Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe biln T9 (2009) So 4 Tr 147 156 NGHIEN Ctru HIEU QUA QUAN LY KHU BAO TON BIEN VINH NHA TRANG NGUYEN THI KIM ANH, T R A N KHANH Tom tdt Khu bdo tdn biin (KBTB) vinh Nha Tra[.]
Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe biln T9 (2009) So Tr 147 -156 NGHIEN Ctru HIEU QUA QUAN LY KHU BAO TON BIEN VINH NHA TRANG NGUYEN THI KIM ANH, T R A N KHANH Tom tdt: Khu bdo tdn biin (KBTB) vinh Nha Trang dugc thdnh lap tie ndm 2002 vai muc tiiu; "Bdo tdn da dgng sinh hgc (DDSH) bien cd tdm quan trgng Qudc ti vd dang bi de dga vd giup cdc cdng ddng ddn cu tgi cdc ddo ndng cao dai sdng vd cdng tdc vdi cdc bin liin quan khdc di bdo vi vd qudn ly cd hiiu qud DDSH biin tgi KBTB vinh Nha Trang, tgo nen mdt md hinh hgp tdc qudn ly cho cdc KBTB ciia Viet Nam " Sau mdt thai gian hogt ddng, di xem xet mdc dd dgt dugc cdc muc tiiu dgt ciia KBTB hien nay, cdc tdc gid dd tiin hdnh nghiin ciru hieu qud qudn ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang Vai viic kit hgp phuang phdp nghien cicu; phuang phdp chuyen gia, phuang phdp diiu tra xd hdi vd phuong phdp thdng ki md td kit hgp vgi so sdnh, cdc tdc gid dd tiin hdnh nghien ciru tgi khdm ddo; Bich Ddm, Vung Ngdn, Hdn Mdt vd Ddm Bdy thdng qua phuang phdp phdng vdn true tlip vd phdng vdn sau vdo cudi ndm 2008 Kit qud cha thdy, ddi vai miAC tiiu bdo tdn DDSH biin thi KBTB vinh Nha Trang da thuc hien tdt Tuy nhien, muc tieu giiip cdc cdng ddng ddn cu ndng cao dai sdng vd cdng tdc vai cdc ben lien quan khdc thi kit qud mang lgi chua nhu mong dgi Tu: khoa: Hiiu qud qudn ly, da dgng sinh hgc bien, Khu bdo tdn bien I DAT VAN DE Vao nam 2002, KBTB Hon Mun (thudc vinh Nha Trang) dugc thiet lap khuon kho mgt du an thu nghiem cung ten vdi su trg giup cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB), Quy M6i trudng toan cau (GEE), T6 chue Bao t6n thien nhien The gidi (lUCN) va Co quan phat trien Qudc te Dan Mach (Danida) Den nam 2004, md rdng va d6i ten KBTB vinh Nha Trang - la KBTB dau tien d Viet Nam dugc quan ly va phat trien mdt each toan dien, bao gdm vung bien va dao vinh Nha Trang, tinh Khanh Hoa Cdng ddng dan cu dia phuang KBTB chu yeu d khdm dao thudc phudng Vinh Nguyen: Bich Dam, Dam Bay, Hon Mgt, Vung Ngan, Vung Me va Tri Nguyen Den cuoi nam 2005, t6ng s6 hd cua khdm dao khoang 1.138 hg, c6 den 76% so hd Iam nghe danh bat hai san va 6% sd hd lam nghe nudi trlng hai san [2] Vdi dien tich kJioang 13.000 ha, KBTB vinh Nha Trang cd DDSH biln diln hinh, dac biet la cac he sinh thai ran san hd, cd bien, rimg ngap man Viec lap KBTB vinh Nha Trang co y nghia rit quan trgng doi vdi DDSH biln 147 cung nhu tinh hinh kinh te - xa hgi cua cong ding dan cu dia phuong Vi vay, cac nha quan ly va hoach dinh chinh sach can phai dinh ky danh gia hieu qua quan ly de xem xet su tin tai cua KBTB vinh Nha Trang cd dat dugc muc tieu dat ban diu hay kh6ng Bai vilt vdi du lieu dugc thu thap th6ng qua phong vin true tilp cdng ding dan cu dia phuong d KBTB se giup tra ldi mgt phan cau h6i ndi tren II DOI TUOfNG VA PHLTONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU Doi tuong nghien cuu Dii tugng nghien cim la cac hd gia dinh s6ng d khom dao: Bich Dam, Dam Bay, Hdn Mdt va Vung Ngan Phuong phap nghien euu Cae chi tieu ve hieu qua quan ly KBTB su dung theo de nghi eua Robert S Pomeroy, John E Parks and Lani M Watson [4] va dugc the hien qua bang Bang 1: Cac chi tieu ve hieu qua quan ly KBTB Nhom l.Cac chi tieu ve sinh thai Cac chi tieu ve kinh te - xa hoi Cac chi tieu ve quan ly 148 Cac chi tieu •^ Ngu6n lgi bien dugc bao t6n hoac bao ve •^ Da dang sinh hgc dugc bao tdn >^ Cac loai dac trung dugc bao t6n •^ Moi trudng sdng dugc bao ve ^ Nhirng khu vuc bi suy thoai dugc phuc hdi ^ v^ ^ ^ >^ ••^ •^ •^ An toan thuc pham dugc gia tang hoac dugc tri Ke sinh nhai dugc gia tang hoac tri Lgi ich xa hgi ngoai tien te dugc gia tang hoac tri Lgi fch tu KBTB dugc phan phoi c6ng bang Su thich hgp gida quan ly va van hoa dia phuong la t6i da Nhan thuc va kien thuc ve mdi trudng dugc gia tang Nhiing co cau td chue va chien luge quan ly hieu qua dugc tri Sir tham gia va dai dien mgt each co hieu qua cua cac ddi tugng lien quan phai dugc dam bao •>^ Su tuan thu ke hoach quan ly cua ngudi su dung ngudn lgi phai dugc gia tang >^ Nhiing mau thuan viec su dvmg ngudn lgi phai dugc quan ly va giam xuong Mgt s6 phuong phap nghien cim da dugc su dung qua trinh nghien ciai la: Phuong phap ehuyen gia, phuang phap dilu tra xa hgi hgc va phuong phap thong ke mo ta ket hpp vdi so sanh Sl lieu dugc thu thap bing phuong phap phong van true tiep va phuang phap chgn mau phi xae suit Can cu vao sl hg gia dinh d dia ban nghien cuu va ly thuyet ehgn mau da lira chgn 60 mlu dieu tra vao thdi diem cudi nam 2008 Ben canh do, bo sung eac cuge phdng vin sau nhim thu thap y kien eua mgt so hp gia dinh ve nhung nguyen nhan cua mgt s6 t6n tai cong tac quan ly KBTB III KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA THAO LUAN L Mot so nhan to quan trgng doi vdi viec thiet lap va quan ly KBTB Ket qua ludng mgt s6 nhan t6 quan trpng d6i vdi viec thiet lap va quan ly KBTB da dugc trinh bay cu the d bang O day, cac tac gia chi phan tfch mpt so nhan to chinh lam CO sd de dua khuyen nghi De thuc thi nhung dieu le va quy tac bat bupc cua KBTB doi hoi phai c6 nhung cudng che Ket qua nghien cim cho thay, bat dau lap KBTB thi chi co 10% so hp cho rang nhirng cudng che c6 hieu qua, du an KBTB Hdn Mun hoat dgng thi cung chi co 65% s6 hp cho rang c6 hieu qua va s6 chi cdn 62% Ngoai ra, theo ket qua phan tich sau ve nguyen nhan nhung cudng che co hieu qua cua KBTB hien da giam xudng so vdi du an KBTB Hon Mun hoat dpng thi c6 den 78% so ngudi tra ldi cho rang boat dpng tuan tra kiem soat chua tot, 17% la hai san d khu vuc dugc bao ton nhieu hon nen nhieu ngudi vao danh bat va 6% eho la hanh xu cua dgi tuan tra chua phu hgp nen cpng ddng dan cu kh6ng phuc tung Ket qua cho thay, nhung co hpi tao thu nhap thay the / bo sung kh6ng cao Khi bit diu lap KBTB chi cd 18%, du an KBTB Hon Mun hoat dgng la 28% va la 32% Qua ket qua phan tich nguyen nhan thi c6 34% s6 ngudi cho rang nhung chuong trinli tao viec lam chua phu hgp vdi ngu dan, 23%o eho rang viec lam chi tao thu nhap thap, 20%) cho rang ngu dan quen nhung nghe truyen thong, 18%o cho rang chuang trinh tao thu nhap thay the ehua trien khai rpng va cdn lai 5% cho rang chua tao dupe nhung viec lam co thu nhap cao cho ngudi chong gia dinh Ve tu van eua cdng d6ng dan cu dia phuong Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang chua quan tam dung muc d6i vdi cac tu van cua cpng ddng Ty le s6 hp tra ldi c6 tu van cua cpng d6ng thap (chua den 22%) tat ca cac thdi ky) 149 Bang 2: Ket qua ludng mpt s6 nhan to quan trgng d6i vdi viee thilt lap va quan ly BCBTB Chi tieu Bat dau lap KBTB Dir an KBTB Hon Mun dang hoat dong Thoi diem dieu tra (cu6i 2008) Co Khong Co Khong Co Khong Co luat phap ung ho KBTB khong? 82% 18% 95% 5% 95% 5% Co hay khong mot ca che quan ly mau thuan KBTB? 28% 72% 93% 7% 90% 10% Co to chtrc cong dong (chinh thii'c hay phi chinh thii'c) nao lien ket voi KBTB khong? 15% 85% 80% 20% 80% 20% KBTB CO du tai chinh de dat dugc muc tieu cua no? 65% 35% 95% 5% 75% 25% Co hay khong nhung cuong che hieu qua de thuc thi dieu le va quy tac bat buoc ciia KBTB? 10% 90% 65% 35% 62% 38% Co phai KBTB da nhan dugc cac ldi khuyen hoac ung ho tu cac nhom hoac to chue ben ngoai viec lap ke hoach hoac thuc hien KBTB? 64% 36% 68% 32% 58% 42% Co hay khong chuang trinh giao due va dao tao kit hgp voi KBTB? 22% 78% 48% 52% 55% 45% Co phai du an da nhan dugc su tai trg tai chinh tir chfnh q u y e i r ^ phuang? 32% 68% 52% 48% 48% 52% Co nhu'ng ca hoi tao thu nhap thay the / bo sung dugc tang len? 18% 82% 28% 72% 32% 68% Voi viec quan tam xem xet den sy phat trien ciia KBTB, CO hay khong cac tu van cong dong? 22% 78% 17% 83% 18% 82% Co sy chia se lgi ich tii' KBTB cho cac vien viing? 5% 95% 12% 88% 12% 88% Co hay khong nhung nguai quan ly KBTB chiu trach nhiem vai cac vien vimg khong? 2% 98% 7% 93% 7% 93% Co hay khong nhung nha lanh dao gioi, ngudi da thuc day dy an phat trien? 0,0% 100% 7% 93% 5% 95% Co phai cac vien vimg da co the tac dong len quy mo va dia diem ciia KBTB? 3% 97% 5% 95% 5% 95% Co phai lgi ich cua cac vien viing tang len vugt qua chi phi cua KBTB? 2% 98% 2% 98% 2% 98% 150 Su chia se lgi fch tu KBTB cho cac vien vung cung la mgt nhung nhan to quan trgng dii vdi viec thilt lap va quan ly KBTB Nhung ty le s6 hg eho rang lgi ich tu KBTB dugc chia se cho cac vien vung lai rat thip, bat dau lap KBTB chi 5%; du an KBTB Hon Mun boat dgng va chi 12%) Day la mgt nhiing diem yeu cua KBTB vinh Nha Trang Bang cho thay, ty le sd hg cho rang cd nhirng ngudi quan ly KBTB chiu trach nhiem vdi cac vien vung la rat thap Qua phan tich sau thi nguyen nhan chu yeu la nhiing ngudi quan ly KBTB chua quan tam den ke sinh nhai cua nhirng ngudi lao dgng chinh (chiem 73%)), chua e6 nhiing chuang trinh dao tao nghe cho em vung (chiem 23%)) va cac chinh sach chua cdng bang (chiem 5%) Ben canh do, nhan t6 ve nha lanh dao gioi cung e6 ket qua tuong tu (ty le dudi 7%o) Ket qua nghien cuu cac chi tieu danh gia hieu qua quan ly KBTB Bang phuong phap danh gia cham diem theo thang diem 10 th6ng qua cam nhan cua ngudi dugc phong van va phan tfch mgt s6 chi tieu chinh lam co sd de dua khuyen nghi, cac ket qua phan tich dugc m6 ta d bang Bang cho thay, ke sinh nhai trudc KBTB lap eua cong d6ng dan eu dia phuang KBTB vinh Nha Trang d muc dudi trang binh Ngay nay, ke sinh nhai eua cpng d6ng dan eu dia phuang d day cung co phan tang len (tu 4,7 diem den 5,0 diem), nhien muc dp tang chua dang ke Ve an ninh luong thuc - thuc pham lai co xu hudng giam xudng Trade KBTB lap, mue diem trang binh theo danh gia cua cpng dong dan cu dia phuong la 5,4 diem, nhung chi cdn 5,2 diem Theo nhan dinh cua cpng dong dan eu dia phuang thi an ninh luong thuc - thuc pham d cac khom dao c6 xu hudng giam xuong la hai san khai thac duge it dan (chiem 49%)), dan cu cang dong (chiem 33%)), dieu kien di lai kho khan (chiem 13%) va thdi tiet cang khac nghiet (chiem 5%o) Tham gia vao quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang cua cpng ddng dan cu dia phuong rat ban che Ngay nay, viec tham gia vao quan ly KBTB da dugc cai thien chut it, nhien muc cai thien rat it (tu 1,1 diem den 1,9 diem) Xet ve nguyen nhan dan den tdn tai nay, cong d6ng dan cu dia phuong cho rang Ban quan ly KBTB ehua c6 cae chuang trinh thu hut cong d6ng dan cu dia phuong tham gia quan ly KBTB (chiem 93%)) va nguyen nhan eon lai la trinh dp chuyen mon, van boa va quan ly cua cpng d6ng dan cu dia phuang ban che (chiem 6,7%) 151 Bang 3: Mo ta kit qua phan tich cae chi tieu danh gia hieu qua quan ly KBTB Trung binh Ldn nhat Nho nhat Do lech chuan Trudc KBTB lap 4,75 7,00 2,00 1,16 Ngay 5,03 8,00 2,00 1,34 Trudc KBTB lap 5,38 8,00 2,00 1,46 Ngay 5,17 8,00 2,00 1,26 Trudc KBTB lap 5,38 7,00 3,00 0,99 Ngay 5,37 7,00 3,00 0,97 Trudc KBTB lap 6,08 8,00 3,00 1,48 Ngay 5,12 8,00 2,00 1,54 Trudc KBTB lap 1,08 2,00 1,00 0,28 Ngay 1,87 8,00 1,00 1,77 Trudc KBTB lap 1,15 3,00 1,00 0,40 Ngay 1,83 8,00 1,00 1,82 Trudc KBTB lap 5,90 8,00 3,00 1,34 Ngay 6,77 8,00 4,00 1,06 Trudc KBTB lap 6,05 8,00 3,00 1,17 Ngay 6,72 9,00 4,00 1,09 Trudc KBTB lap 6,20 9,00 4,00 1,16 Ngay 6,53 9,00 5,00 1,07 Trudc KBTB lap 3,88 7,00 2,00 1,42 Ngay 7,75 9,00 6,00 0,79 Trudc KBTB lap 4,58 8,00 3,00 1,24 Ngay 7,60 9,00 5,00 0,83 Trudc KBTB lap 4,68 7,00 3,00 1,21 Ngay 7,82 9,00 6,00 0,75 Chi tieu Ke sinh nhai An ninh luong thuc thuc pham Mau thuan su dung nguon lgi Nhiing mau thuan ciia KBTB Tham gia vao quan ly KBTB Anh hudng len quan ly KBTB An ninh trat tu Tgi pham Mau thuan d miic lang Su phuc tiing/tuan thu Site khoe sinh thai Da dang sinh hgc 152 Ylu t l anh hudng len quan ly KBTB cung tuong tu viec tham gia vao quan ly KBTB Muc anh hudng cua cdng ding dan cu dia phuang len quan ly KBTB cung rat han chl Mac du KBTB vinh Nha Trang da co sir nd luc cai thien, nhung muc cai thien cua yeu to cung rit thip (tu 1,2 dilm din 1,8 dilm) Ngoai ra, qua kit qua phan tich nguyen nhan, cpng ding dan cu dia phuang cho ring hp it anh hudng len quan ly KBTB la hg chua dugc tham gia quan ly KBTB (chiem 45%)); khdng co co hgi tham gia cac cupc hpp cua KBTB (chiem 21%)) va nhiing ngudi quan ly KBTB chua chu trpng den cac y kien dong gdp cua cdng ddng dan cu dia phuong (chiem 33%)) Xet yeu td su phuc tung / tuan thu cac quy dinh quan ly ngu6n lgi, day la yeu t6 ma muc cai thien dugc danh gia rat cao Trade KBTB lap, sir phuc tung / tuan thu cac quy dinh quan ly ngudn loi chi d muc rat thap (trang binh la 3,9 diem) Nhung nay, nhd sir tdn tai cua KBTB vinh Nha Trang ma su phuc tung / tuan thu cae quy dinh quan ly ngu6n lgi da dugc cai thien rat nhilu (trang binh la 7,8 diem) IV KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHI Ket luan KBTB vinh Nha Trang dugc lap vdi mue tieu chirdi va da thuc hien tuong doi t6t mue tieu bao t6n m6 hinh dien hinh ve DDSH bien d KBTB vinh Nha Trang Tuy nhien, muc tieu giup eac cdng ddng dan cu nang cao ddi s6ng va cong tac vdi cac ben lien quan khac thi ket qua mang lai chua nhu mong dgi Cu the, ke sinh nhai cua cong dong dan cu dia phuong chua dugc cai thien dang ke, an ninh luong thuc - thuc pham co xu hudng giam xudng theo su danh gia cua hg Viec tham gia vao quan ly KBTB va anh hudng len quan ly KBTB cung chua cd ket qua tdt Hau nhu cpng d6ng dan cu dia phuang it tham gia vao bat cu cupc hpp nao ve quan ly KBTB va khong cd anh hudng nhieu len quan ly KBTB Khuyen nghi Trong thdi gian vua qua, mac du Ban quan Iy KBTB vinh Nha Trang da cd rat nhieu no lire nhung ket qua dat dugc van cdn nhieu han che Dudi day la mpt sd de xuat ban dau cua cac tac gia: Tao ke sinh nhai thay the / b6 sung cho cpng dong dan cu dia phuong d cac khom dao - Thanh lap hgp tac xa khai thac thuy san eho cpng d6ng dan cu dia phuong Hgp tac xa c6 nhiem vu t6 chue khai thac va tieu thu san pham khai thac dugc nham tranh hien 153 tugng ngu dan bi ep gia nhu hien - Cd chinh sach uu dai cho cac doanh nghiep diu tu tren dia ban KBTB vinh Nha Trang - Phat trien rihieu boat dgng du lich cd sir tham gia cua cong dong, mang lai nhieu c6ng viec mdi cho ngudi dan - Cho phep, hudng din va h6 trg dao tao ky thuat cho ngudi dan dia phuong tham gia vao cac boat dgng nudi thuy san theo quy hoach nham tao ngu6n thu nhap on dinh cho cac hg gia dinh - Cho phep khach du lich vao tham quan va cu tni ngan ban tai cac cong d6ng dan cu de tao them cdng an viec lam eho ngudi dan dia phuong Quang ba hinh anh cua KBTB vinh Nha Trang The gidi Hien intemet la mgt phuang tien trayen thong tin cue ky hiiu hieu Vi vay, can tan dung triet de intemet de quang ba hinh anh cua KBTB The gidi Tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho cdng d6ng dan cu dia phuong tham gia vao quan ly KBTB De thuc hien dugc dieu nay, KBTB vinh Nha Trang ndi rieng va cac KBTB khac d Viet Nam noi chung can thay d6i co che quan ly theo hudng "d6ng quan ly" de chia se lgi ^ ich va trach nhiem nhieu hon cho cong dong dan cu dia phuong Nang cao trinh van hda, nhan thuc cho cpng dong dan cu dia phuong De nang cao trinh dp van hda cho cpng d6ng dan cu dia phuang, van de trudc mat la chinh quyen dia phuong can phai sdm xay dung cae tradng cap II d mdt s6 khom dao ddng dan va xa dat lien nhu Bich Dam, Vung Ngan Hpc sinh cac khom dao lan can vao cac tradng de hpc, giam bdt khoang each di lai cho hpc sinh Tang cudng xay dung cac co sd tang khac cho cac khom dao De giam bdt nhiing kho khan ve co sd tang hien tai cho cpng d6ng dan cu, tae gia de xuat mpt s6 giai phap sau: - O mpt s6 khdm dao cd dieu kien thuan lgi ve ngudn nudc nggt tu cac khe nui, ehinh quyen dia phuang va Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang can ket hgp de xay dung hd chua nudc cung cap nudc cho cdng d6ng dan cu dia phuong d mpt s6 khom dao lai, chinh quyen dia phuong va Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang nen ho trg cho moi hg gia dinh hoac be chua nudc mua ldn hon nua du de cdng dong dan cu dia phuong co dugc nguon nudc sinh boat 6n dinh 154 - Thanh lap chg cung cip luong thuc - thuc phim cho cdng ding dan cu dia phuong Tuy nhien, dl xem xet lira chgn khom dao nao nen lap chg, khdm dao nao khong nen, ddi hoi phai cd nhiing nghien cim sau hon, xem xet nhieu khia canh ban - Thuc hien cac chuang trinh h6 trg vl giao th6ng, di lai cho cu dan vung nhu md rpng cac dudng di khdm, lam dudng quanh biln, lam bd ke chong xoi Id, Tao ngudn tai chinh dn dinh cho Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang De tao ngudn tai chinh dn dinh Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang can dau tu manh hon nua de khai thac bet tiem nang du lich d cac khdm dao Ddng thdi nguon thu nhap phai dugc phan ph6i c6ng bang giua cong dong dan cu dia phuong va Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang, chi danh mgt phan cho boat dgng cua Ban quan ly KBTB, phan lai phai danh eho cac boat dgng phuc vu cong d6ng dan cu dia phuong TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ban quan ly KBTB vinh Nha Trang (2008) Khu bao tdn bien vinh Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam Tai lieu KBTB vinh Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Ho Van Trung Thu (2005) Bao cao ve kinh te - xa hgi cua cong dong dan cu dia phuong KBTB Hon Mun Tai lieu KBTB Hon Mun, Khanh Hoa Kenchington and Ch'ng (1994) Overview of Marine Protected Area Management GBR, Qeenland, Australia Robert S Pomeroy, John E Parks and Lani M Watson (2004) How is your MPA doing? A Guidebook of Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness lUCN A STUDY OF NHA TRANG BAY MARINE PROTECTED AREA'S MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS NGUYEN THI KIM ANH, TRAN KHANH Summary: The Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area (MPA) was established since 2002 Its gbjective is "To protect marine biodiversity environment and to enable local island communities to improve their livelihoods and In partnership with other stakeholders to effectively protect and manage the marine biodiversity in Nha Trang Bay as a model for collaborative MPA management in Vietnam " After a period of operating, to consider whether the Nha Trang Bay MPA achieves the objectives, a study of Nha Trang bay MPA's management effectiveness has been developed With the associating of study methods: taking 155 expert advice, social survey and descriptive statistics, the authors have investgated island villages: Bich Dam, Vung Ngan, Hon Mot and Dam Bay through face to face and deep interviews in the end of 2008 The results show that with the objective to protect marine biodiversity, the MPA has been done well However, the other objective to enable local Island communities to improve their livelihoods has fallen short of its expectations Keyword: Management Effectiveness, Marine Biodiversity, Marine Protected Area (MPA) Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25 - - 2009 Ngu&i nhdn xet: ?GS.TS.l