VliEN DjA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM ANH HUONG CUA QUA TRINH DO THI HOA DEN MOI TRUONG KHONG KHI 6 THANH PHO VINH Trdn Thj Ngdn Hid SUMMARY Impact of urbanization to the ai environme[.]
VliEN DjA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM ANH HUONG CUA QUA TRINH DO THI HOA DEN MOI T R U O N G KHONG KHI THANH PHO VINH Trdn Thj Ngdn Hid SUMMARY Impact of urbanization to the environment in Vinh City Air polulion has become a hot issue of urban environment in Vinh cit}: Economic activities and population increases in the city have created a great impact to Vinh's air environment Good management of urbanization towards maintaining and improving living standard, and sustainable development is an important and urgent task in the development strateg}' of Vinh city MO DAU Vinh la mdt dja danh cd tir lau ddi, dugc hinh va phat trien tir cudi the ky XIX Trong sudt qua trinh phat trien ciia minh, Vinh da, dang va se la trung tam cbinh trj, kinh te, van hda ciia tinh Nghe An va ca vimg Bac Trung Bg Trong thdi ky ddi mdi, nen kinh te ciia phd dugc phat trien kha nhanh, qua trinh dd thj boa dugc day manh Tuy nhien mdi trudng dd thj dang bj d nhiem va gay nhfrng anh hudng khdng nho ddi vdi sir phat trien ciia phd va chat lirgng cugc sdng dan1 cu II NGUON SO LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU Nguon so lieu dugc sir dung de nghien ciru la sd lidi ciia Trung tam quan trac va kT thuat mdi trudng Nghe An ve mdi trudng khdng kbi giai doan tir 2005 - 2006 Cac dilm quan trie ve mdi trudng khdng deu nam mang ludi quan trac thudng xuyen ciia tinh Ngoai ra, tac gia cfmg da sii' dung sd lieu quan trac ciia Trung lain kT thuat mdi trudng dd thj va khu cdng nghiep, Dai hgc Xay dirng thuc bidi vao nam 2004 Ben canh dd tac gia cfing da sir dung ngudn sd lieu tir Nien giam thong ke tinh Nghe An giai doan tir 2000 - 2008 Trong qua trinh nghien ciru, tac gia da sii' dung cac phuong phap sau: - Phuong phap phan tich, so sanh sd lieu thuc vdi tieu chuan cho phep de danh gia mirc d nhiem ciia mdi trudng khong dd thj - Plurong phap danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (DTM) dugc sir dung de phan tich ve cac tac nhan gay anh hudng din mdi trudng klidng tir qua tiinli dd thj hda d Vinh - Ngoai tac gia cdn su dung phuang phap phdng van va dieu tra thuc dja III KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA NHAN XET Tinh hinh d nhiem mdi trudng khong d thiinh phd Vinh Chat lu'O'ng moi trirang khong noi rieng va moi truong song noi chung dang rit dugc quan tam hien a phd Vinh nhiem moi truong khong Khoa Dia ly - Trirdng Dja hgc Vinh Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 811 HOI DIA LY VIET NAM VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM dang la mot vln d l buc xiic doi vai moi truong thi Cong nghiep hoa cang manli thi hoa cang phat trien thi nguon thai gay nhiem moi truang khong cang nhilu ap luc lam bien doi chat lugng kliong klif theo chieu huang x l u cang lan veu clu bao ve moi truong kliong cang quan mq/m3 0.4 -*—S02 -a—N02 •A - Bui 0.05 Khu CN Bac Vinh Nga tu- chp' Vinh Sau NIVIXM Cku Diro'c TCVN (Nguon: Trung tdm quan trdc va ky thudt mdi trirdng Nghe An) Hinh Bieu nong ccic khiS02, N02 vd bid tai khu vuc thiinh Vinh ndm 2006 Muc d nhiem khdng chii yeu la bui thai cua cac nha may cdng nghiep, thai til' cac phuang tien giao thdng van tai va bdc len tir cac ngudn nude thai, sir phan hiiy rac ciia Cac chit gay d nhilm mdi trudng khdng chu ylu: bui lo lirng (SPM), Cacbon Monoxide (CO), Dioxide Nita (NOj), Dioxide Sunphua (S02), Amoniac (NH3), tiing 6n Ngudn gay d nhiem chinh ddi vdi mdi trudng khdng kbi d phd Vinh la hoat dgng ciia nganh cdng nghiep, diln binh la san xuit vat lieu xay dung, luyen kim, san xuat cao su, CO kbi Cac nha may sd lugng khdng nhilu nhung da dang vl tinh chat Lugng san sinh tii' cac nha may cung vd thi khd da dang vl phin nhiem Do dugc xay dung tir trudc day nen cac nha may dugc bo tri khdng hgp ly, khong theo quy hoach mdi ciia Vinh, vi vay tac ddng ciia cac nguon thai nhiem kha rdng, thudc nhieu ITnb vuc ciia hoat ddng cdng nghiep Ngoai cdn phai kl den boat ddng ciia nha may xi mang Clu Dude, giap vdi huyen Hung Nguyen va cac xi nghiep san xuat gach ngoi Idn d Hung Nguyen vdi nhung Id nung tuynen cd cdng suit Idn nhat Nghe An da lam tang ndng cac chit SO2, CO, CO2 va bui ling, nhit la miia he khd ndng Ngoai cac chat thai gay d nhiem tir boat dgng cdng nghiep, cac co sd san xull kmh doanh khac nhu djch vu, xang diu viec sii' dung nhien lieu than ciii ddt smh boat hang ciia ngudi dan cung la nhiing ngudn gay d nhidn khdng dang ke Hoat dgng giao thong dudng bd cudn theo lugng bui Idn tir mat dudng vao khdng a dang bui lang hoac bui la lirng gay tieng dn Idn lam anh hudng din ddi sdng dan cu a gan cac true dirdng giao thdng 612 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM Phan lich sd lidi quan trac quang thdi gian tir 2002 din 2006 cho thly: khu VUC ' nha cao tang Quang Trung va chg Vinh la khu dan cu ddng nhll, ddng thdi la dilm mil giao thong Idn nluil Ihanh phd Vinh, Day la khu budn ban sini ult vdi nhilu ca sd san xuat hang an udng cd lugng rac thai rit Idn, Ndng CO, SO2, NO: va ham lugng bui d khu vuc luiy ludn dat trj sd cao, ban nhieu so vdi tieu chuln cho phep Hoat ddng budn ban tap nap d chg Vinh da tao nen nhu clu di lai Idn ciia ngudi dim vdi nuil rat cao ciia cac phuong lien giao thdng da lam cho ham lugng bui tang len dang ke Ben canh dd, khu virc gan ben cat, sdi xay dung Cua Tiln nen sd lugng cac phuong tien van tai van chuyen cat sdi xay dung vao Vinh rat Idnva cung la ngudn lam tang ham hrgng biii manh khu vuc Bdng I: Chdt lugng khdng tgi Ngd tu chg Vinh thdi gian gdn diiy (2002 - 2006) TT Ket qua 11i6ng so Dan vi 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 CO mg/m mg/m"* mg/m mg/m 5,132 0,45 0,31 0,34 4.936 0,36 0,28 0,32 11,014 0,44 0,26 0,27 5,151 0,37 0,24 0,33 5,320 0,43 0,32 0,32 S02 N02 Bill TCVN 59372005 TB gic> 30 0,35 0,2 0,3 Nguon: Trung ldm quan trdc vd ky ihiidt moi trudng Nghe An Qua trinh dd lh| hoii va nhfrng tik dong den mdi trudng khong Idii d'thanh phd Vinh Qua trinh dd thj boa ciing vdi sir phat trien kha manh ciia nen kinh te da lam cho bg mat ciia phd Vinh cd nhieu thay ddi tich cue Ben canh dd, cfmg da sinh nhfrng van de mdi trudng da va dang trd nhfrng van de cap bach Su tang trirdng nhanh dan sd va phat trien manh ciia nhieii ITnh vuc kinh te la nhfrng tac nhan gay anh hudng khdng nhd den mdi trudng khdng d thj Vinh a Tdc it()ng ciia sir phdt trien cdng nghiep Cdng nghiep phd Vinh nam vimg tam giac phat trien dang hinh ciia tinh: Vinh - Cira Ld - Cua Hgi Cimg vdi qua trinh thj hda, boat ddng san xuat cong nghiep d phd Vinh cd su gia tang manh Gia trj san xuat cdng nghiep - xay dung nam 1990 la 327.500 ty dong, nam 2000 la 910.900 trieu ddng, din nam 2008 la 2.440,500 trieu dong, rieng cdng nghiep - tieu thii cdng nghiep nam 2008 dat 1.454.700 Iridi dong Toe tang trudng binh quan tren dja ban giai doan 1991 - 2005 la 12,5%, ridig giai doan 2000-2008 la 19,6% Hien cac khu cdng nghiep da dugc hinh va dua vao boat ddng Khu cong nghiep BIC Vinh la mdt nam khu cdng nghiep Idn nhat loan tinh Cac khu tilu thii cdng nghiep diln hinh: khu tilu thu cdng nghiep Ddng VTnh, khu tieu thu cdng nghiep Nghi Phii, khu tilu thii cdng nghiep Hung Ddng, khu tieu thii cdng nghiep Hung Lgc Net noi bat ciia san xull cdng nghiep d phd Vinh la da tang dang ke nang lire san xull mdi, may mdc thilt bj dugc trang bj hien dai ddng bg hon Nhieu nha may dugc cai tao, ddi mdi thilt bj hoac xay dung mdi San xuat cdng nghiep ciia phd vdi cac nha may, xi nghiep san xull nhiing san pham phuc vu nhu cau thiet yeu ciia Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 813 HOI DIA LY VIET NAM VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM nhan dan \a lir dd ciing da gia tang thai mgt lugng nude thai, thai va chit thai lam d nbicm moi trudng khdng Bang 2: Kit qud quan triic chdt lut/ng mdi trudng khdng tgi thdnh phd Vinh SO2 mg/m TT Khii Mjc KhuCN Bac Vinh TP Vinh Nga tu chg Vinh SauNMXM Cau Dude TP Vmh So vol CO TCCP nig/ni'' So \'6'i TCCP NO2 nig/m^ So vol TCCP Bill ing/m'' So vo'i TCCP 0,28 0,6 4,09 0,10 0,26 0,7 0,16 0,5 0,37 0,7 5,05 0.13 0.3 0,7 0,33 1,1 0,26 0,5 4,05 0.10 0.25 0,6 0,23 0,8 Ngudn: Trung ldm Quan Irdc vd Ky thudt mdi Irirdng Nghe An, ndm 200 b Ttic dgng ciia phdt triiin giao thdng vCm tdi Giao thong van tai ddng vai trd bd sire quan trgng ddi vdi sir phat trien kinh te xa hdi dong thdi cung la nganh gay nhieu tac ddng tieu cue nhat ddi vdi mdi trirdng Tinh trang gay nhiem mdi trudng cac phuong tien van lai gay cang co xu birdim gia tang Vinh la trung tam dau moi giao thdng ciia tinh Vdi mdt nha ga md ben xe va mdt hai cang nam khu vuc ngi thanh, luu lugng ciic phuong tidi giao thdng qua lai tren phd thai mdt lugng kbi thai dgc hai lam tang ndng nhiem mdi tru'dng Trong giai doan bien sd lugng cac phuang tien van tai ca gidi, dac bid la so lugng xe did boat ddng tren tuyen qudc Id 1A chay qua da cd sir gia tang dang ke da lam cho tinh hinh tren trd nen gay gat ban Bdng 3: Quan trdc tieng on giao thdng vd cudng dong xe tin mgt sd diSin tieu bieu thiinh phd Vinh TT Th [)ng so Muc dn Cudng dp dong xe LAM;IN LAeq dem Max lYung binh Xe circ lan Tyle Xeto Tv le Xe Tyle Xe may Ty le Don vi dB dB xe/h xe/h xe/h % xe/h % xe/h % xe/h % Diem quan trac 112.5 90,2 101 69,8 75,2 76,0 5836 1752 4886 4697 3888 1510 16 24 0,3 0,6 308 45 410 6,6 10,5 247 214 58 5.3 5.5 3,8 4127 1047 3240 93,2 _ _ ^ 83,3 Chii thich: Diem I: dudng Nguyin Trai (qudc Id lA), Diem 2: Duong Hd Huy Tap Diem 3: Duong Quang Trung Nguon: Trung ldm Quan trdc vd Ky ihiidl mdi Iriidng 2006 m VIEN DjA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA L'i- VIET NAM Cudng ddng xe lai cac diem giao thdng phd Vinh tang len rit nhilu dd dang cbii y nhat la su tang nhanh ciia sd lugng cac loai xe may tham gia giao thong Tai diem giao thdng dirdng Nguyen Trai cudng xc nuiy tham gia giao thong da tang lir 1438 xe/h (nim 2000) len 3240 xe/h (nam 2004), tai phd Quang Trung da tang tit 2115 xc/b (nam 2000) len 4127 xe/b (nam 2004), Tieng dn d cac khu vuc dan cu gill iTLic giao thdng Idn cua Vinh deu vugt lieu chuan cho plicp (TCCP 50 - 60 dB ban va 40 dB vao ban dem) c Ttic ddng cua sir phdt triiin ndng nghiep Cimg vdi qua trinh dd thj hda va cdng nghiep hda, cac boat ddng san ximt ndng nghiep d phd Vinh da cd sir phat trien kha nhanh thdi gian gan day Tuy ndng nghiep cln gifr vj tri khiem ton nen kinh te phd song ngudn thu nhap tir boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep ddng vai trd rat quan trgng ddi vdi dan cu d cac khu VUC ' ngoai Gia trj san xiuit ndng - lain - ngu nghiep tren dja ban dat 116 ty ddng (nam 2008) vdi tdng didi tich gieo trdng 4570 San xuat ndng nghiep vdi didi tich canh tac khdng nhieu song nhfrng viing chuyen canh kia, ran qiui lai xen ke khu vuc dan cu, ngudn phan bdn va thudc trir sau, thudc bao ve thuc viit da anh hirdng khdng it tdi nguon d nbicm nidi trudng tir nhien Hidi viec sir dung cac hda chat ndng nghiep d phd Vinh ndi rieng va Nghe An ndi chung cang gia tang Tinh hinh sii' dung thudc trir sau, phan hda hgc dac bid dang lo ngai, nhap kluiu thieu chgn Igc va thieu hieu biet ciia ngudi su dung Viec thieu thdng tin ve tinh nguy hiem ciia thudc bao ve thuc viit la nguyen nhan chinh dan den sir lam dung thudc Thuc te khao sat ve hoat ddng san xmit ndng nghiep d canh ddng rau Ddng VTnh, Nghi Plui - nguon cung cap rau xanh chii yeu cho phd cho thay lugng phan bdn hda bgc, phan chudng, ntrdc tieu dugc su dung cho tudi lieu rau va boa Day chinh la ngudn lam tang ndng NIL cho khu vuc d Tdc digng cua sir gia tiing mgnh ddn sd Vdi sir phat trien manh cac hoat ddng kinh te, dac bid ki sir phat Iricn nhanh ciia cac nganh cdng nghiep va djch vu, Vinh da trd nai Ihu hiit manh ddi vdi dan cu va cac ngudn lao ddng d cac vimg kin can, dac bid la tinh Nghe An Dan sd ciia tang kha nhanh Nam 1975 dan sd phd mdi chi 9,6 van ngudi den da la 29,0 van ngudi (2008) Trong vdng hon 30 nam qua dan sd ciia da tang ldi 3,2 lln Ciing vdi su dly manh qua trinh dd thj boa, ty le dan thj cimg tang len nhanh chdng So dan thj la 20,4 van ngudi (vdi ty le dan thj 70,3% - nam 2008) Thanh Vinh trd dd thj diu tien ciia Nghe An va bien la dd thj cd mirc tap trung ddng nhit Toe dd thj hda d Vinh dang tang cao Cac khu vuc tap trung cdng nghiep da va dang dugc binh Day la nbiing dieu kidi, ddng lire thu hilt tap trung dan cu vao cac dd thj va khu cdng nghiep, la nhan td day nhanh qua trinh dd thj hda, dong thai nd cfmg gay nhfrng van de nghiem trgng cho mdi trudng sinh thai khu vuc dd thi va vimg lan can Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 815 VIEN DW LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM Bang 4: Du bdo quy md ddn sd vd lao dgng thdnh phd Vinh den ndm 2020 TT Chi tieu Don \\ Hien trang Du' bao 2001 2008 2010 2020 221.2 290,0 330,0 450,0 Noi 169,6 204.3 284,0 408,0 Ngoai 51,6 85.7 46.0 42.0 Ty le gia tang dan sd ,66 2.69 Ty le gia tang tu nhien 0,9 1,27 Ll LO Tv le aia tang co boc 0,76 1,42 2,7 2,2 Tong dan sd nghin nsirdi 3,2 67 457 75 000 105 880 nguai Ngudn: Nien gidm ihdng ke linh Nghe An, Bdo cdo dieu chinh quy hogch TP Vinh Tons sd hd dan cu Su phat trien manh me ciia nen kinh te eiing vdi qua trinh dd thj hda da lam tang dan so viing dd thj Vinh, dac biet ddi vdi vimg ndi Den nam 2010, du bao dan sl phd tang len 33 van ngudi va se la 45 van ngudi vao nam 2020 Doi vdi cac viing lan can nhu Cira Ld, Quan Hanh, Nam Dan quy md dan sd cung bj tac ddng manh bdi su tang nhanh dan sd theo tdc dd thj hda Sir gia tang dan sd nhanh chdng cimg vdi qua trinh thj boa, xay dung cac khu dan cu, dudng sa kem theo la ngudn thai gay nhiem mdi trudng cang pbiic tap hon, neu khdng cd quy hoach va cac giai phap bao ve mdi trudng tich cue thi dd se la nguy co gay d nhiem mdi trudng dd thj Cac giai phap va kien nghj Chien luge phat tridi phd da dat cho Vinh mdt vln dl bit sire kliln truong la phai danh gia dung thuc trang chat lugng mdi trudng phd ndi chung va moi trudng khdng kbi ndi rieng, nhit la khu vuc ngi thanh; xac djnh dugc khu vuc bao ddng d nhiem, phan cap miic d nhiem tir dd dk cac giai phap buu bieu nhlm ban che tdi da anh hirdng ciia d nhiem mdi trudng dl gdp phin xay dung phat triln kinh tl xa hdi ciia phd Thanh can thuc bidi danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng ddi vdi tit ca cac du an phat tridi kmh te - xa hgi; tien banh kiem soat d nhidn khdng kbi chat che ddi vdi cac xi nghiep, nha may dang boat ddng; xu ly triet dl cac ca sd cdng nghiep gay nhiem trim trgng nim xen ke cac kliu dan cu; phat tridi va ap dung rdng rai cdng nghe san xuat sach hon Ddng thdi di chuyen cac nha may, xi nghiep gay d nhilm nghiem trgng ndi cac kliu cdng nghiep d ngoai Giam thilu d nhilm bui la yeu cau buc bach nhit! Truo'c het phai bao ddn mat dudng sach se, tranh dit cat rai vai van chuyin vat lieu, klii dao lap sua chua dudng sa, cdng ranh, kbi sira chiia, xay dung nha cira va tich cue gifr gin ve smh tin Mang ludi giao thdng cln dugc phat triln cd he thong, cdng tac quan ly cac phuong tien giao thdng cln dugc quy djnh rd va kilm saat chat che 816 Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c la'n th&S- Hd Ndi 2010 VIEN DIA LY VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM IV KET LUAN Vice nghiiin cuu ve qua trinh dd thj boa va anb hudng ciia nd tdi mdi truiyng dang la mdt ddi hdi mang tinh cap thiet! Dieu khien tdi uu qua trinh thj hda nham giu' vfrng va nang cao chat lugng mdi trudng sdng, bao dam su phat trien ben vfing la mdt nhidn vu quan trgng va cap bach chien luge phat trien ciia phd Vinh, nhat la giai doan bien Vinh da trd dd thj loai I true thudc tinh Nghe An va hudng tdi dd thj trung tam ciia viing Bac Trung Bd TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Luu Dire Hai va Nguyen Nggc Sinh (2000) Qudn ly moi trudng cho sir phdt trien ben viing NXB DH Qudc gia Ha Ndi Mai Trgng Thdng va nnk (2004) - Quy hogch bdo ve mdi trudng thdnh phd Vinh, Vidi Dia ly Nguyen Hdng Tbiic (08/03/2008)- Sire ep cua qua Irinh eld thi hda a Viet Nam www Ngdi nha xay dung Nguyen Dinh LIde (2006) - Mdi trudng vd phdt Irien ben vung, NXB Giao Due Ha Ndi Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng tinh Nghe An nam 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 - Sd tdi nguyen vd mdi trirdng Nghe An Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010 817 ... 2: Kit qud quan triic chdt lut/ng mdi trudng khdng tgi thdnh phd Vinh SO2 mg/m TT Khii Mjc KhuCN Bac Vinh TP Vinh Nga tu chg Vinh SauNMXM Cau Dude TP Vmh So vol CO TCCP nig/ni'''' So ''6''i TCCP... khdng nhd den mdi trudng khdng d thj Vinh a Tdc it()ng ciia sir phdt trien cdng nghiep Cdng nghiep phd Vinh nam vimg tam giac phat trien dang hinh ciia tinh: Vinh - Cira Ld - Cua Hgi Cimg vdi qua... Khu CN Bac Vinh Nga tu- chp'' Vinh Sau NIVIXM Cku Diro''c TCVN (Nguon: Trung tdm quan trdc va ky thudt mdi trirdng Nghe An) Hinh Bieu nong ccic khiS02, N02 vd bid tai khu vuc thiinh Vinh ndm 2006