TAPCHiCQNGTHlAfNG NANG CAO VAI TRO CUA CONG DONG TRONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT • LE MANH TUYEN MAI TH! CHUC HANH TOM TXT Quan ly chd̂ t thdi ran sinh hoat la qud trinh phong ngffa, giam thieu,[.]
TAPCHiCQNGTHlAfNG NANG CAO VAI TRO CUA CONG DONG TRONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT • LE MANH TUYEN - MAI TH! CHUC HANH TOM TXT: Quan ly chd^t thdi ran sinh hoat la qud trinh phong ngffa, giam thieu, giam sdt, phdn loai, thu gom, vdn chuyen, tdi sit dung, tai che va xu; ly chat thdi rdn sinh hoat De thffc hien hieu qud eae ngi dung eiia quan ly chd't thai sinh hoat can ed sff tham gia tich cffc cua cde chu the gom cd: cd quan, tS chffc, hd gia dinh, ed nhan nffdc, t6 chffc, ca nhan nffdc ngoai cd hoat dpng lidn quan dd'n chd't thai ran sinh boat tren Ianh thd Nffdc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Vi?t Nam, bao gom da't lien, hai dao, vung bien vd vung trdi Ben canh dd, edng dong cung la mdt nhffng chu the quan trgng ddng vai trd tich cffe qudn ly chd't thdi rdn Trong bdi viet nay, tac gia neu va phan tich khai nidm cung nhff vai trd ciia cdng dong quan ly cha't thdi rdn sinh hoat, tff dd de xuat bien phap nang cao vai trd cua cdng ding quan IJ chd't thdi ran sinh hoat TH khoa: Cdng ddng, qudn ly chd't thai rdn sinh hoal, bao ve moi tnfdng I Khai quat ve quan Iy chat thai ran sinh ho^t / Khdi ni$m qudn ly chd't thdi rdn sinh hoat Tff dien tieng Viet eua Vien Ngdn ngff hpc dffa khai niem ve cha't thai nhff sau:"Cha't thai la rac va nhiTng dd vat bi bd di ndi ehung" (Vien Ngon ngff, 2004) Khai nidm lai chi ddn dd'n "rac" va "nhffng vat bj bd di", rac la mot tff ngff dan sinh dffde sff dung ra't nhieu cupe sd'ng hang ngay, diing de chi nhffng vat cha't ma eon ngffdi thai bd 220 So 17-Thang 7/2020 Theo Tff diln mdi trffdng Anh - Viet vd Viet Anh, "chat thai (watste) Id ba't ky cha't gi, rdn, long hoac ma cd the hoac he thd'ng sinh nd khdng sff dung dffdc niJa vd can cd bien phap thai bo" Vdi khdi nidm nay, tdc gia da cdn eff vao cae tinh chat cua vat cha't de neu len npi dung, dd chi tie't hdn khai niem dau tidn Theo khoan 12 Dilu Luat Bao ve mdi trffdng nam 2014, chat thai Id vdt cha't dffdc thai tff san xua't, kinh doanh, dich vu, sinh hoat hodc hoat dong khac {Qud'c hpi, 2014) Luat Bao ve mdi QUAN TR!-QUANLY trffdng dffdc ban hanh de dieu ehinh cac quan he xa hpi hoat dpng bdo vd mdi trffdng, dd khdi niem ndy dffdc dffa dffa trdn cd sd xac dinh edc linh vffc phat sinh chd't thai bao gdm: hoat dpng san xuat, hoat ddng kinh doanh, cung ffng dich vu, hoat ddng sinh hoat cua ngffdi vd cac hoat dpng khde Khai niem la mdt nhffng cd sd de phan loai cha't thdi nham thffc hien cac muc tidu quan ly eha't thai eua cac chu th^ c6 lien quan Tren cd sd cac khai nidm neu tren, ehung ta cd the phan loai cha't thai gdm cd chat thai ran, nffdc thdi vd thai Chat thai ran Id chat thai d the ran hoac set {con gpi Id biin thai) dffdc thai tff san xua't, kinh doanh, dich vu, sinh hoat hoac eae boat ddng khac'(Chinh phu, 2015) Chd't thai ran sinh hoat (cdn gpi la rac sinh hoat) la chd't thai ran phat sinh sinh hoat thffdng cua ngffdi- (Chinh phu, 2015) Khdi niem tffdng dd'i thdng dung, nhien chffa bao ham dffdc edc tinh cha't dac trffng cua cha^t thdi ran sinh hoat nhff: cd the phan loai (chat thai rdn sinh hoat hffu ed va vd ed), cha't thai ran sinh hoat ed dae tinh nguy hai va chat thai rdn sinh hoat thong thffdng, De khac phuc dffdc diem yd'u trdn, ed the dffa khdi niem eha't thai ran sinh boat nhff sau: Cha't thai ran sinh hoat la eha't thai d the' ran hodc sdt phdt sinh sinh hoat thffdng cua ngffdi, bao gdm chat thai ran vd cd va chd't thai ran hifu cd Hidn nay, tai Viet Nam, cha't thai ran sinh boat la mgt nhffng nguyen nhan trffe tid'p ddn ddn tinh trang nhidm mdi trffdng, cha't thai ran sinh hoat khdng dffdc phan loai tai cac hd gia dinh gay tinh trang qua tai cho qua trinh xff ly tai edc cdng ty dich vu mdi trffdng Chat thai rdn sinh hoat bj vfft bffa bai khdng diing gid vd khdng ddng ndi quy dmh din dd'n tinh trang d nhidm da't, nhidm ngudn nffdc, d nhiem khdng khi, Ta't ca nhffng vd'n de tren dat nhu cau cap thiet ve quan ly chat thdi ran sinh hoat De lam rd khdi niem nay, trffdc he't can hieu rd the nao la quan ly cha't thai? Qudn ly cha't diai la qud trinh phdng ngffa, giam thieu, gidm sat, phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, tai su- dung, tdi che' va xff ly chat thai (Chinh phu, 2015) Theo khdi niem ed the' suy ra, quan ly chat thai ran sinh hoat la qua trinh phdng ngffa, giam thieu, giam sat, phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, tai sff dung, tai chd' vd xff ly cha't thai rdn sinh boat Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gid tap trung nghien cffu cde giai doan phan loai, thu gom va xff ly cha^t thai rdn sinh boat NQI dung ciia qudn ly chdt thai rdn sinh hoat Tff khdi niem ve quan ly cha't thai ran sinh boat neu tren, cd the suy cac ndi dung cd ban eua quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat gdm cd: Thd nhdt, quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat trffdc he't dffdc dat vdi muc tidu phdng ngffa, gidm thieu va giam sat sff phat sinh chat thai rdn sinh hoat Thd hai quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat bao gom ta't cd cac qua trinh tff phan loai chat thdi rdn sinh boat nhff thd' nao; Phffdng thffe thu gom, van chuyen sao; Caeh thffe tai sff dung, tai ehd chat thai ran sinh hoat dddc thffc hien nhff the' nao; Sau do, edc chd't thai ran sinh boat cdn lai dffdc xff ly triet de tai dau va bdng phffdng phdp nao De thffc hien hidu qua cae ndi dung cua quan ly cha't thai sinh boat can cd sff tham gia tieh cffc cua cac ehu the gom cd: cd quan, to ehffc, hd gia dinh, ca nhan nffdc, to ehffe, ca nhan nffdc ngodi (sau day gpi tdt Ia td chffc, ea nhan) cd boat dpng lien quan de'n chat thai ran sinh hoat tren lanh thd Nffdc Cong hda xa hdi ehu nghia Viet Nam, bao gom da't Hen hai dao, vung bien va viing trdi Day la dd'i tffdng dp dung cua Luat Bao ve mdi trffdng nam 2014 va Nghi dinh sd' 38/2015/ND-CP ve qudn lj> cha't thai va phe lieu Trong ndi dung cua cac van ban quy pham phdp luat neu tren deu nhdc dd'n thuat ngff egng dong, cdng ddng dan eff nhien lai khdng cd dinh nghia eu the' ve thuat ngff nay, cung nhff vai trd So 17-Thang 7/2020 221 TAPCUiCQN6THIf(fN6 cua cdng ddng va cung khdng dffa cdng ddng vao cde dd'i tffdng dieu chinh Dieu dat khdng ft khd khan qud trinb thffc thi phap ludt Vay cdng ddng la gi, cdng ddng cd dong nghTa vdi cdng ddng ddn eff nhff the nao, la to chffc hay ca nhan Ddy eung Id vd'n de can lam rd nghien cffu vai trd cua cpng dong dan off quan ly chat thai ran sinh boat II Khai quat vl cdng ddng Cde quan niem vi CQng dong Cdng ddng dffdc khai niem nhff la mdt he thd'ng xa hdi, mot nhdm ngffdi cilng cd nhffng dac diem ehung Vi du: dac quyin, dac ldi, sd'ng vdi nhau, cung chia se nhffng tdi nguyen va ldi ich Chung, Ndi mdt each khdc, cdng dong la mot nhdm ngffdi cung sd'ng vdi mot khu vffe nhd't dinh, hp cd cbung dac dilm ve tam ly, tac ddng qua lai vd sff dung cac tai nguyen vdn cd de dat dffde muc dich ehung (Phi Minh Hong, 2005) Cpng ding dffde de cap So tay hffdng ddn phdt triin cdng dong Cd quan Hdp tdc Qud'c te Nhdt Ban (JICA) hd trd xua't ban: Ld nhdm ngffdi sd'ng pham vi thdn, ban, cde xa, phffdng cua khu vffc ndng thdn va thi, dac bidt la eae vung ndng thdn vung sau, vung xa Cdng ddng cd nhffng die'm gid'ng nhau, cd cbung edc md'i quan he nha't dinh va cijng chiu anh hffdng bdi mot so' ye'u to' tdc ddng va la dd'i tffdng can dffdc quan tam sff phat trien kinh te - xd hdi hien (Le Van An va Ngd Tung Dffc, 2016) Nghi dinh sd 18/2015/ND-CP cua Chinh phu quy dinh ve quy hoach bao vd mdi trffdng, ddnh gid mdi trffdng chid'n Iffdc, danh gia tac ddng mdi trffdng va kd' hoach bao vd mdi trffdng eung ed de cSp de'n cdng dong nhffng khdng ly giai khai niem the' nao la edng dong, ma chi de cap dd'n cdng dong can dffdc tham van qua tnnh xay dffng va tham dinh bdo cao DTM, gdm: tham van UBND xa, phffdng, thi tra'n ndi thffc hien dff iin cde to chffc va cong dong dan eff chju tae 222 So 17-Thang 7/2020 ddng trffe tid'p bdi dff an {Chinh phu, 2015) Theo Bdo eao cua Le Thac Can Vien Mdi trffdng va Phdt tridn Ben vffng, dieu kien cu thi d Viet Nam, cpng ddng can tham gia tham van DTM quy dinh nhff trdn khdng day dii CJ nffdc ta, pham vi hien tde ddng ve Idi nguyen mdi trffdng ciia mot dff dn phdt triin kinh td- xa hdi thffdng khdng triing vdi bidn gidi ridng biet eua eae xd Cdng ddng nhdn dan can dffdc tham va'n ve bdo cao DTM eiia dff dn thffdng sinh sdng tai nhieu xa rieng bidt Cac "xa " dffdc quan ly bdi edc UBND vd cde to chffc nhdn ddn trdn ca'p xa: huyen, tinh - phd Nhff vay, cd the tha'y, rd't nhieu edc vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt lien quan de'n bao vd moi trffdng de cap dd'n quyen ldi, trach nhiem, vai trd ciia cdng ddng, nhien thudt ngff chffa dffdc ly giai mpt each cu thi Tff nhffng quan niem neu tren vl cdng ddng, pham vi bai vie't ndy, tde gid nhdn tha'y khdi nidm cdng dong So tay hffdng ddn phat trien cpng ding JICA hd trd xua't bdn la ehi tie't va phii hdp vdi muc dich nghien cffu ve vai trd cua cpng ddng quan ly cha't thai rdn sinh hoat Bdc diim cua cgng dong Tff khdi nidm cpng ding cd the nhdn tha'y edc dae diem cua cdng ddng nhff sau: Thii nhdt, cdng ddng cd ddc tinh dodn kd't xa hpi Dieu thi hien thdng qua viee ngffdi edng ddng thffdng xuyen trao doi, ban bac de di de'n thd'ng nhd't giai quyd't mpt van de cbung Tff do, hieu rpng hdn doan ke't xd hpi ehinh la y thffc cdng ddng, ddy la y chi ehung phat sinh qud trinh sinh sdng cung pham vi thdn, ban, cde xa, phffdng ciia khu vffc ndng thdn va thi Thd hai, cdng ddng cd dac tinh lidn ket xa hpi Dieu ndy dffdc the hien qua nhffng mdi quan he giffa ngffdi vdi Do ngffdi mot cdng ddng cd ehung mpt so muc dich nbaft dinh dd se hd trd de cung dat dffdc nhffng muc dich eiia cdng ddng QUAN TR!-QUANLY III Md hinh quan ly chS't thai r^n sinh boat t^i Vi^t Nam vdi vai tro quyd't dinh ciia c$ng ddng I Ddnh gid tinh hinh thffc hi$n Chien liMc vi qudn ly chdt thdi rdn sinh hoat tqi Vi$t Nam hi?n Trdn cd sd Luat Bao vd mdi trffdng va cac dao ludtcd lidn quan, 17/12/2009, Thii tffdng Chinh phii Nffdc Cpng hda Xa hpi Chii nghTa Viet Nam da ban hanh Quyd't dinh sd 2149/QD-TTg phe duyet Chidn Iffdc qud'c gia vl quan ly tdng hdp chd't thai ran dd'n nam 2025, tam nhin ddn nam 2050 Theo do, quan dilm quan ly tdng hop cha^t thdi rdn la trach nhidm ehung ciia toan xa hdi, dd Nha nffdc cd vai trd chii dao, diy manh xa hoi hda, huy dgng td'i da mpi nguon Iffc, tdng cffdng diu tff cho edng tde quan ly tdng hdp cha^t thai rdn - Chien Iffdc dat mue tidu dd'n nam 2015: -I- 85% tdng hdp cha't thai ran sinh boat dd thi phat sinh dffdc thu gom va xff ly dam bao moi trffdng, dd 60% dffdc tai chd', tai sff dung, thu hdi nang Iffdng hodc sdn xua't phan hffu cd + 50% tdng Iffdng eha't thai ran xay dffng phdt sinh tai cde thi dffdc thu gom xff ly, 30% dffdc thu hdi de tdi su" dung hoac tai chd' + 30% bun bd phd't cua cac dd thi tff loai II trd len va 10% ciia edc dd thi cdn lai dffde thu gom vd xiJ ly dam bao mdi trffdng, + Giam 40% khd'i Iffdng tiii nilon sff dung tai cac sieu thi va trung tarn thffdng mai so vdi nam 2010 -1-50% cdcdd thied cdng trinh tai che'chat thai ran thffc hien phdn loai tai hd gia dinh + 40% Iffdng chd't thai ran phdt sinh tai cde dilm dan eff ndng thdn va 50% tai cae lang nghe dffde thu gom va xii" ly dam bao mdi trffdng + 100% cde bai rdc gay nhidm mdi trffdng nghiem trgng theo Quyet dinh so 64/2003/QDTTg ngdy 22 thang ndm 2003 cua Thii tffdng Chinh phu dffdc xff 1^ " De'n ndm 2025 muc tieu ma Chien Iffdc ddt Id: 100%caedd thied cdng trinh tai che chd't thai rdn thffe hidn phan loai tai ho gia fflnh; 100% tdng Iffdng chd't thai ran sinh hoat dd thi, 100% tdng Iffdng chat thai rdn edng nghiep khdng nguy hai va nguy hai, 90% tdng Iffdng chd't thai ran xay dffng dd thi va 90% Iffdng cha't thai ran phdt sinh tai cac dilm dan eff ndng thdn dffde thu gom va xiJ ly dam bao moi trffdng Lffdng tiii nilon sff dung tai cae sidu thi va trung tdm thffdng mai se giam 85% so vdi nam 2010 Theo Bdo cao hien trang mdi trffdng qud'c gia 2016 Bp Tdi nguydn va Mdi trffdng Viet Nam cdng bd 20/7/2017, tinh hinh phat sinh va xff ly CTR d khu vffc dd thi van la mpt nhffng van de mdi trffdng ndi com nhieu nam qua Theo thdng kd, Iffdng CTR sinh hoat phat sinh d khu vffc dd thi khoang 38.000 ta'n/ngay vdi mffe gia tang trung binh 12% mdi nam Chat thai rdn sinh boat thi cd ty le hffu cd vao khoang 54 - 77%, cha't thai cd the tai che' {thanh phan nhffa va kim loai) chie'm khoang 18% Chd't thai nguy hai (CTNH) cdn bi thai lan vao chat thai sinh boat mang ddn bai chon lap la 0,02-=-0,82% Chd't thai ran y te phdt sinh la 600 ta'n/ngay vdi mffc dp gia tang khoang 7,6% mdi nam Do'i vdi CTR cdng nghidp khu vffc dd thi, hien ehffa cd thd'ng ke sd'cu the nhffng ffde tinh khd'i Iffdng CTR edng nghiep phat sinh cac khu vffe thi kha cao, tap trung d cae nganh cd khi, det may, da giay va thffc pham Udc tinh Iffdng CTNH CTR edng nghidp chie'm ty Id khoang 20-30% Cdng tac phan loai, thu gom vd xff ly CTR da dat dffdc nhffng kdt qua nha't dinh Ty Id thu gom va xff ly CTR sinh hoat trung bmh dat khoang 85% vao ndm 2014 va tang len 85,3% nam 2015 Cdng nghd xff ly CTR sinh hoat bidn la ehdn lap li phan hiJu cd va ddt Tai khu vffc dd thi, ty Id CTR sinh hoat dffdc chdn lap trffe tid'p khoang 34% ty Id CTR sinh boat dffde tdi ehe'tai cac cd sd xii" ly dat khoang 42% va Iffdng CTR cdn lai la bd thai ciia qua trinh xff ly dffde chon lap chid'm khoang 24% Phan Idn CTR sinh boat dd thj chffa phdn loai tai ngudn tai mdt sd'dd thi So 17-Thang 7/2020 223 TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG Idn, hoat ddng mdi ehi dffdc trien khai thi didm tai mpt sd'phffdng, quan Do'i chidu cac ke't qua ndu trdn vdi cac mue tieu ma chie'n Iffdc dat ra, ed the tha'y hau he't cac muc tieu nam 2015 ciia Chid'n Iffdc deu chffa thtfc hien dffdc ngoai trff muc tidu vl ty Id thu gom va xu" ly CTR sinh hoat Dieu cho thd'y vdn cdn tdn tai nhffng han ehe qua trinh qudn ly CTR sinh boat Mot nhifng tdn tai Idn Id y thffe ve vide quan ly CTR sinh boat cua mdt bd phdn khdng nhd ngffdi dan cdn chffa cao, thd hidn cu the thdng qua tinh trang khdng phan loai chat thai trffdc thai bd, vfft rac khdng dung gid va diing ndi quy dinh, Mot nguyen nhdn trffe tidp nffa ddn de'n tinh trang tren la hidn cd qud nhilu tui ni-ldng diing mdt lan dang bi thdi mdi trffdng, lam mat my quan mdi trffdng, lam chd't ddng vat dffdi nffdc va lam tac cac hd thd'ng xff ly nffdc dd thi Tinh trang cang trd ndn nghiem trgng nhffng nam qua Nguyen nhan dan dd'n tinh trang dd gdm cd cac ly nhff sau: Thd nhdt, ngffdi dan sff dung tiii ni-ldng cang gia tang gia tui ni-ldng tha'p vi khdng tinh de'n chi phi mdi trffdng; Tam ly ehung cho r^ng, tiii ni-ldng Id mien phi, mac dii da dffde tinh vao gid ban eae san pham tieu diing; Thd hai, xa rdc va tidu buy tui ni-ldng ciia ngffdi dan khdng diing each bdi vi: Tiii ni-ldng it cd gid tri tdi sff dung; It cd nguy cd bi xff phat vl viee xa rac bffa bai; Ngffdi dan chffa hieu nhffng nguy hai cua chat thai bii'a bai; Khdng dii thung dffng rdc tai cac diem du lich va tren dffdng phd Thd ba, he thd'ng tidu hiiy/xff ly tui ni-ldng nhieu ban ehe'(Van phdng Qud'c hdi, 2012) Vai tro quye't dinh cua cQng dong qudn ly chd't thdi ran sinh hoqt Hoat dgng bao ve mdi trffdng ndi cbung va hoat ddng qudn ly chd't thai ran sinh hoat ndi rieng chi cd the thffe hien dffdc mpt each tnet de cd sff ehung tay gdp sffe cua tdt ca cac chii the lac dpng dd'n mdi trffdng Nhff phan tren da de Clip, sff tham gia ehii dong tich cffc cua edng ddng dong vai trd quan trpng giiip cho qua tnnh 224 S6'17-Thang 7/2020 quan ly chat thdi rdn sinh boat dat dffdc hieu qud Sff tham gia ndy thd hien tff xdc dinh thffc trang d nhiem mdi trffdng, cac giai phdp, phffdng thffc cu the de giam thieu, khdc phuc vd giai quyd't triet de cae va'n de d nhiem mdi trffdng eha't thdi sinh hoat gdy Trffdc hd't, sff tham gia ciia cdng ddng gdp phan rat Idn vide nhdn cde nguy cd dd'i vdi mdi trffdng, mang lai nhieu phffdng dn ve chinh sach hdn cho sff ehpn lffa, tao cd sd de lffa ehpn phffdng an giai quyet td'i ffu Tren cd sd edc dac diem cua cpng dong dd Id tinh dodn ke't va lien ke't xa hdi, vai trd ciia cgng ddng cdn dffdc the hien thdng qua quyen 1dm chii vd trdch nhiem ciia cdng ding vide bao ve mdi trffdng nham dam bao eho cdng ddng thffc hien quyin dffdc sd'ng mdi trffdng lanh khdng bi dnh hffdng bdi sff d nhiem vd dffdc hffdng nhffng ldi ich hdp phdp theo quy dinh ciia phdp lu?t bdo ve mdi trffdng D l phat huy cde ddc tinh cua cpng dong, edc nffdc dd thffc hien cde chien Iffdc lau dai nh^m van ddng, phd bie'n rdng rai, tuyen truyen va cffng ran hdn la cffdng chd'cdng ddn thffc hi?n phan loai rdc bat budc tai ngudn phat thai Nhilu qud'e gia da thffc hidn phffdng phdp dffa vdo chffdng trinh gido due phd thdng kidn thffc mdi trffdng va ve thu gom phanloairdc thdi Ddc bidt d Nhat Ban, phffdng phdp gido due tre em thu gom, phan loai chat thai ran sinh boat dffdc dp dung tff cde trffdng mam non vd rieu hpc Ben canh chffdng trinh gidng day, edc thay cd gido cd rat nhieu tranh ve va gido cu trffe quan dl tre em tham gia thu gom, phan loai rdc thdi sinh hoat tren dffdng phd, tai gia dinh Tai day, mgt nhffng chffdng tnnh da ngoai phd bien ciia eae em hoc sinh dd la di tham quan mdt sd nhd may x^ ly nffdc thai hoae chat thdi Chinh vi vdy, cae em trffdng thanh, cudc song sinh boat cOng nhff lam viec hang ngdy, bd chat Ihdi diing gid, dung chd, dung chS phan loai vd vi^c giff gin vd sinh mdi trffdng da trd y thffc va thdi quen hang Cac chuyen gia nffde ngoai deu khdng dinh day Id mgt chffdng trinh gido due QUANTR!-QUANLY tuyen truyin hieu qud nha't, ben vffng nhd't va khdng the thid'u dffdc edc trffdng hgc Xay dffng cum ddn eff tff quan vide phan loai, thu gom va xff ly chd't thdi, ve sinh moi trffdng Hidn nay, tai Viet Nam, sff tham gia cua cdng ddng da cd nhffng bffdc tid'n ddng k l , nhien, cong tac xd hdi hda quan Iy CTR sinh hoat vdn cdn nhilu ban ehe' O hau hd't cac dia phffdng, Cdng ty mdi trffdng thi (doanh nghidp nha nffdc) Id ddn vi chiu trach nhiem chinh cdng tac thu gom, vdn chuyen va xit ly CTR sinh hoat thi ciia dia phffdng, ben canh dd la sff tham gia tich effc cua he thd'ng cde cdng ty dich vu cdng ich quan, huyen, hdp tdc xa vd khd'i doanh nghiep tff nhan Cd thd' ke dd'n mot so' doanh nghidp tff nhdn da thffc hidn thdnh cdng va dem lai nhieu hieu qua va ldi ich eho edng ddng van chuyen va xff ly CTR sinh hoat dd thi nhff: Cdng ty TNHH Huy Hoang (Lang Sdn), Cdng ty TNHH Moi trffdng Ddng Phffdng (Dak Lak), Cdng ty CP Cong nghiep cam Pha (Quang Ninh), O khu vuc nong thdn eung dd hinh thdnh cae td dpi, hdp tac xa thu gom, van chuyen CTR sinh boat ndng thdn (Hoang Dffdng Tung, 2012) Ben canh sff tham gia ciia khd'i cac doanh nghiep, nhffng nam gan day phffdng thffc qudn ly CTR vdi cdch tie'p can dffa vao cpng ddng cung da dffdc nhieu dff dn quan tam thffc hien vd thu dffdc ke't qud td't Dien hinh nhff md hinh thi diem thu gom, xu" ly rdc thai ehe' bid'n phan bdn hffu cd ciia thdn Tao Phii (Tarn Hdng, VTnh Phuc), dff dn cai thien mdi trffdng kenh Chin Te, chd Ba Ren (Ben Tre), Tuy nhien, mpt thdch thffc khong thd phii nhdn cdn tdn tai dd'i vdi viec huy dpng sff tham gia eua cgng ddng dd la, cdng tac xa hdi hda cdn yd'u Van de sinh cd tff phia cpng ddng va chinh quyen Nhan thffc vd nang lffe cua cdng ddng chffa dam bao de thffe hidn quyen ldi vd nghia vu eiia minh cdng tdc quan ly CTR, dae biet la d khu vffc tdp trung ddng dan ngheo Y thffc ciia ngffdi ddn dd'i vdi vide giff gin ve sinh cdng cpng cdn ra't tha'p, hg thffdng xa rdc dffdng, cd'ng ranh hoae dd trdm CTR xdy dffng bd sdng, eae khu vffe edng cdng gay tdc dpng tieu cffc dd'n ve sinh mdi trffdng va canh quan dd thi Ngffde lai, ve phia cac nha quan ly, van cdn thid'u edc van ban quy dinh phii hdp nham thu hiit sff tham gia cua cac doan the, quan cbung va toan xa hpi, cdn thid'u nhilu chffdng trinh buy ddng cdng ddng quan \-$ CTR sinh boat (Hoang Dffdng Tiing, 2012) Be xudt So tay bdo ve moi trUdng dp dung cho CQng dong De nang cao y thffc eho ngffdi dan tai Viet Nam ve quan ly chat thai ran sinh hoat, mpt nhffng phffdng phap hidu qua la tuydn truyen, van ddng ngffdi dan bdng each thffc thdng qua cpng ddng tren ed sd dac tinh doan ke't va lien ke't xa hpi ciia cdng ddng Trong pham vi bdi vie't nay, tac gia de xud't Sd tay bao ve moi trffdng dp dung cho cpng ddng vdi ehii the la hd gia dinh (Xem So tay bao ve mdi trffdng) So toy b d o v e moi trUdng Bi CUONG SO TAY BAO V^ MOI TRLfCJNG Ldi M d SAU Chffdng I: BAO V $ MOI T R U C J N G VA VAI TRO CUA CON NGUdi TRONG VI^C BAOVf MOITRUCiNG I Bao v$ moi trffdng 1.1 Khai ni^m bao ve mdi trffdng 1.2 Bao v0 mdi trffdng ben vOng 1.3 Muc tjgu CLia vi§c b^o ve mdi trUdng Viet Nam So 17-Thang 7/2020 225 TAP CHJ CONG THlftfNG II \ ^ i trd ciJa ngudi vl$c bao v$ mdi tnJdng 2.1 Vai trd cua cdng dong d§n cd 2.2 Vai trd cua to chffc, ca nhan ngoai cpng dong ChUdng II: N O I DUNG BAO V^ MOI T R U O N G I Rac thai sinh hoat 1.1 Ndi khdng vdi tiii ni long 1.2 Khdng vdt rac bffa bai 1.3 Khdng ddt rac 1.4 De dung cd the tai che tai khu vuc rieng 1.5 Kiem soat va tiet giam nhOng thff ban vfft bd di 1.6 Tai sir dung bao, goi 1.7 Quyen gdp dd dung cu cho to chdc td thien 11.3R tai gia dinh Uu tien dung san xuat tai dia phUdng 2.2 Mua dung cd the tai che ho§c tai sii dung 2.3 Kiem soat va tiet giam nhffng gi ban bd di 2.4 Phan loai rac trudc thai bo 2.5 Tiet kiem nguyen nhien li§u qua trinh sinh hoat 2.6 Dan giay nhd de nhac tiet kiem dien 2.7 Bd rac vao thung rac d dung ndi quy dinh 2.8 Gom va chia se diing cpng dong cd the tai che 2.9 Tai sCt dung dung cdng dong III Tiet ki$m nang lUdng 3.1 Han che sd dung thiet bj dien gid cao did'm 3.2 Rut day c^m ngudn cac thiet bi dien khdng sd dung 3.3 Ket hdp sd dyng dieu hda vdi quat d 10 phut dau tien 3.4 Bat di^u hda 26 dp C 3.5 Tan dung gid va anh sang tu nhien 3.6 Trong cay xay nha 3.7 Tdi ffu hoa so lUdng bdng den 3.8 Dung bdng den tiet kiem nang lUdng 3.9 Bit kin cac Id"hdng va dudng nfft, dac biet d cila so va cda vao 3.10 Bao dffdng cac thiet bi dien to 3.11 Thue hoac mUdn dd dung 3.12 Mua cac thi^t bi da qua SL( dung 3.13 Mua thiet bi dUdc chUng nhan "tidt kiem nang lupng" 3.14 Uu tien cac thiet bi sCt dyng nang lffdng mat trdi 2 So - T h a n g / 2 QUAN TRj-quANLY IV Nha v$ sinh 4.1 Tiet ki§m nudc 4.2 Sii dyng cac chat tay rda co nguon goc tu nhien V Giao thdng thong minh 5.1 Tat ddng cd dffng xe 5.2 Thudng xuyen bao dudng xe 5.3 Mua mij bao hiem tdt 5.4 GiO tdc dd on dmh/vCia phai 5.5 Tranh gid cao diem 5.6 Dung ehung xe may 5.7 Mua loai xe may tdt 5.8 Sd dyng phffdng tien giao thdng cdng cdng 5.9 Oi xe dap 5.10.01 d-to/taxi neu di theo nhdm 5.11 Banxecu/hdng Chffdng III: C N G CU, KY NANG VA P H U O N G PHAP CO BAN DE TUYEN TRUYEN VEBAOVe Mdl TRUdNG I M^tsocongcu 1.1 Mdt sd cdng cy giup ban cd the hieu ban dau ve ddi tffpng dffdc tuyen tnjyen 1.2 Mpt sd cdng cy giup ban co the hieu sau hdn ve thuc trang bao ve mdi tnJdng cua doi tUdng dUdc tuyen truyen II M^tsdl^nang 2.1 Ky nang giao tidp 2.2 Ky nang thuye't trinh 2.3 Ky nang lang nghe va ghi chep III MOt 50 phUdng phap 3.1 PhUdng phap thuyet giang PhUdng phap nghe nhin 3.3 PhUdng phap thuyet trinh 3.4 PhUdng phap thao luan nhdm 3.5 Phffdng phap thuc hanh 3.6 PhUdng phap nghidn ciiu tinh hudng 3.7 PhUdng phap ddng vai IV Thai dd ciia ngudi tuyen truyen 4.1 Vda tuyen truyen vffa thuc hien 4.2 Hanh vi, thai dd cua ban So - T h a n g / 2 227 TAP CHl CONG TllfllNe De trie'n khai dp dung So tay bdo ve mdi trffdng thffc tidn, cde ed quan nha nffdc cd tham quyen cd tbi nghien cffu dp dung thi diem tren quy md mdt qudn, huyen mgt thdi gian nha't dinh, sau dd cd the ap dung rdng rai tai nhieu dia phffdng Ben canh cdng tdc tuydn truyen nhff trdn, tai cde dia phffdng thi diem can ke't hdp mgt so' giai phdp khae eu the nhff: - Phat midn phi ttii ni long cae mau de khuye'n khich ngffdi dan phan loai chd't thai, kem theodd la dp dung che tai nghiem khac dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi khdng thffc hidn diing quy dinh phan loai rdc va thai bd rac, - Lap ke' hoach thu gom rdc ca mpt nam theo dd phan chia cu the tffng thu gom tffng loai rdc ridng bidt, neu gia dinh nao khdng thffc hien dung kd hoach phai cd chd tdi phat tiln nghidm khac - D l cd quan ehffe ndng cd the kip thdi xii: phat cde hanh vi vi pham, can tang cffdng dpi ngu kiem tra, gidm sat qua trinh phan loai thu gom rdc Tai eae dia phffdng diu ed cac td chffc chinh tri - xa hdi, day la mdt Iffc Iffdng ndng cdt ma cbung ta cd the tan dung d l tdng cffdng cdng tdc kiem tra, gidm sat Ddng thdi, nhan vien vd sinh mdi trffdng eiing chinh la mdt ddi ngu hau cd thd thffc hien edng tac nay, bdi le hp la nhffng ngffdi trffe tidp thu gom chd't thai ran sinh hoat lai cde hp gia dinh • TAI U E U TRICH DAN: 'Khoan Dieu Nghi dinh sd38/20]5/ND-CP 24/4/2015 cua Chinh phu ve quan ly chat thdi vd phdli?u ^Khoan Dilu Nghi dinh sd 38/2015/ND-CP 24/4/2015 ciia Chinh phii vl qudn ly chat Ihdi vd phe lieu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: Bg Tdi nguy6n va Moi trufdng VietNam (2017),fidocde/»'e« trang moi trUdng quoc gia 2016, cdng bd ngdy 20/7/2017, Le Thac Can (2012), Bao cao tai Hpi thao gdp y ve sffa doi Luat BVMT 26/11/2012, dSng tdi tren hltp://www.vacne.org.vn/quy'dinh-ve-tham-van-cong-dong-lrong-danh-gia-tac-dong-moi-lruong-cac-du-an-p trien -can-duoc-liep-tuc-cai-tien/21002 html Chinh phu Nffdc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2015) Nghi dinh so 18/2015/ND-CP ngdy 14/2/2015 quy djnh vi quy hoach bao ve mdi trUdng ddnh gid moi iruifng chiin luac ddnh gid tdc dong moi trUdng vd kihogch bdo vp moi trudng Chinh phu Nirdc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2015), Nghi dmh sd 38/2015/ND-CP ngdy 24/4/2015 vi qudn ly chdt ihdi vd phi lieu Le Van An va Ngo Tiing Dffc {2016), So tay hudng ddn phdt tnen cgng dong, Nxb Thanh nien Phi Minh Hong (2005), Bdi gidng phdt tnen cgng dong, Tru'dng Dai hoc Nong Lam Thdi Nguyen Hoang Difdng Tiing va Nguyin Van Thiiy (2012), Quan ly cha't thai rdn; Hien uang ihach thffc vd dinh hffdng, Tgp chi Moi trudng thang8/20l2 Qudc hgi nffdc CHXHCN Viel Nam (2014), Luat Bdo ve mdi trUdng ndm 2014 Ban Tit dien (1995) TC( dien mdi trudng Anh - Viel \ d Viet Anh Nxb Khoa hpc - Ky thuai Hd Npi, Tr.260 228 So 17-Thang 7/2020 QUAD TRI-qUANLV 10 van ph6ng Quo'c hgi (2012), Hiting ddn Iham vin cdng chiing cua Hoi ding nhan dan DK an tang cKflng nang toe cua cac C3 quan dSn cij ViSt Nam, Chirong trinh phat trien Lien hap quoc 11 Vi§n Ngon ngS (2004), Tii dien tii'ng Viet, Nxb Da Nang, tr 70, 144, 818 Ngay nhin bai: 13/6/2020 Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va s i a chiJa: 23/6/2020 Ngay cha'p nh$n dang bai: 3/7/2020 Thong lin tdc gid: TS LE IVI4NH TUYEN 2, ThS MAI THJ CHUC HANH KIloa Lu§t - Trifdng Dai h9C Ngo^i thi/tftig PROMOTING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY IN THE MUNICIPAL SOLffi WASTE MANAGEMENT • Ph.D LE MANH TUYEN • Master MAI THI CHUC HANH Faculty of Law, Foreign Trade University T6MTAT: Municipal solid waste management is the process of preventing, minimizing, monitoring, sorting, collecting, transporting, reusing, recycling and treating municipal solid waste In order to effectively implement the contents of municipal solid waste management, it is necessary to have the active participation of different subjects including: domestic organizations, households and individuals, foreign organizations and individuals which have activities related to the municipal solid waste management in the territory of Vietnam, including the mainland, islands, waters and airspace In addition, the community also plays a key role in the municipal solid waste management This article presents and analyzes the concept and the role of the community in the municipal solid waste management, thereby proposing measures to enhance the role of the community in municipal solid waste management Keywords: Community, municipal solid waste management, environmental protection So 17-Thang 7/2020 229 ... san xua''t, kinh doanh, dich vu, sinh hoat hoac eae boat ddng khac''(Chinh phu, 2015) Chd''t thai ran sinh hoat (cdn gpi la rac sinh hoat) la chd''t thai ran phat sinh sinh hoat thffdng cua ngffdi-... trffng cua cha^t thdi ran sinh hoat nhff: cd the phan loai (chat thai rdn sinh hoat hffu ed va vd ed), cha''t thai ran sinh hoat ed dae tinh nguy hai va chat thai rdn sinh hoat thong thffdng, De... diem yd''u trdn, ed the dffa khdi niem eha''t thai ran sinh boat nhff sau: Cha''t thai ran sinh hoat la eha''t thai d the'' ran hodc sdt phdt sinh sinh hoat thffdng cua ngffdi, bao gdm chat thai ran