KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QOAN LY NGANH MO J^J ^kGHIEN ctru, DE XUAT KY THUAT cni Tno, PHUC H O I M O I T R I T O N G TAI CAC MO QUANG TITAN SA KHOANG GT VIET NAM TS LE NGOC NINH, TS MAI THE TOAN - Tong cyc Mdi trwdng ThS HOANG THj LAN ANH Trwdng Dpi hgc Ndng Ldm Thai Nguyen I y nudc ta, cdc mo sa khodng titan chilm da Ir""! phan vd phdn bo doc theo cdc tlnh ven biln, f j keo ddi tu Thanh Hda den Ba Rja-VQng Tdu Theo dilu tra, tham dd dja chdt, cho tdi dd phdt hien 89 md vd dilm quang titan, cd khoang md tdn cd tru lup-ng tu 1-5-5 trieu tan, md trung binh cd trd lupng >100.000 tin vd 45 md nhd va dilm qudng Trong nhung nam qua, vec khai thdc qugng sa khodng titan sa khoang dang gdy nhilu bdc xOc cho ngudi dan dja phuang anh hudng din ddi sing, kinh t l , xa hgi vd ddc bidt Id mdi trudng khu vyc Theo 1^ thuyet va thyc tien, sau khai thdc cdn nhanh chdng hoan tho de ehan bgi cdt bay, cdt chay ngan chgn tinh trgng sa mgc hod, hoang mgc hoa anh hudng den cugc sdng ngudi dan vd cdc ngdnh kinh t l khdc trdn khu vuc rpng Idn vd ldm giam bdn kfnh anh hudng myc nudc nglm, cdc doanh nghiep chT quan tam den viec ddo bdi, khai thdc it quan tdm den CPM qud trinh khai thdc Vi vdy, vide nghien cuu cdc giai phdp ky thudt, ndng cao hieu qua CPM tgi cdc md qudng titan sa khoang a nudc ta Id rat cdn thilt vd cd '^ nghTa rdt quan trpng cdng tac quan ly vd bao vp mdi trudng ndi chung Quy trinh k9 thugt khai thac quang titan sa khoang than thi^n moi tru'dng Bao gom cdc ngi dung chinh sau: • Quy hoach ting t h l khu vuc cd qugng titan, cap phdp theo ludt; • Tidn hdnh thdm dd trdn dipn tich dupc cap phep; • Thilt k l khai thac (xdc djnh ham lup-ng bien, dO sdu, s6 lug'ng bd, chon vi tri, hudng khai thdc ); • Md h i khai thac; • Tiln hdnh khai thdc bdng phuang thdc tjnh tiln be nli theo ill cuon chilu; • T I chdc tuyin qudng, tuyin thd, tuyin tinh; • Hodn t h l kjp thdi kit hpp qud trinh khai thdc, tra lai dgng dja hinh vln cd cua cin cdt; • Lya chpn logi cdy phCi hg-p vdi chdt dat va trlng lai rdng, kit hg-p vdi cdy cdng nghidp; *:* Chia se Ipi ich vdi cpng ding (h5 trp' dja phuang xdy dung ca sd ting nong thon, ngudi nghdo, dodn t h l xd hgi ) *> Ldm tron nghta vg doanh nghipp ddi vdi nhd nudc (ndp thul, phi mdi trudng ) Mot sd anh hu^ng cua hogt dpng khai tliac quing titan sa khoang Khao sdt thyc t l cho thdy: hogt dOng khai thac qudng sa khodng ddc bidt Id titan sa khodng cd tdc dOng nhieu mat din tdi nguydn, moi trudng vd sinh thdi khu vyc vd cOng dong ddn cu; nhilu vln d l bit cdp phdt sinh, de dpa tlnh bin vung phdt triln kinh t l xd hOi Sy thieu trach nhipm cua cdc doanh nghidp l Tin thit tai nguySn khai th^C; ' * ° " f " thit tai nguyen ti mpt nhi#m vg b « *="«; °'^?^''J'l' Lujt KhoSng san Tren c^c cin j j t ven bi§n hien cd nhilu cdng ty khai thic, nhung hi so mu hOi tai nguySn kh4c Mdt s l cdng ty chang nhung khdng the thu hli qugng titan sa khoing a muc ham luiyng thip (< %) ma cdn bo sdt mdt so than quang, gay tin thit tai nguyen Idng dat, hoSc khpng du dilu kien che bien sau d l thu hli dup'c cac khoang vat cd gia tri di kem, dan den lang phf tai nguyen phai xult ban quang o dang nguyen li#u thd; •:• Phat tan cao chit phdng xg: RiSng ddi vdi khai thae, v|in chuyin, chl biln qugng titan sa khoSng se lam phat tan cac chit phdng xg cd hgi den silo khoe cdng ding Theo GS.TS Nguyen Khanh Phin (Dgi hpc Mp-D|a chit), cudng dO phdng xa d ding quang tuyin udt sau vit xoln, xuang tuyin tinh, cac san phim sau tuyin tinh, dac biet \i iai nai chua quang dudi monazite vuot ngudng chp phep so vdi tieu chuan an loan phdng xg nhiem phdng xa la loai hlnh d nhiim mi ngudi khong cam nhgn dirifc, nhung Igi rit nguy hilm d l i vdi siic khoe, dd cin phai cd bi^n phSp quan IJ nghiem ngat tgi cac nha may tuyin tinh; •;• Mau thuin xa hOi; Mau thuan xa hOI sinh lien quan vdi hoat dpng khai thac khoang san Titar eln eat ven biln ia mdt bilu hien thuc t l , c6 ICic ISn din dinh dilm Ngudi dan dia phuang cd khoang san t l chuc bilu tlnh, ngan can hoat ddng khai thac tham chi keo dap pha thilt b| cua cdng ty kha thio titan NhOng vu vi$c nhu vSy dS tung xay Ninh Thuan, Binh Dinh, Quang NgSi, Quang Narri nguyen nhan co ban la su chia se Ip'i ich cpng dln£ khai thao tai nguyen chua dgt du(?c su cdn; bang cin thilt Danh gia hieu qua cong tac CPM Trong Quyet djnh so 104/2007/QD-TTg ngiy 1; thang nam 2007 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu v l pN duyet quy hoach tham dd, khai thac, chl biln va si dgng qugng titan giai doan 2007-2016, dinh hudni din nam 2025 da quy dinh rd phat triln nganh cdni nghiep khai thae va chl bien khoang san titan ph£ phu hop vdi quy djnh phat trien cdng nghiSp ViSt Nar va quy hpach phat triln kinh tl-x§ hd\ cua dj phuong ViSc khai thac va c h l biln titan phai dup tiln hanh ddng bO va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai cac md khai thac Oiiiing sa khoang diu sO dun cgm vit xoan d l khai thac Su xult hiSn cua thilt I dupc coi nhu mpt cuOc each mgng ngh? khai thac, chl biln quing sa khoang da giii cac cdng ty nang nhanh san lup'ng khai thac nhur cung tan pha mdi tn/dng nhanh han, h&u hi$u hon \ cung khoe liSt han Mli cym vit xoln vdi cdng su KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY NGANH MO dgt 2,5 tancdt quang/gid thi mdi da ngon khoang 300 tan cdt Cdt bj dao len lgn xulng d dO sau trdn dudi 10m chdt lai thdnh nhdng doi Idn nhd Idm biln dgng dja hinh Hau hit di^n ttch dit sau khai thac trd nen hoang hda vdi nhilu him, h i vd cac dli cat Theo ddnh gid oia ngudi dan dia phuang ttii vigc khaittidcda anh hudng nghiem trgng din moi tnj-dng cQng nhu canh quan khu vyc vd ddi sing cua ngudi ddn ttiilu hut nguin nudc nglm Theo so ii$u dilu tra, kit qua phdn tich chat luang mdi trudng khdng tai cac khu vyc khai ttidc titan deu vagt 4,5^,2 ldn so vdi quy chuan ky thuat quic gia v l chit lug-ng khdng xung quanh Da phdn cdc doanh ngtiigp deu su dung d gt ngudn nudc nglm dan din can kigt ngudn nudc nggt d hdu hit khu vyc khai ttiac Hien tgi, van cdn nhilu cdng ty chT lo khai thdc md chua nghidrn tuc cdng tac hodn tra lai cao mgt bdng, trdng Igi rung phdng hg chin gid, chdn cat ven biln, ndn hdu hit dien tich ndy trd nen hoang hda vdi dly him hi, niii cat Kit qua kilm tra gin day cua cho thdy cac tinh nhu Binh Thudn, Ninh Thugn, Binh Djnh, Quang Binh, ddt sau da khai thdc titan xong nhung cdc cdng ty khdng thyc hign CPM theo thilt kl Hdu hit cac cdng ty dugc cdp phep diu khai ttidc sai ttiilt k l md, vugt chilu sdu cho phep gip nhilu lan, su dyng thilt b\ Idn han quy djnh, khai thdc ngoai khu vyc cho phdp, khdng thyc hidn dCing bdo cdo DTM da dug-c phe duygt, su dyng nguon nudc nglm chua dugc cap phep Trong do, khai thac, tuyen khoang cdn mOt lugng nudc rat Idn Nudc thai khong qua xu ly dug-c xa ttidng moi tm-dng Nguon nudc, dit dai bi nhiim mdn nang, Idp ddt ciJng tham thyc vdt ty nhidn bj pha buy, day nhanh tiln tiinh sa mgc hda Mgt s l cdng ty dOng Ing nglm xa ngug-c nudc thai xulng biln khiln nudc dd ngdu, bCjn ldng b^m day day biln, lam anh hudng nghiem ttgng nhieu lodi hai san sing ven bd ven khu vyc khai thdc khodng san Chii buang cue Nhd nudc Id khdng cho phdp cdc ca sd khai thdc titan su dung nudc biln ttjyin quang, ttieo do, cdc chu du an phai khoan gilng hodc ddo h i lay nudc tuyin quang Song, dilu kign khd hgn cua cdc tTnh nhu Ninh Thuan, Binh Thudn, Quang Binh, Ha TTnh diu phai su dyng cdc gilng khoan Tuy nhien cac ca sd khdng du nudc d l tuyen qugng nenti-ongqud ttinh khai thdc, mgt s l dan vj da ldp dat dudng dng, bam hut nudc biln d l tuyin quang hoac ddo hd sdi mep biln, ddt trgm bam, ldp dgt ong de lay nudc tu biln vdo d l tijyin qugng dd Idm dit dai, nudc nglm xung quanh khu vyc khai thdc bj nhidm mdn, nguy ca nhiim phdng xg td qugng anh hudng din san xudt, sinh hoat vd sdc khoe nhdn dan quanh khu md Ngoai ra, theo quy djnh sau khai ttidc mgt vdi khoanh phai tiln hdnh san lip, cay hay tgo h i chda Nhung thyc t l cac dan vj khai tiidc chua thyc hign dung nhdng quy djnh, da ddn din ddng cua md, thi vdn d l CPM trd tiidnh cdng vide qud Idn vd bit cdp v l mdt tdi chinh Su> dgng cdc van ban phap lugt lien quan d i n cdng tdc CPM Di nang cao higu qua cong tac cong tdc CPM tgl cdc md qudng sa khodng titan, cdc doanh nghidp cin phai tudn thu nghidm cdc vdn ban phdp ly (ca sd de lap phuang an CPM) vd cdc hudng ddn ky thudt lien quan den CPM.Tuy nhidn, cdc van ban phdp ly d nudc ta thudng sau mgt thdi gian bi thay doi, dd vigc cdp nhdt cac vdn ban phdp ly lien quan din cdng tdc CPM cdn phai duyc chO y thudng xuydn tren cdc phuang ttdn dai chung (cdc trang vi/ebsite, bdo chi ), bao gim: *:* Can cd phdp ly: cdc vdn ban phdp ludt nhu cac ludt, phdp lgnh; nghj djnh, quyet dinh, thdng tu, chT thj, cija Chu tjch nudc, Chinh phD, Thu Khaittidctitansa khodng ddn din d nhiim phong tudng, cac 80, Ban, ngdnh Tmng.uang vd dja xg, khodng vgt llmenite, zircon, monazit, manhetit vd phuang, cd lien quan va tn/c tiep chi phii njtin cd cdc khodng vdt chua phdng xg, dac bigt phuang dn CPM Ngodi ra, cdc giay phep khai thdc khodng vdt monazit cd hdm lug-ng phdng xg cao, rat khodng san, quylt djnh phd duy^t bdo cdo nghidn nguy hilm cho sue khde ngudi Cdc chuyen gia cdu kha thl/dy an diu tu, ket qua tham djnh thilt Vidn Nghidn cdu ndng luvng nguyen tu quic gia k l ca sd, cdc van ban phd duygt quy hoach ngdnh, tdng canh bdo phai quan ly chdt monazit ttiai ti'ong quy hogch xdy dung, quy hogch su dung dit khu khai thdc, chl biln titan nhu m0t chat phdng xg vuc triln khai dy dn, quylt djnh phe duydt bdo cdo Thdi gian phdn rd cua monazit co t h l kdo dai hang DTM hoac giay xdc nhdn k l hogch bao vd mdi trdm nam ndn bai chda chit thai phdng xg phai dgt xa trudng (nlu cd) cung thugc v l ca sa phdp ly; khu dan cu thi nguon nudc sinh hogt phai chda cdc ham bd tdng *> Can cd ky thudt: can cd ky ttiugt d l xdy dyng Sy d nhiim dd chu ylu Id cdc doanh nghigp phuang dn CPM bao gdm: cdc van ban hudng ddn chua trlng cay hodn phye mdi tm-dng, tu dd phdt kj? thugt v l DTM, hudng dan xdy dyng phuang dn sinh cdc sy d mdi tnj-dng nhu: vd bd bao lam mOt CPM, cung nhu cdc hudng din kinh td, kJ thugt cd lugng cdt Idn tran vdo nhd ddn, tt^n dudng, anh lidn quan khdc; cdc QCVN, c6 lidn quan; cdc dan hudng din tai san vd hoa mau cua nhdn dan sing gid, djnh mdc kinh t l , djnh mdc ky ttiudt dp dyng; C6NGNGHI|PM0,S64-2015 JJ[]JI_ KHOA HOC KINH TE ik ^Utl •:• Tai lieu co so bao gom: Du i n dau tu xSy dung cdng trinh khai thac md duac phe duyet va thiet k l CO so dug'c tham dinh hoac Bao cao nghiSn ci>u kha thi; bao cio DTM hojc K l hogch bao ve mdi trudng (BVMT) duae phe duyet/xac nhan (nlu cd); tai lieu dia chit khu vuc, tai lieu khai thac, ,; cac tai lieu tu tao qua trinh xay dung d l an nhu tai lipu quan trie mdi trudng D l i vdi hogt dpng CPM tgi cac mp qu|ng sa khoang titan cin quan tam din Ipgi hinh van ban phap ly cOa d p Trung uang va dia phuang Cac van ban cap Trung uong cin quan tam den: Luat Bac v6 mdi trudng (Lugt BVMT) 23/6/2014 co higu luc thi hanh ti> 01/01/2015; Nghj dinh so 19/20i5/ND-CP 14/02/2015 quy dinh chi tiet thi hSnh mpt s l dilu cua Luat Bac vS mdi trudng nam 2014, cd lien quan din cdng tac CPM va ky quj CPM; Thdpg tu sd 38/2015/TT-BTNMT ngSy 30/6/2015 cua BO Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng (Bp TN&MT) v l cai tgo, phgc h l i mdi tnrdng hoat dpng khai thac l 17 thang nam 2015 va thay thl Thdng tu sd 34/2009/TT-BTNMT ngSy 31 thang 12 nam 2009 cua Bp TN&MT quy dinh vS l^p, phS duyet, kilm tra xac nhan du an cai tgo, phgc hdi mdi trudng va \c