0< AP DUNC CONC CU KINH TE TRONC OUAN LY MOI TRU''''dNC 6 VIET NAM THAN THANH LAM''''*'''' ( Cong cu qudn ly vi moi triidng Id cdc phddng thdc hay bien phdp hdnh dgng thiie hien cong tdc qudn ly moi triidng cu[.]
0< AP DUNC CONC CU KINH TE TRONC OUAN LY MOI TRU'dNC VIET NAM THAN THANH LAM'*' ( Cong cu qudn ly vi moi triidng Id cdc phddng thdc hay bien phdp hdnh dgng thiie hien cong tdc qudn ly moi triidng cua Nhd niide, cua edc td chiic khoa hgc vd sdn xudt Cong cu qudn ly moi triidng rdt da dgng, moi cong cu co mgt chdc ndng vd phgm vi tdc dgng nhdt dinh, lien ket vd ho trd ldn The'gidi cdng nhii Viet Nam dang diing tmdc nhiing dien bien bat ldi vi moi triidng sdc ep cua phdt trien kinh te-xd hgi Van de moi tri/dng xd hgi hien dgi dd vd dang tdc dgng xdu tdi ddi song ngudi vd phdt trien chung cua xd hgi Trong bdi vie't ndy, tdc gid ldm ro nhiing dien bien chinh gdy bdt ldi cho moi triidng todn cdu; hien trgng moi triidng Viet Nam; viec sii dung mgt so cong cu kinh te dang dp dung qudn ly moi triidng d Viet Nam; qua do, di xudt gidi phdp nhdm ddy mgnh viec dp dung cong cu ndy thdi gian tdi I Nhufng diin bien chinh bat Igl cho moi truong toan cau Nhieu n a m qua, n h a t la tfl sau Hdi nghi Lien Hdp Qud'c ve Mdi trfldng va ngfldi (tai Stockholm, n a m 1972) de'n nay, cdng ddng the gidi da dat dfldc nhieu t h a n h tflu boat ddng bao ve mdi trfldng Tuy nhien, mdi trfldng tdan c l u van tie'p tuc bi suy thoai The gidi dang phai dd'i m a t vdi cac thach thflc mdi trfldng sau: - Tinh t r a n g suy thoai dat cang tang Hien cd tdi ty h a dat da bi thoai hoa va cd tdi 50% dien tich dat dang canh tac ndng nghiep cung dang bi thoai hoa khd ban, xdi mdn, phen hoa, ngheo dinh dfldng - Rflng tren toan the gidi hi m a t nhflng n a m 1990 khoang 94 trieu (chie'm 2,4% dien tich rifng the gidi), dd g i n 70% dien tich rflng bi mat da chuyen t h a n h dat ndng nghiep Td'c m a t rflng nhiet ddi khoang 1% nam - Tinh da d a n g sinh hge t r e n pham vi toan cau bi suy giam vdi td'c ldn Trong k h o a n g t h a p nien vfla qua, fldc tinh 24% loai cd vu va % loai chim bi de doa tuyet ehiing Ngudn ldi ea tfl nhien cung d a n g suy giam n h a n h viec k h a i thae qua mfle, l a m giam n h a n h ngudn ldi tfl nhien - Tinh t r a n g thie'u nfldc k h a i thae qua mfle cac ngudn nfldc m a t va nfldc n g l m cang trd nen phd bie'n Theo Bao cao ciia Lien Hdp Qud'c ve P h a t '*' TS., Vien tracing Vien Tai nguyen nirdc va Moi trUOng Dong Nam A, Lien hiep cac Hoi khoa hoc ky thuat Viet Nam 31 Ap dung cdng eu hinh te trien ngudn nfldc ciia the gidi nam 2006, khoang 20% dan sd' the gidi, tflc 1,1 ty ngfldi khdng dfldc tiep can ngudn nfldc ud'ng an toan va 40% khdng dfldc sii dung cac dieu kien ve sinh cd ban phan phd'i khdng cdng bang, quan ly tdi va diu tfl khdng phu hdp cho cd sd ting, dan den hang nam cd tdi - trieu ngfldi chet vi cac benh lien quan den nfldc - Con ngfldi va mdi trfldng dang chiu tac dgng cang tang ciia cac thien tai, bie'n ddi hau Nhieu vung tren Trai Dat dang phai chiu tac ddng nang ne ciia lu lut, ban han, thdi tie't bat thfldng khac Sd ngfldi bi anh hfldng cua cac thien tai khdng ngflng gia tang, nhat la dd'i vdi cac cdng ddng ngheo nhat Do phat thai ciia h l u he't cac nha kinh deu dang tiep tuc tang, cung nhfl tac dgng tdng hdp ciia ndng ozon, khdi, bui biu quyen gay bien ddi hau dien bie'n phflc tap - Mdi trfldng bien va ven bd dang suy thoai va cd chieu hfldng gia tang, nguyen nhan tang dan sd', dd thi hoa, cdng nghiep boa, boat ddng du lich, nfldc thai tfl dat lien va viec thai bd chat thai vao dai dfldng dan de'n sfl hflng nd eiia cac loai tao ddc cang tang, nhat la t i n xuat xua't hien Sfl ndng len ciia Trai Dat, cung nhfl tac ddng cua El Nino, La Nina da anh hfldng de'n cae ram san hd Hien tfldng san hd bi chet tring da xay khap the gidi, cd ndi ram san hd chet tdi 90% - Ty le that nghiep va ngheo ddi tang Khoang 25% dan sd' dd thi sd'ng dfldi mfle ngheo khd Do thu gom rac khdng diy dii va cac he thd'ng quan ly chat thai yeu kem, sfl qua tai ciia ting ky thuat dd thi, suy thoai mdi trfldng va khdng tie'p can dfldc cac dich vu dd thi la nguyen nhan chinh cua d nhiem va cac nguy ed ve sflc khoe tai cac dd thi, nhat la tai cac nfldc dang phat trien II Hien trang moi truang Viet Nam Mdi triidng dd't Viet Nam cd dien tich tfl nhien hdn 33 trieu Trong dd, dat dang sii dung vao muc dich san xuat va da't khu dan cfl la 19.981.769 ha, dat cd rflng la 10.421.404 ha, chiem khoang 31% Thoai hoa dat la xu the phd bien tfl ddng bang de'n trung du, mien nui Nhiim phen va nhiem man da xay nghiem trgng tai ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long Suy thoai da't dan de'n nang suat cay trdng giam Nhieu vung cd nguy cd hoang mac hoa, dat cin cdi khdng the canh tac dfldc Dien tich rflng nfldc ta tfl 14,2 trieu (nam 1943), chiem 43,5% dien tich tfl nhien, giam cdn 8,6 trieu (nam 1993) Rflng bi chat pha bfla bai chu ye'u la rflng tfl nhien d i u ngudn, rflng nguyen sinh, rflng phdng hd, rflng ngap man ap Iflc cua phat trien kinh te da gay hau qua nghiem trgng ve lu lut va xdi Id dat Mdt sd' vung nui cd dd'c ldn nhflng che phu rflng rat tha'p nhfl cac vung Ddng Bae, Tay Bae chi cdn tfl 15 20% Vdi dfl an trdng trieu rflng d 58/63 tinh, den che phu cua rflng mdi dat khoang 38% dien tich da't tfl nhien ca nfldc Moi triidng niidc Tdng Ifldng nfldc mat chay qua lanh thd Viet Nam la 835 ty m^/nam, nhflng Ifldng nfldc cd the ehii ddng sii dung chi cd 313 ty m^/nam Tai nguyen nfldc d Viet Nam dfldc sii dung chii ye'u phuc vu eho san xuat ndng nghiep va sinh hoat Ve cap nfldc dd thi, vdi tdng Ifldng nfldc cap gan trieu m^/ngay, nen mdi cap dfldc nfldc sach cho 70% sd dan dd thi, dd 3/4 la ngudn nfldc mat, 1/4 tfl ngudn nfldc nglm, nhflng Ifldng that 32 thoat edn ldn, he thd'ng cap nfldc xay dflng chip va, xud'ng cap va yeu kem ve quan ly Danh gia tdng hdp mdi trfldng nfldc che thay lflu vflc sdng chinh da cd nhieu doan sdng chet tren cac lflu vflc sdng Clu, Nhue-Day, Ddng Nai-Sai Gdn va nhflng sdng, hd, kenh, mfldng d Ha Ndi, Tp Hd Chi Minh, Ca Mau, Nam Dinh bi d nhiem nang bdi cac chat hflu cd, cac kim loai nang nfldc thai sinh hoat tfl cac khu dan cfl va 80% nfldc thai cdng nghiep khdng dfldc xii ly, xa trflc tie'p vao he thd'ng Hien trang d nhiem khdng chi d ngudn nfldc mat ma da tac ddng den ca nfldc nglm Mdi triidng khdng Sfl phat trien cua cac nganh cdng nghiep, giao thdng van tai da gay d nhiem mdi trfldng khdng bui, ddc va thai d mdt sd khu cdng nghiep va dd thi dang d mfle bao ddng vfldt tieu chuan che phep tdi 5-7 lln Mat khac, dien bie'n ciia thdi tie't hau rat phflc tap, that thfldng, nhiet dang ed xu the' tang, nhiet trung binh nam d Ha Ndi tang khoang 0,75°C sau 42 nam (19602001), nhiet trung binh toan elu tang khoang 0,7°C sau gin 150 nam (1854-2000) Lfldng mfla phan bd'khdng deu, nhieu vung Ifldng mfla tap trung kha ldn dan de'n lu lut cac vflng Tay Nguyen, vung Bae Trung be thieu mfla nghiem trgng vao mua khd d i n de'n han ban Nhin chung, 30 nam qua Ifldng mfla d mien Bae cd xu hfldng giam nhe, ngfldc lai Ifldng mfla d mien Trung va mien Nam cd xu hfldng tang Bao, lu, lut didn bie'n phflc tap, thfldng xuat hien sdm vdi cfldng manh Mdi triidng bien vd bien ven bd Vdi vi tri dia ly trai dai hdn 3.200 km bd bien, trieu km^ dien tich mat bien va hdn 3.000 hdn dao, Viet Nam la qud'c gia cd ngudn ldi ldn ve bien, nhflng cac vflng bien va ven bd dang bi d nhiem Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009 Ifldng rac thai, nfldc thai tfl cac dd thi, khu cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, du lich, khai thae d i u va van tai thuy Ndng cac kim loai nang gap 1,4- 3,8 lan tieu chuan cho phep, ndng asen cao hdn 1,7 l l n tieu chuan cho phep, ndng cac chat ddc hai khac deu cao gap nhieu lan tieu chuan cho phep Cac ram san hd kha phong phu, dd la nhflng dia ban cfl tru ciia cac loai hai san, chung cd chflc nang quan trgng phdng ngfla sfl xam thflc bd va cac thiet hai bao gay ra, nhflng nhieu nguyen nhan dang bi suy thoai nghiem trgng, dac biet d gan khu dan cfl ddng due, khu vflc khai thae d i u hoac cae vflng du lich ldn nhfl Trfldng Sa, Quang Ninh, Nha Trang, Cdn Dao Moi trddng thi vd khu cdng nghiep Den nam 2008, nfldc ta da cd 707 dd thi tfl loai trd len, dan sd' khoang 24 trieu ngfldi (chiem 28% dan so) Tuy ty le dan sd' dd thi Viet Nam so vdi cac nfldc chau A edn thap, nhflng qua trinh dd thi hoa va cdng nghiep hoa didn tfldng dd'i nhanh nen chat Ifldng mdi trfldng dd thi va khu edng nghiep dang suy giam chat thai tfl san xuat cdng nghiep, giao thdng van tai va sinh boat dd thi cang tang nhanh ve sd Ifldng, ehung loai va tinh nguy hai eua nd, vdi Ifldng rac thai len den 200.000 m'^/ngay, nhflng mdi thu gom dfldc khoang 50-70%, sd' cdn lai tdn dgng cac khu dan cfl, so' da thu gom chfla xii ly, chdn lap dung quy each, hdp ve sinh, dang la ngudn gay d nhiim ldn nhat d cac dd thi O cac khu cdng nghiep, mdi trfldng lam viec eiia ngfldi lao ddng tflng bfldc dfldc cai thien Song, cdn nhieu khu vflc san xuat khdng dam bao ve sinh, an toan lao dgng Tinh trang d nhiim ve bui, hoa chat dgc hai tie'ng dn, nhiet da lam gia tang ty lg rtp dung cong eu hinh te ii trfldng xa hdi cang dfldc cai thien va dn dinh hdn, Tuy nhien, ty le hd ngheo vin cdn d mfle cao, ca nfldc cdn tdi 62 huyen ngheo, nhat la nam 2008 va 2009 vfla cd lam phat va suy thoai kinh te Ngfldi nghee cdn gap nhieu ban che viec tiep can va thu hfldng cac dich vu xa hdi cd ban Nhflng ket qua cua cac chfldng trinh xoa ddi, giam ngheo cdn thie'u tinh ben vflng, nguy cd tai ngheo edn ldn Nhflng ngudn Iflc nfldc cdn qua ban hep, lao ddng dfl thfla nhieu, ty le lao ddng dflgc qua dao tao cdn thap Cflng vdi tie'n trinh md ciia va hgi nhap, mdi trfldng xa hgi d cac dd thi, khu dan efl tap trung, dac biet la cae t i n g ldp dan efl cd thu nhap thap gap phai nhieu van de bflc xuc nhfl thie'u nha d, thieu dieu kien ve sinh mdi trfldng, cac hien tfldng ma tuy, bao Iflc cd chieu hfldng gia tang, nhieu te nan xa hgi phat sinh neu khdng cd mdt sfl quan ly chat che va chinh sach Ba dgng sinh hgc phu hdp cho cac khu vflc Nfldc ta n i m d vflng nhiet ddi, da III Mgt so cong cu Idnh te dang ap dung dfldc coi la mgt cac trung tam cd quan ly moi truong oi Viet Nam mfle da dang sinh hgc cao tren the gidi, Nhim tflng bfldc khic phuc nhflng bao gdm: He sinh thai rflng; He sinh thai nfldc nggt; He sinh thai bien va ven diin bien bat ldi mdi trfldng tren, Viet bd Song, rflng bi chat pha lam mat Nam da va dang ap dung mdt sd cdng cu he sinh thai rflng tfl nhien lan rdng, cdn kinh te quan ly mdi trfldng Dd la: ;- Thue tdi nguyen: Phap lenh sd dfldi nfldc cac ngudn thai gia tang 05/1998/PL-UBTVQH ve thue tai lam giam chat Ifldng nfldc, gay suy giam^ nguyen (siia ddi) Ddi tfldng thu thue tai da dang sinh bgc thuy vflc va giam sd nguyen la mgi td chflc, ca nhan khai Ifldng ca the, nguy hiem hdn lam giam chat Ifldng cac loai khai thae lam thflc thae cac loai tai nguyen thien nhien pham kha nang tich tu dgc td Dac pham vi dat lien, hai dao, ndi thuy, biet, sd loai bi de doa va nguy cd bien lanh hai, vung dac quyen kinh te va mat hoan toan cang tang, Sach Dd them luc dia cua Viet Nam Thue tai Viet Nam da neu 365 loai ddng vat va nguyen dfldc tinh can cfl vao san Ifldng 356 loai thflc vat quy hiem cd nguy cd bi tai nguyen thfldng pham thflc te khai thae Ngudn thu tfl thue tai nguyen la tieu diet d cac mfle khac khoan thu phan chia theo ty le phan Mdi trUdng xd hdi tram (%) gifla cac cap ngan sach dia Nhflng nam qua, nfldc ta cd tang phfldng; rieng cac khean thu tfl dau trfldng kinh te kha nen da thuc day san la khdln thu ciia ngan sach Trung fldng xuat, gdp phin xoa ddi, giam ngheo, mdi cdng nhan mic benh nghe nghiep, nhat la cac nganh hoa chat, luyen kim, vat lieu xay dflng, khai thae md, v.v Mdi trddng ndng thdn Nfldc ta cd khoang 76% dan sd lam ndng nghiep va sinh sd'ng d ndng thdn, da sd thu nhap thap, ty le sinh de cdn d mfle cao, quy dat canh tac da it lai dang bi thu hep dan Mdt sd ndi vin cdn sii dung phan tfldi bdn rudng, d nhiim hoa chat ndng nghiep kha nghiem trgng sfl dung nhieu phan bdn hoa hgc va thude bao ve thflc vat, nhieu loai bi cam nhflng vin sii dung da^ va dang lam giam da dang sinh hgc va anh hfldng xau den sflc khoe ngfldi Ben canh dd, khoang 220 nghin lang nghe ca nfldc, chii ye'u san xuat thu cdng, cdng nghe qua lac hau, chat thai khdng dfldc xii ly, thai trflc tie'p vao mdi trfldng gay d nhiim nghiem trgng 34 Thdng tin Khoa hoe xa hdi sd 12.200M 2- Chinh sdeh liu ddi ve thue ddi vdi 96/1997/TT-BTC hfldng d i n ehe thu, hogt ddng khai thdc hdi sdn d viing bien nop le phi cap giay phep boat ddng xa bd: Ngay 29/5/1997, Thu tfldng Chinh khoang san Td chflc, ca nhan Viet Nam phA da cd Quyet dinh sd 358/TTg ve flu va nfldc ngoai dfldc phep boat ddng dai thue dd'i vdi boat ddng khai thae hai khoang san tai Viet Nam theo quy dinh san d vung bien xa bd To chflc, ca nhan phai nop cac loai le phi nhfl: Le phi cdp Viet Nam thudc mgi p h i n kinh gidy phep khdo sdt, thdm do, khai thdc, te, ke ca cac doanh nghiep ed vd'n dau tfl che'bie'n khodng sdn nfldc ngoai, cac ben tham gia hdp ddng, 5- Phi xdng ddu: Ngay 26/12/2000, hdp tac kinh doanh theo Luat D i u tfl Chinh phii da ban hanh Nghi dinh sd nfldc ngoai tai Viet Nam cd tau, thuyen 78/2000/ND-CP ve phi xang diu, hieu thflc te boat ddng khai thae hai san d Iflc thi hanh tfl 01/01/2001 Day la vung bien xa bd dfldc hfldng mdt sd' flu mgt nhflng loai phi cd ngudn thu dai ve thue tai nguyen, thue gia tri gia ldn, thay the cho ehe thu le phi giao tang, thue thu nhap doanh nghiep Dd'i thdng qua gia xang d i u trfldc day nhim vdi cac dd'i tfldng thuge dien ap dung ban che tieu dung nhflng chat gay Luat Khuyen khich diu tfl nfldc, nhiim mdi trfldng (nhfl: xang, diu, san cdn dfldc flu dai ve thue nhap khau, xuat xi mang, gia'y, sdn, cac loai hoa thue gia tri gia tang, thue thu nhap chat ddc hai, ) Dd'i tfldng chiu phi xang doanh nghiep theo quy dinh cua Luat d i u la xang, dau, md nhdn tieu thu tai khuyen khieh d i u tfl nfldc Khi Viet Nam va cac td chflc, ca nhan nhap dang ky va dfldc cap giay phep khai khau (ke ea nhap khau uy thae), san thae hai san d vflng bien xa bd; td chflc, xuat, che bie'n cac loai xang diu chiu phi ca nhan chii cac tau, thuyen danh ca xang d i u xuat, ban xang diu tai Viet dfldc ap dung nop le phi trfldc ba vdi Nam Phi xang d i u chi thu mdt lln mfle thap la 1% tinh tren gia tri tai san xuat, ban Ifldng xang d i u nhap khau luc trfldc ba (le phi trfldc ba mfle quy dinh chung la 2%) 6- Phi bdo ve mdi triidng do'i vdi nddc thdi: Ngay 13/6/2003, Chinh phu 3- Phi ddnh vdo ngiidi gdy d nhiem da ban hanh Nghi dinh 67/2003/ND-CP mdi trddng: Phap lenh ve phi va le phi ve phi bao ve mdi trfldng dd'i vdi nfldc dfldc ban hanh vao thang 8/2000, cd thai Ngay 18/12/2003, Bd Tai chinh va khoang 16 loai phi lien quan den cdng Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trfldng da co tac bao ve mdi trfldng va khoang 10 le thdng tfl lien tieh n h i m hfldng dan cii phi lien quan den quan ly va bao ve mdi the viec thflc hien nghi dinh Theo trfldng Cho den nhieu loai phi dd, Nghi dinh cd hieu Iflc tfl chfla di vao cudc sd'ng cdn thie'u nhflng 01/01/2004 Dd'i tfldng chiu phi bao ve hfldng dan thi hanh cu the Tinh Quang mdi trfldng dd'i vdi nfldc thai (nfldc thai Ninh la dia phfldng di diu thflc thi mdt sd' cdng nghiep va nfldc thai sinh boat) Dd'i loai phi can ban: Phi thodt nddc thdi, Phi vdi nfldc thai sinh boat (hd gia dinh, ddn thu gom rde thdi Phi du lich vi, td chflc) mfle thu phi bao ve mdi 4- Le phi cap gidy phep hogt ddng trfldng dfldc tinh theo ty le % tren gia khodng sdn, thflc hien quy dinh ciia ban cua Im^ nfldc saeh (khdng qua 10% Luat Khoang san va Nghi dinh sd 68/CP ciia gia ban chfla bao gdm thue gia tri cua Chinh phii, 31/12/1997, Bd Tai gia tang) Vdi nhflng ndi chiia cd he chinh da ban hanh Thdng tfl so thd'ng cap nfldc sach thi can cfl vao so Ap dung cdng eu hinh te Ifldng s^ dung binh quan ciia tflng ngfldi va gia ban nfldc sach d xa, phfldng de tinh (ngeai trfl cac ngudn nfldc thai tfl nha may thiiy dien, nfldc tfl san xuat mud'i, nfldc thai sinh boat ciia cac hd gia dinh dang dfldc nha nfldc thflc hien che bu gia, nfldc thai cac hd gia dinh ndng thdn va nhflng ndi chfla cd he thd'ng cap nfldc sach) Phi bao ve mdi trfldng dd'i vdi nfldc thai cdng nghiep thi tinh theo tflng chat gay d nhiem cd nfldc thai, bao gdm BOD, COD, SS, Hg, Pb, As va Cad Mfle thu dfldc quy dinh thudc vao mdi trfldng tie'p nhan (A, B, C, & D) can cfl vao ndi dd la ndng thdn hay dd thi; dd'i vdi dd thi thi phan biet ndi thi hay ngoai thi, loai dd thi theo he thd'ng phan loai cua Nha nfldc 7- Ky quy de phuc hdi mdi triidng hoat dgng khodng sdn: Luat khoang san va Nghi dinh 68/CP 1/11/1996 cua Chinh phu quy dinh: Cac td chflc, ca nhan dfldc phep khai thae khoang san trfldc tie'n hanh khai thae khoang san cd nghia vu gii mdt khoan tien hoac kim khi, da qui hoac cac giay td cd gia tri vao tai khoan phong toa tai mgt td chflc tin dung Viet Nam hoac td chflc tin dung nfldc ngoai boat ddng tai Viet Nam de bao dam thflc hien nghia vu phuc hdi mdi trfldng hoat ddng khai "thae khoang san gay 8- Tien ddt cgc hodc ky quy dd'i vdi gidy phep thdm khodng sdn: Luat Khoang san va Nghi dinh so 68/CP 01/11/1996 cua Chinh phu quy dinh viec dat cgc hoac ky quy dd'i vdi giay phep tham dd khoang san Dd'i tfldng la cac td chflc, ca nhan dfldc cap giay phep tham dd khoang san (khdng bao gdm nhflng boat ddng tham dd khoang san thudc linh vflc diu va cac loai nfldc thien nhien khae dfldc dieu chinh bing cac van ban phap luat khac) cd thdi ban hieu Iflc tfl thang trd len (trfl nhflng td 35 chflc, ea nhan cd giay phep tham dd khoang san dfldc boat ddng bing vd'n Nha nfldc d i u tfl trflc tie'p) deu phai nop tien dat cgc hoae ky quy Mfle tien dat cgc hoac ky quy bing 25% gia tri dfl toan chi phi tham dd eiia nam tham dd dau tien va dfldc thflc hien mdt lan trflde cap giay phep tham dd khoang san Sau thang ke tfl giay phep tham dd khoang san cd hieu Iflc, cdng viec tham dd dfldc tie'n hanh dung tien dd, dung ke heaeh thi td chflc, ca nhan dfldc nhan lai tien dat cgc hoac ky quy Neu sau thang ke tfl giay phep tham dd khoang san ed hieu Iflc ma cdng viec tham dd khdng dfldc tien hanh, giay phep tham dd khoang san bi thu hdi thi tien dat cgc hoac ky quy dfldc nop vao ngan sach nha nfldc 9- Quy mdi triidng: la mdt cd che tai chinh, vdi hai ye'u td' cd tinh chat quyet dinh viec tdn tai va boat ddng ciia Quy la cd cau td chflc va ngudn vd'n De da dang boa ngudn tai chinh cho boat ddng quan ly va bao ve mdi trfldng d nfldc ta, 26/6/2002, Thu tfldng Chinh phii da ban banh Quye't dinh so' 82/2002/QD-CP ve viee lap, to chflc va boat ddng ciia Quy bao ve mdi trfldng Viet Nam Quy da b i t diu boat dgng tfl d i u nam 2004, thflc hien viec flu tien hd trd tai chinh cho cac td chflc, ea nhan cd cac dfl an thudc linh vflc: Xvl ly chdt thdi; phong ngiia vd khde phuc sii cd mdi triidng; Bdo tdn da dgng sinh hgc; Gido due, truyen thdng mdi triidng vd phdt trien ben vdng Hinh thflc hd trd ciia Quy chii ye'u la khdng hoan lai va eho vay vdi lai sua't flu dai Den nay, d Viet Nam da lap va dfla vao boat ddng mdt sd' quy mdi trfldng bao gdm: ngoai Quy Bao ve Mdi trfldng Viet Nam, edn cd Quy Mdi trfldng dia phfldng (Quy mdi trfldng cua Ha Ndi; Quy giam thieu d nhiem edng 36 nghiep va thii cdng nghiep d Tp Hd Chi Minh) va Quy Mdi trfldng d cac doanh nghiep (Quy Mdi trfldng cua Tong Cdng ty than) 10- Chi trd dich vu mdi trddng, Viet Nam dang trien khai tbi diem dfl an Quy qudc te Bao ve thien nhien (WWF), To chflc Bao tdn thien nhien the gidi (lUCN) va Trung tam nghien cflu sinh thai va mdi trfldng rflng (RCFEE) tai trd la: (a) Tgo ngudn hd trg cho hogt ddng bdo ve viing ddu ngudn hd Tri An; (b) Tgo ngudn tdi chinh ben vvtng de bdo ve canh quan Vddn qud'c gia Bgch Md (Thiia Thien Hue); (c) Xdy diing cd che chi trd hdp thu cdc bon ldm nghiep Be dn thi diem tgi huyen Cao Phong tinh Hoa Binh; (d) Chia se nguon thu dia phiidng: Khu bdo tdn bien vinh Nha Trang n h i m xay dflng cd che, chinh sich chi tra cho dich vu la mgt cdng cu kinh te dfldc nhieu nfldc ap dung, ddng thdi thuc day kha nang phat trien kinh te qua trinh thflc hien dfl an va phat buy hieu qua ciia nd sau ket thuc dfl an IV De xuat giai phap nham day manh ap dung cong cu kinh te quan ly moi truong Vdi nhflng ket qua tren day cho thay Viet Nam da sii dung mdt sd' cdng cu kinh te quan ly mdi trfldng bfldc diu dem lai ket qua kha quan Cd the danh gia day la edng cu phu bdp vdi cdng cu phap ly va nang Ifle giam sat, kiem soat, tra va xii phat ciia eae cd quan quan ly mdi trfldng cac cap va cac cd quan ly nha nfldc lien quan Mat khac, cac cdng cu dfldc cac doanh nghiep, cung nhflng ngfldi boat dgng cd tac ddng den mdi trfldng chap nhan, di thflc hien, cbi phi khdng cao, phu hdp vdi kha nang ciia ngfldi thflc hien Tuy nhien, cac khoan tai chinh thu dfldc viec ap dung cdng cu khdng dii dau tfl cho khle phuc d nhiem, hoan Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009 nguyen mdi trfldng, nang cap cd sd tang hay trang bi nhflng thiet bi kiem, giam sat n h i m phdng ngfla, ngan chan cae hanh vi vi pham, lam cho vai trd va tac dung ciia cac cdng cu kem tac dung, nhat la tac dung ran de Do trinh dan tri cdn thap va nhan thflc khdng diy du nen nhieu doanh nghiep, ngfldi dan cho r i n g hg phai nop nhieu khoan tien kinh doanh hay thu nhap ciia hg cdn cd ban Ngay ca mdt sd' cd quan quan ly mdi trfldng dia phfldng cung cdn dan do, vi hg cho rang sii dung cac cdng cu se khd khan viec thu hut khach hang (nhfl thu phi phdng nghi d khu du lich Ha Long) hay lam tang gia san pham san xuat d dia phfldng, khd khan canh tranh, cd the dan de'n mat viec lam cua ngfldi lao ddng Song, hieu qua cua nd dem lai rat khich le, Nha nfldc cin tdng ke't rut nghiem nhflng cdng cu kinh te da ap dung, dieu chinh nhflng van de chfla phu hdp, sau dd md rdng nhieu loai hinh, nhieu linh vflc, nhieu dia phfldng ca nfldc Cach lam rut tfl kinh nghiem qud'c te, nhat la cac nfldc di trfldc d chau A va khu vflc Ddng Nam A da ap dung cd ket qua cdng cu Treng qua trinh edng nghiep boa, bien dai boa dat nfldc, cung nhfl hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te cang sau rdng, Viet Nam dang phai giai quyet cung mgt luc hai van de n h i m dat dfldc muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, dd phai kiem soat dfldc mfle d nhiim cang gia tang cdng nghiep boa va dd thi hoa, ddng thdi phai cd nhflng chinh sach giam td'i da chi phi cho bao ve mdi trfldng ca tfl phia cac doanh nghiep lln Nha nfldc tren cd sd cdng bing xa bgi Vi vay, Nha nfldc can tie'p tuc md rdng ap dung cac loai cdng cu kinh te quan ly mdi trfldng phu 37 np aung cong eu Kinh te hdp vdi thflc te phat trien ciia dat nfldc den nam 2020 Ddng thdi, cin quan tam tdi tieu cbi ma UNDP (1995) khuyen nghi dd'i vdi viec ap dung cdng cu kinh te quan ly mdi trfldng d Viet Nam Dd la: Hodn chinh he thdng chi tieu mdi trddng; Nguyen tdc ddm bdo chi phi thdp nhdt; Nguyen tdc ngiidi gdy d nhiem plidi trd tien; Bdm bdo khd ndng cgnh tranh cua cdc doanh nghiep; Sii chuyen ddi chinh sdc/i lien quan den mdi trddng vd phdt trien Cac tieu cbi cd the coi nhfl mdt chi dan ly thuyet, nhflng ein cd sfl ap dung sang tao va linh boat Be ddy mgnh dp dung cdng cu kinh te qudn ly mdi triidng, xin de xudt mgt so gidi phdp sau ddy: Tiep tuc nghien cflu bd sung, hoan thien chinh sach xac lap rd va tang quyen sd hflu/sii dung tai nguyen dd'i vdi cac ca nhan hoac cgng ddng Tie'p tuc xay dflng va hoan thien he thd'ng tieu chuan mdi trfldng phu bdp vdi dieu kien ciia nfldc ta de lam cd sd cho viec thflc hien va danh gia tinh hinh thflc hien nhiem vu bae ve mdi trfldng Tang cfldng nang Iflc the che, cd che khuyen khich, kiem tra, giam sat sfl tuan thii cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao ve mdi trfldng Hoan thien cac quy dinh ve tra mdi trfldng, tiep tuc dao tao nang cao va chuin hoa cac tra vien va can bd quan ly mdi trfldng cac cap, nhat la cap cd sd Tang cfldng truj'en thdng cdng ddng dan cfl bing phfldng tien thdng tin dai chung va nang cao nhan thflc cho doanh nghiep va can bg quan ly ve cdng cu kinh te nhim tao sfl ddng thuan xa bdi ap dung quan ly mdi trudng Tiep tuc the che boa cac chinh sach ve sii dung cdng cu kinh te quan ly mdi trfldng nham dam bao cac khoan tai chinh thu dfldc dii dau tfl cho khac phuc d nhiem, hoan nguyen mdi trfldng, nang cap cd sd ba t i n g bay trang bi nhflng thiet bi kiem, giam sat Day manh boat dgng cac loai quy bao ve mdi trfldng Ddng thdi ket hdp vdi ap Iflc ciia dfl luan xa hdi de nang cao hieu qua bao ve mdi trfldng Tiep tuc md rdng ap dung mdt sd' cdng cu kinh te den 2020 nhfl: Luat Thue mdi trfldng; Phi d nhiem mdi trfldng thai va chat thai ran; Cbi tra dich vu mdi trfldng (phi hfldng ldi tfl ngudn nfldc, hap thu COj va cd cbe chi tra chd nhflng ngfldi trdng va bao ve rflng hoac cac ben lien quan); Phi du lich sinh thai; Phi hfldng ldi tfl da dang sinh hgc; Nhan sinh thai; Khuyen khich mua sam xanh; Ky quy khai thae nfldc ngam; Tbi diem quyen phat thai cd the chuyen nhfldng d mgt so' lflu vflc sdng; Danh gia vdng ddi san phim cac doanh nghiep TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tran Thanh Lam Quan ly mdi trfldng bing cdng cu kinh te H.: Lao ddng, 2006 Vu Quyet Thing (Chii nhiem) Nhflng khd khan va thuan ldi trdng viec ap dung cac cdng cu kinh te vao cdng tac quan ly mdi trfldng d Viet Nam va de xuat khic phuc De tai khoa hgc H.: Dai hgc Qudc gia, 2003 Hoang Minh Ha, Meine van Noordwijk, Pham Thu Thuy Vu Tan Phfldng Chi tra dich vu mdi trfldng: kinh nghiem va bai hgc tai Viet Nam H.: Thdng tan, 2008 UNDP Bao cao Phat trien ngfldi H.: 2008 UN Bao cao Phat trien ngudn nfldc ciia the gidi H.: 2006 ... Ifldng nfldc mat chay qua lanh thd Viet Nam la 835 ty m^ /nam, nhflng Ifldng nfldc cd the ehii ddng sii dung chi cd 313 ty m^ /nam Tai nguyen nfldc d Viet Nam dfldc sii dung chii ye''u phuc vu eho... la tai cac nfldc dang phat trien II Hien trang moi truang Viet Nam Mdi triidng dd''t Viet Nam cd dien tich tfl nhien hdn 33 trieu Trong dd, dat dang sii dung vao muc dich san xuat va da''t khu dan... nhiet dang ed xu the'' tang, nhiet trung binh nam d Ha Ndi tang khoang 0,75°C sau 42 nam (19602001), nhiet trung binh toan elu tang khoang 0,7°C sau gin 150 nam (1854-2000) Lfldng mfla phan bd''khdng