V A N D E H O M N A Y LAI VAN MANH Vien Chien luce, Chfnh sach Tai nguyen va Moi trudng TRAN NGUYEN TRA Cong ty Co phin Cong nghe Khoang san va Moi trifdng Viet Nam Hien nay, "tang truong xanh" da trd[.]
V A N D E H O M N A Y LAI VAN MANH Vien Chien luce, Chfnh sach Tai nguyen va Moi trudng TRAN NGUYEN TRA Cong ty Co phin Cong nghe Khoang san va Moi trifdng Viet Nam Hien nay, "tang truong xanh" da trd khau hieu tai nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi, dac biet la khu vuc chau A - Thai Binh Duong No khdng don thuan chi la van de phat trien kinh te ket hdp bao ve mdi trudng, ma htfn the ntfa la htfdng de'n tang trtfdng thdng qua viec tai ctf ca'u va tang ctfdng nen kinh te, thay ddi kieu tieu dung va san xuat, tao nhtfng nganh cdng nghiep xanh, cdng dong xanh Ddi vdi chiing ta, day la mot md hinh can dupe quan tam nham phat trien dat ntfdc mot each ben vung dan ddi thoai chinh sach hudng den tang trUdng xanh Day dUdc Nam 2005 To chuc Kinh te - coi nhu la dieu kien va giai phap xa hoi chau A - Thai Binh Duo'ng het silc quan giup bao ve (UNESCAP) da to chile nhieu dien mdi trudng, xda ddi giam ngheo, Tang truong xanh - Dinh nghia va vai tro i C Hoat dong K H O A HOC S O , „„ , a n g tang trudng kinh te va dat dUdc cac muc tieu phat trien ben viing khu vUc Theo UNESCAP: "Tang truong xanh la mot chinh sach tap trung nham nhan manh V A N muc tieu ve moi trudng de thiic day stf tien bo xa hoi, giam thieu Itfang carbon vd tao dtfng stf phat trien" Theo quan diem ciia Td chute Hop tac va phat trien kinh te (OECD) thi: "Tdng trtfdng xanh la mot each de dat dtfac muc tieu tdng trtfdng kinh te va phat trien bao ton moi trudng, ngan chan stf mdt mdt ve da dang sinh hoc vd giam thieu viec stl dung khdng ben vdng tdi nguyen thien nhien" Vai trd cua tang trifdng xanh ddtfc the hien d khia canh sau: Tang trUdng kinh tevd bao v§ mdi trUdng - Trtfdc het, tang trddng xanh htfdng den cac muc tieu ciia phat trien ben vdng nhd: Dam bao sd tang trddng cua GDP, xda ddi giam ngheo, hddng den sif tien bd xa hdi - Nang cao hieu qua sinh thai ciia san xuat thong qua cac cdng cu nhd: Ke hoach phat trien kinh te ket hop vdi bao ve sinh thai hieu qua, thue xanh va cai each ngan sach, cai thien cdng tac quan ly mdi trUdng, khuyen khich thi trUdng cac san pham/dich vu than thien vdi moi trdtfng, giam sd dung tai nguyen thien nhien cho cac san pham - Cai thien hieu qua sinh thai cua qua trinh tieu diing nhu thay ddi ve ca che, chinh sach; quan ly; tang cUdng giao due phat trien ben vdng; khuyen khich sd dung cac cong nghe than thien vdi mdi trddng se giiip tiet kiem tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trddng - Tang trtfdng xanh dong vai trd rat quan trpng de cac hang hda/dich vu mdi trUdng phan anh dung gia tri, thiic day tang trUdng va dau tu vao tu nhien Tang trUdng xanh vdi sinh ke ben vffng Tang trUdng xanh nhan manh sd dung cac phdOng phap tiep can nhd: Tiep can sinh ke ben vdng; phdOng phap tiep can co sd tham gia ciia cac ben (Nha nddc, doanh nghiep, ngddi dan ), day la nhdng chia khoa de giai quyet cac van de qua trinh phat trien Tang trddng xanh khuyen khich stf tham gia ciia nhdng nhom de bi ton thuong (phu nd, ngtfdi ngheo, ngddi dan d khu vdc mien niii ) qua trinh danh gia, thiet ke cac ke hoach, chinh sach va thUc hien chung Do vay, phddng phap tiep can "tang trudng xanh" se hudng den cac giai phap dat dupe cac lofi ich cho tat ca cac ben; tang cUdng sd dung hieu qua cac ngudn life tif nhien va thuc day cac co hpi cho cac doi tupng nham hudng B E H O M N A Y den muc tieu cua phat trien ben vdng Tdng trUdng xanh vd bien ddi hdu Mdt nhdng muc tieu quan trpng ciia tang trddng xanh la giam lUtfng cacbon tren the gidi thdng qua hang loat cac hoat dpng cu the nhd: Phat trien san xuait va tieu dung ben vdng; xay ddng he thd'ng CP sd tang ben vdng; sd dung ctf che' phat trie'n sach (CDM); thue xanh, cai each the che, phat trie'n nong nghiep sinh thai Tat ca cac hoat ddng se gop phan tich cUc vao viec giam lUtfng thai cacbon d cac nUdc va tren toan the gidi NhU vay, tang trudng xanh se dong vai trd het sdc quan trpng trpng giam nhe nhdng tac dpng ciia bien ddi hau Dac biet, thdc hien tang trtfdng xanh se giiip chung ta chuyen td trang thai ddi vtfi bien ddi hau sang trang thai thich dng vdi bien ddi hau Ghi chii: N: Von tif nhien; S: Von xa hoi; H: Von ngifdi; F: Tai chinh; P: Von vat chat Hinh 1: Tdng trudng xanh vd sinh ke ben vdng (Ngudn: Green Growth "capacity Development Programme", UNESC www.greengrowth.org) V A N EDE H O M N A Y Tang trudng xanh giup phat trien kinh te ben vting Noi dung chinh ve tang truong xanh Sdn xuat vd tieu dung ben vffng San xuat va tieu diing deu phat sinh cac chat thai, vay muon thirc hien dirge tang trudng xanh thi mot nhUng ndi dung quan can phai dup'c thUc hien la tien hanh cai tien qua trinh sdn xuat va tieu dung nham dat dugc muc tieu ve phat trien ben vUng va lgi ich kinh te Do cac he sinh thai tren trai dat deu co nhu'ng gidi han nhat dinh ve kha nang hap thu cac chat nhiem cung nhu kha nang dap i'fng cac ngudn tai nguyen de phuc vu cho cac qua trinh san xuat, nen de dam bao tang trudng xanh thi viec cai thien qua trinh san xuat va tieu dUng theo hudng ben vUng la ndi dung het site quan trong, tu" tao co hpi cho cac qudc gia cai thien dupe hieu qua sinh thai B Hoat dong KHOA HOC r ciia qua trinh tang trudng kinh te Qua trinh cai thien se mang lai nhieu lgi ich nhU: Chung ta se nhan duoc nhieu hon so vgi nhung cai ma chung ta mat di; san xuat se co hieu qua hon va lgi nhuan cao htfn; tai nguyen thien nhien va cac nguyen lieu se sii dung it htfn; mang lai lgi the canh tranh cho cac qudc gia, gia tri gia tang cua moi san pham se tang them; giam thieu nhiem moi trutfng va cac chat thai; cac ngudn nang lupng va nutfc se sii dung it htfn De huong den san xuat va tieu dung ben vUng thi cac qudc gia can danh gia tdng the ve toan bp chu trinh va vdng ddi cua cac san pham/dich vu, tao dieu kien va khuyen khich san xuat va tieu diing sach, cac qua trinh san xuat ben vflng htfn ve mdi trudng Ve phia tieu diing, chUng ta cd the sii dung cac cdng cu de dieu chinh cac hanh vi tieu dung, khuyen khich sii dung cac san pham ben va phat trien sii dung cac san pham tU cong nghe 3R (giam thieu - tai che - tai sii dung) Xanh hda he thdng kinh doanh vd thi trffdng Xanh hoa he thdng kinh doanh va thi trUdng de cap den viec hudng cac doanh nghiep dat muc tieu dai han la bao ve mdi trUdng, thdng qua viec thuc day cac hoat dpng san xuat sinh thai hieu qua va ben viing cung nhu phat trien thi trudng ciia cac san pham dich vu mdi trUong Ddng thdi, cac doanh nghiep phai hudng den cai thien hieu qua ve sii dung cac ngudn tai nguyen, thUc day tinh ben vUng ve moi trudng ma van giam dugc chi phi san xuat, tang lgi nhuan Tang cUdng viec quan ly moi trUdng va he sinh thai, tao nen ddng ldc va ctf hdi cho kinh doanh mdi linh vUc moi trUdng, sinh thai Cac chinh sach, phap luat va cac UU dai, khuyen khich doanh nghiep theo dudi muc tieu kinh doanh xanh can dugc thuc thi Cac chinh sach ciia cac chinh phu can tap trung vao: Tao mdi trddng thuan lgi cho cac hoat dpng kinh doanh linh vtfc mdi trudng va sinh thai; ho trp tim kiem cac thi trudng cho cac san pham ben vdng mdi; cai thien viec stf dung hieu qua ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien; giam thieu cac suy thoai mdi trUdng cac hoat ddng kinh doanh gay nen; tang cUdng tai dau tu vao cac ngudn ldc ngUdi va tu nhien; phat trien nen cdng nghiep sinh thai; phat trien ctf che sach He thdng co sd tdng ben vffng He thdng ctf stf tang la nen tang cho qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, dac biet chUng V A N la chia khoa de cai thien cac co hoi ve sinh ke cung nhu cung cap cac nhu cau quan va cac dich vu cho cong dong Viec thiet lap he thdng ca sd tang ben vdng ve moi truong la nen tang quan de phat trien mdt xa hpi it cacbon Phat trien he thdng co sd tang thudng cd nhilng anh hudng khac nhau, bao gdm ca nhUng anh hudng tich cdc (tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho khai thae va sii dung cac ngudn luc tu nhien) va tieu cUc den moi trUdng (nhu tac dpng den canh quan va sinh thai, nhiem mdi trUdng ) Thue xanh va doi m&i ngan sach Thue xanh va cai each ngan sach la mpt cong cu co ban ciia chinh sach tai chinh tang trudng xanh Thue xanh giiip giam ngheo, tang thu cho ngan sach, nang cao hieu qua sinh thai, cai thien sdc khoe cong ddng, cai thien chat ludng moi trUdng Thue xanh cung la CO sd cho phat trien he thdng co sd tang ben vdng, la nen tang cho phat trien cac hoat ddng kinh doanh xanh va thUc hien san xuat va tieu dung ben vUng Nguyen tac ciia thue' xanh va cai each ngan sach bao gdm: (1) Chuyen ganh nang tU cac khu vUc thue truyen thd'ng nhu thue thu nhap, tie't kiem sang cac san pham cd lien quan den mdi trUdng va gay nhilm moi trUdng nhU nhien lieu hoa thach va chat thai; (2) Chuyen hudng cac khoan tro cap sang cac hoat ddng lien quan den moi trUdng, cac hoat dpng thiic day tang trUdng xanh va giam d nhiem Ngoai ra, thue xanh va cai each ngan sach la mdt he thd'ng rpng rai cac cong cu tai chinh D E cac linh vUc nhU: Giao thdng van tai, nguyen lieu, tai nguyen thien nhien, chat thai va cac chinh sach ve nang luong ThUc hien thue xanh va cai each ngan sach cd the tao cdng an viec lam, giam ddi ngheo va cai thien nang suat, hieu qua sii dung tai nguyen, tang cUdng nang luc canh tranh qudc te, dam bao chat luong mdi trUdng Thue' xanh ciing cd vai trd lam cho phan phdi trpng xa hdi dUtfc cong bang hon, giiip viec thud hien xoa doi giam ngheo duoc tot hdn Dau tu" vao vdn tit nhien Vdn tu nhien la cd sd de ciing cd cac phUc lai xa hpi va cac qua trinh phat trien kinh te' - xa hpi, H O M N A Y dd la vdn ciia he sinh thai tu nhien ma cd the tao cac ddng gia tri lgi ich trpng ttfong lai thdng qua cac hang hda/dich vu mdi trUdng Vi du, rung ngap man cd tac dung nhu cac be chda cacbon va la bp dem de chdng lai nhdng tac ddng ciia bien ddi hau Do vay, dich vu he sinh thai chinh la dai dien cho mdt phan quan trpng cua vdn td nhien, hay chinh la nhdng lgi ich ma ngddi dan nhan ddgc td td nhien Dau td vao von td nhien cd the ddpc thuc hien qua cac hinh thUc nhU: Tang cddng quan ly he sinh thai ben vdng; dau td de giam thieu sd xdi mdn dat va bd sung cac chat dinh dddng cho dat; tang Hoat dpng kinh te: - Lao dong (thue thu nhap ca nhanl f] - Von (thue co phan) Chuyen ganh nang thue truyen thong sang thue xanh va cai each ngan sach nhiem va sii dung kem hipu qua tai nguyen • Sii dung kem hieu qua tai nguyen (thue nUdc, thue nang luong, thue khoang san ) - nhiem moi trUdng va rac thai phat sinh (thue COi, thue nhiem nUdc, nhiem dat ) • He thong co sis tang ben viing ddpc thiet lap - San xuat va tieu diing ben ving • Tao viec lam - Tang cUdng sU canh tranh • Moi trudng sach hon • Gia ca phan anh chinh xac hon Tang cuong tang tniong kinh te', si dung hieu qua hon cac nguon tai nguyen va moi truong sach dep hon (Tang trtdng xanh) Hinh 2: Vai trd cua thue xanh va cai each ngan sach thtfc hien tang trtfdng xanh sdt n , o g 1lKH H OJIflOng , V A N D E H O M N A Y World Economic Forum on East Asia ^ • -v Dien clan Kinh te the giai ve Dong A duac to chdc tai phd Ho Chi Minh thdng 6.2010 cUdng quan ly nguon ntfdc Phat trien cdc bo chi sd sinh thdi Be giiip cac ntfdc khu vifc nang cao dtfpc hieu qua sinh thai, UNESCAP da xac dinh stf can thiet phai phat trien mpt bp chi so mdi ve hieu qua sinh thai (EEI) Muc dich cua EEI la de lifting va so sanh hieu qua sinh thai ciia tang trUdng kinh te ciia cac qudc gia khac nhau, xac dinh cac bien phap chinh sach de cai thien hieu qua sinh thai cho cac qudc gia Cac bp EEI se tang cUdng vai tro cua khu vtfc cdng va se cung cap mpt cong cu xay dtfng chinh sach manh me nham tang ctfdng mtfc dp anh htfdng ciia no tren cac md hinh tang trtfdng kinh te d cap dp toan he thdng quoc gia Ket luan Tang trudng xanh la mpt giai phap htfu hieu ddi vdi cac qudc gia khu vtfc chau A - Thai Binh Duong noi rieng va the giai ndi chung Day la md hinh tang trtfdng ben vtfng giUp cac qud'c gia vUa dat dupe cac muc tieu ve tang truong kinh te phat trien xa hoi va dac biet la brio ve moi 20 nhien, de van dung duac mo hinh "tang trUdng xanh" chiing ta can phai co nhUng nghien cUu de Itfa chpn cac chinh sach, xac dinh cac nhiem vu, muc tieu can dat dUOc thtfc hien md hinh tang trUdng • Hoat dong K H O A HOC So thang 7.2011 trudng, thich Ung vdi dieu kien ciia bien ddi hau Den da cd rat nhieu quoc gia khu vtfc va tren the gidi van dung mo hinh nhtf: Han Qudc, Trung Quoc, Philippines va nhUng ket qua ma no dat dtfOc cho tang trudng kinh te', bao ve moi trtfdng, giam ltfong thai da the hien ro net Thang 6.2010, tai Dien dan Kinh te the gidi ve Dong A dtfdc td chUc tai phd Hd Chi Minh, tang trUdng xanh la chii de dupe quan tam thao luan Tie'p dd, thang 10.2010 tai Hpi nghi cap cao A - Au (ASEM) dugc td chtfc a Bi, Thii tudng Viet Nam da chinh thiic de xuat sang kien hap tac A - Au ve tang trudng xanh, sang kien da nhan duac sU ting hp etia rat nhieu cac to chUc, quoc gia vien ASEM Vdi vai trd la mpt qud'c gia vien khu vUc chau A - Thai Binh DUdng ma dac biet la qud'c gia dang phat trien, viec van dung md hinh tang trtfdng xanh la rat hop ly va phii hop vdi nhu'ng muc tieu va chien lUc/c phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ma Dang va Nha ntfdc da de Tuy Tai lieu tham khao Green Growth in China, The Republic of Korea and the Philippines, UNEP, www.unescap.org/esd/index asp International Energy, Agency Ensuring Green Growth in a Time of Economic Crisis: Role of Energy Technology, 2009 UNEP, An introduction to the Green Economy Report, www.unep org.greeneconomy Overseas Development Institute (ODD, Achieving 'Green Growth' in a carbon constrained world, 2008 Green Growth capacity development programme, UNESCAP, www.Greengrowth.org Paul Steele and Yusuke Taishi, Green growth, climate change and the future of aid challenges and opportunities in Asia - Pacific Green Growth at a Glance 'the way forward for Asia and the Pacific' UNESCAP, 2006 Greening Growth in Asia and Pacific 2006-2010 Green Growth Strategy Interim Report: Implementing our Commitment for a Sustainable Future, Meeting of the OECD council at Ministerial level, 27-28.5.2010 10 Green growth interim report: Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future, Meeting of OECD council at Ministerial level, 2010 ... sinh thai, nhiem mdi trUdng ) Thue xanh va doi m&i ngan sach Thue xanh va cai each ngan sach la mpt cong cu co ban ciia chinh sach tai chinh tang trudng xanh Thue xanh giiip giam ngheo, tang thu... trtfdng xanh dong vai trd rat quan trpng de cac hang hda/dich vu mdi trUdng phan anh dung gia tri, thiic day tang trUdng va dau tu vao tu nhien Tang trUdng xanh vdi sinh ke ben vffng Tang trUdng xanh. .. Thue xanh cung la CO sd cho phat trien he thdng co sd tang ben vdng, la nen tang cho phat trien cac hoat ddng kinh doanh xanh va thUc hien san xuat va tieu dung ben vUng Nguyen tac ciia thue'' xanh