, nginh 243 Tiiu ban: Cdc Khoa hoc vi Trdi ddt ISBN: 978-604-913-016-8 vi dja phuong viec irng phd vdi tinh hinh han hin vi sa mac hoi; xiy dyng chien luge, kl hoach irng phd ban hin vi sa mac hoi, quyet djnh quy trinh van hinh lien hd chira yi hd chira miia kiet; Quyet djnh cac bien phip cip nude khin eip; kiln nghj Uy ban ve cie bien phap ho trg chdng ban vi sa mac hoi Cap dja phuong Tren co sd thing nhit chi dao vi dieu hanh edng tie phdng chdng vi giim nh? thien tai, tai eip tinh se thinh lip mot Ban chi dao phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai nhit Ban chi dao se chi dao mgi hoat dgng lien quan den phdng chdng vi giim nhe cie loai hirih thien tai tir bio, lii, han hin, sa mac hoi, chay rirng, Vin phdng thudng tryc Ban chi dao eip tinh se dit tai Sd Ndng nghiep vi Phit triln ndng thdn Tai eac Sd, nginh khie, theo chirc ning nhiem vu dugc giao se lip cie tl thudng trirc edng tic phdng, chdng vi giim nhe thien tai Hoat ddng cua cic tl thudng tryc niy se nim dudi sy chi dao vi dieu hinh chung lanh dao don vj li thinh vien ciia Ban chi dao phdng chdng vi giirn nh? thien tai eua tinh Tuy theo die thii ciia tirng tinh vi loai hinh thien tai, xiy dyng eo ehe phdi hgp vi dieu hinh eu the cip huyen vi xi se lip Ban ehi huy phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai eip xa, phudng vdi quy md ggn nhe, Chu tjch Huyen vi Chu tjch xi lim trudng Ban, d eip huyen se phdng Ndng nghiep hoac phdng kinh te dim nhiem, tai cip xa ed cin bd chuyen trich theo ddi Cic co ciu td ehire eua tieu ban phdng chdng han hin va sa mac hda dugc de xuat d Hinh III KET LUAN Mac dii edng tic chi dao, phdng trinh vi giim nhe thien tai d Viet Nam da dat duge dugc nhieu thinh tyu, nhung ciing cdn nhieu diem cin dugc dieu chinh, nhit li tinh hinh bien ddi hiu toin ciu, Viet Nam li mdt quoc gia dy bio se chiu inh hudng ning ne bien ddi hau vdi cic loai hinh thien tai xiy se ngiy eing nhieu va khdc liet Dieu do, ddi hdi ein phii cd sy thdng nhit, tap trung chi dao, dieu hinh vi trien khai thyc hien edng tic phdng chdng vi giim nhe thien tai d tit ei eic cap tir trung uong den dja phuong; dieu quan trgng ein hoin thien eo che chinh sieh, dip ung kjp thdi nhu eiu eua tinh hinh mdi, dim bio cong tie phdng chdng ban hin vi sa mac hoi, thdi gian tdi, ein tiep tuc trien khai ddng bd eic bien phip sau: Kien toin he thdng td chirc quin ly phdng chdng va giim nhe thien tai tir trung uong den dja phuong; Hoin thien he thdng chinh sich, quy trinh, quy pham, djnh mirc, tieu chuin ky thuat va hudng dan edng tic phdng chdng giim nhe thien tai (ban hin vi sa mac hda); dd chii trgng chu trinh quin ly thien tai bao gdm: Quin ly nii ro (phdng chdng) vi Quin ly sy el (phuc hdi) De xuit cae giii phip chien luge sir dung hieu qua tii nguyen nude Tuyen truyen, nang cao nhin thire vi sy tham gia cua cdng ddng vio cdng tic phdng ehIng ban hin vi sa mac hoa TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ban ehi dao phdng chIng lut bao trung uong, "Ki hogch thue hiin Chiin luge quoc gia ve phdng chdng vd gidm nhe thiin tai din ndm 2020" (2009) Cue Thuy lgi, "Bdo cdo hdng ndm tinh hinh hgn hdn vd cdc bien phdp phdng chdng" (2009) 244 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc k\ niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10 2010 Nguyen Lip Din, Nguyen Dinh Ky, "'Qudn ly hgn hdn vd sa mgc hda chiin luge phdng chong vd gidm nhe thiin tai", Hdi nghj khoa bge Dja ly toan qude lan thir V tai H i Ndi (2010) Dio Xuin Hgc, "Hgn hdn vd nhirng biin phdp gidm nhe thiet hgi" N h i xuit bin Ndng nghiep (2002) Nguyen Quang Kim, "Nghiin cim du bdo hgn hdn viing Nam Tnmg Bd vd Tdy Nguyin vd xdy dung cdc gidi phdp phdng chdng " (2000) Nguyen Dinh Ky, Nguyen Lap Dan, Nguyen Manh Ha, "Thodi hda ddt vd qud trinh Hoang mgc hda a vimg nam Trung Bd" Tuyen tip hdi nghj phuc vu phdng trinh thien tai- Bio ve mdi trudng v i sy dung hgp ly tii nguyen thien nhien (2009) UNCCD-IUCN, "Chuang trinh hdnh ddng quoc gia phdng chdng sa mgc hda vd cdng uac chdng sa mgc hda ciia liin hgp quoc " (2007) Uy ban sdng Mekdng Viet Nam, "Sir xudt hiin vd hgn hdn a Viet Nam " (2008) Vin Phdng UNCCD Viet Nam, implementation " (2006) "Vietnam National Report on the UNCCD 10 TS David Lempert v i eic cdng sy, "Ddnh gid ndng lire thi chi vi qudn ly rui ro thiin tai a Viet Nam" {2003) 245 ... Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi JO 2010 II QUAN LY HAN HAN VA SA MAC HOA TAI VIET NAM • • • • Thyc trang quan ly han ban, sa mac hoa (hoang mac hda) Bin chit ciia sa mac hda (hoang mac hda)... gia phdng chdng sa mgc hda vd cdng uac chdng sa mgc hda ciia liin hgp quoc " (2007) Uy ban sdng Mekdng Viet Nam, "Sir xudt hiin vd hgn hdn a Viet Nam " (2008) Vin Phdng UNCCD Viet Nam, implementation... va sa mac hda d Viet Nam ed hieu qui ein cimg ed xiy dyng he thdng td chuc quin ly ban hin vi sa mac hda va thyc hien theo chu trinh quin ly thien tai Chu trinh quan ly thien tai (ban han, sa