Hoi nghi khoa hoc kT thudt md qudc ti 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tien vi su phat triin bin vung NHLTNG DIEM NONG MOI TRlTCTNG TRONG HOAT D0NG K H A I T H A C M O Of V I E T N A M PGS TS H6 Sy Giao H o i[.]
Hoi Cong nghi khoa nghiep md hoc tien kT thudt tien md qudc vi su phat ti triin bin 2010 vung NHLTNG DIEM NONG MOI TRlTCTNG TRONG HOAT D0NG K H A I T H A C M O Of V I E T N A M PGS.TS H6 Sy Giao H o i K h o a hoc va C o n g nghe M o V i e t N a m TS M a i The T o a n Bo Tai nguyen va M o i truong Tdm tat: Khai thdc md qua khu vd hien tai dd gop phan ddng ke vao su phat trien nen kinh te cua ddt nude, tqo viec lam cho hdng chuc van lao dong, nang cao ddi song vdt chat vd tinh than cung nhu trinh dan tri cho mot sd cdng ddng dan cu Tuy nhien, qua trinh hoat ddng cua nd khong tranh khdi gay nhung ton that ve mdi trudng d mire khdc bdi bdo nen len nhung ddc diem ve cdc dang phd hoqi mdi trudng dien hinh khai thdc cdc md khoang sdn bang phuong phap Id thien d Viet Nam vd kien nghi nhung bien phap khdc phuc, ddc biet la nhan thirc ciia ngudi Md dau T r o n g cdng cudc cdng nghiep hoa, h i e n dai hoa d n u d e ta h i e n nay, nganh khai khoang cd m o t v i t r i dac biet quan N g o a i dau thd va k h i t u n h i e n , cac k h o a n g san ran la nhu cau k h o n g the t h i e u cho su phat trien cua cac n g a n h c d n g nghiep khac nen k i n h te qudc dan D i e u k i e n dia chat V i e t N a m phuc tap tao nen m o t n g u d n tai n g u y e n khoang san phong phu, da dang n h u n g cung m a n h m u n Theo t h d n g ke, t r e n l a n h t h d V i e t N a m da phat hien duoc tren 50 t r o n g sd 66 loai khoang san phd b i e n nhat t r o n g v d trai dat v d i khoang hon 5.000 m d va d i e m quang, d u o c chia cac n h o m n g u y e n l i e u k h o a n g theo muc trien v o n g n h u sau: T r i e n v o n g kha: V L X D , than, apatit, bauxit, titan, dat h i e m , ; T r i e n v o n g : vang, chi - k e m , thiec, v o n f r a m , sat, d d n g , a n t i m o n , f l u o r i t , cat thuy tinh, ; T r i e n v o n g k e m h o n : cao lanh, graphit, mangan, barit, n i k e n , fenspat, diatomit, bentonit, Dac d i e m c h u n g cua tai nguyen k h o a n g san nude ta la t r u l u o n g k h o n g l d n , phan bo rai rac, cd dieu k i e n dia chat va dia chat t h u y v a n phuc tap Phan l d n cac m d deu nam d v i i n g sau, v i i n g xa, k h o n g thuan l o i ve giao t h d n g van tai, xa ben cang, xa n o i t i e u thu, co sd vat chat tang thap, Cac k h o a n g san d u p e k h a i thac c h i i yeu la than, quang sat, titan, d d n g ; da cat sdi lam vat lieu xay d u n g ; n g u y e n l i e u hoa chat, cdng nghiep n h u apatit, p y r i t , Sd l u o n g mo dang dupe khai thac m o t sd k h o a n g san c h i i yeu bao g d m : than (53), than b i i n (21), s i t (22), thiec (12), v a n g (11), mangan (10), chi k e m (8), titan (17), da vat l i e u xay d u n g thdng t h u o n g (433), da x i m a n g (37), da dp lat (27), da p h u gia x i m a n g (5), set gach n g d i (88), cat, sdi xay d u n g (81), set x i m a n g (13), d o l o m i t (8), cao lanh (14), 218 Hdi Cdng nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien kT thudt tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien 2010 ben vung N h u n g n a m gan clay, cung v a i sir phat trien chung cua ca nude, cac hoat (long khoang san eta va dang gop phan to I o n vao cong cuoc d o i m a i dat n u a c (xuat k h a u dau tho; khai thac, che b i e n k h o a n g san l a m vat lieu xay d u n g phuc v u san xuat x i mang, cac cong trinh ca sa tang; cong nghiep ca k h i , l u y e n k i m ; chat dot phuc v u san xuat dien nang; phan hoa hoc, sinh hoc, hiru ca t o n g hop phuc v u n o n g nghiep v v ) N g a n h cong nghiep khai thac m o da va dang cang c h i e m v i t r i quan t r o n g t r o n g nen k i n h te ciia Viet N a m ( B a n g 1) Bdng 1- Gid tri sdn xudt cdng nghiep theo gid thuc te cdc nam (ty ddng) L i n h vyc 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Tong so 395809,2 476350,0 620067,7 808958,3 991249,4 1203749,1 1469272,3 Cong nghiep mo 52238,6 61362,4 84040,1 103815,2 110949,0 123716,0 141635,8 Chiem ty le, % 13,2 12,9 13,6 12,8 11,2 10,3 9,6 Ngudn: www, mod.gov, Ciing v a i d o n g gop t r u n g b i n h 11,9% G D P hang nam, hoat d o n g k h a i khoang da bao dam viec l a m cho hang t r a m n g h i n cong nhan ( n a m 2006 la 180.155 n g u d i ) , ddng gdp vao cai thien nen k i n h te ciia n h i e u v i i n g nhat la n h i r n g v i i n g n u i x a x d i heo lanh T u y nhien, ben canh nhirng mat t i c h cue dat dugc, chung ta cung dang phai d d i mat v d i n h i e u van de ve m o i t r u d n g Qua t r i n h k h a i thac m d phuc v u cho l g i i c h ciia m i n h , n g u d i da true tiep lam thay d d i m d i t r u d n g x u n g quanh, cac hoat ddng ciia k h a i thac than, quang, p h i quang va vat lieu xay d y n g n h u : xay d u n g m d , k h a i thac, dd thai, thoat nude, da pha v d can bang ciia d i e u k i e n t y nhien, gay sy d n h i e m nang ne d d i v d i m d i t r u d n g va cang t r d nen van de cap bach m a n g t i n h x a h d i va c h i n h t r i ciia c d n g d d n g DTM CKBVMT Md hinh thuc hien DMC vd DTM theo cdc giai doan V d i muc tieu tang c u o n g cdng tac quan l y nha nude ve bao ve m d i t r u d n g hoat dong khai khoang, N h a n u d e theo tirng t h a i k y da ban hanh hanh k i p t h d i cac v a n ban quy pham phap luat cho p h i i hgp D e n nay, Qudc h o i da ban hanh L u a t Bao ve m d i t r u d n g n a m 2005 va cd hieu l y c t h i hanh tir 01 thang n a m 2006 L u a t Bao ve m d i t r u d n g da quy dinh ve danh gia m d i t r u d n g chien luge ( D M C ) d d i v d i m o t sd n h o m chien luge, quy hoach va ke hoach; danh gia tac ddng m d i t r u d n g ( D T M ) v a c a m ket bao ve m d i t r u d n g ( C K B V M T ) d o i v d i tirng d y an cu the theo m d h i n h chop ( h i n h v e ) D a y la each tiep can rat m d i ve" m d i t r u d n g d d i v d i V i e t N a m n d i rieng v a the g i d i npi-vhung 219 Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc mo tien kT thudt tien mo qudc vi sic phat ti - trien bin 2010 vung G" day, cac v a n de ve m o i t r u a n g d u a c x e m xet tir k h a u ban hanh c h i n h sach v i m o cho d i n tirng d y an dau t u cu the B e t r i e n k h a i bao d a m sy phat t r i i n ben v u n g cho t u o n g lai ciia nganh m o va giai quyet v a n de m o i t r u a n g cua no, cac nha k h o a hoc, cac nha hoach d i n h c h i n h sach, chien luoc can tiep tuc nghien ciru de x a y d y n g h u o n g dan k y thuat v i : B T M tong h o p cho n h i e u d y an k h a i thac m o t v i i n g l a n h t h o ; B T M t i c h l u y cho n h i i u d y an k h a i thac m o d u o c thuc h i e n theo cac giai doan khac nhau; B M C d o i v o i cac quy hoach, k i hoach t h a m k h a i thac, che b i e n va sir d u n g t a i n g u y e n k h o a n g san cho v i i n g , lanh tho; N h u n g d i e m n o n g ve m o i t r u o n g t r o n g h o a t d o n g k h a i t h a c rao Doi voi cdc md than: V a n de birc x i i c nhat d o i v o i cac m o k h a i thac than ve goc bao ve m o i t r u a n g la dat da thai V a i toe tang t r u o n g cua san l u o n g than t r o n g t h a i gian qua trung b i n h hang n a m la 15% (nam 2005 la 34,9 t r i e u tan, n a m 2006 la 40 t r i e u tan, ), theo do, san l u o n g dat da thai hang n a m ciia cac rao 16 t h i e n c u n g k h o n g ngirng tang len (thi du, k h i i l u g n g ddt boc cua T K V n a m 2005 la 165 t r i e u m , n a m 2006 la 182,6 trieu m , ) C h i rieng m o I o n la Cao Son, Cgc Sau, B e o N a i , H a T u , N u i Beo da co k h o i l u g n g dat da thai tir 21 - 30 t r i e u m / n a m N g o a i co 15 m o 16 t h i e n vira va nho, cong suat nam tir 100.000 tan den 700.000 tan than nguyen k h a i v a m o t so d i e m k h a i thac 16 via co san l u g n g hang n a m d u o i 100.000 tan /nam v a i k h o i l u o n g dat da thai tir - trieu m /nam T o n g k h o i l u g n g dat da thai cua cac m o than 16 t h i e n Q N l a i sau n a m 2010 g i o i thieu Bang Bang 2- Tdng khoi luong K h u vuc I T o n g so" 3.921,722 T6ngso Cam Pha 2.901,779 Hon Gai | 428,697 ddt dd thai cua cdc md lp thien (don vi tinh 10 m ) I 2005-2010 I 1011-2015 2016-2020 I Sau 2020 824,438 751,412 704,416 1.641,456 544,153 552,612 556,049 1.248,965 j 198,030 | 136,0 | 88,817 | 5,850 T a i v u n g H o n G a i - C a m Pha, k h a i thac than tac dong true tiep den m o t v i i n g rong khoang 5750 T r o n g cac m o 16 thien c h i e m 1008 ha, cac m o h a m 16 c h i e m khoang 2300 ha, cac cong t r i n h p h u t r g c h i e m d i e n t i c h khoang 1550 B i e n t i c h cac bai thai dat da k h o n g ngirng tang nhanh H i e n tai tai dien t i c h bai t h a i k h u v y c C a m Pha la gan 900 ha, k h u H o n Gai la 750ha N h i e u bai thai co chieu cao tang t h a i t a i 100 - 0 m n h u bai thai m o N u i Beo, B e o N a i va Cgc Sau Cac bai thai da tao nen n h t m g d o i cao n h u Cgc Sau cao 280 m , N a m B e o N a i - 200 m , B o n g Cao Son- 250 m , B o n g Bac B a n g N a u - 150 m , N u i Beo- 240 m v v Tac dong c h u y e u cua dat da thai la gay sat 16 ddt v a b i ldp n g u o n V i mua m u a cac bai thai cao b i x o i m o n m a n h dong nang ciia n u a c m u a chay tran tren cac suon doc bai thai, tao cac khe ranh hoac ho sau r o n g tir - m , dat da va b u n thai b i cuon t r o i theo n u o c m u a v a d i chuyen x u o n g phia l u u gay b o i lap cac dong chay, song suoi, dat dai canh tac, Trong t h a i gian t r u o c n a m 1998, sy b o i lap dat da ciia cac bai thai N a m Beo N a i , N a m Cgc Sau da xoa s6 200ha dat rau hoa m a u , lang mac, nha cira chay dgc phia bac d u o n g 18 cu tir t h i x a C a m Pha t o i Cgc Sau H i e n t u g n g b o i lap cung xay t r d m trgng d o i v o i suoi L o Phong - H a T u , song B i e n V g n g , suoi k h u N a m B e o N a i , Cgc Sau va song M o n g D u o n g C h i e u sau cua song M o n g D u o n g ve phia l u u chi 0,5 - 0,6m Dgc b o bien k h u v y c Cgc Sau h i n h 220 Hpi Cdng nghi nghiep khoa hoc kT thudt mo tien tien md qudc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 viing cac go boi lang Ion co duong kinh tai 60 70m vai toe phat trien tai 20 25m/nam D i t da thai b i x o i m o n gay b i l i n g cac cira song D i e n V o n g ve p h i a eo Cira L u c , l a m anh huong d i n hoat dong Cang Cai L a n T r u a c n a m 1998, song D i e n V o n g v a i chieu dai k m , hang nam cung c i p 360 trieu m n u a c cho H a L o n g n h u n g den t r u luong nuac cua n g u l n k h o n g dang ke, nen da phai thay the bang n g u o n nuac khac l i y tir hd Cao V a n thuoc huyen H o a n h B o Theo k i t qua dac va t i n h toan true tiep cho thay l u g n g dat t r u n g b i n h b i x o i m o n khoi cac bai thai khoang 2.960 tan/ha/nam va tong l u g n g dat da d u g c day x u o n g chan cac bai thai theo x o i m o n khe ranh khoang 259.012 tan/nam, t u o n g d u o n g 2 , 2 % tong l u g n g x o i m o n tren dien t i c h l u u v u c v i n h Cira L u c D i t da thai cung la nguyen nhan gian tiep dan den tac d o n g c o n g h u o n g ve su phat thai bui tir cac m o t r o n g k h u vuc gay suy g i a m m o i t r u o n g k h o n g k h i n h i e m b u i d k h u dan c u t h i v i i n g than D a y dang la van de nhirc n h d i , v a n chua co bien phap giai quyet huu hieu Tren cac m o than t h u o n g co mat v o i ham l u g n g cao cac n g u y e n to Se, T i , Cr, M n , Z n , Sr, Zr, Ba Cac khoang vat sulphua co t r o n g than cung co chira Z n , C d , H g , M o , Se, Sb, C u , A s , Pb Cac nguyen to l a m cho b u i m o t r d nen ddc hai k h i h i t t h d dai N g o a i ra, dat da thai cd tac dong l a m anh h u d n g den t h a m m y canh quan k h u vuc Thanh phd H a L o n g v d i v i n h H a L o n g la d i san t h i e n n h i e n the g i d i , can dugc bao ve ton va phat huy gia t r i , nhien v d i cac bai thai cao v u g t ca cac day d d i t u nhien, da l a m canh quan m d i t r u d n g b i bien d d i theo h u d n g x a u d i , n h u cac bai thai dgc d u d n g 337 (cac doan phuong H a K h a n h , H a T r u n g 336); dgc theo d u d n g 18A doan p h u o n g H a Phong; cac bai thai nam Deo N a i , n a m Cgc Sau, doan dgc d u d n g 18A gan Cira O n g Doi voi cdc md kim loai: T r i r m o t sd m d sat cd san l u g n g l d n n h u T h a c h K h e , Q u y Sa, Bao Ha, dang d giai doan dau t u va x a y d i r n g , cac m d sat c o n l a i tap t r u n g tai k h u v u c Trai Cau - huyen D d n g H y n h u m d N u i Quang, Q u a n g T r u n g , C h d m V u n g , Thac Lac (da dugc khai thac tir nhirng n a m 1958 den nay) chua quan t a m d u n g m u c trach n h i e m bao ve m o i t r u d n g D i e u dang de cap la tai cac m d k h a i thac v d i q u y m d n h d , m a n g t i n h chat dia p h u o n g , viec danh gia tac d d n g m o i t r u d n g va cac giai phap bao ve m d i t r u d n g hau nhu khong dugc c h i i y t d i T i n h trang m d i t r u d n g dat tai cac k h u v u c C h a u C u o n g , B a n Podng, T h u n g L u n g I , Khe D d , Chau Tien, ( Q u y H g p - N g h e A n ) cung da gay hau qua l a m t h u hep dien t i c h dat canh tac, l a m g i a m chat l u g n g dat ciia nhan dan dia p h u o n g Tai cac m d thiec, quang d u d i t h u o n g chiia arsenopyrit ( - % ) , c h a l c o p y r i t ( % ) va pyrit (10- 15%) Cac khoang vat s u l f u a b i o x y hoa tao d d n g thai axit m d va dung dich giau k i m loai Sir lan toa ciia A s v a su d x y hoa cac k i m loai ddc hai n h u C u , C d tir cac dong r i tir dong thai axit m d qua cac ddng thai cung k h o n g he d u g c c h i i y C d n o i nude thai tir m d va x u d n g t u y e n dugc thai true tiep canh d d n g lua v d i h a m l u o n g A s gap 30 lan nude b i n h t h u o n g O m d thiec Q u y H g p , dong thai ciia nha m a y d u g c thai true tiep m o t sudi nho gan H a m l u g n g A s t r o n g chat thai ran r i t cao (355 m g / k g ) so v d i h a m l u g n g dugc coi la khong d nhiem tren t h ! g i d i (5- m g / k g ) Cac m d k h a i thac quang thiec deu la cac m d da k i m c h i i a cac k i m l o a i n h u : Fe, A u , 221 Hpi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien ki thudt tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien 2010 bin vung Ag, Cu, Ti, W, Mo , Zn, Pb, Ga, Ta, Nb,^ In Khai thac thiec ngoai nhung yeu to anh h u a n g x a u den m o i t r u a n g n h u tao b u i , t i e n g on, dao b a i , v i i i l i p pha h o a i canh quan, no anh h u o n g rat x a u den m o i t r u a n g n u o c , t h a m thirc d o n g vat v a sue khoe c o n n g u o i t r o n g quang da k h o a n g co c h i i a cac n g u y e n to rdt doc hai n h u asen, c h i , m o l i p d e n va dac biet de phan k i m v a n g , m o t k i m l o a i m a u q u y h i e m co h a u h i t t r o n g q u a n g da k i m chira thiec, tai cac k h u k h a i thac, n g u d i ta da sir dung p h u a n g p h a p x i a n u a , san p h a m nude thai ciia p h u a n g phap m d i t r u d n g co t h u y ngan, la m o t chat v d c i i n g ddc hai va nguy h i i m , da gay cac v u d n h i e m , n h i e m ddc d song C a u - T h a i N g u y e n , d B o n g M i e u - Quang N a m T a i C r o m i t Co D i n h , n g u d n n u d e t r o n g k h u v u c t r u d c k h i k h a i thac cd sudi nho, chay tir n i i i N a Son dd vao song L e , v d i t d n g l u u l u o n g x a p x i 100 1/s; he t h d n g cac ao ho nhd n a m rai rac v d i t o n g dien t i c h mat n u d e k h o a n g 80 Sau 40 n a m k h a i thac, suoi da b i i n mat, ben canh d d l a i xuat h i e n m o t sd h d l d n n h u C d D i n h , H o a Y e n , h d bai thai quang d u d i , v i vay t d n g d i e n t i c h mat n u d e da tang den 0 K h a i thac q u a n g c r o m i t C d D i n h da l a m tang l u o n g n u d e mat N u d e mat v i i n g m d cd t i n h a x i t , k h o a n g chat, can l i n g , c h i t thai c u n g v a cac h o p chat h i r u ca, dau m d , l a m d n h i e m n g u d n n u d e , huy hoai t h a m d o n g thirc vat v a cay t r o n g T r e n cac m d k h a i thac quang c r o m t h u o n g chiia nhieu k i m loai doc hai d i k e m va cd ca crizotilasbet Cac m o v a n g sa khoang deu cd n g u d n gdc a l u v i , a l u v i - p r o l u v i P h u o n g thirc khai thac chii yeu la t h i i cdng, tuyen lire va sau dd cd lap v a n g b a n g t h u y ngan Cac may nghien, tuyen quang phan l d n sir dung ddng co diezen tao t i e n g d n va m o t l u o n g ldn k h d i dau va k h i C O m o t v i d u dien h i n h la tai m d G18 P h u d c Son Quang N a m , duoc khai thac v d i quy m o l d n 100% thiet b i may mdc sir dung d d n g c o diezen B a n g cam quan ban dau, tat ca cac k h u v u c che bien quang va cay c d i x u n g quanh da b i p h i i den b d i k h d i dau Qua dac true tiep tai chd, ham l u o n g k h i C O tai k h u v u c da v u g t qua t i e u chuan cho phep t d i lan K h o i b u i v a k h i thai cd kha nang gay n g u y h i e m true tiep t d i siic khoe ciia cong nhan N g o a i k h d i b u i v a k h i thai, chat ddc thuy ngan v a cyanure v a n d u g c tat ca cac m d sir dung cdng doan phan k i m vang N u d e cd c h i i a d u n g d i c h cyanure hoac thuy ngan dugc xa thang cac ddng chay tir nhien vao cac song sudi Cac d i e m k h a i thac vang m i e n T r u n g phan l d n n a m tai t h u g n g n g u d n cac song l d n c u n g cap nude sinh hoat va t u d i tieu cho toan b d k h u dan c u ddng bang thap ven bien V i v a y , n g u y c a n h i e m ban, n h i e m ddc cho n g u d i v a he ddng thuc vat hoat d d n g k h a i thac v a n g tai m i e n Trung la rat cao va co kha nang anh h u d n g tren dien rdng Dir an T d h g p b a u x i t - n h o m L a m D d n g va dir an N h a m a y A l u m i n N h a n C o la hai dir an l d n , bat dau t r i e n k h a i hoat ddng Qua t r i n h k h a i thac-che b i e n b a u x i t can sir dung m o t k h d i l u g n g n u d e k h a l d n t r o n g k h a u t u y e n rira q u a n g v a tach chiet a l u m i n V d i cdng suat 600.000 tan a l u m i n / n a m ciia m o t td h o p k h a i thac-che b i e n t h i can k h o a n g 14.10 * m /nam nude cho nha m a y t u y e n k h o a n g va 3.10 m / n a m n u d e cho nha m a y che bien a l u m i n , t r o n g d d n u d e sir d u n g tuan hoan la % , v a y m d i t d h g p m d i n a m can t d i 12.10 m n u d e M a c d i i phan l d n k h o a n g sang b a u x i t T a y N g u y e n phan b d t r e n t r i e n Tay 6 N a m T r u d n g San, thuoc l u u v u c t h u g n g n g u d n song D o n g N a i , bao g d m n h i e u sudi va ho l d n nhd, cd l u u l u o n g l d n K h u v u c T a n R a i cd sudi D a g n a v d i l u u l u g n g d d n g chay theo m i i a t u 5-10 m / s v a p h u l u u la sudi Danos va suoi Datala T u y n h i e n , n i u t i n h d i y 222 Hpi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien ki thudt tien mo quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 viing du cho toan bo D i r an (6 to h g p ) t h i n h u cau t i e u t h u n u a c hang n a m l e n t a i ( - ) m nuac, co n g h i a la k h i x a y d u n g t h e m nha m a y n u a d D a k N o n g t h i dir t r u n u a c cua k h u vuc se d trang thai bao ddng Ben canh d d , qua t r i n h k h a i thac-che b i e n b a u x i t se phat t h a i vao m d i t r u d n g m o t kh6i l u g n g l d n b i i n thai quang d u d i sau t u y e n , b i i n d d v a b u n oxalat tir k h a u rira ba c u o i ciing ciia day c h u y e n cdng nghe N e u D i r an d i vao hoat d d n g va dat san l u g n g a l u m i n theo ban Q u y hoach da dugc T h i i t u d n g C h i n h p h i i phe duyet la 7,2-8,3 tr.t/nam (nam 2015) t h i k h o i l u g n g chat thai nam cao nhat cua dir an (bao g d m ciia tat ca cac m d va nha may) vao khoang [ ] : - K h o i l u g n g bun thai quang d u d i sau tuyen: 20 - 23 tr.tan/nam ( q u y k h d ) - K h d i l u g n g b i i n d d : 9,92 - 11,44 tr.tan/nam - K h d i l u g n g b i i n oxalat: 0,346 - 0,398 tr.tan/nam Thanh phan chii yeu ciia b i i n thai quang d u d i bao g d m o x y t n h o m , o x y t sat, o x y t silic, va bun set T h a n h phan chii yeu ciia b i i n dd bao g d m hematit (Fe2C>3), natrisilico aluminat, canxi titanat, n h o m ngam nude (AI2O3.3H2O) T h a n h phan c h u yeu ciia b i i n oxalate bao g d m A -13,3%, CaO -31,3% va N a C O - , % , l a i % la cac tap 2 chat khac K h o i l u g n g b i i n thai quang d u d i l d n n h u n g k h o n g ddc hai v a d u g c l u u g i u cac hd lang gan x u d n g tuyen V e b i i n dd va b i i n oxalate, theo sa cdng nghe, chung dugc khong che cac hd lang gan nha m a y che bien a l u m i n , day h d lang dugc gia cd bang cac vat lieu chdng tham (dat set, v a i dia k y thuat v a v a i nhua P V C hoac H D P E ) de ngan khong cho nude m a n g theo cac chat ddc hai cd t r o n g b i i n dd va b i i n oxalate tham thau ngoai lam d n h i e m m d i t r u d n g dat va nude ngam k h u v u c Theo t a i l i e u dia chat cdng t r i n h thi phan l d n be mat dia h i n h Tay N g u y e n n d i chung v a D a k N o n g n d i r i e n g , d u d i l d p dat (day 0,5^0,6 m ) la m o t l d p set va a set kha day, cd n a i t d i - m , cd he sd tham rat nho, chi K = 10 ^10" cm/s, d u d i l d p set la m o t l d p cac da set ket, bdt ket va cat ket co chieu day - m M a t khac, k h i dua vao v a n hanh, phan cua b i i n lang ho chua nhieu vat l i e u m i n , cac hat m i n cd tac dung l a m g i a m nhanh he sd tham ciia dat da long hd, vay cd the n d i viec cac chat thai ddc hai t r o n g b i i n thai theo nude tham thau ngoai hau n h u k h o n g dang ke T u y nhien, v a n de quan t r g n g can l u u y la phai cd nhirng giai phap hiru h i e u de p h o n g sir cd nude m u a chay tran n h u x a y d u n g he t h d n g m u a n g ranh ngan nude quanh h d chiia, h d c h i i a p h a i cd d u n g l u g n g dir p h o n g d i i cho v u l u g n g tai cho ciia tran m u a l d n nhat, sir d u n g h d c h i i a dir trir de p h o n g k h i m u a l d n , M u a d viing Tay N g u y e n t h u o n g tap t r u n g theo m i i a , tir thang den thang 10 L u g n g n u d e m u a trung b i n h hang n a m la 2339 m m , thang co v u l u g n g l d n nhdt- k h o a n g 0 ^ 5 m m M u a l d n cd the gay I i i l d n , l u quet, l a m cho b i i n t h a i tir h d c h i i a tran n g o a i , m a n g theo cac chat thai ddc hai Dir an Sat Thach K h e dang t h d i k y xay d u n g m d , n a m 2011 se dua vao san xuat N h u n g t i e m an ve sir cd m d i t r u d n g da dugc cac nha k h o a hgc canh bao K h d khan l d n nhat la van de thao k h d va thoat nude m d Theo t i n h toan ciia cac c h u y e n gia dia chat thuy van t h i m o i cd t d i 3.171.804 m nude chay vao m d (bao g d m 1.759.555 m nude mat 3 va 1.412.249 m nuac ngam), gap khoang 120 lan so v d i l u g n g n u d e dd vao m d than Cgc Sau ( m d cd k h o i l u g n g thoat nude l d n nhat ciia T K V h i e n nay) hang nam Sir cd m o i 223 Hoi nghi Cong nghiep khoa hoc kT thudt mo quoc te - 2010 md tien tien vi su phat triin bin vung truang co the xay truong hop la mua Ion va keo dai nhilu ngay, tram bom day m o v a cac gieng k h o a n hut n u o c k h o n g hoat dong duoc hoac hoat d o n g k h o n g co h i e u qua l a m ngap lut day m o Sir co mat dien l u o i cung co t h ! x d y t i n h trang t u o n g tir Sir ngap lut day m o se dan den n h u n g hau qua v o cirng tai hai - pha h u y toan bo t h i l t b i , m a y m o c va cong t r i n h k h a i thac m a viec phuc h o i lai la rat k h o khan v a t i n k e m Sir xudt h i e n cua cac m i i lien k i t thuy lire g i u a cac tang n u o c n g a m v o i cac b i n c h u a n u o c , cac v i i n g dat da t o i v u n ngam nuoc, cac hang dong c a c s t o , l a m t i e m an cac n g u y c o buc n u o c , co the gay ngap lut cue bo hoac toan dien dan den cac thiet hai ve n g u o i v a cua, dac biet can het sire d ! phong sir buc n u o c co m o i l i e n ket t h u y lire g i u a cac d o i t u o n g t r e n v o i bien, neu de sir c l xay t h i bdt khd khang, v i k h o n g the co sue m a n h nao khuat phuc duoc dong cao ap hang t r a m atmosphe ciia n u o c bien sau 200 I 300 m t r e n 16 buc luc Sir cong h u o n g cua yeu to la n u o c ngam, n u o c b i e n v a l o p dat da p h u de t u mem y l u (chu yeu la cat, c u o i soi, set pha cat, cao lanh) day 26 + 227 m p h i a tren se tao co hoi t r u o n g no, t r o i rua dat da b o m o , t h a m thau m a n h n u o c n g a m , n u o c b i e n , dan den sat 16 cue bo, sat 16 k h u v u c , t h a m c h i sat 16 ca doan b o m o , dac biet can het sue quan tam den doan b o m o p h i a dau d o n g bac k h a i t r u o n g , n o i c h i each m e p n u o c b i e n co 500 m M o t sir co khac c i i n g can d u o c n g h i e n c u u m o t each n g h i e m tuc de co b i e n phap phong tranh, la h i e n t u o n g n u o c b i e n dang cao bao N a m 1990, n h u n g c o n song cao hang - m da bo vao v u n g nay, tan pha m o t so lang mac v e n b i e n , l a m thiet hai nhieu n g u o i va cua D i r an sat T h a c h K h e se t o n tai k h o n g d u o i 50 n a m , t r o n g k h i chung ta chua co m o t nghien c u u nao ve tan suat xuat h i e n ciia h i e n t u o n g T r o n g d i e u k i e n dia chat, dia chat t h u y van p h i i c tap, dat da m e m y e u , t h o i tiet hau xau, b o m o cao v a co t h o i gian xuat 16 lau t h i viec g i u o n d i n h b o m o cung la mot thach thiic K i n h n g h i e m thirc te tren nhieu m o 16 t h i e n t r o n g n u o c cho thay, o n d i n h bo m o la m o t v a n de p h i i c tap, k h o giai quyet B o i vay sir co t r u o t 16 b o m o T h a c h K h e khong phai la k h o n g d u d i e u k i e n cau k h i dua m o vao hoat d o n g , dac biet 26 - 227 m lop dat yeu tren cung cua b o T r o n g qua t r i n h k h a i thac, m o t so tang phia tren ( k h o a n g - tang) cua m o Thach K h e co nen tang rat yeu, c h u y e u la cat, set pha cat va cac da p h o n g hoa khac N g u o i ta da dir k i e n p h u o n g an gia co nen tang bang each rai m o t l o p da d a m day m tren be mat de cho thiet b i xuc boc v a van chuyen hoat dong de dang T u y n h i e n k h a nang t r o i t r u o t , sat 16 nen tang day k h o n g phai la k h o n g the xay ra, nhat la k h i sir d u n g cac loai t h i l t b i co Ion V i e c sat 16 nen tang k h o n g c h i gay ach tac giao t h o n g , pha v o ke hoach san xuat, t o n kem c h i p h i de khac phuc m a co the l a m v u i lap p h u o n g t i e n thiet b i va n g u o i cac tang phia d u o i T r o n g k h o a n g sang sat Thach K h e co chiia x e n ke n h u n g quang sunphua (pyrit), k h o i l u o n g ( h o n 12 t r i e u tan) se d u o c tap t r u n g vao bai cat g i u de sau sir dung Sir co mat cua suphua t r o n g k h u m o se l a m xuat hien n g u y c o h i n h d o n g t h a i axit qua t r i n h t h a m thau n u o c m u a , n u o c mat va n u o c n g a m qua than quang, bai t h a i , kho chiia, de doa den t i n h da dang sinh hoc tren can, d u o i n u o c (bien) ciia k h u v u c M o t van de m o i t r u o n g quan t r o n g nua cung can duoc de cap t o i k h i dir an dua vao hoat dong T r o n g k h o a n g sang sat Thach K h e t i n tai tang n u o c n g a m co m o i l i e n he thuy 224 Hdi Cdng nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien ki thudt tiin md qudc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 vung lire v a i nuac mat thong qua l o p p h u neogen va de t u ten x o p v a i he so t h a m cao D o vay, qua t r i n h b a m thoat nuac n g a m ciia m o se true tiep anh h u o n g t a i n g u o n tai nguyen nuac mat C h i t i n h rieng tdng l u o n g nude n g a m b o m tir cac 16 k h o a n thap m u c n u d e d phia tay cua k h a i t r u a n g (phia co anh h u o n g true tiep t d i viec cap n u d e cho nong nghiep va khu dan c u v i i n g ) vao m u o n g thoat nude la 6.610 m / g i d D i e u d d se anh h u d n g n h u the nao den ngudn nude sinh hoat va t u d i t i e u cho canh tac ciia ba c o n n o n g dan (?) T d m l a i , d d i v d i cac m d l d n B a u x i t Tay N g u y e n va Sat T h a c h K h e t h i van de c o ban la cac tai bien m d i t r u d n g cd n g u d n gdc tir nude, d d i v d i cac m d k h a i thac k i m loai khac lai la t o n that v a lang p h i tai n g u y e n ; tan pha v a l a m suy g i a m m o i t r u d n g dat; l a m d nhiem m d i t r u d n g n u d e , dac biet la cac m d cd c h i i a cac n g u y e n t d C u , Z n , Pb, S, Cac hoat dong k h a i thac k i m loai t h u o n g sinh b u i , nude thai v d i k h o i l u o n g l d n , gay d n h i e m khong k h i va nude M o t van de khac ciia n h i e m b u i la b u i tir cac qua t r i n h tuyen quang ( v i du n h u tuyen t i n h quang i l m e n i t , r u t i l va z i r c o n tir cat bien) N h i e u cong nhan l a m viec cac nha may tuyen da mac benh d u d n g hd hap c h i sir dung cac t u trang bao hd dan gian k h i m d i t r u d n g l a m viec rat b u i , dd la chua ke den n g u y c o ve tia phong xa anh hudng den siic khoe n g u d i N g o a i ra, hoat ddng k h a i thac m d k i m loai cung huy hoai m o i t r u o n g nude b d i t u dat da thai Cac chat rah l o l i m g k h o n g n h i r n g l a m d n h i e m chat l u o n g nude mat tai k h u vuc m d ma chiia nhieu k i m l o a i nang doc hai, thuy ngan va cac hoa chat doc hai khac gay anh h u o n g cac v u n g lan can v d u cac song H i e n nay, tai cac m o k h a i thac quang sulfua, nguy co tao cac dong thai axit m o la k h o n g tranh khoi neu k h o n g co giai phap x i r l y triet de Ddi voi cdc md vdt lieu xdy dung: Dac diem nhiem l d n nhat k h i khai thac cac khoang sang da vat lieu xay dung la lam thay doi canh quan k h u vuc, dac biet la nhirng vung m i e n nhay cam v d i d i c h v u du lich n h u Quang N i n h , N i n h B i n h , doc song D d n g N a i thuoc tinh D d n g N a i va B i n h D u o n g Hoat ddng k h a i thac cat, sdi long song gay anh h u d n g den m d i t r u d n g n h u : l a m due dong nude, gay tieng d n , can t r d mat an toan d d i v d i giao t h d n g d u d n g thuy, dac biet neu khai thac gan b d hoac qua sau v u g t g i d i han cho phep se l a m thay d d i dia h i n h day song, mat can bang trac dien l o n g song, gay bien d o i dong chay v a gay sat l d b d song, nhat la b d song k h u v u c m i e n n a m deu dugc cau tao b o i t r a m t i c h b d r d i : bdt- set- cat (dat yeu) de bi sat l d K e t l u a n v a k i e n n g h j Ben canh n h u n g tac ddng t i c h cue n h u hang n a m ddng gdp vao G D P gan hang chuc ngan ty dong; tao cong an viec l a m cho hang chuc van lao d o n g ; nang cao d o i song vat chat, tinh than cung n h u t r i n h daii t r i cho m o t so cong dong dan c u , dac biet la cac viing sau, v u n g x a , gop phan day nhanh tien t r i n h cong nghiep hoa v a h i e n dai hoa dat nu6e, thi cac tac dong x a u ciia khai thac m o t d i m o i t r u d n g c i i n g rat dang ke: c h i e m dung nhieu dat dai canh tac v a trot dan den t h u hep t h a m thuc vat va l a m thay d d i v i k h i hau; lam nhiem ban dat, nude ngam, nude mat ciia k h u v u c ; x a b u i va k h i ddc hai vao khong k h i ; gay t o n that t d i t i n h da dang sinh hgc ciia he ddng thuc vat; gay sir d i c h ddng va bien dang dat da; l a m x a u canh quan k h u vuc; T o m l a i , k h a i thac m o d nude ta cd quy m d nhd va t r u n g b i n h so v d i m o t sd m d l d n hoac cue l d n d m o t sd nude tren the g i d i T u y the, k h o n g cd nghTa la nhirng tac ddng den 225 Hdi Cdng nghi nghiep khoa hoc md tien ki thudt tiin mo qudc vi su phat ti trien bin 2010 vung m o i t r u a n g d i k e m cac hoat dong k h a i thac khoang san la k h o n g dang k l N g u o c l a i , khong co sir quan t a m den m o i t r u o n g m o t each dung m u c tir l a u ciia n h i e u d o n v i tham gia k h a i thac k h o a n g san, cac tac dong k h a i thac gay la k h a t r a m t r o n g B e n canh co n h i e u v a n de m o i t r u o n g t o n dong cac hoat d o n g k h a i thac nho v a vira de lai Cac hoat d o n g k h a i thac khoang san sinh n h i l u loai tac d o n g x a u den m o i t r u o n g xung quanh n h u n g co the torn tat cac tac d o n g c h i n h nganh m o cua n u o c ta sinh la: (i) Sir dung chua co h i e u qua cac n g u o n khoang san tir nhien; ( i i ) Tac d o n g den canh quan va h i n h thai m o i t r u d n g ; ( i i i ) T i c h t u hoac phat tan c h i t t h a i ran l a m anh h u o n g den sir dung nuoc, n h i e m n u o c , t i e m an n g u y co ve dong thai axit m o ; l a m n h i e m k h o n g k h i , n h i e m dat; ( i v ) A n h h u o n g den t i n h da dang sinh hoc; ( v ) A n h h u o n g den sue khoe va an toan cua cong dong B e han che t o i da cac tac d o n g x a u ciia hoat d o n g k h a i thac m o t d i m d i t r u d n g , sir dung hop l y v a tiet k i e m tai nguyen l o n g dat, nganh m d can t h u c h i e n tot h o n nghTa v u va trach n h i e m bao ve m d i t r u d n g theo d u n g cac quy d i n h ciia phap luat B e n canh dd, can lam cho cac t u t u d n g ciia cac luat neu tren d i vao thuc t i e n cudc song, m u o n the can trien khai ddng bd cac n h i e m v u sau day: * N a n g cao nhan t h i i c , t u y e n t r u y e n v a giao due ve bao ve m d i t r u d n g sau rdng cac doanh nghiep k h a i thac m d * B a y m a n h x a h d i hoa hoat d d n g bao ve m d i t r u d n g , d d n g v i e n cac t d chiic quan chiing t h a m gia vao cac hoat ddng bao ve m d i t r u d n g ke ca p h d b i e n v a t h a m van cong dong, dac biet d d i v d i cac v i i n g m d * Bay manh nghien ciiu khoa hoc, chuyen giao, ung dung cdng nghe va dao tao nguon nhan lire cho bao ve m d i t r u d n g cho nganh k h a i k h o a n g ; N g h i e n c i i u , l i n g dung va chuyen giao cdng nghe m d i t r u d n g , cdng nghe sach, than t h i e n m d i t r u d n g t r o n g l i n h vuc khai thac m d , phat t r i e n cac cdng nghe x i r l y va t a i c h i , tai sir d u n g c h i t t h a i , dac biet la da da thai; B a y m a n h i m g d u n g cdng nghe t h d n g t i n t r o n g bao ve m d i t r u d n g m d ; Tang cuong nang lire cdng tac B M C , B T M ciia V i e t N a m ; N g h i e n c i i u danh gia m i i c d d anh h u d n g ciia bien d o i k h i hau den hoat d d n g k h a i thac khoang san (cd t h ! d u a vao n d i d u n g B M C , BTM) * Bua ndi dung bao ve mdi trudng vao chuong trinh giao due cac nha trudng , dac biet d bac dai hoc ciia cac nganh cd l i e n quan den hoat d d n g k h o a n g san, n h u mot chuyen nganh ve bao ve m d i t r u d n g m d / 226 ... hoach da dugc T h i i t u d n g C h i n h p h i i phe duyet la 7,2-8,3 tr.t /nam (nam 2015) t h i k h o i l u g n g chat thai nam cao nhat cua dir an (bao g d m ciia tat ca cac m d va nha may) vao... i sau tuyen: 20 - 23 tr.tan /nam ( q u y k h d ) - K h d i l u g n g b i i n d d : 9,92 - 11,44 tr.tan /nam - K h d i l u g n g b i i n oxalat: 0,346 - 0,398 tr.tan /nam Thanh phan chii yeu ciia... khoi cac bai thai khoang 2.960 tan/ha /nam va tong l u g n g dat da d u g c day x u o n g chan cac bai thai theo x o i m o n khe ranh khoang 259.012 tan /nam, t u o n g d u o n g 2 , 2 % tong l