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KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H I S U DLJIVIG 5 I I \ IH K H O I L A M IVAIXIG LUOIVG SIIVH HOC Q V IET IVAIVI Nguyen Tir Sî m^ T6MTAT Su can kiet nang lupng boa thach va lugng phat thai Ion ma no gay ra buoc[.]
KHOA HOC C N G N G H I S U DLJIVIG I I \ I H K H O I L A M IVAIXIG LUOIVG SIIVH HOC Q V I E T IVAIVI Nguyen Tir Si^m^ T6MTAT Su can kiet nang lupng boa thach va lugng phat thai Ion ma no gay buoc loai ngiroi phai tim ngu6n thay the Nang lugng sinh hoc la sir lira chon cua nhi^u quoc gia, co Vict Nam - mot nude thai nhieu nha kinh va cung se chiu nang ne bi^n doi hau toan cau Virt Nam co tiem nang Icm ve nang lugng sinh hgc, nhung khai thac chua co hieu qua va gap nhieu thach thuc giai doan phat trien ban dau Bai bao tong hgp tinh hinh (den cuoi nam 2011), khai quat lai ti^m ndng sinh khoi, hien trang cac kieu sir dung, khung chinh sach, cac bien phap cai thien tinh hinh cung nhu neu cac vkn d^ can giai quyet de su dung hieu qua nguon ndng hrgng uu the Tukhoa: Sinh khdi nang lupng sinh hoc, sinh hoc (biogas) L Ma DAU Loai ngudi dang phai duong dau vdi hau qua cua bien doi hau ma yeu to nhan tac quyet dinh la phat thai nha kinh Van de cap bach dat la tim duoc mot nguon nkng luong sach, re, doi dao de thay the cho nguon nhien lieu boa thach, duoc coi la ban va dang dupe du bao la se can kiet mai Nang lugng sinh hoc (NLSH) hien dang la mot hudng di ma nhieu quoc gia da lira chon Trong tru luong nhien lieu hda thach da can kiet ngudi ta phai tim kiem cac nguon nang lupng mdi, CO nang lugng sinh hgc de bii ddp Neu Viet Nam khong phat bien them cac mo dau mdi CO trir lugng Idn thi vdi san lugng khai thac hien tai, du bao den nam 2025 ve ca ban se can kiet tai nguyen ddu va tir cho xuat khau dau tho, than vong 15 nam tdi se phai nhap nkng lugng Do vay nhien lieu smh hgc la su lua chgn tat yeu Nude ta CO tiem nang ve nhieu loai cay cung cap nguyen lieu san xuat mdt tien de de che tao xang sinh hgc Udc tinh neu tan dung cac loai cay co xa, cay mia, cay c6 cu, co hat dau nude ta co the san xuat khoang ty lit cdn/nSm Vi€t Nam rat co tiem nang cho san suat dau diezen sinh hgc tir dau thuc vat, md dgng vat nhu md ca, dau kn phe thai Udc tinh CO the san xuat khoang 500 trieu lit biodiezen/nam Dong thdi cung gop phan giam nhi^mi hi phe thai cua nganh che bien thuy san va thuc pham "De in phit tiien nhiin lieu sinh hpc den nim 2013' cua Viet Nam dat muc tieu nhien lieu sinh hgc se dap ling 0,4% nhu cau xSng dau ciia quoc gia vao nam 2010, 1% vao nftm 2015 va 5% vao nam 2025 Den nam 2015, san lugng ethanol va dau thuc vat can dat 250.000 tan (pha dugc trieu tan E5, B5) Den nam 2025 thi cong nghe nhien lieu sinh hgc phai dat trinh tien tien tren the gidi; san lugiig ethanol va dau thuc vat dat 1,8 trieu tan, dap ung khoang 5% nhu cau xang dau ciia ca nude Dugc nhu vay nen kinh te se tiet kiem duoc hang tram trieu USD de nhap khau cac san pham xang dau va ban the se giam thieu dugc nhi§m moi trudng va phat thai nha kinh Trong de an nay, nguyen lieu chinh cho san xuait nhien heu sinb hgc tai Viet Nam dugc chii trgng la: (i) dau va ma da qua su dung nhu dau ma tir nganh cong nghiep thuc pham; (ii) rong, tao chiem it dat, hgp vdi cac dieu kien sinh thai va chu ky ngan; (ni) san pham ndng nghiep nhu ba mia, ngu coc, me, dau phgng, dira va ma ca; va (iv) dau me (con ggi la jatropha, se tren dien tich nhat dinh so trieu dat hay dat bd bai) H TIBVI NANG SINH KHOI CUA VET NAM Viet Nam co nguon smh khdi Idn va da dang Nguyen lieu cho NLSH Viet Nam rat phong phii bao gom tan du cay trong: ngo, sdn, mia, cay dau me (jatropha), co chan nuoi, tao va chat thai cong nghiep va nong nghiep nhu ma dgng vat, thiic an thua, ram, trau, v.v Hien chua co mgt danh gia djnh lugng toan quoc de qui hoach su dung ma chi c6 nhung udc tinh theo trudng hgp cho mgt muc dich nhat dinh Phu phdm, ph^ phdm ndng lAm nghidp Dd la gd cui, miin cua, ram ra, trau, ba ca phe, ba mia, loi ngo, v.v Udc tinh hang nam gan 60 trieu tan sinh khdi, khoang 40% co the tan dung Hoi Khoa hoc Dat Vift Nam NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 3/2012 KHOA HOC dap ling nhu can nang hnnig cho hd gia dinh vii s.iu xuat dien Viing ddng b.ing song Mekong chirm khoang 50% tdng san lin.mg iiiie iihaiii nong nghiep toan qudc va viing ddng bang song Hong khoang 15% tdng san lucmg toan quoc Vict Nam san xuat lL',;i trieu tan hnmg tlurc, co •11,.') tiicu l.iii tlioc (nam 2011) tir 7,.^i tridu gieo trdng hia, kcin llieo la mdt khdi hrcmg r.it lirn rcnii r.i v.i tr.ui nlnmg ciu mdt phan nhd rcrm dimg lam tlurc In cho tiau, bc) va trau diing de ddt lo say, dun bc^p hoac lam gia tlic trdng cay hoac cay nam Hien c.i nirc'n,- rcrm hail nlur bi dot bci bet trcMi rudng, la mcM su lang phi 1cm va gcip jih.an thai gay hicni inig nha kinh Cung vol hia, khoang S tricm t.'in trau, neu dirc.rc chuyen th.inh nhiet, co gi.i tri khoang 1,6.59 ty USD; kho.-'mg hon 7:') trieu tan rcmi diroc sir dung lam than smh hcic hay hoa nhiet tircmg ducmg vcri trc'm 15,5 ty USD Bang Ti6m nang sinb khdi phu p b ^ ndng ngbic;^) NgucMi phii Ticm nang Qui dau Ty Ic pham (trieu tan) (tuong ducmg (%) (trieu TOE) Rom 32,52 7,30 60,4 Train 6,50 2,16 17,9 Bamia 4,45 0,82 6,8 Cac loai khac 53,43 1,80 14,9 Cong 12,08 100,0 L Xgudn: Pham Khinh Toin (2005) Chat thai ch^ bi^n Gdm chat thai cong nghiep gd, chan nuoi gia siic, che bicn thuc pham, thuy san, v.v Cac san pham va phe pham tir gd tai cac cong ty san xuat che bien go cd ngudn gdc tir rimg tu nhien hoac rimg trdng va gd nhap khau Ma ddng vat gdm nhieu loai (dau ca, dau an phe thai, ba che bien thuy san, v.v.) cd the tai che dau sinh hgc Cay lam nguydn h^u nang lugng sinh hgc Cay nguyen lieu cd the la cay trdng hoac mgc hoang gdm cac cay lay chat xa (nhu cay lam nghiep, lau say, beo, rong, tao), cay lay tinh bdt (sdn, khoai, ngo, dong), cay lay dau (cac loai dau, dira, lac, trau, sd, hat bdng, hat cao su, cg dau) Bach dan va mia la nhiing cay cung cap nhien lieu sinh hgc hang dau the gidi cung cd dien tich rat 1cm d Vidt Nam Cay san Dien tich sdn (cii mi) d nude ta trung binh 520.000 cho san lugng khoang - trieu tan Khi day manh san xuat xang sinh hgc dimg sdn cd CONG NGHfi tlu- kich thich tAng dien tich trdng sdn, gay bac mau dat, jiha v(> quy hoach Vi vay, hien P'6 Nong nghidp v.'i Phat tridn ndng thon khong co chu truong tang thcMii va khdng ehd tdi da d muc 500.000 Hien d.ing iigliicii cim dd phat trien cac gidng sdn mcM CO nang sn.it c;io (.WV.V^) tan/ha/vu) Nang suat sdn binh ciuan ciia c.i uircVc nam 2010 chi 16,7 tan/ha, nurc thaj) ciia the gnn (hem 20 tan/ha/vu) Trdng cac gidng sail mcri (KMfM, KM140, KM98-5, KM98-1, SM937-2(), KM98-7) co tlic^ dua nang suat binh quan len tic Ml 20 tan/ha, v.i vcri 500.000 sc thu dugc tren 10 tncu t.in Khdi hrcmg du thira de san xuat c-thanol nircVc, nhimg hien phan km dang dem xuat khau Dir bao nhu cau sdn ciia nha may san xufit cdn (gdm c ;i cdn cong nghiep va ethanol) nam 2012 chi la 1.0.5 tnc'u tan va ddn nam 2015 la 1,72 tric'u tan Vi vay IIKII mc')i nam \'icl Nam van (Oil xuat the') h.'iiig trieu l/iii san di- nircn: ngoai san xual c(h;mc)l Van dc quan trgng la clini tiet de du sdn cho san xuat thuc an chan nucii, che tinh bdt, thuc pham bang chinh sach thue xuait khau co len cho ca nha nuck, doanh nghiep va nong dan Cay mia Dien tich mia khoang 300.000 cho san lugng 18.000.000 tfm Khoi lircmg tan du cay mia va phu pham cua san xuat ducmg (la mia, ba mia, ri dudng, v.v ) rat 1cm hien chi su dung phan nhd de lam phan hoac ddt bd cay jatropha (cay cgc giau, cgc rao, dau me) Cay mdi duoc trdng d Viet Nam de san xuait biodiezen Tren the gidi da trdng ban trieu jatropha va cd hieu qua kinh te rat kha quan nude ta, cay jatropha cd the trdng dugc cr nhieu viing ddi nui, dait cdn nhd chju ban, khong chay, klidng bi gia siic an va rat it sau benh Tuy nhien, cho ddn nay, hau bet cac du an trdng jatropha tai Viet Nam chua dat dugc bieu qua mong mudn Nguyen nhan cbii yt-u la trdng khong theo diing viing sinh thai, diing gidng va ky thuat trdng chua phii hcip nen nang suat thap Du kien trdng jatropha vimg trieu dait p-dng, hoang hda van cdn y kidn khac vi cd nguy ca xam lain rimg, canh tranh vdi cay luang thuc noi ddng bao ngheo dinh cu; va da quang canh thi nang suat thap se khdng cd hieu qua Tap doan Ky nghe Gd Trudng Thanh (TTF) vira ky ket hgp tac vdi Cdng ty Jatro Singapore 100.000 jatropha \k nam 2011 nhdm tao ngudn nhien lieu sinh hgc (ethanol va biodiezen) than thidn vdi mdi trudng Cdng ty TNHH Dai Dong dang NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 3/2012 KHOA HOC CdNG N G H £ 50.000 hecta tai tinh Ha Giang, vdi tdng dau tu la 187,0 trieu USD Cdng ty Saigon Mang Den trdng 5.000 hecta tai tinh Kon Tum; Cdng ty Hieu Giang 170 hecta d Lam Ddng Ngoai cdn cd cac Cong ty Minh Son, Dire Vidt, Niii Dau d Lang San; Cong ty Thien Nhien d Phu Thg; Cdng ty SECOIN va mgt sd to chuc trdng rimg d Son La, Kon Tum va Binh Thuan cay lam nghifp Cd rat nhieu loai, ban dja cung nhu nhap ngi, dd nhidu gidng lai, mgc nhanh, sinh khdi Idn, dac biet la cac ddng lai (bach dan, keo, bd de, md, tre nua, hong, v.v ) Trdng cbd yeu dd lam nguyen lieu giay sgi, tru md, dd mgc, van ep, v.v Tuy nhien, nhiing san pham phu la ngudn nguyen lieu sinh hgc rat dang kd Ti^m nang sinh khdi cho san xu^t di^n Smh khdi de san xuat dien it hon rat nhidu so vdi tidm nang sinh khdi cho nang lugng sa cap Chien luge va quy hoach phat trien nang lugng tai tao Vi^t Nam den nam 2015 tam nhin 2025 dua sd tiem nang kha dung ciia nang lugng smh khdi cho san xuat dien nam 2005 la khoang 4,4 trieu tan, chiem mdt phan rat nhd ciia tdng tiem nang smh khdi Con sd tuong duong vdi 230 den 305 MW san lugng dien san xuat tir nang lugng sinh khdi (Bang 2) Bang Cdc load sinh khdi diing cho phdt difn d Vidt Nam (2005) Tiem nang Tiem nang Loai sinh khdi ly thuyet kha dung (1.000 tan) (1.000 tan) Trau 7.158 1.615 Bamia 4.419 2.784 Phe pham go 800 80 Tdng cdng Tiem nang cong suat (MW) 75-100 150-200 230-305 Nguon: Chien lupc vi quy hoach phit trien NLTTciia Viit Nam den nim 2015 tam nhin 2025 Nhu vay cd thd ndi tidm nSng NLSH cdn rat Icm dd cd the khai thac phat dien va san xuat cac dang NLSH khac (nhu biogas Id say, bep dun, v.v ) Lugng sinh khdi chua su dung cung la ngudn gay d nhidm va tiem an phat thai khong mong mudn UL HEN TRANG SV DUNG SINH KHOI Hien nay, udc tinh chi cd 2% sinh khdi tir ndng nghiep dugc dimg lam phan bdn hiru ca va phan bdn vi sinh (ttr ngudn phd pham chan nudi, trdng trgt, bun va ba mia tir cac nha may dudng) va khoang 0,5% dugc su dung dd trdng nam; phd pham tu che bidn thOrc an dugc chdn ram ra, ba mia va vd ca ph6 thi dem ddt Smh khdi duc?c su dung vao hai muc dich chinh Id san xuat nhidt va san xuat dien Dimg sinh khdi 1dm nhi^n lidu san nhidt Sinh khdi cung cdp ban 50% tdng nang lugng sa cap ti^u tliu cho san xuat nhidt tai Vi^t Nam (lEA, 2006) Tuy nbi^n ty Ic^' dang cang giam cd cac dang nang lugng hi^n dai khac (nhu hod long LPG) dua vdo sir dung O cac viing nong thdn, sinh khdi van la ngudn nbi^n lic'u chinh dd dun nau cho hon 70% dan sd ndng thdn Day cung la ngudn nbi^n lidu truydn thdng cho nhidu nhd may dia phuong nhu san xuat thuc pham, my nghe, gach, sir va gdm Ben canh vide dap ung nhu cau nang lugng, ung dung sinh khdi phii hgp cdn giiip giam thidu phat thai nha kinh, giam thidu nhirng tdn bai ddn sue khoe v i ^ dun ddt cOii va than, giam ngheo va cai tbi^n tinh trang vt sinh Them nira, nhung irng dung dang ddng gdp cd bi^u qua vao viec giam thidu phdt thai va cd thd tao doanh thu tai chinh thong qua cac chuong trinh CDM Bang Su dung sinh khdi theo nkng lugng cudi cung Nang lugng cudi cung Bep dun Phat nhiet Ld nung Ldddt Phat dien Ddng phdt Cong Tong tieu thu (Ktoe) 10.667 903 2.053 377 14.000 Tyld(%) 76,2 6,5 14,7 2,7 100,0 Nguon: Viin Ning luang (2001) Ung dung cdng nghd biogas xu ly ch^t thai Hidn nay, ca nucx cd khoang 8,5 trieu hg chan nudi quy mo hd gia dinh, dd chi cd 20% cd cdng trinh sinh hgc (ham biogas), 10% hgp ve sinh va chua day 1% cam ket bao ve moi trudng Rieng trang trai chan nuoi tap trung cung cd tdi hon 6.000 trai, chua kd hang van gia trai nhd, nhung chua day 14% cd danh gia tac dgng moi trudng Hang nam, tdng dan gia siic, gia cam cua nude ta thai vao moi trudng khoang 79 80 trieu tan chat thai rdn Day la mgt cac ngudn chat thai Idn dang gay d nhidm moi trudng d ndng thdn Cdng nghe biogas la lua chgn hang dau ciia Viet Nam dd xii ly chat thai chan nudi Vidt Nam la nude kha cdng viec phd bien cdng nghe biogas Tir nam 2003 den nam 2009, Viet Nam da cd hon 78.000 cdng trinh biogas NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 3/2012 KHOA Hpc CbNG NGHl dugc xay dung tai hem 40 tinh, thanh, mang lai lgi ich cho han 390.000 ngucri dan Ndu ucrc linh nidi cong trinh giam dugc tan CO./nam nhcr tliay thd nhien lieu hda thach va ciii dun, tlii ddn cudi nam 2009 chuong trinh Biogas da giam ducrc khoang 167.000 tan/nam lugng thai CO., Cong nghd biogas giai quydt dugc nhidu vdn dd nhu xir ly chdt thai, giam bcrt nhidm, len men su dung cho dun nau, thdp sang, iihd dd ngudi dan vira tidt kidm dirc,rc tidn, vira giam tieu thu cac- chat dot co hai cho moi trudng Du an Biogas Bd Nong nghidp va Phat trien Nong thon ket hc,rii vdi Td chuc Phat tridn Ha Lan (SNV) bdt dau tir nam 2003 vdi muc tieu xdy dimg 168.000 ham biogas vao nam 2012, nhdm nang cao chat lugng cugc sdng vd cai thidn mc'ii tnrdng nong thon Du an da nhan dugc Giai thudng Ashden Nang lugng bdn virng nam 2010 Trung Qudc) cung dang tim kidm ddi tac nude Hg la doanh nghidp kinh doanh sdn ldt kho, tinh bpt sdn, CO kinh nghidm thu mua nguyen lieu Cdng nghd nhdp tii Trung Qudc cd chi phi ddu tu thap Tdp ctodn Ddu Vidt Nam (Peti-oVietnam) da di tidn phong xdy dung va phdn phdi NLSH, gdm nhd may ethanol tai ba midn (mdi nhd mdy 100 trifu lit/nam) dii cho nhu cau c-thanol pha xang tuong lai Ba ulia mdy sir dung cong nghd My va An Do, sc"' s.in xuat xang sinb hoc ethanol tir sdn va mia: d Phii Tlig nhd may cd vdn ddu tu 85 trieu USD, cong suat 100 trieu tan/nam; nhd mdy Dung Quat (Quang Ngai) co cdng suat 100 trieu lit/nam (dang chay thu) va nha mdy d TI' Hd Chi Minh (Saigon Peti-o) dau tu 5,0 tric-u USD cdng suat 40 tridu lit/nam diing nguyen lidu sdn van hanh ttr nam 2009 Tdng cong ty Ddu da ky hgp tac vdi Nhd may Dudng Lam Son vd mgt ddi tdc ciia Nga di xay dung nha San xudt didn tu trku, ba mia mdy butanol Mgt sd ccing ty cd phdn (Cong ty Mia Da CO nhimg nha may dien nhd ddng phat nhiet dudng Lam Son, Sdi Gdn Petro, Cdng ty Rirgu Binh vd dien su dung ba mia cua khoang 40 cong ty san Tay, Cong ty Chi Htmg) cung da cd du dn san xuat xuat dudng tren toan qudc, phan Icm la cac nhd mdy Viet Nam va mdt sd nha mdy nude ngoai Dang xay ethanol lam nhien heu Nam 2010, Cong ty Nhien dung cac nhd may dien tir trau d An Giang, Can Tha lidu sinh hgc Golden State (My) da ky kdt ddu hr 200 va nha may san xuat tir trau dd cung cap nhiet trieu USD dd xay dung 10 nhd may san xuat xang sinh hgc su dung trau cho san xuat gdm sir va ngdi d tinh Ddng Thap Diu nhdn sinh hpc Da cd nghien cuu, thir San xudt nhien lidu sinh h