" **''''*" ! '''' ^ i j i i i a k u i J j j j y ^ ^ liieii lieu sin T H A C H THtfC VA XU THE PHAT TRliw GS TSKH Ho STthoing Hdi Ddu Ichi Viit Nam Khi trd lupng cua cdc dang ndng lupng hda thgch dang ddn cp[.]
" **'*".!:-: -'^ijiiiakuiJjjjy^^ liieii lieu sin THACH THtfC VA XU THE PHAT TRliw GS.TSKH Ho STthoing Hdi Ddu Ichi Viit Nam Khi trd lupng cua cdc dang ndng lupng hda thgch Phat trien nhien lieu sinh hoc tren t h i g i d i dang ddn cpn kiet, biin tUpng ndng len todn cdu gdn vdi viec phdt thdi dioxide carbon, thigidi dang Vide tim nhCitig ngudn n i n g lUcmg khdng lao hoac sdc tim kiem cdc dang ndng lUpng thay thi Qud trinh tao it hon (nhidn lieu hda thach) t h i i dioxide cartwn ndy dupc khdi ddu d mpt sd nUdc, nhdt Id d cdc nUdc d i dat dupc nhiimg cdng bude d i u d i n g kd.Ty Id ckc phdt triin, tdnhUfng thap ky cudi cua thiky trUdc vd ngudn n i n g lupng t i i tao d i dat tren 16%, do, neu sang thiky 21 dang ddpc tdng tdc ngoan muc Trong khdng tinh thiiy didn thi so n i y dat g i n 13% tfing cdn bdng ndng lUpng todn cdu hien nay, ndng lupng c i n b i n g n i n g lupng Tuy nhidn, 13% dd, ly Id cac hda thach dd nhudng gdn 20% cho cdc dang ndng dang n i n g luong t i i tao khdng p h i t t h i i hoic p h i l thii it lupng khdc [1] Qud trinh dd dang dien tien ngdy van cdn t h i p ; tren 11 % nang lupng t i i tao la sinh khoi dUdc cdng nhanh dot true tidp.Trong cac dang n i n g luong t i i tao {vd nguyen ly) khdng p h i t t h i i thi n i n g lupng gid va nang lupng mat Mac dud nudc ta vdn diphdt thdi dioxide carbon chua din mdc nghiem trpng, nhien lUpng phdt thdi dang ngdy cang tdng vd Viet Nam cd trdch nhiem cung vdi todn thi gidi tim cdch gidm ty le lupng phdt thdi so vdi tdng trUdng ndng lupng tiin trinh phdt trien kinh ti-xd hpi Bdi viet ndy trinh bdy trdi dang chidm vi tri cao nhit.Thdi gian g i n diy, ty Idling trudng h i n g n i m ciia nang luong mat trdi da vUpt miJc t i n g trudng cua n i n g lUPng gid, mac dii ve dai tUong tuyet ddi thi t h i p han [2] Ting trUdng ciia cie dang nang luong trdn CO sd nhidn lidu sinh hpc (biofuels) cdn chim mac dii d i u t u cho ITnh vUc n i y h i n g n i m van tiep tuc ting khdi qudt mpt sd suy nghi vd kiin gidi mpt tuang lai nhin thdy dupc ve triin vpng, ca hpi, cung nhU thdch N i m 2010, sin luong nhien lidu sinh hpc t o i n ciu dat thUc md Viet Nam vd cdc quoc gia khdc trin thi gidi 105 ty lit, cd 86 ty lit ethanol, t i n g 17% so vdi nam dang tiip can linh vvfc ndng lupng tdi tpo 2009 v i chiem 2,7% nhidn lieu cho giao thdng v i n tii [31- DAU KHI-sd 11/2012 PETROVIETNAM thyc cung nhu dat ndng nghiep de sin xuat nhidn lieu sinh hpc g i y nan ddi cudi t h i p ky 90 Viee giii quydt m i u t h u i n d i n den sU ddi eiia nhidn lieu sinh hpc the hd thd hai Nhien lidu sinh hoe thd he thd hai dupe sin xuat t d "nguyen lidu bdn vQng"li nhdng nguyen lieu dd kidm, it i n h hudng den phat t h i i n h i kinh va it i n h hudng den da dang sinh hpc va dat canh tie Nhidu loai nhidn lidu sinh hpc thd he thii' hai dang dupc p h i t tridn nhU: cellulosic ethanol, biohydrogen, bioethanol, dimethyl ether, biodimethyl ether, Fischer - Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols, wood diesel Mdt sd loai nhien lieu sinh hpc duoe sin xuit thdng qua qua trinh len men sinh hpe dUdng hoac tinh bdt, hoic qua trinh ester hda chdo (transesterification) dau thien nhidn, nhidn mdt sd loai nhien lieu sinh hoc khic ehi duoc sin x u i i thdng qua nhidu han mdt qua trinh chuyen hda hda hpc Hoa Ky va Brazil la hai qudc gia sin xuat v i tieu thy ethanol nhieu nhit, chiem 90% sin lupng t o i n cau Trong do, cac nudc Lien minh chiu Au chidm trdn 50% sin lupng biodiesel nam 2010 [3], Nim 2011, cic du an sin xuit nhien lieu sinh hoc d i cd mat tai 31 qude gia va 29 bang/tinh d Hoa Ky va mpt sd nudc [1 ] Theo Co quan Nang luang Qudc td [4], den n i m 2050, nhien lieu sinh hpe sd d i p Ung 1/4 nhu cau nhidn lidu cho giao thdng van t i i Nhidn lieu sinh hoc thd hd t h d n h i t (cic gasohol ma ehij ydu l i ethanol va biodiesel) duoc sin xuat t d dudng, Mic dii nhidn lieu sinh hoc the he thd hai to uu viet hon the he thCr nhat d cho khong hoac it tranh chap vdi sin xuat luong thue, phat thai nha kinh ft hon, nhung ei hai the he nhien lieu smh hoe deu ehua chdng td la cd tnen vong phat trien manh me tUOng lai de cd the thay the cac nhien lieu hoa thach Sau quyet djnh eung cap khoan tai tro rat Idn cho cac dUan nhidn lieu smh hoe the he thCr hai, n i m 2009 va 2010, Bp Nang lUpng Hoa Ky da b i t dau tai trp {khiem tdn, khoang 250 tridu USD) cho cac du an nhidn lieu sinh hoc the he thd ba va thd tu vdi sU tham gia eiia mdt sd edng ly va cP quan nghien edu hang dau Ben eanh viec then khai eac dU an nhidn lieu sinh hpe the he thd ba va thd tU, vide sin xuat nhien lieu sinh hoe the he thd hai cung duac nghien edu c i i lien edng nghe rat nhidu de g i i thinh edn khoing 1,9USD/ gallon ethanol (1 galon bang 3,785 lit; ndu ehuyen ddi xang thi g i i thinh la 2,8USD/gallon) v i 2,3USD/ gallon butanol (tUong duong 2,75USD/gallon xang) tmh bpt, dau thue v i t Den nay, nguydn lieu ban d i u de sin xuat ethanol p h i n Idn l i mia, ngd va sin, cdn nguydn Trong cdng trinh nghidn ciiru t o i n dien (edng nghd, thj lieu de sin xuat biodiesel l i cic loai d i u thuc vat (ke c i d i u trudng, kinh td) vdi sU tham gia gdp y eiia nhieu cdng ty an dupe v i dau khdng an duoc) & chiu Au, nguydn lieu v i n h i nghidn ciru [5], t i e g i i Joshua Kagan da phin tieh sin xuit biodiesel chO ydu la dau hat c i i , d i u d i u ninh, toan dien nhijrng nhupe diem cOa nhien lieu sinh hoe the dau hudng duong; cdn d mdt so nudc chiu A la d i u cp hd thd nhat v i thd hai, ddng thdi cho rang nhien lieu smh (Malaysia), d i u jatropha (An Do) Biodiesel duoc sin x u i t hpe thd he t h d ba v i thd tu, dac biet la the he thd tu, cd tir cic loai dau khdng an 6aac, vi du d i u tif c i y jatropha the trd ngudn nang lupng chii dao de thay the (ty Id chiem t / le t h i p Vi viy, vide sin x u i t nhidn lieu sinh hpc dang ke) nhidn lieu hda thach Theo Joshua Kagan, nhien the he thd nhat bj coi l i da v i dang canh tranh vdi sin lieu sinh hpe the hethdnhat v i thdhai cd mdt sd han che, xuat luong thyc v i cd the l i nguydn nhin g i y nan thidu dd khdng the trd thinh eie nhidn lieu ly tudng thay the Hut luong thUc d mdt sd qudc gia trdn thd gidi Lidn Hop dau md Cae nguyen lidu ban d i u de sin x u i t nhien lidu Quoc da tifng p h i n dng gay g i t ddi vdi vide diing luang sinh hoc hai the he (ngo, mia, san, dau d i u tuong, d i u DAO I f f l l S d 11/2012 55 i N A N G L U O N C iVlOl Uat cii, d i u co ) canh tranh vdi eie cay lUOng thUc vd d i t - Hidu q u i kinh td n g i n han, trung han v i d i i han dai, p h i n bdn v i nUde, nhat l i bdi einh d i n sd thd n h u i r i ^ n i o ddi vdi t i o , nhidn lidu sinh hoc thdng qua chd gidi ngiy cing t i n g cdn didn tich d i t eanh t i c v i lupng bidn siu (metabolically enhanced biofuel) v i nhidn lidu nudc ngot ngiy cing g i i m Cic nhidn lidu n i y khdng thd sinh hpe tdng hpp? Cd tridn vpng mdt loai n i o dd duoc sir dung cho ddng co khdng chuydn ddi ndu vUpt cic edng nghd n i y se tao dupc eic sin p h i m thay thd ty qua ty Id pha trdn nhat dmh cung nhu ddng co p h i n lye p h i n chii ydu ciia sin p h i m d i u md? De s^n xuit 15 ty gallons ethanol dd pha xSng sinh Tio l i ngudn nguydn Udu h i p d i n cho sin xuit nhidn hoc v i o n i m 2015, Hoa Ky p h i l sif dyng ddn 30% sin lidu sinh hpc bdi: (i) cd thd cho hidu suit cao {khoing luong ngd m i chi b i o d i m dUOc 6% lUpng xing eho giao 3.700 - 20.000 gallons/ha/nim), (ii) khdng eanh tranh dit thdng v i n t i i Trong nhUng ndm sip tdi sd ehdng kidn vdi ciy lypng thuc, (iii) cd thd sinh trudng v i phit tridn su thuong mai hda "cellulosic ethanol" thudc thd he hai, d nudc Ip hoic nudc m$n, (iv) thu hdi dupc carbon tCf su thidu hut cie thidt bi bom v i cie ddng ea"linh hoat" cic n h i m i y didn v i l i m sach nude Nhidu cdng ty, nhi (flex-fuel vehicles) eung nhu vide p h i i p h i vd "gidi han" nghidn cdu, n h i q u i n ly v i hoach djnh chinh sich [5] ddu ElO, v i n d d t y trpng n i n g luong t h i p cua ethanol v i v i n thdng n h i t cho ring, n g i n han hidu q u i klnhticOa dd thidu dudng 6ng chuydn bidt cho ethanol cho t h i y vide sd dyng t i o cdn t h i p , phy thudc v i o cic sin phim cdn nhidu thieh thde vide sd dung ethanol dd g i i m v i dich vy mang lai, nhung d i i han, g i i thinh cic d i n nhien lidu t d d i u md Td n i m 2015, Hoa Ky cO b i n sd sin p h i m se duoc c i i thidn cic q u i trinh nudi trdng, khdng tiep tuc sin xuit ethanol i d ngd m i sd sin xuat td thu hoach, loai nude, siy v i trich ly d i u dupc hpp nhat ngudn cellulosic v i dy kidn se dat khoing 15 ty gallons Tic g i i tin ring, ddn n i m 2017-2018 gia nhidn lidu tir tio v i o nam 2022 [5] se ngang b i n g vdi g i i cic sin pham dau md v i ddn nim Nhu c i u nang lupng t o i n ciu sd tidp tue tang nhanh nhdng nam ldi, dd k h i ning thay the mdt p h i n 2022 thd gidi se sin x u i t duac 5,7 ty gallons nhidn lidu sinh hpe t i / t i o d i n g ke d i u md cang trd ndn thieh thdc (du b i o n i m Cd phuong p h i p nudi t i o l i m nguydn lidu de sin 2022 thd gidi se ein 392 ty gallons xing, 376 ty gallons xuit nhidn lieu sinh hpc [5 - 8] nudi cic ho {open diesel, 127 ly gallons nhidn lidu p h i n lue) Trung Qudc v i pond), nuoi cic binh p h i n Ung quang - sinh {photo • An Dp vdi hon ty ngudi tidu tdn r i t nhieu n i n g lUpng de bioreactor) va nudi b i n g phuong p h i p Idn men tif dudng tidn hanh cude cich mang cdng nghidp; d i n sd thd gidi (heterotrophic method) Hidn nay, mpt sd nudc dang phil hang nam tang 80 tneu ngudi v i mde sdng d cic nudc trien nudi t i o nhU: Israel, Phip, Ddc, Anh, Nhit Bin,Tmng ngoai OECD ngiy cang dupe n i n g cao khien tieu thu Qudc, Hoa Ky O^ nudi t i o {dudi t i c dung ciia inh sang) ning lupng t i n g trudng d i n g ke Ciu hdi duoc dat l i chi c i n cd COj (td cic t h i i cdng nghiep) v i chat lieu nhidn lieu smh hpe the he thir ba va thd tUed p h i i l i dinh dudng (cic nguydn td NPK) Phuang p h i p Idn men giii p h i p tidm nang de thay thd d i n cic sin pham d i u khdng c i n i n h sing cd the dat n i n g suit hang tram g/L, md? Nhidn lieu sinh hpc the he thir ba l i nhien lieu duoc phuong p h i p nudi hd chi cd thd dat 2g/L tao tif t i o , cdn nhidn lidu sinh hpc the he thii' t u dupe Hidn nay, gia sin x u i t nhidn lieu i d t i o cdn cao, hieu, hoac l i cic nhidn lidu dupe sin x u i t bdi cac q u i trinh cd 20 - 38USD/gallon {binh p h i n iimg quang - sinh), hoac chuyen hda khie nhu hda, nhidt phin, tong hap cd -17USD/gallon (trong hd) Fischer - Tropsch cie loai sinh khdi, hoic eac nhidn lieu tong hpp hay nhidn lieu sddung (gpi la drop-in fuel) cd cac die trUng hda hoc gidng cic sin p h i m dau md Cic v i n dd ein dUPc khio sit v i ly giii l i : • Nhdng loai nhidn lidu n i o dUOc coi l i "tidn tien" v i loai nhidn lidu nao sd dd l i thich hpp? Nhdng cdng nghd nao cd tinh ehia khda va cich thdc md rpng quy md (scale-up) chimg? Cdng ty Solix Biofuel (2010) dua eP ciu g i i (USD) nhidn lieu tif t i o nudi binh p h i n dng quang - sinh nhu sau: siy 0,05; thu v i v i n chuyen CO^ 0,4; chi phi khic 0,82; thu hoaeh v i loai nUdc 8,02; trieh ly 6,37 NhU viy, d giai doan hidn nay, cdng doan thu hoach v i loai nUdc (dewatering) k h i t6n kdm t h i n t i o rat nhd Theo t i i lieu [5], ude tinh, ndu g i i t h i n h sin x u i t n i m 2010 khoing 20USD thi ddn nam 2020 cd the xudng 3USD/gallon nhd i p dyng nhimg cdng nghd lidn tien • Cic loai nhidn lieu "tidn tidn"cd canh tranh dupe vdi eie sin pham dau md ma khdng can trp gia khdng? Neu cd thi bao gid? 56 DAU KHl-sd 11/2012 hon Ddi vdi phuong p h i p nudi t i o hd, dau tucosfl tang chiem trdn 50% co c i u g i i t h i n h Nam 2010 sSn lupng nhidn lidu sinh hpc tif t i o mdi cd 0,6 trieu gallons, PETROVIETNAM den n i m 2015 se dat 554 trieu gallons Den nam 2022 tdng sin lupng nhidn lieu sinh hpc tir t i o khoing 5,71^ gallons thi sU p h i n bd cic loai sin pham theo ty Id nhu sau: diesel 21%, xang 7%, nhien lieu phin lye 42%, biodiesel 18%, ethanol 12% Tao l i nguyen lieu ban d i u thieh hpp cho vide sin thuong mai hda dang hoac se dUa v i o van hanh tuong lai g i n Cie phUpng p h i p hda - sinh sin xuit nhien lieu sinh hoc the hd t h d t u bao gom nhieu q u i trinh ehuyen hda sinh vat bioethanol, biobutanol va cac nhidn lieu "drop-in" Do qua trinh hda smh thyc chit l i sU md rpng xuit ethanol v i biodiesel [9] Ve ly thuyet cd nhieu ciia q u i trinh Idn men nen eo the tan dung thdi gian roi phuong p h i p sin xuat nhidn lieu sinh hpc tif t i o (Hinh ciia nha miy sin xuit ethanol cho qua trinh de giam l).Tuynhien, hidn chua cd quy trinh cdng nghd d quy md gia thinh sin pham Rat cd the v i i nam ldi, vdi chien I6n mpt sd trd ngai ve ky thuit, vi du vide thidt lupc mdt sd doanh nghiep sd thuong mai hda dupc ke binh phin iimg quang - sinh (photo - bioreactor), cae qua trinh sin xuat nhien lieu sinh hoe the he thUtU thu hoach va xir ly nguyen lidu dan den gia t h i n h nhidn lieu sinh hoc cdn cao Trong thuong mai hda nhidn lidu sinh hoc the he thU ba edn phii chd mdt so nam nda, mdt s6 quy trinh cong nghd ed k h i nang s i n x u i t nhidn lieu sinh hoe dang °drop-in"dquy mo thCr nghidm thuong mai da x u i t hien Diy dupc eoi l i bUde di ngoan myc, l i hy vong Idn ddi vdi ITnh vyc nhien lieu sinh hpe tUong lai khdng xa Hau het qua trinh nhiet - hda vi dy q u i trinh ehuyen sinh khoi sin pham Idng (BTL) hay qua trinh xd ly smh khoi bang hydrogen, deu l i sU md rdng q u i trinh cdng nghiep hda hoic q u i trinh che bidn dau md Trong gii dieh vu logistics, g i i sin x u i t xang, diesel va nhien lieu p h i n lUc sinh hpc cdn eao so vdi g i i t h i n h sin xuit cic nhien lieu d d t i / d i u md thi chinh sich budn ban phit t h i i (emissions trading/eap-and-trade) va nhu ciu diesel cao ciia c h i u Au d i khien nhidu doanh nghidp (nhu ENO, Galp, Neste Oil, Choren) x i y dyng cie thiet bi DU bao den nam 2022, sin lUpng nhien lieu "dropin" cd the dat 19 ly gallons (nim 2010 dat khoing 170 trieu gallons) [5], Cd the dy b i o lac quan nhuvay bdi ehi cd nhidn lieu drop-in mdi thda man dUpc ngin va trung han yeu c i u ciia ddng eo may bay va xe t i i van chuyen dudng d i i Nhdng han chdeiiaac-quy cac ddng CO ehay didn l i m cho cie phuong tien van t i i loai chi thich hap cho van chuyen hanh khach dUdng bd v i dudng thiiy, Vi viy, khdng q u i n Hoa Ky eung nhu cie hing edng nghiep Idn deu eho rang cac loai nhien lieu drop-in la dai dien cho nhien lieu sinh hoe tuong lai Den nam 2022, nhidn lieu sinh hoe the he thd ba va thu' tu chidm khoang 28% tong sd 88,5 t^ gallons nhien lieu sinh hpe Theo Joshua Kagan [5], gia dau se len 250USD/thung (eac cdng ty d i u tin la nhuthe) thi thj irudng nhidn lieu sinh hoc se cd doanh thu 567 ty USD, rieng thj trUdng nhien lieu sinh hpe the hd thd ba v i thU tuse chiem 159tyUSD Cdng ty UOP LLC (Hoa Ky) la mdt nhdng doanh nghiep tidn phong nghien cdu va p h i t trien cie cdng nghe sin xuat nhidn lieu drop-in the he thir tu (10 • 12] Tif nam 2007, nhien lieu drop-in la myc tidu cdng ty hudng tdi va hp da dat nhdng kdt q u i k h i quan Mot sd day chuyen san xuat thif nghidm d i dupe xiy dyng vdi cdng suit 400 tan/nam Cac edng nghe ve ban chit la td hop mot sd q u i trinh ehuyen hda nhiet, chuyen hda nhiet - hda hpc vdi sUtham gia eiia hydrogen va chat xuc tac Vi du, Hinh Cdc dudng chuyen hoa tdo thdnh cdc dgng ndng luang neu di t d acid bdo va triglyceride DAU IIHJ-Sd 11/2012 57 ^ NANG LUONG MOl Bdng Di/l3do ve ty ii cdc nhi^n iiiu sinh h