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KHOA HOC KINH l l VA QUAN LY NGANH MO CAI TAO PHUC HOI MOI TRUIDNG THEO H U N G DA MUC TIEU TRONG HORT DONG KHfll THflC THflN LO THICN TAI KHU VUC HA LONG-CAM PHA-QUANG NINH ThS DANG TH! HAI YEN Sd TN & MT Quang Ninh Tong quan Trong nhfrng ndm qua tfnh Quang Ninh va Tap dodn Cdng nghidp tiian-khodng san Viet Nam (Vinacomin) dd cd nhtrng chf dgo sau sat dli vdi edng tdc quan ly HDKS than v l cong tdc bao vd mdi trudng c6 hogt dgng CTPHMT nhu: thudng xuydn kilm didm, danh gia kit qua thyc hidn k l hoach bao v0 mdi trudng hoat ddng san xuit than vd ede hogt dgng kinh t l xa hgi khdc, d l nhilu bidn phap khle phgc vd cai thidn mdi trudng khai thae than; dau tu ed trgng dilm vd thyc hien dat hidu qua nhilu cdng trinh, du dn cai thidn mdi trudng dan eu, sir dyng cd hidu qua nguin vln mdi trudng cua Vinacomin cung nhu nguon thu phi mdi trudng dli vdi HDKS theo quy djnh ciia Chinh phii; triln khai thyc hign tit mdt s l Dy dn nghidn cuu mdi trudng nhu: nghidn ciru logi cdy trdng trdn bdi thai; cdy lly ddu sinh hge; thi> nghidm xu- ly m6i trudng khai thde than (JICA)., Vi$c cai tgo mdi trudng, canh quan trdn mdt s l khu vye nhu bai thai Nam Ddo Nai-Clm Pha; bdi thai Nam Ld Phong-Hg Long (blng giai phap phdn ting thai 30 m/tang); cdy keo tai tugng trdn mdt blng vd co vetiver d sudn ting); ngo vet sdng Mdng Duang, (ngay bdi thai Nam Ddo Nai da c6 eay xanh phat tridn xum xud vdi ehilu cao tir 3-^5 m, chdn bai thai phia Odng c6 d$p ngdn, tgo h i nudc phyc vg san x u i t xung quanh cd hang eay liiu, cay phi lao, tgo thdnh h i sinh thdi) dd mang Igi nhCrng kit qua cy thi Tdi nay, hlu hit cdc dan vj viing da Igp dy in CTPHMT d l i vdi c5c du dn diu tu khai thdc md theo quy djnh tgi Quyit djnh s l 71/2008/ND-CP (nay Id Quyit djnh so 18) vd Thdng tu 34/2009/TTBTNMT cua B l Tdi nguySn vd Mdi trudng Cdc phuang dn CTPHMT tgi cdc khu vyc KTKS than tai vimg Hg Long va Cim Pha theo xu hudng Chung la eai tao Igi moong khai thde, bai thai, hay lip moong khai thae eu (nhlm triet tidu ede su e l mdi trudng, dam bao tinh bin vifng ciia cac edng trinh CTPHMT.,.) va phuc vy cho cdng tae trdng cay (keo la cham xen ke thdng) hay trdng cd phue hdi tham thyc vgt Ndi chung cac hoat dgng CTPHMT hoat dgng khai thdc than da cd nhifng quan tdm, coi trgng vd dem Igi nhOng kit qua tich cue, dang ghi nhan Tuy nhidn, tren thue t l , cong tac quan ly, chl tai thuc hidn va ca sd ky thudt vd CTPHMT eon nhilu bit cap Do vdy cdng tac CTPHMT chua theo hudng da muc tieu, phuang an CTPHMT cd thd se ehua phii hap vdi quy hoaeh phat thin kinh t l vung, thgm chi cd thi bi pha san cdn huy dpng tdi nguyen dit d l tilp tyc phat triln kinh t l theo mgt hudng khac, gay lang phi tiln bgc vd eong sire Kinh nghiem vd CTPHMT hoat dgng khai thae khodng san duge mgt s l nudc tien tidn sau day ed thd giiip chimg ta each tilp cdn mdi CHLB Dii'c, ngudi ta eoi vigc quy hoach va cac qua trinh cua hogt dgng khai thdc nhu la mgt ddng lidn tue tif quy hoach ban dau cho tdi vide phue hdi ddt dai sau cung va sy su dung k l tilp, Trudc hoat dgng khai thdc bit diu, nhifng dy djnh chi tilt phai dwoc vach cho mgt eanh quan mdi se di thea dia hinh, he thing thoat nude, hd va nhdng khu rirng, kilu sir dyng dit dy djnh dugc thilt ke va dugc chi rd trudc Ban diu, mdt quy hoach chi tilt giiip eho vi^c kit hgp giifa hogt ddng khai thdc va nhtrng hoat ddng hoan thd ding thdi cd the thyc hidn duge Cdch tilp can toan didn cho phdp xu ly toan bg v l n de hon la giai quyit nhtrng khia cgnh ridng bigt tren mdt nin tang rdi rge "Khai thic Id thien vi hoin thd d CHLB DCrc - A Jephew, 1972" C O N G H G H I I P MO $ - J^_ KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY NGANH MO Nhii'ng khu v u c khai thae m d than non Id thien da C T P H M T d Rhineland d u o c phii b d i mdt hdn h g p ddt Idt va nhtrng t r i m tich eat chira vat lieu h u u e a eo ngudn gdc tif d i t thudc t i n g tren ky D e tif d u o c l l y tif phia t r u d c cua h u d n g khai thae Do dd, quan t h i tho n h u d n g t y thiet lap trdn nhtrng kliu v u c m d Id thidn da C T P H c d thd tgo tif s y k l tiep ehu ydu va cung tir cae loai d u g c mang tdi nhirng bai thai md va c6 t h i t i n tai d u a c qua qua trinh dd thai "Wemer Topp, Markus Simon, Guldo Kautz, Ulf Dworschak, Frank Nicolini, Stephanie Pru'ckner, 2000" Cdng nghe hoan thd mdi t r u d n g d u g e bdt nguon cong nghe khai thae va c h l b i l n kiioang san D o ehinh la nhifng cong nghe hien dai dang ditac u n g dung d Australia d l tan thu triet dd cac thdnh phdn c6 ich khoang san, c6 nghta la nhifng cdng nghe cd khdi l u g n g thai t h i p trdn d a n vj san p h i m va tae dgng han c h l tdi mdi t r u d n g Cac nha nghien ciru da xac dinh goc nghieng phii hgp, dd x u i t mot p h u a n g phap l u d i d l ngan chan xdi mdn Idp dat mat va cudi eiing la djnh cae p h u a n g phap t l i u u cho vigc c h u I n bi va tai trdng rirng tren cae dien tieh d i t Cong viec trdng rirng d u g c t h u c hien song song vdi hoat ddng cua md Trdng rirng lidn tyc va b i n v i f n g se khdi phuc lai rirng khoang bdn nam, n h u n g khong phai de dang, bdi vi day la v l n d d e6 lidn quan tdi nhirng qua trinh mang ban c h i t t y nhien "Mo ddng-vang Batu Hijau (Indonesia) Tap doan Sumitomo" Thanh cdng viec C T P H M T cua Alcoa tai cae md s i t tai Pilbara bang Western Australia d u a c diie rut tir n h u n g nguyen nhan sau: •:• Co chinh sach va muc tieu diing eho cdng tac hoan phuc mdi t r u d n g Oae biet ehu trgng edng tac nghien ciru cac didu kien va c h u I n bj cdng tac phuc hdi t r u d c b i t d i u khai thae va tiep iyc sau k i t thue khai thae • X u ly t i t cac m i l quan he vd q u y i n Igi cd lien quan tdi ddt dai va mdi t r u d n g giu'a doanh nghiep va cgng ddng, d6ng vien vd thu hiit edng d i n g eimg t h u c hien hoan phyc mdi t r u d n g tif n h u n g gdc dd dac trung va thuan lgi khac N h u vay, n h d d u g e quan tam tif giai doan t h i l t kd khai thae, vide C T P H M T m d i dwac quan ly theo djnh h u d n g chidn l u g c , n h d thd giam t h i l u d u g e chi phi cai tao, logi bd eae rui ro khdng theo h u d n g da mue tidu, d a m bao s y hai hda cua mo CONG NGHIEP MO s d - d u o c eai tao mdi q u a n he t i n g thd cae mo trdn khu v u c , dap u n g viec t i l p tuc s u dyng tai nguydn d i t vd tai nguyen thidn nhidn, phat triln kinh t l v u n g , tri hogt dgng C T P H M T b i n vtrng O i n h h u d n g c d n g t a c q u a n ly C T P H M T ddl v d i h o a t d g n g khoang s a n Nham dap irng edng tae quan ly C T P H M T theo dmh h u d n g da m y c tidu, d n c d bign phap quan ly va ky thugt ldng g h e p hogt dgng C T P H M T qua trinh hogt d g n g san x u i t cua mo (Hinii H.1) D d l v d i ede m d Id thien v i m g Hdn Gai-Cam Pha, C T P H M T theo h u d n g da muc tieu n h l m khic phyc d nhidm mdi t r u d n g va t i l p tuc khai thae tai nguydn d i t , phat t r i l n kinh t l va bao ve mdi trudng vmh C u a Luc, Hg Long, Bai T u Long theo hudng ben v i f n g , T h y e hien C T P H M T d l i v d i eae mo than tilp giap va lan can cac vung phat t r i l n kinh t l dam bao cac tieu chi danh gia k i t qua cdng tac CTPHMT iJa muc tieu theo djnh h u d n g c h u n g d l phyc vy ciio cdng tac quan ly C T P H M T V l eac tieu chi d a n h gia k i t qua edng tac C T P H M T , mdi qudc gia d d u ed he t h i n g cdc tidu chi khac tiiy thugc vao dgc d i l m eua hd thong phap ly va t h i c h l v l mdi t r u d n g , Tuy nhidn, cac tieu chi d i u d u g c phat then d y a tren cac nguyen t i c sau day d a n gian; d d t h y c hidn, kinh phi 6k\j t u t h i p ; cd tin eay khoa hgc phii h g p , dap irng myc tieu t r u d c m i t va lau dai, Tren c a s d x e m xet v l d i l u kien kmh t l , moi t r u d n g eua khu v y e lan can m d , quy mo va plian b l cae CO s d khai thde Id thien, t h u c trang m6i t r u d n g va ngi dung cae van ban phap quy nha n u d c hien hanh, bd tieu ehi d l danh gia k i t qua C T P H M T ddi v d i eac m d khai thae Id thien vung Hdn Gai, C a m Pha Quang Ninh Id: • Tieu chi - Dip dng ranh gidi, dien tich, dia hinh theo di in CTPHMT • Tieu chi ~ S y phii h g p v d i quan diem phat t r i l n cua cgng dong dja p h u a n g thdng qua cac kit qua tham khao eac )^ k i l n cua cae chuyen gia vi kmh t l , mdi t r u d n g va cac d a n vi lan cgn: ddy la tieu chi quan trpng, d i l u chfnh, ludn cd quS trinh danh gia d l danh gia C T P H M T da muc tidu • Tieu chi 3-H$ s6 vung: v i i n g CTPHMT phSn b l d khu v u c nao cung lien quan va anh huo'ng d i n mdi t r u d n g xung q u a n h cua khu v u e dd, N ^ la khu v u c nhay c a m (tire la theo m i f c dg g i n khu v u e cd nhieu gia trj khac v l du ljch, hay Id di s ^ hoac la khu d d thi dac bidt, ddng dan ) thi mirciJ^ s u dung ddt se d u a c l y a chon chirc nSnfl C T P H M T da mue tidu phai d u g e x e m xet g i t g * h a n so v d i cac khu v y c khong nhgy c a m KHOA HOC KINH T^ VA QUAN LY N G A N H M Cac bidn phap gian tiep Tiep tuc hoan thien eac van ban phap ly iien quan cdng tae CTPHMT Cae bien phap quanly CTPHMT da mye tidu Ddnh gia mdi trudng tdng hgp vimg, khu vuc trgng dilm ed HDKS than (nhlm xae djnh muc giam thilu nhiim vimg; eae mue dp tidu ehi dap irng CTPHMT da mye tidu theo djnh hudng chung) Cac bien phap kilm soat CTPHMT HDKS than, CTPHMT dat cac tidu chi CTPHMT da myc tieu -•I Cac bien phap trye tilp Cac bien phap CTPHMT su dyng qua trinh HDKS Cae bidn phap dam bao hoan thdnh CTPHMT da mye tieu Cac bien phap giam sat thyc hign vd kit qua CTPHMT H Sa dd Bien phap quan ly CTPHMT theo hudng da muc tieu 1 0