Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Le van Himg T?p chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 95(07) 49 58 DANH GIA TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN CUA MQT SO CAY T R 6 N G CHINH CHO SAN XUAT NHIEN LI^U SINH HOC 6 VIET NAM Le V3n Hung C\fc Bdo ton Da dgng sinh hgc[.]
Le van Himg T?p chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 95(07): 49-58 DANH GIA TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN CUA MQT SO CAY T R N G CHINH CHO SAN XUAT NHIEN LI^U SINH HOC VIET NAM Le V3n Hung C\fc Bdo ton Da dgng sinh hgc - Tong cifc Moi TOM TAT Kit qua da chi dupc mdt s6 cay trdng chfnh cd khS nSng cho s^n xudt nhien Hpu sinh hpc d nudc ta Cay trdng cd khd nang cung c^p cho sdn \uk xSng sinh h9c(BE), Id khd phong phu nhung nhOng cay trdng chinh cd nhieu uu the cho san xudt BE phyc vu cho sdn xuat nhien lifu sinh hpc chi cd nhu: sdn, mia la cd tiem ndng cao Cay cao luong Id cay cd nhilu tifim nSng cho sdn xudt nhifin lipu sinh hpc (NLSH) d nudc ta cin dupc nghifin cdu vd ddnh gid tinh thfch ung vi uu thl cua nd tren cSc viing sinh thdi khdc Cdc cay trdng cung d p ddu sinh hpc (BD) d Viet Nam Id rdt da dgng nhdng nhdm cdy nhu cay cp dau, dda, cdy trdu, cdy sd Id nhdng cay c6 tiem nSng tdt cung d p BD cho phgt triin Nhien lipu sinh hpc NgOtii vi^c xdc djnh cdc cdy trfin ciin cd cfic nghi&n cCru d6ng bd cdc gidi phdp khdc khdc nhu chinh sdch, dau nr, thj trudng dl bao ddm cho phdt triin nhifin li^u sinh hgc d nudc ta mdt cdch ben viing khuyen khich dupc san xudt ndng nghiSp phdt tnen Tir khda: nhien lieu sinh hgc, xdng sinh hgc, xdng ethanol - BE, ddu sinh hgc- BD, cdy DAT VAN DE Van de an ninh nang luong dang Id van de Idn ma cdc qudc gia dang chu y tim cdc ngudn nang lupng thay the cho nguyen lieu hda thgch dang cgn dan Tren the gidi, nhien lieu sinh hpc (NLSH) da dupc sdn xudt vd dua vdo su dung thay the nhien lieu hod thgch td rat lau [7] Hien khoang han 50 nudc dang khai thdc vd su dung nhien lieu sinh hpc d cac mdc dp khdc Muc tieu chinh Id thay the nhap khau, ddm bdo an ninh nang lupng, gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh - yeu td chfnh gay len bidn ddi hau, tang cudng bdo vp moi trudng, hd trp cho nen kinh te xanh, tgo dieu kipn cho ngdnh ndng ldm nghipp phdt trien ben v&ng.[I,6] Hon nda, xdng sinh hpc Id ngudn nhien lieu re tien giup giam chi tieu cho ngudi tieu diing Sdn xuat va su dung xang sinh hpc tao cdng an vipc Idm cho ndng ddn, ngudi trdng vd cung cap nguyen lieu thd cho ngdnh cdng nghiep sdn xudt xdng sinh hpc NLSH ' gom xang sinh hpc (BEBioethanol ) vd dau sinh hpc (BD biodiesel) hien dang duac xem la ngudn nhien lieu quan trpng thay thd mpt phdn ngudn nhien lieu hda thach truyen thdng vdn dang tren da cgn kiet va gay nhieu d nhiem cho mdi Tel-0912 149724 trudng NLSH la loai nhien lieu sach, tai tgo dupc, cd the bj phan hiiy bdi tdc nhan sinh hpc va khdng gdy hgi mdi trudng Xang sinh hpc dupc sdn xuat bdng cdch thiiy phan (xenlulo, tinh bpt thdnh dudng) sau dd dupc len men vd chung cat Sd dung xdng sinh hpc giup giam luong dau nhap khdu, tiet kiem ngogi te vd giup dn djnh an ninh ndng lupng [1,6] O Viet Nam, Thu tudng chinh phu da cd Quydt dinh 177, 20/07/2007 phe duyet "Dd dn phdt tridn nhien lieu sinh hpc din 2015 va tam nhin den 2025"[9], dat nhipm vu hinh thdnh nganh cong nghiep nang lupng sinh hpc Viet Nam Tuy nhien, phdt trien san xudt NLSH phy thupc vdo nhieu yeu td Trong dd, nguyen lieu, thi trudng vd ndng luc cdng nghp cd y nghTa quyet djnh den tiem ndng phat trien va sdn xuat cdng nghipp Bai bdo ndy tap trung phan tich tiem nang cung cap cua mpt sd cay trdng chinh cho phat tridn nguyen lipu phuc vy cho ngdnh NLSH d nudc ta Dong gdp them ca sd khoa hpc phyc vu cho cdc chucmg trinh tilp theo ve nhien lieu sinh hpc de dgt muc tieu den ndm 2015 dat san lupng xang ethanol (BE) vd dau thuc vgt - biodiesel (BP) la 250 nghin tdn; nam 2020, Vipt Nam se sdn xuat dupc khoang ty lit xang BIO vd 500 tripu lit dau sinh hpc 49 95(07): 49 - 58 Tgp chi KHOA HQC & C N G N G H $ Le van Hung - Cdy ngd (lea mays L.): biodiesel BlO/ndm; 2025 dgt 1,8 tripu tan, ddp Dieu kipn tdng nhanh dipn tich vd sdn lupng dng dupc 5% nhu c4u xfing nudc (9) ngd da hOi du cdc yiu t6: (i) nhu cau thj PHU'ONG PHAP TIEP CAN trudng nudc rat ldn Rieng nhu cau ngd Phuong phdp kl thda: thu thgp, phdn tich Idm nguyen li§u che bien thdc dn chdn niidi xu ly cdc so lipu thong ke, cdc ddn li^u dieu thdi ky 2005 - 1010 khodng 5, tripu tdn/ tra, nghien cuu, thdng tin khoa hpc dd cd td ndm, thdi ky 2010 - 2020 tdn^g len^9 - 10 trudc tdi nay., tripu tan /ndm; (ii) dd c6 nhieu giong ngd Phuang phdp phan tich npi nghipp: phan ndng suat cao, phu hpp vdi cdc viing sinh thdi nhdm ca sd ddn lipu, thdng tin de phdn tich, dupc dua vdo sdn xuat; vd (iii) cdc vung san tdng hpp, ddnh gid xuat ngd hdng hod tap trung cung vdi thdi vg vd h§ th6ng canh tdc dd dupc xdc djnh Phuong phap ngogi suy: Id kdo ddi quy lu|t Dipn tich gieo ngd todn quoc ndm 2006 da hinh thdnh qud khd de Idm dv bdo dy kien dgt trdn 1,0 tripu tiep tyc dupc md cho tuang lai Thdng tin cung cap cho rpng len khodng 1,2 tripu vdo ndm 2010 va phucmg phdp ngogi suy Id so lipu vc dpng thdi tdng ldn 1,5 tripu vdo ndm 2020 Thdi ky cua doi tupng dy bdo qua khd qua mpt 2006 - 2010, toe dp tdng ndng suat ngd dg so ndm nhat djnh kien dgt 5,54%/ndm (mdc dgt dupc dong thai Phucfng phdp chuyen gia; Id phuong phdp ky 2000 - 2003) Den ndm 2010, ndng suat dya tren y kien cua cdc chuyen gia tai cdc Hpi binh qudn dgt 5,5 tdn/ha, sdn lupng ngd ca thdo tham van, theo phieu dieu tra nudc dat 5,54 dipu tdn Toe dp tang ndng suat KET QUA VA THAO LUAN du kiln 2,1%/ nam thai ky 2OIO-2O20, Mpt so cay nong nghiep chinh cho ndng suat binh quan ndm 2020 dgt xap xi 6,0 cung cap dudng, tinh bpt d nudc ta tdn/ha, sdn lupng ngo cua ca nudc dgt mdc 8, Theo Bdo cdo tinh hinh sdn xuat cua Nganh 90 tripu tan vdo ndm 2020 Tir nam 2010, y^ ndng nghiep Chiln lupc phdt trien ndm ca bdn Vipt Nam cd the t\i can doi cung cau 2009 [2] cho thay cac cay nhu Ida, vl ngd bdng ngudn sdn xuat nudc Nhu ngd, mia, sdn, khoai lang, khoai tay, cu cdi vgy cay ngo la cay phdt trien tot d nudc ta dudng, cao lucmg ngpt thi cdc cay nhung thi^c te san xudt hipn chua dap ung ndng nghipp chinh cd khd nang sdn xuat du cho nhu cau phat trien chdn nuoi vd cho NLSH dupc xem xet dl xdc djnh cdc cay cdc xu hudng sd dyng khac dgc bipt cho trdng cd tilm nang nhat dupc the hipn NLSH bang Bang Phdt tnen cdy nguyenlieu cho sdn xudtEthanol 2015 2020 2010 D 2^0.0 200 O / ••• IMang suSt ' 150.0 j lOO o — • — O I * n Lich lO.O SCO o.o O.O ^ ^~' ^ ^ -cS*"' _£**' £5^ ^=^ N i n vM Hlnh 1: Dien bien ndng sudt vd di4n tich trdng n I 1994-1995 din 2007-2008 (Quang NV, 2009- Trung tdm nghiin cuu mia du&ng dudng, nhdng phu pham chinh cua cdy mi'a - Cdy mia (Saccharum barberi): bao gdm: Bd mia chidm 25-30% trpng lupng Cdy mia cd dien tich trdng trot binh qudn mia dem ep Trong ba mia chua dung binh hdng nam vdo khodng 300.000 ha, cho sdn 49% Id nudc, 48% Id xa (trong dd chda 45luong binh qudn 16.5 trieu tan du de san xudt 55% cellulose) 2,5% la chat hoa tan (dudng) tren trieu tan dudng, ddp dng nhu cdu tieu Ba mia cd thl dung Idm nguyen lipu ddt Id, dung dudng nudc Nang sudt mia ngdy hodc Idm bdt giay, ep thdnh van dung cdng cai thien nhirng ndm qua td 42 kien true, cao hon Id Idm Furfural Id tan/ha nam 1995 len 51,8 tdn/ha nam 2005 vd nguyen lieu cho ngdnh sgi tdng hpp Trong 54,8 tdn/ha nam 2007 (Hinh I) [10] Djnh tuang lai, ba mia cd thl Id nguyen lipu ddu hudng den nam 2015, ndng suat mia dgt 65vdo quan trpng ciia cdng nghiep ethanol tu 70 tdn/ha Rieng viing mia mien Tdy Nam bd, xenllulo Mat gi chiem 3-5% trpng lupng dem nang suat mia hipn da dat IOO-110 tdn/ha ep Thdnh phdn mat gi trung binh chua 20% nudc, dudng saccaro 35%, dudng khd 20%, Nhieu hd sdn xuat va nhieu ket qud thi tro 15%, protein S%, sap 1%, Tu mat gi nghiem dd dat nang sudt 150 tdn/ha Ca bipt, cho len men chung cdt rupu rum, sdn xudt cd rudng dgt 200 tdn/ha Dilu dd chung td, men cdc loai Mdt tdn mat gi cho mpt tan men tilm ndng ndng sudt cua mia tren ddt Tdy khd hodc cdc loai axit axetic, hoac c6 the sdn Nam bp rat cao xuat dupc 300 lit tinh ddu va 300 lit rupu (3,3 Tren ca nudc, nien vy 2007-2008 trdng kg ri mOt lit cdn) khoang 300 ngdn mia, ndng sudt binh qudn dgt han 50 tan/ha, sdn lupng khoang tren 15 Mia phdn bo rpng d cdc tinh miln Trung nhu tripu tdn So vdi the gidi vd cdc nudc Thanh Hda, Qudng Ngai, Phu Yen va cdc tinh khu vuc nhu Trung Quoc (80 tdn/ha) Thai Dong Nam Bp nhu Tdy Ninh, Ddng Nai, va Lan (70 tdn/ha), ndng sudt mia cua Viet Nam mpt sd tinh Nam Bd Mia thudng dupc thdp han Chdt lupng nguyen Heu cda Vipt tu thang 10 din thdng hang ndm, dipn tich Nam mdi dat 10 CCS, cung thdp han cdc la gdp 4-5 lan dien tich ddt giup trdnh xdi mdn nudc (khoang 13 CCS) Ve mdt kinh tl, thdn ddt cho cac viing ddi trung du Hem niJa, mia mia chda khodng 80-90% nudc dich, la cdy rl chiim va phdt triin mgnh tdng dich cd chda khoang 16-18% dudng Mia la dattdO-60cm Mpt mia tdt cd thl cd 13-15 cdy nguyen ligu quan trpng cua cong nghipp tdn rl, sau thu hoach, bd rl dl lai dudng, dich dudng qua chd bien thu dupc dat ciing vdi bd la Id chdt httu ca quy lam dudng ket tinh, tinh khilt Ngodi sdn ph^m 51 Le van Hung Tgp chf KHOA HQC & C N G N G H $ tdng dp phi cua dat, Vi§t Nam djnh hudng phdt trien phdt Iricn cdy mia, den ndm 2020 dua tong dipn lich khodng 300.000 ha, ndng suat mia binh quan dgi 80 tan/ha, chiJ dudng binh qUdn 12 CCS sdn lupng mia dgt 24 tripu tan Theo Bp NN&PTNT theo dd tong nhu c^u tieu thy dudng nam 2010 cua Vipi Nam udc tinh vdo khoang 1,51 Iripu tan Den nam 2020 sdn xual dudng ddp dng dii cho tieu diing nudc va xuat khau, mdc sdn xuat khodng 2,1 trjpu tAn, dd dudng luypn: 1,5 tripu tan, dudng trdng 500.000 tan, dudng thu cdng 100.000 tan Nhu vgy hipn tgi lupng dudng sdn xuat nudc tdng budc sc ddp dng dupc yeu cau tieu thy nudc vd sg cd du thira mpt phdn cho xuat khau vd NLSH d nudc ta nhdng ndm sau (2,5) - Cdy sdnfManihot esculenta Crantz/' Dipn tich, nang suat, sdn lupng sdn Vipt Nam hon 10 nam qua (1996 - 2008) cd chieu hudng gia tdng, dac bipt tdng nhanh nhung nam gdn day thi trucmg Trung Qudc cd nhu cau ldn Ndm 2008, dien tich sdn todn quoc dat 557 ngdn ha, nam 2009 tdng len 560 ngdn ha, nang suat cii tuai binh qudn 16,7 tdn/ha, san lupng khoang trieu tan sdn tuai ndm[8] Sdn la cdy trdng cd khd ndng thich nghi vdi nhieu viing hgu vd thd nhudng khdc Dgc bipt, nhieu khu vyc khd hgn, thilu nudc nhieu cdy khdc khdng dupc hodc gidm nang sudt thi sdn vdn phat triin tdt Cac chuyen gia ddnh gid, sdn cd the la cay trdng ciia thdi ky bien ddi hgu Mdt trai ciia cdy sdn, la khd nang lam ngheo, bgc mau ddt, dp che phu thap cd khd ndng gay soi Id, mat ddt nlu khong cd bipn phdp canh tdc thich hpp Nam 2008, Gia Lai cd dien tich Idn nhat, 61 nghin tang so vdi nam 2007 la gan 10 nghin Tay Ninh Id tinh cd dien tich ldn thd vdi 4^,2 nghin sdn (ndm 2008), nhung dung dau todn qudc ve sdn lupng vdi han 1200 nghin tdn/nam, tiep din la Gia Lai, Binh Phudc, Kontum, Ddng Nai, Binh Thugn, 95(07); 49 - 58 Ddk Ldk, Ddk Ndng, Nghp An, Qudng Ngdi, Vimg sdn tgp trung ldn nhat Id tinh duydn hdi Trung trung bp vd Tay Nguyen, chiem 70% sdn lupng sdn cd nudc Sdn Id cay c6 hipu qud kinh te cao, dl trong, de bao qudn, cay cua ngudi nghdo Thu nhgp sdn khodng 15-20 tripu /ndm, vdi vu mpt ndm Ndm 2009, cdy sdn lan dau tien dupc dua vdo nhdm cdy xuat khau chu luc cua Vipt Nam vdi kim nggch gan ty USD/ndm Theo chiln lupc ngdnh trpt den ndm 2015, phdt trien sdn khdng dupc khuyen khich md rpng Tuy vgy, dipn tich sdn van tiep tyc tdng nhu c4u thj trudng dang tdng ten, hipn d3 vupt qua muc 450 ngdn dupc quy hoach cho 2015 Theo Quy hogch ciia ngdnh den ndm 2020, Bp Nong nghipp khdng khuyen khich md rpng dipn tich san md ung hp sdn xudt theo hudng ben vung, tri dipn tich hipn cd vd ung dyng tien bp ky thuat ve giong va phuang thdc canh tdc de tdng nang suat - Quy dat de phdt trien cay san (dat chua sft dyng vd ddt cay khdc kem hipu qua) dii de phdt trien theo phuong dn quy hoach la 473,1 ngdn vao ndm 2010(2), dd: viing tap trung sdn cdng nghipp cd 268, ngin ha, dupc bo tri nhu sau: ca nudc Id 473,1 ngan ha, san xuat theo viing tap trung Id 268,4 ngan ha; DB song Hdng ngan ha, Trung du mien mii phia Bdc 115,7 ngdn ha, Bdc Trung Bp 59,1 ngdn ha, duyen hdi Nam Trung BO 55 ngdn ha, Tay Nguyen 84,3 ngan ha, Ddng Nam Bp 133,0 ngan ha, ddng bdng sdng Cihi Long 17,0 ngdn ' Quy ddt bd tri cho sdn cd tinh cho cd m de luan canh vdi cdc cay ngdn khdc nham dam bao canh tac sdn ben v5ng, ddc bipt la nhiJng nal dat ddc - Vdi quy dat bo tri cho trdng sdn dam bao dipn tich, ndng suat, sdn lupng san tuong dng Id 275, ngdn ha, 178, ta/ha va 6, 69 tri§u tan vao nam 2010, do: viing tgp trung trdng sdn cdng nghiep phyc vy che bien xuat khau dgt cdc so tuang dng Id: 198, n ^ ha, 239, tg/ha va 4, 76 tripu tan, cy the d cac viing nhu sau: U v a n Himg Tsp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 95(07): 49 - 58 Tn (1000 ha) NS (ta/ha) SL (1000 tdn) Canir&c 198,7 239,5 4.759,3 Trung du'NfNBB 29,9 192,1 573,7 Bac Trung B Q 32,7 -215.5 705,6 Duyen Hai NTB 24,5 221,9 543,1 Tay Nguyen 38,8 229,6 890,7 Dong Nam Bp 67,3 283,6 1.908,7 D6ng Bang SCL 5,5 250 137,5 Bang Dien tich vd;ldn lirgng sdn ciia Viet Nam giai dogn 2000-2010 Chi tieu Dffn vj Sy.n 1000 h:1 T^/ha 1000tin -Difn tich -Nang suat -Sanlupng Chi tieu DoTi vj sy.n -Di?n tich 1000 ha1 - Nang suat -Sanlupng lOOOtan Gi6ug K M 140 KM98-5 KM98-1 K M 146 KM112 KM94 vd ke hogch din ndm 2020(2} Nam TH ' ^"^ TH Nam 2000 Nam 2005 Nam 2006 Nam 2007 237.6 83.6 1,986.3 Nam 2011 425.5 157.8 6,716.2 Nam 2012 475.2 163.8 7,782.5 Nam 2013 495.5 165.3 8,192.8 Nam 2014 20r5 ^^'"^°^" 490.0 470.0 450 420.0 400.0 380.0 190.0 9,310.0 200.0 9,400.0 209.0 9,400.0 224.0 9,400.0 - 2r, 557.7 168.5 9,395.9 Nam 550.0 500.0 170.0 180.0 9,350.0 9,000.0 ,, ,„,„ - 235.0 300.0 9,400.0 11,400.0 (Nguin: CLNNNVN 2009)[2] Bang Mgl so giong sdn cao sdn ciia Viel Nam [7] Thtri giau thu Ii09Cti /rhdng) N a o g suat cii tiroi (tdii'linJ 7-9 7-9 7-9 7-9 33.4 35.5 31.2 38.0 29.4 28.1 7-9 9-11 Tv 1? chat kbd Co/ 40.2 40.1 38.8 35.2 40.2 40.3 Ham lirp'ug tiuh b9t /°'oJ 27.0 27.5 26.6 18.7 27,7 2"'.4 Niiiig stiat rtuh bot (rdihlia) 9.5 9.8 S.3 7.1 8.1 7,6 Di^m Anuh giii cav (1-10) 10 S 10 10 Ham lirpTig H O trODg CH (fiig' kg> 105.9 163.7 178.0 146.7 183.7 219.0 Ngudn Dlf dn NLSH IPSI Vdi sdn lupng sdn cua cdc viing tap trung, ddm bao cho 54 nha may vdi tdng cdng suat 3.935 tdn sdn phdm tinh bpt /ngay hogt dpng tu8 - thdng/nam iSan lupng san ciia cd nudc nam 2009 dat tren |9,3 tripu tan Vdi ty trpng sdn cho xudt khdu |khoang 48,6%, dimg Idm thdc an gia siic 122,4%, chd bidn thu cdng 16,8%, chi cd 12,2% diing tieu thu tuai Vdi dien tich nhu hien dupc tri khoang 500 ngdn khdng md rpng them vdi cdc gidi phap ve gidng (sd dung cdc gidng cd ndng suat cao, cd ty le chat khd, tinh bpt cao), ky thudt canh tdc hpp Iy (canh tac trdng xen vdi cay bd dau, cd che phu ) Nhu vdy, cdy sdn Id cdy dupc lua chpn cho san xuat xang sinh hpc bdi nd dap dng dupc cdc tieu chi lua chpn nhu: ndng sudt 53 Le van Hung Tgp chf KHOA HQC & C N G NGHf cao, san lupng on djnh, cd vimg tgp trung, dap dng cho yeu cdu ciia ciic nhd mdy che bien tinh bpt'sdn hipn Vung tgp Iruiig sdn Id: Ddng Nam Bp, Tay Nguyen, Bdc Trung Bp - Cao lircmg {Sorghum bicolor) Cay Cao luang, Id mpt lodi thyc vgt thupc hp Poaceae Cay Cao luang cd Ihc phdt trien vimg dat khd c5n va chiu hgn hdn k^o ddi Hgt Cao luang Id ngu c6c quan trpng thd ciia the gidi dupc sd dyng ldm thdc dn cho ngudi, cay luang thyc chii yeu ciia viing bdn khd hgn the gidi, Cao luang ddng nhdm dau cdc cdy ndng lupng tiem ndng ciia the gidi Id cay C4, hipu qud quang hpp cao (4g sinh khdi/Mj ciia buc xg m$t trdi), gap lan cao hem cay C3, Cao lucmg cho ndng suat dudng, ndng suat hat, ndng suat lignocellulose cao Ndng suat thdn hgt 20 - 40 tan khd/chu ky sinh trudng va chu ki sinh thyc nhanh (120-150 ngdy) Cdy Cao luang cd kha ndng dn tupng vdi viec hap thy mpt lupng ldn CO2 td khdng suot chu ki smh trudng thang[l] Nguyen lieu dupc dimg cd the Id than tuoi hoac hat, ndng sudt Cao luang tren Iha dat 32 tdn thdn la va tan hat se cd thd mang lai td 3'000-4.000 lit ethanol (Coombs va Vlitos, 1978) Dudng d thdn tgo tdi 80% lupng cdn vd nd chiem tdi 15% than tuai bang Louisiana (Hoa Ky), ndng suat cdn cd thd dat tu 1.070 den 1.635 gallon/ha 4.050-6.190 lit/ha), tuang duang vdi 25-40 thiing ethanol/ha Trung Quoc, chi vdi 4,5 kg hgt gidng ngudi ndng dan cd thd gieo cho Iha vd thu \k td 45-60 tan thdn tuai de sdn xudt tdi 7.000 lit ethanol Tgi An Dp, Iha cao luang sau thdng thu dupc tan hgt va 35 tdn than Id tuai se sdn xuat dupc 3.160 lit ethanol vdi chi phi 476USD, gia bdn td 0,39- 0,6USD/lit ethanol (1.232-1.896 USD/ha) O Viet Nam,, cay Cao luang dupc gpi theo mpt sd ten khac nhu lua mien, cii Idng, mi Chung da dupc d mpt so khu vyc mii cao nhu Ha Giang, Cao Bdng, Ldo Cai, San La, Dien Bien, Tay Nguyen lam thdc dn chdn nudi Mpt so dy an trdng thu nghiem tai Hd Npi, sau 120 ngay, tdc dp sinh trudng 54 95(07): 49 - 58 trung binh dgt 21g/m2/ngdy, ndng suat 25,2 l^n/ha thdn tuoi vd 2-3 tan hgt, nhu vgy cd th^ che bien dupc 3.000-3.500 lit ethanol NghiSn cdu ve cdy Cao lucmg d Vipt Nam budc dlti c6 ket qud khd quan, xdy dyng dupc quy trinh Ihdm canh doi vdi cdc giong dd tuyen chpn (canh tdc t6i uu) ndng suat than dgt 30 -3j tSn/ha, ndng su^t hgt dgt td 1,8-2,2 tan/ha cho viing sinh thdi cd dipn ti'ch dat doi niii nhir Hod Binh, Bdc Giang, Lgng Son [5] Vdi khii ndng thfch dng ciia cay Cao luang ngpt nhu tren can dupc khuyen khich nghi&n cdu diy dii de vc ca sd khoa hpc vd dng dyng trSn thyc te cdc viing sinh thai ma hipn d ninSc ta cdn tiem ndng quy dat d cdc viing kho khdn de phat trien Mpt so cay troiig nong nghipp chiob cho cung c4p dau if nudc ta (5) Dau cp Id cdy nguyen lipu c6 gid trj kinh te cao 01 tdn dau cp thd tren thj trudng the gioi gia 800- 850 USD/tan, gia trj thu nhap tr€n Iha tren 5000 USD/nam Dau cp rat giau vitamin K vd magie dang tieu hda dupc Diu cp chua khodng 43 % chat beo no, khoang 43 % chat beo chua no don nhdm vd 13 % cbjt beo chua no da nhdm Vipt Nam da cd mpt si du dn thd nghipm cay cp dau NSm 1986, mpt dy dn 650 cp ddu tren cac vung sinh thdi nhu vimg phen mdn Binh Khdnh vd Dd Hda, huypn Can Gid, vimg dat phil sa cd Mpc Hda, Long An, ddt xdm bjc mdu Xuan Lpc, Dong Nai, ddt phen nhi&Ii mdn nhp Thii Ddc, dat cdt ven bidn Phii Cft Binh Djnh Ket qua thi nghipm nhgn thay CQ ddu trdng dupc khd tot tren dat phen, nang suat cd the dat 2,6 tdn dau/ha/nam, ham lirgng ddu 52-56%, dau nhan cp 45-52% Tinh Qudng Trj cung cd mpt dy an trdng cdy c? dau, dya tren 1000 cdy cp dau gidng ban diu Malaysia tdng So li^u dgc cua Tmng tdm kT thugt dja chinh thyc hipn ndm 2001, cdy cp dau dupc trdng tap trung d viing doi cua thj xa Ddng Hd vdi tong dipn tich 56,7A Tuy nhien, tgi thdi diem hien tai, dipn tichc| cp dau Igi chi xap xi 15,4 hecta, ^ khoang 2.355 cay, bdng 1/4 s6 luang ban diu Vipt Nam da cd nha may chi biin ddu cp til ngu6n nhgp khdu Td ddu cp thd CPO cd thf che bien dupc san pham chinh la dau in (Palm Olein) va Dau ddc (Palm Stearine)[5| L6 van Hung Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE Ch li t i « u Lnc Ihira D^n -Dien tich 1000 - N a n g suat ISOlit'tan -San lining T n ? u 111 (iLat) Jati-ophn (din) J 020 260 280 300 315'lia 45,'ha 375118 79.56 82 96.6 112.5 155 Dieu lich lOOOha 135 135 135 1000 119 122 127 127 N&ngsuAt 0 lif tdn 2595.tia 27001ia 2910.1ia 0 Tia San hiTog T n ^ 309 hi - D i ^ tich 1000 - N i n g suflt 300ht lan 1000 tan - D i ^ tich 1000 - N f t n g s»ial 300hl'tan •San hi^ng T i i ^ u 111 -Dien tich lOOOha - N A u g suiit 300ht'tiin -Saohn^ng T n t u Ut - D i ^ tich lOOOha - N J m g Glial 300Ut.'tin 329 369 381 192 220 300 400 •lac/ha 450 510 600 26S 330 510 800 41.4 60 19S/lia 240/ha 14 SOO 549 SOO 105,'lui 84 57,6 30 300 1500/ha ISOOOia 45 450 84 500 1500,lia 750 20 100 600 1500/lia 1500 lia gO0,.Tia 30 150 750 -Di«n tich lOOOha - K i n g suat 300ULtan - S a n hicrug T n e u lit -Dien tich lOOOha 28 TIAH • Ta/ha (Hnt) Tliiiu d a u 301S 255 312.lia - S n n hw^ng (Hat) K e ho.ich 2010 D i e n tich c h o »AI1 - S « c Iui7ng \y^9 Hieii li'aitg 2008 linh 95(07)'49-58 - S a n lucrng 1000 t i n -Distich 0 ba -Nikng suat Ta/ha -San hiang 1000 1.2 12,6 t ^ Nguon - IXr dn l^LSH IPSI - Cdy dira (Cocos nucifera) YJX qua didu tra cua Vien Nghien cuu dau va Cay cd ddu (2007), dipn tich thyc cua cay dua d Vipt Nam dgt khoang 180.000 vdo ndm 2006 va hien cd the dgt den xap xi 200.000 Dien tich dua trdng tap trung, chua tinh dipn tich dda trdng mdi nam gdn ddy cho s6 lieu nhu sau (Nhu ndm 2005; Bdn Tre thdng bdo cd 35.000 dda, thi hien sd lieu mdi cung chinh Ben Tre cong bo Id 45.000 dda - chi vdng ndm dd trdng mdi them 10.000 ha) Theo quy hogch sd dung ddt den nam 2020, dn djnh dipn ti'ch khoang 135 ngdn dua vdi san lupng 1,27 tripu tan Vimg trdng dda tgp trung gdm: Bdn Tre: 45.000 ha, Tra Vinh: IS.OOOha, Binh Dinh: 12.000ha, Phu Yen: S.OOOha Theo quy hogch su dyng dat ddn nam 2020, dn dinh dien tich khodng 135 ngan dua vdi san lupng 1,27 trieu tin Vimg trdng dua tgp dung gdm: Bdn Tre: 45.000 ha, Trd Vinh: IS.OOOha, Binh Djnh: I2.000ha, Phii Yen: 8.000ha Khd ndng md rpng dien tich dua ciia Viet Nam la rdt ldn, cay dua khdng cgnh tranh tranh dat canh tdc Tuy nhien, ke hogch den nam 2020, van giu nguyen dien tich 135 ngdn nhu hien nay, song tang ndng sudt len 9,4 tdn/ha, san lupng dy kidn cd thd dat 1,27 tripu tan, ndu tan thu ep ddu todn bp se cd mpt sdn luong dau rat ldn Id 381 ngdn tdn dau[5] - Cdy sa {Camellia sp) Nam 2005, Viet Nam udc tinh cd khoang 20.000 cay sd vdi sdn lupng 900 tdn hgt/nam Theo Nguyin Quang Khdi vd cpng sy, dien tich sd ndm 2006 chi cdn khoang 55 Le V3n Hung Tgp ch( KHOA HQC & C N G NGHg 6.200 vdi ndng suat khodng 1,6-2,0 tan hgt/ha, tinh quy doi khodng 0,4 tan dau/ha Tuy nhien, dipn tich ndy dang gidm dAn Dat trdng sd thich hpp nhat Id d^t doi, dO d6c khdng qud 25°C, dp cao dudi 800 m, VT dp td 17" Bdc trd ra, tang dai ddy 50 cm trd len, cay sd khdng kdn dat chju dupc dat xau, mpc khoe tren ciic-dni dat lan sdi dd, cd dd lp dau, bgc mau Dat qud phi nhicu mdu md cdy sd sinh trudng t6t nhung hoa k^t qud kdm Sd ua dat hai chua (pH; 4,5- 5,0) Cay Sd phii hpp vdi hau het cdc vimg hgu ciia mien Bdc Vipt Nam cd the chju dyng dupc suang gid d cac tinh bien gidi phia Bdc hoac hgu ndng ndng d cdc tinh mien Trung Cay lay giong bdt dau tu 15 tuoi trd len, smh trudng vd phdt trien tot, khdng sdu bpnh, cay thap, tdn tren cdnh phan bo deu, it cdnh tdm, gdc phdn cdnh rpng, sai qua, qua to deu cd 2-3 hgt, ndng suat on dinh, ty le dau dgt 23-25% Dau hat sd cung nhu cac loai dau thyc vgt khac deu cd khd ndng diing lam nhien lipu sinh hgc Vdi khd ndng.md rpng dipn tich vd tdng ndng suat, sdn xudt sd cua Viet Nam la rdt tridn vpng, thich nghi vdi nhieu viing dat td Tdy Bac den mien Trung, ddt ldm nghiep, dat khai thac lam nghipp khdng hieu qua se la quy ddt bd sung cho phdt tridn sd Ndm 2020, ke hogch tang dien tich len 600 ngan ha, ndng sudt dgt 1,6 tan/ha sdn lupng dy kien dgt 960,000 tan qua, lupng ddu thu hogch dupc dat tdi gdn 240 ngan tan Diem han che nhat hipn Id sdn xuat dau sd quy md nhd, ndng sudt thap, chi phi sdn xuat cdn cao Day cung chinh Id nguyen nhan khd thu hiit dau tu mdi, lam gidm dipn tich sd hipn nay[4] - Cdy trdu {Vernicia montana Lour.) Dipn tich cdy trdu d Vipt Nam udc tinh khoang 28.000 vdi sdn lupng khoang 1.200 tan hat/nam (2008) Theo Dgng Timg, sdn lupng trdu cd thd tang khodng 12.600 tdn hat vao nam 2010 Hdm lupng ddu ciia hgt trau dat 25-35% vd chdt lupng ddu cao Cay trdu thudng mpc d vimg ddt khd, rao nudc d rung thua hogc ven rimg rgm Cdy trung binh cao 10-15 m Hoa don tinh tren ciing mdt cdy, cd canh mdu trdng vdi cdc spc mau 56 95(07): 49 - 58 dd hay tia d phan dudi phia trong, sat vdi cuong hoa, xuat hipn trudc hodc ciing vdi la thdnh cym vdo khodng thdng 4-5 Qud cdng, Id logi qud hgch hinh qud Id, kich thudc 4-7 cm (1.5- inch), thong thudng chua 4-5 hat lo cd chda dau, hdm lupng dgt tdi 58-70%, qud non c6 mdu xanh lyc, nhung chin chuyen thdnh mdu nau-tia vdo cuoi miia he hay dau mua thu (thdng 7-10) Vd cdy mdng vd nhdn, mdu ndu xdm vdi cdc rdnh rat ndng mdu nau Trau dupc nhu mpt c3y cong nghipp de lay go vd lay hgt Hgt trau cd the dem ep lay dau, tdc dau trau diing vipc che bien san, keo Vd trau dupc diing y hpc co truyen ldm thuoc chij'a nhiic rdng Trau Id lodi cay ban dja da tdc dpg, mpc nhanh, c6 phan bo ty nhien d hdu het vimg doi, nui cac tinh mien Trung va mi^ nili phia Bdc Vipt Nam Tuy nhien, viing trdng trau thich hpp thupc cdc tinh Lai Chdu, Hda Binh, Nghp An, Qudng Nam - Dd Ndng Ddu hgt trau cung nhu cdc logi ddu td cdc loai thyc vgt khdc deu cd khd ndng dimg lam nhien lieu sinh hpc Tuy nhien vdn de cua c^ trau Id ndng suat hat thap cd hipn tupng c^ due va cay cdi, dipn tich dang cd xu hudng gidm nhu cau thj trudng khdng cd [4] - Thdu ddu {Ricinus communis) Trudc day, Vipt Nam dd trdng nhieu thdu d§u de xuat khau vd lam nguyen lipu cdng nghipp Tuy nhien, khdng cd ddu ra, dipn ti'ch den lgi rat it Thdu dau cd gid trj kinh te cao nhd cdc uu diem: trdng tren dat ngheo dinh dudng, chi phi trpt chdm sdc it, ham lupng dau cao 40% vd dau khdng diing cho thyc pham Hipn nay, mpt sd gidng thSu dau lai cd the cho ndng suat tu 3-4 tan/to (mpt ndm vy, mdi vy thang) !': - Tao Hien tao noi len nhu mpt nguyen lipuco tridn vpng nhat dd san xuat nhien lieu the h? mdi la "nhien lipu sinh hpc", vi khdng xam phgm vao nguon thyc pham nhu etanol, khdng tranh chap dat dai vdi cay ndng nghipp, idn rat nhanh vd nang suat che bi^ thdnh ddu cao Lg V5n Hung Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ - Cdy Jatropha {Jatropha curcas L.) Cay Jatropha c6 nhieu dac diem tdt la cay cd kha ndng cung cap ddu sinh hpc dd dupc thu nghiem tren nhieu viing sinh thdi ciia nudc ta Hien cay Jatropha dang dupc nghien cdu tiep tren cac viing sinh thdi khdc de khdng djnh su phu hpp, hipu qud kinh te cua nd didu kien Vipt Nam [5] THAO LUAN KET QUA Nhu vgy nguyen li^u dung sdn xuat nhidn li^u sinh hpc rat da dgng bao gom: Nhdm nguyen lipu chda carbonhydrat (BEtinh hot, dudng); nhdm nguyen lipu chua dau (BD-cay chda dau, ma); nhdm nguyen lipu chda xenllulo (nhdm cac nguyen lieu phe phy phdm ) Nhdm nguyen lieu chua dudng (mia, cu cdi dudng, cao luang gpt ), chda tinh bpt (ngd, sdn, ); chda ddu (md ddng thyc vdt, lgc, dgu tuong, vimg, tao, beo ddu ke cd ddu da qua su dyng); chua cellulose (phe lieu ndng ldm nghipp ) vd "nhdng nguyen lipu khdc chda lipit vd hydratcacbon ' Theo VFEJ- Tgi hpi thdo khoa hpc "Phdt trien ' nhien lieu sinh hpc den ndm 2015, tdm nhin i 2025" didn ngdy 25/9/2009 d Hd Npi, cdc dgi bidu cung thdng nhdt: Tieu chi lua chpn nguyen lieu NLSH Id: khdng cgnh tranh vdi nhdm diing Idm luang thyc, thyc pham, cd ndng sudt vd hieu sudt chuyen hda nhien lieu cao, cd tidm nang trdng tren ddt ngheo dinh "duong va ao hd hoang hda; dap ung du ^inguyen lieu cho sdn xuat d quy md cdng "nghipp, cd tinh dn djnh lau ddi vd quy md va Jlddp dng yeu cdu vd viec md rpng; cd chat iJlluang sdn phdm va gid thdnh ddp dng dupc Jiyeu cdu cda thj trudng nhu cdc phd lieu ndng Idm nghiep va cdng nghipp chi bien Phat triSn nhien lieu sinh hpc d nudc ta dd ddm bdo an ninh ndng lupng vd gidm phdt thai nhd o^inh Id giai phap tdng the cua nhidu hudng iiild nhidu bidn phap, nhung tren ca sd phdi sd j(|iyng cdng nghe cao m Mhu vay, qua kSt qua trinh bdy tren cho thdy i^j iSm nang ciia cac nhdm cay phyc vu ^;ho san xudt BE Id: sdn, mia, cao luang cdn :ay ngd hien tai va tucmg lai chi dap 95(07): 49-58 dng dupc cho yeu cau phyc vy cho ngdnh chan nudi Cay cao luang ngpt cd nhidu dgc diem tot khd ndng thich ung tren cac viing cd ddc diem ddt khdng mdu md, chju dupc han can dupc nghien cdu tiep tren cac viing sinh thai khdc de khdng djnh Vdi nhiJng ly tren cay sdn, mia se Id cay cd nhieu trien vpng vd cay cao luang ngpt can cd dau tu nghidn cdu them Vdi nhdm BD (cdy cd dau) thi cay dua, cay sd, tr4u, thau dau Id nhdng cdy cd khd ndng tot neu cd chinh sdch phu hpp thu mua vd phdt trien sS tgo dieu kipn cho cung cap BD tot cho phat tridn NLSH d nudc ta, cdc cdy trdng khdc can dupc nghien cuu tiep de khdng djnh nhu cay thau dau, Jatropha, hgt cdy cao su; cac nghien cdu ve tdo can dupc dau tu cho nghien cdu thdi gian tdi KET LUAN Cay trdng cd kha nang cung cdp cho sdn xudt xang sinh hpc Id kha phong phu, nhung nhirng cay chinh cd nhidu uu the chi cd mpt sd nhu: sdn, mia Cay cao luong ngpt Id cay cd nhi8u tiem ndng cho sdn xudt NLSH d nudc ta cdn dupc nghien cuu vd ddnh gia tinh thich dng vd uu thd cua nd tren cac viing sinh thdi khdc nhau, Cac cdy trdng cung cap ddu sinh hpc d nudc ta la rdt da dgng nhffng nhdm cay trdng nhu cdy dua, trdu, sd, cp ddu la nhung cay cd tiem ndng tdt cho phdt tridn NLSH d nudc ta Ngoai viec xdc djnh cdc cay tren cdn cd cac nghien cdu ddng bp cdc gidi phdp khdc khac nhu chinh sdch, ddu tu, thj trudng dd bao ddm cho phdt trien NLSH d nudc ta mpt cdch ben vung khuyen khich dupc sdn xudt ndng nghiep phdt trien TAI LI$U THAM KHAO [1] Challenges and oppornimities for developing counUies in producing biotiiels, UN 27, November, 2006 [2], Chi^n lupc phdt triSn ng^nh Ndng nghiep dfin nam 2020, Bp NN&PTNT,2009 [3] Chien lupc qudc gia phM UiSn liia ggo dam bdo an ning luong thyc d6n nSm 2020, 2008 ^ [4] Chi^n lupc phit triin Trdng trpt Viet Nam den nam 2020 (Cue Trdng trpt, 2008), 57 Le van Hirng Tgp chi KHOA HQC & C N G N G H g 95(07): 49 - 58 [5], D6 dn phdt tri^n nhifin li^u sinh hpc d^n ndm 2015 tam nhin den nSm 2025 Dk th\ "Nghifin cdu danh gid tiem nSng sdn xu^t nhifin li^u sinh hpc tir nguon sinh khdi" 2010 [6] Iittp:// www.fao Org/docrep/t4470E/t4470e07.htm Ethanol production from [7] OPEC, 2007 Annual Statistical Bulletin Truy cdp ngdy 20/03/2009 tgi http://www.opec.org/library/OPEC%20Bulletin/20 Chi6n, Reinhardt Howeler vd Heman Ceballos, 2006 K^t qud chpn tgo vd phdt trikn giong sjn KM140 Hdi nghj nghidm thu dk tdi Vi^n Khoa ngdy 20/07/2007 phfl duy^t "Dk dn phdt tri^ nhien li$u sinh hpc din 2015 vd tdm nhin Ain 2025" 2007 rt., T i ^ s ,^L I ,, X ^i/.wK T A [8], Trdn Cdng Khanh, Hoing Kim, V5 VSn Tudn, Nguyin H&u Hy, Phgm Van Bien, Ddo Huy [101 Quang NV, 2009- Bdo cdo cua Trung tim i J '^ e ' e nghi&n cdu mia dudng hpc Ky thudt Ndng nghipp Mien Nam HCM ngdy 27/11/2006 [9] Quylt djnh 177, cda Thii tudng Chinh phii SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT POTENTL\L OF MAIN CROP FOR B I O F U E L P R O D U C T I O N IN V I E T N A M Le Van Hung' Department of Biodiversity Conservation - Errvironment Administration The result of report indicate some major crops has the potential of biofuel production in our country Crops capable of producing BE offers, is quite extensive but the main crop has many advantages-for the BE production for biofiiels production only a few such as cassava, sugarcane is the potential high Sorghum of crops has great potential for biofiiels production in our country should be studied and evaluated adaptive advantage of it and on the different ecological zones The crops provides BD in our country is very diverse groups of plants such as oil palm, coconut trees, Vernicia montana Lour., Camellia of good potential for providing BD Biofiiels Development In addition to identifying the cropts should have the same set of studies to other solutions such as policy, investment and markets to ensure that biofuel development in our country in a sustainable way to encourage the production agricultural development Key words: Biofuels, Biogasoline, BE, BD, crop Ngdy nhgn bdi.'3/7/2012 ngdy phdn bi4n: 12/7/2012 ngdy diry4t Tel.0912 149724 58 ddng:27/7/2012 ... din ndm 2020(2} Nam TH '' ^"^ TH Nam 2000 Nam 2005 Nam 2006 Nam 2007 237.6 83.6 1,986.3 Nam 2011 425.5 157.8 6,716.2 Nam 2012 475.2 163.8 7,782.5 Nam 2013 495.5 165.3 8,192.8 Nam 2014 20r5 ^^''"^°^"... Id tan/ha nam 1995 len 51,8 tdn/ha nam 2005 vd nguyen lieu cho ngdnh sgi tdng hpp Trong 54,8 tdn/ha nam 2007 (Hinh I) [10] Djnh tuang lai, ba mia cd thl Id nguyen lipu ddu hudng den nam 2015,... 59,1 ngdn ha, duyen hdi Nam Trung BO 55 ngdn ha, Tay Nguyen 84,3 ngan ha, Ddng Nam Bp 133,0 ngan ha, ddng bdng sdng Cihi Long 17,0 ngdn '' Quy ddt bd tri cho sdn cd tinh cho cd m de luan canh vdi