MdT sd KINH NGfflfeM CtiA CAC NlTPC TRONG PHAT TRI£N KINH Ti XANH ^tr'''' rong bdi cinh phit triln kinh t l vi ^£1/ toin ciu hda hien nay, cic nudc tren thi gidi cdng chju inh hudng cia cic tic ddng xiu[.]
MdT sd KINH NGfflfeM CtiA CAC NlTPC TRONG PHAT TRI£N KINH Ti XANH CAO THI THANH NGA' ^tr' rong bdi cinh phit triln kinh tl vi ^£1/ toin ciu hda hien nay, cic nudc tren thi gidi cdng chju inh hudng cia cic tic ddng xiu ttt cic eudc khing hoing Tuy ting trudng kinh tl dat mdc cao nhung khdng bin vihig Them vio dd, su tang trudng cua kinh tl keo theo su tin phi mdi trudng, lim suy giam ngudn tii nguyen thien nhien vi lim gia tang biln ddi hau Ddng trudc thuc trang nay, y tudng vl mdt nln kinh tl xanh hay viec "xanh hda" nln kinh tl dupc dua nhim cP ciu lai nln kinh t l thi gidi, bao ve mdi trudng vi dem lai su cdng bing hon cho xa hdi Mdt sd quan dilm cho rang kinh t l xanh chi thuc hien dupc d nhttng nudc giau Tuy nhidn, nln kinh tl xanh di va dang dupe thuc hidn cdng trdn mpi linh vuc d nhilu nudc dang phit triln Thuc t l da chdng minh rang: nln kinh t l xanh khdng ngan can su phit triln kinh te va cung khdng lam mit di nhihig cd hdi vide lim Khdng nhttng thi, nln kinh tl xanh cdn tao nhttng co hdi tdt cho dau tu va tang trudng kinh tl, tao thdm nhilu cd hdi vice lam Nhttng thip ky cia vide tao sdc manh thdng qua nln kinh tl nhu hidn khdng dat tdi su bin vttng vl xi hdi va lam suy giam tai nguydn thidn nhidn Vi vay, phai nhilu thap ky ntta chdng ta mdi cd thi dat dupe cic muc tidu thien nien ky Su bin vttng li mdt muc tieu dai ban va quan trpng nen chdng ta phai tilp tuc "lam xanh" nln kinh te dl dat dupc muc tieu dd I KHAI NifiM KINH TE XANH Khai niem "kinh t l xanh" xuit hien lin dau tidn vao thing 10 nam 2008, Chuong trinh mdi trudng Lidn hpp qudc phd'i hpp vdi cic nln kinh t l hang diu thi gidi Iriln khai sang kiln "kinh tl xanh" vdi nhan dmh dd la su lira chpn td't nha't cho su phat trien bin m vttng cua cac qudc gia, vtta thdc diy tang trudng kinh t l dn djnh vira lam diu nhttng cang thing cia thidn nhidn, ngan chan chay miu tai nguydn vi tao nhilu co hdi viec lam thi ky 21 Theo dd, nln "kinh t l xanh" hay cdn gpi li nln "kinh t l sach" dupe hilu "nln kinh t l cd chinh sach phat triln dinh hudng li thi trudng, nln tang la cac nln kinh t l truyin thdng, muc tidu la su hda hpp cia kinh t l va mdi tru&ng sinh thii Ddng luc mdi cua nln kinh t l xanh li bao vd mdi trudng, phat triln cdng nghd san xuit sach va nang lupng sach, nhanh chdng dat dupc mdc lang irudng kinh t l bin vihig Nhu vay, nln kinh t l xanh la "mdt nln kinh t l thai ludng eacbon thip, s i dung hidu qui ngudn tii nguydn vi gidi han xa hdi" Mdt nln kinh t l xanh lim tang thu nhap va viec lam dupc tao bdi su diu tu cia ca nhan va cong ddng Dilu lam giam su phit thai CO2 va su d nhilm, ning cao hieu qua s i dung nang lupng va tai nguyen, ngan chan cic dich vu lam suy giam da dang sinh hpc hoac cic nhin id giy tdn hai he sinh thai Chuong trinh Mdi trudng Lidn hpp qudc (UNEP) da dinh nghia: kinh t l xanh la nln kinh tl dem din nhttng kit cao qua vide cai thidn ddi sd'ng ngudi, xiy dung xa hpi cdng bang nhung dam bao giam thilu nhitag nguy CO vl mdi tru&ng vi khdng giy tdn hai cac he sinh thii Vide tap trung vio nln kinh t l xanh cia UNEP da lam ro hon khii nidm kinh t l xanh ndu nam 2008, dac biet thdng qua viec phat ddng sang kiln kinli t l xanh (GGND) GGND da khuye'n cio mdt Id trinh cho viec diu ttt Cao Thi Thanh Nga, Ths., Vien Nghien cdu M6I truiVng va Phat trien ben viirng Cao Thi Thanh Nga - M^t s6kinh nghi$m cdng, chfnh sach bd sung va thidt lap Iai gid ca nham muc dich tao cii hich ddu tien cho viec hudng tdi kinh te xanh tai thidt cae ndn kinh td, vdn dd viec lam vd tinh trang ngheo ddi dai dang Dupc thidt kd cho tiing giai doan va chfnh sdch thfch hpp nhdm ddi phd vdi khiing hoang kinh td, GGND la kdt qua sdm nhdt kd tii hdi nghj vd kinh id xanh ddu tien ciia Lien hpp qudc Dupc didu hdnh bdi UNEP, hdi nghj ddu tifin ndy Id mdt hdi nghj ve khiing hoang dupe dua b6i Tdng thu ky Lien hpp qudc va Uy ban thudng true LHQ nhdm dd'i phd vdi khiing hodng kinh td va tai chfnh nam 2008 Ndi dung cudn sach "Hudng tdi kinh td xanh: Con dudng dd dat dupc su phat tridn bdn vung va giam ngheo" cua UNEP eho thdy viec chuydn sang ndn kinh td xanh khdng chl la mdt su lang trudng an theo chung chung ma dich thuc la su tang irudng b phuong dien mdi Ndn kinh td xanh da tao them viec lam va cung Id chien lupc quan trpng cho viec loai trfit su ngheo ddi dai dang Bdo cao cua UNEP cung yeu cdu cac nha hoach dinh chfnh sach phai tao cac dieu kien thuc thi cho viec gia tang dau tu de hudng tdi ndn kinh td xanh theo ba each sau: + Tint nhdt, nd phai tao dupc mdt ndn kinh te cd su ddu tu luan phien, ca ddu tu cdng va tu de thay ddi nhiing ITnh viic chii chdt ma nhiing linh vuc rdt quan trpng de dat tdi kinh te xanh tren toan cau Didu dupc minh chiing thdng qua nhirng vi du nhu lam the nao dd cd nhidu hon lao ddng ma hp cd dupc viec lam xanh thay thd cho nhung viec lam bj mdt qua trinh hudng tdi mpt nen kinh te xanh + ThO: hai, nd chi lam the nao ma kinh id xanh cd the giam dupc su ddi ngheo dai ddng nhieu ITnh vuc quan trpng nhu ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, nudi trdng thuy san, ddnh bat xa bd va nang lupng Nganh lam nghiep ben vfing va phuong thtic canh tac than thien vdi sinh thai gidp bao ve ddi phi cua ddt va ngudn nudc ndi chung dac biet cho sinh ke cua 1,3 ty ndng dan + Cudi ciing, nd cung cdp su hudng ddn vd nhiing chfnh sdch dd dal tdi su thay ddi bdng viec gidm hoac loai trur nhiing tac hai cho mdi trudng hoac nhQng trp cdp khdng dliiig tdi thidt thi trucfng thidu tidm nang ban|g ydu td ben ngodi hoac thdng tin chua ddy du, thdng qua su khuydn khfch cho thj trudng ban ddu, thdng qua su didu chinh thich hpp vd su nhan ihtic cua cdng ddng vd kinh td xanh, va thdng qua viec kich thfch ddu tu II KINH NGHI$M PHAT TRI^N KINH T^ XANH M O T S O NirdC TRfeN TH]^ Gl6l Kinh nghiem phdt trien "kinh te xanh" ndng nghidp a Phdt trien ndng nghiep huu c0 d Cuba Su chuydn hudng sang ndn ndng nghiep hiiu CO cia Cuba la mdt didu cdn thidt de ddi phd vdi eudc khing hoang luong thuc lam suy kiet qud'e gia lii ddu nhOng nam 1990 Sau su sup dd ciia Lien Xd va mdt thdi gian dai bi cdm van thuong mai da anh hudng nghiem trpng ddn viec thuc hien cdng nghiep hda ndn ndng nghiep ciia qudc gia Cuba da bidn su thieu hut thudc trir sau, phan bdn va nang lupng mdt eo hdi dd hudng ldi su sdn xudt hiiu CP vdi nhiing lpi ieh vd kinh td, xa hdi va mdi trudng Chfnh phu Cuba da gidi quydt cude khung hoang luong thuc didn vao thdng nam 1993 bang each giai tdn phdn ldn cdc ndng Irudng qudc doanh va bie'n chung cae don vj CO ban cua hpp tae san xudt Phdn ldn 80 % dien tfch ddt san xudt ndng nghiep da dupc chuyen cho ngudi lao ddng vd lai lap doanh nghiep thudc sd h&u ciia ngudi lao ddng Mac dii ndng daii khdng dupc sd hiiu da't nhung hp dupc phep si dung da't midn phf va vd thdi ban midn la hp tiep luc dap ling han ngach san xudt cay trdng chfnh cua hp cay luong thuc dupc sdn xuat vupt qua han ngach ed thd dupc ban lu tai thj trudng, qua dd ap dung mdt miic gia uu dai cho ndng ddn viec sii dung hieu qua cac cdng nghe hiiu co mdi nhu phan bdn sinh hpc va mdt sd loai phan khac Ndng dan cung lam sdng lai ky thudt truydn thdng nhu xen canh va bdn phan dd tang nang sudt Nghien cCru Phat trien ben vQ-ng, so (33) - Thang 12/2011 m Cao Thj Thanh Nga -.M6ls6kinh nghl$m Uganda li nudc su dung lupng phin bdn hda hpc thip nhit thi gidi, trung binh khding Ikg/ha so vdi trung binh trdn toan luc dia (9kg/ha) Vide it phd bien s i dung phan hda hpc da dupc khai thac nhu la mdt co hCii thuc su thuin lpi dl hudng tdi hinh thdc sin xuit ndng nghiep bin vttng vi Uganda da tip trung san xuit ndng nghidp cia minh theo hudng - Loi ich ve kinh te', xa hdi vd mdi trudng ciia ndng nghiip hdu ca: Bing viec chuyin sang nln ndng nghiep httu cd, Uganda da thu dupc nhttng thinh tuu vl kinh tl, xa hdi vi mdi tru&ng Nh& dd, 85% din sd b Uganda da thuc hidn sin xuit ndng nghidp theo hudng httu co va ddjig gdp 42% tdng GDP cia ci nudc vi 80% gii ttj xuit khiu giai doan 2005 - 2006 Tii diu nim 1994 mdt sd cdng ty thudng mai bat diu tim hilu vi triln khai sin xuit ndng nghiep httu CO Cung thdi dilm dd; Uganda cd mdt su chuyin ddi linh vuc ndng nghiep hudng tdi phit triln nln ndng nghidp bin vung nhu li mdt phuong thdc cai thien sinh kl cho ngu&i din Nam 2003; Uganda da cd didn tich dit Ida nhit chiu Phi va ddng thd 13 trdn thi gidi danh cho san xuit ndng nghidp hihi co Nam 2004, Uganda cd 185.000 dit canh tac ndng nghidp httu co, chilm hem 2% didn tich dit ndng nghidp vdi 45.000 ndng dan dupc ci'p chdng nhin san xuit ndng nghidp httu eo Din nam 2007, sd ndng din dupc cip chdng nhin sin xuit ndng nghidp hihi co la 206.803 ngudi vdi dien tich len tdi 296.203 Nhu vay, giai doan ttt 2002 - 2007, sd luong ndng dan dupc cip chdng nhin san xuit ndng nghiep hihi cd da tang 359% vi dien ti'ch dit dl san xuit ndng nghiep httu cd tang 60% Theo Lien doan Qudc t l cic td chdc ndng nghiep hiiu co (IFOAM), thi tru&ng thuc phim vi dd ud'ng hihi cd loan ciu udc tinh khoang 50 ty USD, ting trung binh ttt 10 20%/nim giai doan td 2000 din 2007 Vdi 80% nha san xui't sin phim httu co la cac nudc Chiu Phi, Chiu A va Chiu My Latinh thi day la mdt CO hdi Idn cho nhilu nudc dang phit triln ma 97% doanh thu dupc tao la xuit khiu sang cic nudc thudc Td chdc hpp tic va phit triln kinh tl (OCED) La mdt nhi san xui't cae sin phim hihi CO ldn, Uganda da thu dupc nhttng lpi ich ldn ttt ngudn kim ngach xuit khiu quan trpng EB Nghien Cifl' ^hH Irlan han i/iTnn v/id t'i'ii TTiann Nhttng chi'nh sich cdng cung ddng gdp chd nln ndng nghidp httu co khu vuc dd thi thdng qua ChUdng trinh qudc gia cho ndng nghiep dd thi vao nim 1994 Chuong trinh niy dupc thilt kl nhim khuyin khich ndng din b khu vuc dd thi san xuit nhttng sin phim sach, da dang vi cd lpi cho sdc khde Nhttng ngu6i trdng XI gi da chuyin ddi nhilu dit trdng cia hp nhttng ndng trai nhd vi vung chin tha gia sdc Kit qua li khoang 350.000 viec lam dupc tao ra, trieu tin trii cay vi rau xanh dupc san xuit hang nam b Havana (gip 10 lin so vdi khd'i lupng san xuit trpng mdt thip ky cia thdi ky trudc) vi mdt thinh phd 2,2 trieu cu din tu cung tu cip san phim ndng nghiep Trong viec dam bao an ninh luong thuc qudc gia dudi thdi ki cim van thucmg mai rit khd khan thi viec chuyin ddi sang nln ndng nghiep hihi co cung di cd anh hudng tich cue din sinh kl cia ngudi din bing cieh dam bao mdt thu nhip dn dinh cho mdt ty le ding kl din sd Hon ntta, viec thilu hut lupng thud'c trtt sau cho san xuit ndng nghiep cd thi cd mdt tie ddng tich cue va lau dai din ngudi dan Cuba cic hda chit niy thudng lien quan din nhung tic ddhg tieu cue din sdc khde ngudi b Ndng nghiep hdiucffff Uganda Uganda da cd nhttng budc tiln quan trpng vide chuyin ddi sin xuit ndng nghidp truyin thd'ng sang mdt hd thdng ndng nghiep httu CO va dat dupc nhttng thinh tich dang kl vl kinh tl, xa hdi vi mdi tru&ng Ndng nghiep httu Cd la nln ndng nghiep dua trdn cd sd li'y cac san phim phu cua ndng nghiep vi chi't thai cua cic sinh vat lim phan bdn, thuc hien mdt nen san xuit ndng nghidp vua cd Ihl bao vd dp phi cia di't, vtta cd thi bao vd san lupng ndng san Nd la mdt he thdng tdng thi cia quan ly san xuit, khuydn khich vi tang cudng sdc khoe hd sinh thai ndng nghidp bao gdm da dang sinh hpc, chu ky sinh hpc va cic boat tinh sinh hpe cua dit lonnn Cao Thj Thanh Nga - M6t sdkinh va dem lai ngudn thu nhap cho ndng dan Xudt khdu sdn phdm hiiu co tang tit 3,7 trieu USD nam 2003 2004 len 6.2 trieu USD nam 2004 - 2005 vd ddn ndm 2007 2008 da nhay len miic 22,8 trifiu USD Xdt vd miie gid vd thu nhdp cho ndng dan, nhiing nghien cihi ciia UNEP vd Hdi nghj Lien hpp qud'e vd thuong mai va phdt tridn (UNCTAD) chi rdng ndm 2006 gid cac ndng san nhu diia, g&ng vd qud vani hQli co cao hon 300%, 185% va 150% tuong iing so vdi san phdm dupc san xudt theo phuong thtic truydn thdng Vdi nen ndng nghiep hiiu co thi Uganda khdng chl thu dupc Ipi fch vd kinh id ma cdn gdp phdn vao viec giam nhe bidn ddi khf hau, VI du trung binh tfnh tren thi su phdt thai nha kinh thdp hon 64% so vdi san xudt ndng nghiep theo ldi truydn thdng Nhidu nghien clhi da chi rdng cac canh ddng canh tdc huu co hdp thu lit ddn tdn eacbon tfnh tren ha, cao hon so vdi ndn ndng nghiep truyen thdng - Su thay ddi he thd'ng vd chinh sdch ITnh vuc ndng nghiep d Uganda: Vd mat chinh sdch, nam 2004 tieu chudn ndng nghiep hiiu co cua Uganda da dupc thdng qua Vdi tu cdch la mdt vien ciia Cdng ddng cac qudc gia Ddng Phi, nam 2007 Uganda da thdng qua tieu chudn vdng "San phdm hiiu co Ddng Phi (EAOPS)" - mdt sang kidn cua UNEP-UNCTAD Thang nam 2009, chfnh phu Uganda da cd du thdo Chfnh sdch ndng nghiep hiiu co Ban du thao md ta tdm nhin, sii menh, cae muc tieu va chidn lupc dd hd trp su phat trien ciia ndng nghiep hiiu co nhu Id "mdt nhiing dudng dd dat dupe su tang trudng bdn viing vi nd cung cdp co che cho nhirng ngudi ndng dan de nang cao nang sudt, tang them gia trj va tie'n vao thj trudng - day chfnh la chia khda dd dat dupc nhihig muc lieu ciia kd hoach hanh ddng xda ddi gidm ngheo" Chidn lupc dua de ihuc hidn chfnh sach dupc dua tren cdc bien phap can thiep vao linh vuc chinh sach: khuydn khfch ndng nghiep hiiu co va col ddy nhu la mdt ydu td Nghm c&u Ph^t triin ben vOng, s6 (33) - ThSng 12/2011 nghl$m tang cudng vdo he thdng san xudt ndng nghiep; phdt tridn mdt he thdng cac tieu chudn, chting chi vd cdng nhdn sdn phdm hiiu co; thuc ddy hoat ddng nghien cihi khoa hpc, phdt tridn vd ihig dung c6ng nghe; hd trp phdt tridn cdc sdn phdm hiiu co cua dia phuong, v&ng vd thi trudng qudc td; cung cdp thdng tin, kidn thiic vd ky nang thdng qua gido due vd ddo tao; cdi tidn cdng nghe sau thu hoach; sit dung bdn viing cdc ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien; thUc ddy su tham gia ciia cdc nhdm lpi ich, dac biet Id phu nii, nien, ngudi ngheo vd nhdm ngudi de bj tdn thuong Nhin mdt each tdng thd thi Uganda da thuc hien cdc bien phap khd cu thi di lang cudng san xudt ndng nghiep hiiu co, tao doanh thu va thu nhap cho nhflng ndng hd nhd LTnh vuc nang lupng a Ndng lucmg mat trdi d Barbados Su le thude qud nhidu ciia Barbados vao nhien lieu hda thach nhap khdu da trd mdi nhiing vdn dd mdi trudng ldn cia ddt nudc Kd hoach chidn lupc qudc gia ciia Barbados giai doan 2006 - 2025 dupc dua nham khde phuc didu bang each tang ngudn cung nang lupng tdi tao, dac biet tap trung vao viec nang cao sd lupng hd gia dinh s^ dung binh nudc ndng dun bdng nang lupng mat trdi ldn 50% vdo nam 2025 Hien nay, nhiing binh nudc ndng dun bdng nang lupng mat trdi sii dung cdng nghe nang lupng tdi tao d Barbados dupc diing gdn mdt nia cac don vj cua hdn dao Trong nam 2002, Barbados da han chd dupc 15.000 ta'n phat thai COj va hon 100 trieu USD viec tidt kiem nang lupng tii 35.000 he thdng dun nudc bdng nang lupng mat trdi Gdn day, chfnh phii Barbados da thuc hien nhidu dd an dd tidp tuc kich thieh viSc xay dung tda nha nang lupng mat trdi Ngoai ra, vdi chuong trinh su bdo tdn ndng lupng va khdu Irii nang lupng tdi tao, viec giam 50% chi phf cua viec xay dung them noi cu trii ho5c cai dat mdt he thdng dd san xudt dien tii m Cao Thi Thanh Nga - Mdt sdkinh nghlim ngudn khie nhien lidu hda thach cung da dupc dua Nhttng nd luc giio due cdng ddng nhu viec lip nhi ning lupng mit trdi nam 2007 cung ddng mdt vai tr6 quan trpng viec xdc tiln cic ngudn ning lupng tii tao vi bao tdn ning luong Hon ntta, B6 Dio tao cia Barbados dupc thinh lap nhim dua nhttng CO hdi nghi nghiep viec nang cao ky nang cho ngu&i dan dia phuong linh vuc nang lupng Vi du nhu Bd dio tao hudng din cic ky thuit vien tuong lai se lim viec cic nhi miy sin xuit binh nudc ndng chay bang nang lupng mat trdi Hien nay, ba cdng ty d Barbados chi phdi vide dng dung va san xuit binh nudc ndng chay bing nang lupng mat trdi d dit nudc niy vi hp da san sang md rdng sang mdt thi tru&ng tilm nang li khu vuc Caribe Vdi su hd trp va khuyin khieh tii chinh cho cic nha sin xuit nhu cho vay lai suit thip cd thi thdc diy su tang trudng va phit triln cua nganh cdng nghiep san xui't binh nudc ndng chay bang ning lupng mat trdi Nhimg sang kiln khac nhu Chudng trinh hanh ddng vl hidu qua nang lupng p cic khich san cia khu vuc Caribe kit hpp vdi cac dai ly khie cung nghidn cdu dl ap dung cic phudng thdc sii dung hidu qua nang lupng nginh du lich Ttt nam 2008, gin 40.000 binh nudc ndng, chilm khoang 75% so binh nudc ndng chay bang nang lupng mat trdi duoc lip dit ci nudc dupc san xuit d Barbados Gin day, vdi udc tinh cd 91.406 trdn tdng sd cic don vi lip binh nudc ndng chay bang nang lupng mat trdi thi thidt bi chay bang ngudn nang lupng da cdng vide tham nhap thi trudng Vide ting s i dung binh nudc chay bang nang lupng mat trdi d qudc dao niy da minh chdng cho vice lam thi nio dl mdt sang kiln ve ngudn tai nguydn cd Ihl kich thi'ch su tang trudng kinh t l va thuc diy nhan thdc vi hanh ddng dd'i vdi nang lupng tai tao nhung cOng da khuyin khich vide tii s i dung chit thii nhu mdt ngudn tii nguydn nang lupng Trong nhttng nam qua, cic chinh sich da lim ting ding kl ty Id tii chl vi tao hang nghin vide lim mdt nd luc dl xiy dung mdt xa hdi tuin hoin tii nguydn Hd thdng "trich nhidm cia nhi sin xuit md rdng" (EPR) cia Chi'nh phi Han Qudc ydu ciu cic nhi san xuit vi nhip khiu phai tii chl mdt sd lupng san phim nhit dinh cia hp Ldi ich vl tii chi'nh cua vide tai chl 6.067 tridu tin ric thai vdng nim qua kl tiir thuc thi hd thdng EPR nim 2003 udc tinh ban L6 ty USD Trong nim 2008, cd tdng cdng 69.213 tin sin phim nhua dupe tai chl, lpi ich vl ning suit vi kinh t l dat xip xi 69 tridu USD Hon ntta, thdi kj nam (td 2003 din 2006) hd thdng EPR da tao 3.200 vide lam mdi cho ngudi lao ddng Cic lpi ich vl mdi trudng cua EPR CO ban la nhu Bing cieh tii chl cic san p h ^ theo chinh sich EPR thay vi chdn lip thi lupng phat thai CO2 da giam trung binh hing nam khoang 412.000 tin Hon ntta, udc tinh ring kit qua cia nhiing nd luc thi co' khoang 23.532 tin nha kinh (CO2) phat thai ttt bai chdn lip hoic ddt nhua da duoc ngan chin * Qudn ly rdc thdi iHan Qudc Vide quan ly va tii chl rac thai d Han Qud'e khdng lam giam su phit sinh chit thai Mac du khdi lupng ric thai cia qudc gia da ting tOmg budc ttt nim 2000 nhung ty id phin trim cia tdng lupng ric thai dupc tai chl cdng di ting ldn ding ke Vi du nim 1995 cd 72,3 % luong ric thai rin cia cic phd dupc chdn lip va 23,7 % dupc lii che thi nam 2007 da cd 57,8% lupng rac thai ran dudc tii chl va chi cd 23,6% li chdn lip Cung nim 2007 thi cd 81,1% tdng lupng ric thai cua cac phd dupc tai chl Viec giam lupng rac thai chdn lip da mdra hudng di cho nhiing linh vuc kinh doanh mdi Du in thu hdi ngudn ttt cic hd chdn lip rac thai cia Han Qudc la mdt du in co chl phat triln sach chi ylu vdi cdng suit 50MWh va sin xuit 363.259 MWh dien nim 2009 Nhi miy san xuit dien ttt bai chdn lip rac thai da lam giam lupng phit thai CO2 xudng 0,4 trieu tin giai thdi gian td gitta EQ Nghien cir- ™ " * " - ^" ••~- -"'"" '^^" """"" C a o Thi Thanh Nga - M^t sdkinh nghiSnn thing din thing 11 nam 2007 Nd dupc mong dpi la se giam tdng cdng khoang trieu tin CO2 cung th&i ki vio nim 2017 Du kiln thdi gian 10 nim dd thi nhi may cung se tilt kidm cho Hin Qudc 129 tridu USD Nhi miy cung se gidp Han Qudc giam nhap khiu khoang 530 ngin thing diu nam 2009 c Ndng luang tdi che d Trung Qudc Trung Qudc dang thuc hidn nhttng budc tiln dang kl dl chuyin sang mdt chiln lupc tang trudng eacbon thip dua trdn su phat triln cac ngudn nang lupng tii tap Trong k l hoach nim lin thd 11 (2006-2010) phan bd mdt su diu tu ding kl cho cic linh vuc xanh vdi trpng tam la nang lupng tii tao vi hidu qua nang lupng Luit Ning lupng tai tao cua Trung Qud'e dupc thdng qua nim 2005 la khudn khd phap luit chi'nh cho su phit triln cia nginh Phap luit cung cip mot loat eie bidn phip khuyin khieh tii chinh, ching ban nhu mdt quy qudc gia dl thdc diy phat triln nang lupng tii tao, cho vay uu dii vi uu dai vl thul cho cic du in nang lupng tai tao, va ydu ciu cic nha khai thic didn ludi mua cic ngudn luc td nha sin xuit nang lupng tai tao da dang ky Su kit hpp giua diu tu va chi'nh sich uu dai da khuyin khich nhttng tiln bp quan trpng cho su phat triln ca linh vuc nang lupng gid vi nang lupng mat trdi - Ndng luong gid: Cdng suit phit didn bd sung td nang ludng gid da tao mdt tdc dd tang trudng hing nam hdn 100% ttt nam 2005 din nam 2009 Vdi vide hoa vao ludi didn qudc gia 13,8 GW nam 2009, Trung Qudc din dSu thi gidi vl kha nang gia tang ngudn didn, va ddng thd hai vl cdng suit lip dat sau My Dilu phan inh tham vpng ngiy cang tang nginh cong nghidp, chi'nh phi da chi y dinh cia minh la tang trudc thdi ban muc tidu 30 GW cdng suit lip dat ttt nam 2020 idn 100 GW Dl khuyin khich dia phuong true tilp san xuit tua-bin, Trung Qudc da thuc hien chinh sich khuyin khich vide lidn doanh vi chuyin giao cdng nghd Nghiin ciru Phat trien bin vOng, so (33) - Thing 12/2011 sin xuit tua-bin gid va bat budc sijr dung cic tua-bin gid dupc sin xuit nudc Bd Khoa hoc vi Cdng nghd da trp cip chi phi dl sin xuit nang lupng ttt gid b cic cip dd khie theo thdi gian, bit diu ding chd ^ nhit nim 1996 vdi vide thinh lip mdt quy ning lupng tii tao Cic nhi sin xuit tua-bin gid nudc nhu Sinovel Wind, Goldwind Science and Technology- vi Dongfang Electric da gdp phin vio tdng sd lip dit tua-bin mdi Cac nha san xui't niy chilm it nhit mdt nia thi tru&ng ndi dia vdn bi chi phdi bdi cic cdng ty nudc ngoii cho mil din nim 2008 Uy ban Cii cieh vi Phat triln qudc gia cua Trung Qud'e ban hinh cic bien phap quan ly tam thdi cho mdc thul nang lupng tai tao va phan bd chi phi nam 2006 Cung vdi Luit nang lupng tai tao, cic quy dinh nham muc dich khuyin khi'ch vide giam gii didn nang ttt gid bang cieh quy dinh mdt md hinh diu thiu canh tranh vl gii dupc s i dung cho phin ldn su phit triln didn nang td gid d Trung Qudc - Ndng luong mat trdi: Trd thinh nudc sin xuit pin ning lupng mat trdi ldn nhit trdn thi gidi, Trung Qudc san xuit 45% tdng pin nang lupng mat trdi toin ciu nam 2009 Gin day, thi trudng nang lupng mat trdi nudc di bit dau phit triln vdi khoang 160 MW pin nang lupng mat trdi dupc cii dit va kit nd'i vao ludi dien nam 2009 Nhung vdi hon 12GW cia cic du an ldn cic dudng dng thi cd thi nhanh chdng trd mdt thi trudng chi ylu cia Chau A va the gidi Ddi vdi pin mat trdi, chinh phi cung da chl ring cac muc tidu cdng suit lip dat vao nam 2020 cd the tang ttt 1,8 GW din 20 GW Trung Qudc hidn la thi trudng ldn nhit cua thi gidi linh vuc binh nudc ndng dun bang nang lupng mat trdi vdi gin hai phin ba ning luc loan ciu Hdn 10% cic hd gia dinh Trung Qudc dua vao mat trdi dl lam ndng nudc vdi hdn 160 tridu mit vudng didn tich thu nang lupng Su phat triln Cao Thi Thanh Nga - M0t s6klnh nhanh chdng cia ITnh vuc san xuit binh nudc ndng ning lupng mat tr&i li Ipi nhuin cho ci cic don vi san xuit kinh doanh vi hd gia dinh sit dung Ngoii cung cd nhttng lpi ich ding kl vl sdc khde vi vd sinh cai thidn dupc nang cung eip nudc ndng, cd tinh thi vi kinh t l hon vdi cic hd thdng nudc ndng nang lupng mat trdi Trong khudn khd cia k l hoach nam lin thd XI cho vin dl nang lupng mdi va tai tao thi mdt kl hoach thuc hidn nhim thdc diy s i dung ngudn nhidt nang luong mat tr&i d Trung Qudc da dupc thdng qua nam 2007 Theo chinh sich niy thi vide lap dat hd thdng dun nudc bing nang lupng mat tr&i dupe uu tidn cho ngudi tidu ding lupng nudc ndng ldn, vi du nhu bdnh vidn, tru&ng hpc, nhi hing vi hd bdi - Tao viec Idm: Linh vuc ning lupng tao san lupng tri gia 17 ty USD vi tao khoang 1,5 tridu vide lam vao cud'i nam 2009, dd khoang 600.000 vide lim nginh cdng nghidp nhidt ning lupng mat trdi, 55.000 vide lam nginh quang didn mat trdi vi 22.200 viec lam nganh nang lupng gid Rieng nam 2009 udc tinh cd khoang 300.000 viec lam dupc tao Kinh nghidm cua Trung Qudc la vi du vl chinh sich din tdi su tang trudng linh vuc nang lupng tai tao, dilu da tao cdng an vide lam, thu nhap vi doanh thu cho cac nganh cdng nghiep eacbon thip cdn non tre Linh vuc lim nghiep a Qudn Iy khai thdc gd d Tanzania Trong mdt nd luc giam thilu nhttng nguy CO cia biln ddi hau ddi vdi su cd ging phat triln d Tanzania, Chuong trinh biln ddi hau sir thich nghi vi phat triln (CC DARE) da hd trp qudc gia thuc hien mdt nghien cdu cai thien sinh k l cia nhttng chi ring thdng qua viec quan ly khai thac gd nhu la mdt bien phip thich nghi vdi su biln ddi hiu b huyen Makete Nghidn cdu niy danh gia viec thuc hien quan ly khai thae gd cua nhttng ehi ring nhd vi EQ nghl$m viec thuong mai sin phim gd chd ^ die biet vio su cin bang gidi va quyln s6 httu dit Nhdm ngu&i khai thac g6 phat triln kl hdach hoat ddng rieng cua hp, dat luat 16 khai thic, dua t^ 16 vi gia ca sin phim vi quylt dinh lim t h i nio ddi vdi Ipi nhuin: gdp hay chia cho tttng ci nhan Cd mdt bing chdng quan trpng cia su cai thidn eudc hpp cua nhttng ngu&i khai thic g6, nang cao quin 1^ nudc va dit canh tic - Nhttng kit qua cia du in di gidp tao nhttng Ipi ich ca vl mdi tru&ng vi kinh tl Bao cio tii chinh cia huyen cho thiy, hon 64% ngudn tai chinh cia Hdi ddng nhan din nam tii ehinh 2009/2010 dupc tao ttt viec thu gom gd qu^, viec dupc tao ttt du in dupc thuc hien bdi CC DARE viec khai thic g6 cua nhttng chi ring - Viec nghien cdu da gidp phat triln tdt cac nguydn tic hoat ddng cho quan 1^ khai thic gd d huyen Makele, cung ci'p nhttng cdng cu dl trao quyln cho phu ntt va tre em gii thiet thdi quan 1^ rttng va tilp thj san phim gd Nghien cdu dupc thuc hien rit cin than bing viec lien kit nam gidi, ntt gidi, nam ntt nidn va phd eSp cho hp thdng tin vl vide tuyIn chpn gidng thuc vat, ngudn cay trdng, chuin bi dit, ldn ludng gieo trdng, boat ddng khai thac, thdi gian thu hoach thich hpp, vi lao kenh tilp thi sin phim gd Su linh hdat cung vdi hanh ddng thuc tidn cua CC DARE da dat muc tidu li lam cho nhttng ngu&i phan ddi chip nhan mdt chu kl quay vong nhanh, tao hieu dng xdc tic cho cic boat ddng cd su tham gia nhilu hon cia hp bing vide thu hut sU quan tim cia chinh phi Kit qui cia du an eung da giup Tanzania vide thu hit su tii trp cia cic td chdc khie nhu vide nhin dupc 11 tridu USD ttt Quy cac nudc kem phit triln nhit (LDCF) b Qudn ly rdng d Nepal Lim nghiep cdng ddng da gdp phin phuc hdi tai nguyen rttng d Nepal Riimg chilm gin 40% didn tich cua qudc gia Mac dii didn tich rttng da giam vdi tdc dd hing nim NgWInCI'- """-: ••'-•-? - - ' • " " ^' """ Cao Thj Thanh Nga - Mdt sdkinh nghidm Id 1,9% sudt nhChig nam 1990 nhung tinh trang da dupc khac phuc nen dien tich riing da tang 1,35% mdi nam giai doan tir 2000 ddn 2005 Lam nghiep cdng ddng chidm mdt vj trf quan trpng qudn 1^ rimg b Nepal Vdi chfnh sach td chiic nhGng ngudi dan dia phuong cdc Nhdm cdng ddng sii dung rirng (CFUGs) di ddu quan 1^ tai nguyen cdn chinh phii ddng vai trd hd trp Vi vay qudn 1^ riing Id mdt nd luc ciia cdng ddng va ddi hoi chfnh phu cung cdp mdt phdn tai chinh Ttc nam 1980 khodng 14.000 CFUGs da dupc lap Hien cd khoang 1/4 dien tfch riing cua Nepal dupc quan ly bdi hon 35% dan cu cua Nepal Lam nghiep edng ddng qudn ly dien tfch riing ldn thii hai sau Chfnh phu Nhiing nhdm sir dung rhng phat tridn kd hoach khai ihac cua hp, dd nhOng qui dinh cua viec khai thac, de gia thdnh cua cac sdn phdm tii riing vd cung chinh hp quydt djnh thu nhap lii rirng dupc ddng gdp chung hay chia cho tiing cd nhan Nhiing lpi fch ciia lam nghiep cdng ddng bao gdm co hdi viec lam va lao thu nhap tii bao ve riing, khai Ihac gd va cay mue eiing nhu cac sdn phdm lam san ngoai gd Ngoai ra, nhirng lpi fch kinh td dudi hinh thfic cac ngudn nguyen lieu gd bdn virng dap iing dupc hon 3/4 nhu cdu nang lupng cho cac hd gia dinh Cai lien quan Iy r&ng va dd che phu ciing gdp phdn bao tdn thien nhien Lam nghiep cdng ddng cung thuc ddy su tang trudng Mdt sd hoat ddng lam nghiep cdng ddng budc ddu da lao mdt chuong trinh hd trp cho nhiing ngudi cd thu nhap thap ciing nhu tiet kiem va cac boat ddng tfn dung giua cac vien, bao gdm nhiing ngudn vd'n dd tai trp cho cac hoat dpng nhdm tao thu nhap Lam nghiep cdng ddng Cling trao quydn cho CFUGs vdi tidng ndi cd Irpng lupng hon viec quydt djnh thdng qua viec tham gia lap ke hoach va quan Iy Bd Bao ldn riing va ddt (MFSC) la td chiic ehinh cho viec tao mdt mdi trudng thuan lpi cho quan I;y tai nguyen rirng da Nghi§n ciht Phkt trien ben vifng, so (33) - Th^ng 12/2011 thuc hien chfnh sdch Id lam nghiep cdng ddng vd lam nghiep thue cd hpp ddng, da giup chfnh phii Nepal dat dupc cdng dang kd bdo ve ring vd bdo ve mdi trudng Quy hoach tdng thd cho nganh lam nghiep dupc chudn bi vdo nam 1989, Hanh ddng ddi vdi rirng nkm 1993, Quy chd vd rirng nam 1995 va chfnh sdch ngdnh lam nghiep nam 2000 dupc phat tridn va thuc hifin dd hd trp cdc chuong trinh ldm nghiep cdng ddng Hdnh ddng ddi vdi rfifng vd nhiing nguyen tdc vd rumg da ddy nhanh viec chuydn giao riing cho cac nhdm s i dung riing, cung cdp cac co sd phap ly cho viee thuc hien lam nghiep cdng ddng vd cdng nhan CFUGs Id "cac co quan tu quan cho viec quan I^ va sit dung rCrng cua cdng ddng" Su thay ddi dang kd quan Iy rCrng Nepal lien quan true tidp ddn nhiing lpi fch dupc tao cho edc nhdm edng ddng, dudi hinh thiic hang hda, dieh vu va cai lidn phuc Ipi Day la minh chiing cho su cai tien dang kd bao tdn ring va nSng cao quan Iy nudc va ddi HL M T s d KINH NGHlfeM RUT RA CHO VlfiT NAM Viet Nam la mdt nudc dang phat tridn, cd mdt ndn ndng nghiep lau ddi vdi gdn 80% dan sd sdng bang ndng nghiep Vj trf dia Iy thuan Ipi cho chiing ta mdt ndn khf hau dac trung nhiat ddi nen san vat rdt da dang va phong phli, ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien da dang va trii lupng tuong ddi Idn Ndn ndng nghidp dang phdt tridn vdi nhieu san phdm xudt khdu sang cdc nudc Ben canh dd, chiing ta cd ndn chfnh Irj dn djnh, xa hdi than thien, thudn nhdt vdi ngudi dan cdn cu va sang tao Day la Ipi the ma khdng phai qud'e gia nao cung cd dupc Vi vay, vol nhiing tidm nang va the manh tren, chung ta hoan loan cd thd xay dung kinh te Viet Nam mdt nen kinh te xanh hudng ldi su phat tridn ben viing Tir nhiing each lam cua cac nudc tren, cd thd rut mdt sd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam phat trien nen kinh td xanh nhu sau: EB Cao Thi Thanh Nga - Mft sdkinh nghl$m - VI mit chi'nh sich: cin phai cd nhttng chinh sich thich hpp dl tao co s6 phip If vi thdc diy su phit triln kinh t l theo hudng "xanh" Ben canh dd cung cSn cd cic chinh sich uu dai vl thul, vdn vay cho nhttng doanh nghiep, td chdc, ci nhin thuc hidn phit triln kinh t l theo su "xanh" hda - VI cdng nghd: chdng ta phii "di tat ddn diu", dng dung cic cdng nghd vi ky thuat tidn tiln, hidn dai vio cic linh vuc cia nln kinh t l dit nudc VI ngudn nhin luc: phit triln kinh t l xanh doi hdi mdt ngudn nhin luc Idn vi chi't lupng cao Do viy, viec chu trpng vio giio due vi dio tao ngudn nhan luc li dilu rit cin thilt - Chd trpng diu tu vi phit triln cho nganh ndng nghidp Hidn nay, ndng nghidp li mdt nhttng nginh kinh t l ehi chdt phit triln xanh, ddng thdi cung li ldi thi lau dii cia Viet Nam Chdng ta da cd nhilu chi trUdng, chi'nh sach diu tu cho ndng nghiep song viec thuc hien chua mang lai nhilu hidu qua Do dd, cin triln khai quydt liet hdn va cd chiln lupc phit triln ndng nghiep bin vttng - Cin quylt lidt hon cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng, dua chi phi bao vd va khdi phuc mdi trudng vao cin dd'i tinh toin quylt dinh diu tu, quy hoach hoac phd duyet cic du an phit triln - Diu tu cho nang lupng tai chl va nang lupng sach (nang lupng mat trdi, gid ) Tdm lai, kinh t l xanh la su lua chpn tdt nhit cho su phat triln ben vttng cia cac qudc gia, dac biet dd'i vdi cac nudc dang phit EQ triln Bii hoc kinh nghiem cia cic nudc cho thiy: nln kinh t l xanh dem lai Ipi ich vi f nghia to ldn hiu hit cic linh vuc, bao gdm: ndng nghidp, lam nghidp, ning lupng, quin 1^ mdi trudng vi tao cdng in vide lim cho xa hdi Xu thi phit triln kinh t l xanh trdn thi gidi md co hdi mdi cho su phit triln theo hudng kinh t l xanh cua Vidt Nam Vdi vi tri dia 1^ nim khu vuc Chiu A - mdt chau luc dupc dinh gia li dang va se phit triln ning ddng nhit t h i gidi, vdi ngudn tii nguydn phong phu, khf hau nhidt ddi dac trung, dan sd tre cung mdt nln chinh tri dn dinh, ngudi din cin c i chiu khd, Vidt Nam hoin toin cd co hdi va ldi thi dl tiln tdi mdt nln kinh t l xanh./ TAI LlgU •niAM KHAO: Andy Fisher, The Exceptional Nalure of Cuban Urban Agricullure, Available at: hltp://www civileals com/2010/04/21/the-exceptionaI-nature-of-cubanurban-agricuhure http;//www.archive.lcvn.vn hltp://www.caiicomstats.org/Files/Publications/ NCR%20Repons/Barbados.pdf hllp://www.mof.gov.vn hltp://www.unep.org Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, Extended Producer Responsibility, Available at: hllp://www.foodfirsl.org/fdes/bookstore/pdf/promise dland/l 2.pdf UNEP/UNDP, hiiuative -Climale Qange, Development and Adaptation Programme (CC DARE) UNEP, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways 10 Sustainable Development and Poverty EradicadoD Nghien cii ... ihtic cua cdng ddng vd kinh td xanh, va thdng qua viec kich thfch ddu tu II KINH NGHI$M PHAT TRI^N KINH T^ XANH M O T S O NirdC TRfeN TH]^ Gl6l Kinh nghiem phdt trien "kinh te xanh" ndng nghidp a... xay dung kinh te Viet Nam mdt nen kinh te xanh hudng ldi su phat tridn ben viing Tir nhiing each lam cua cac nudc tren, cd thd rut mdt sd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam phat trien nen kinh td xanh nhu... hodng kinh td va tai chfnh nam 2008 Ndi dung cudn sach "Hudng tdi kinh td xanh: Con dudng dd dat dupc su phat tridn bdn vung va giam ngheo" cua UNEP eho thdy viec chuydn sang ndn kinh td xanh