JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2016 Vol 61, No I pp 114 120 This paper is available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn DOI 10 lSn V23 S4 IO75,20l6 (}0!3 TRIET LI GIAO DUC DAN CHU, THUC DU[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2016 Vol 61, No I pp 114-120 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue edu.vn DOI 10 lSn.V23.S4-IO75,20l6-(}0!3 TRIET LI GIAO DUC DAN CHU, THUC DUNG CUA JOHN DEWEY Nguyen Thi Toan Trung tdm Nghien cifu Tdm li hgc vd Gido due hgc, Viin Khoa iuu Gido clue Vici Nam Tom tiit John Dewey la mgt nhihig ngtfdi sang lap tiim Ii hot chirc ming va phat tnen trilt hgc thtfc dung Ttf ttfdng ciia ong cd anh htfdng sau sac tdi ddi song lmh than nudc Mi sudt the kl XX dac biet tren ITnh vtfc giao due Biii vilt git'ii ihicu khiii quai ve cuoc ddi va stf nghiep cua John Dewey vdi dong gop ndi bat nhil cua ong Irong linh vifc gian due, lii triet li giao due diin chu Ihtfc dung, Tirkhoa: John Dewey, trill If giao due, dan chii, thtfc dung Mol dau John Dewey la triet gia - nha giao due khdi xtfdng trao liru Tiin giiio due, ngtfdi phal ngon cho nen gido due dan chfl MT the ki X X Trilt li giao due dan chu, ihtfc dung tiia tmg co anh huiing sau sac va sffc lan tda rgng rai khap ntfdc MT va chau Au irong thdi ki hicn dai Da cd mdi so cong trinh nghien cuU ve ttf Itfdng gido due cua J Dewey ddng thay cua lich stf itf ttfting giao due t h i gidi [5, 6, 11] Cung cd nhflng bai vilt btfdc d i u d l cap tdi trill If giiio due uong he ihong Inel hoc thffc dung cfla J Dewey [ , 7, 10] Tuy nhien, chtfa cd cong trinh niio di siiu nghien ctfu ve khia canh dan ehu va thtfc dung trill ii giao due eua dng Noi dung nghien cij'u 2,1, John Dewey - cuoc dbi va sir nghiep J Dewey (1859 - 1952) xuit than Irong mgt gia dinh binb dim lai Burlington bang Vermont (MT) Ong Iiy b i n g cff nhan trilt hgc tai dai htic Tdng htip Vei inonl nam 1879 va bang u l n sT t n i t hge lai dai hoc John Hopkins nam 1884, Sau dd, dng hit diu giang day tnet hoc tai dai bgc Michigan tfl nam 1884 tdi nam 1894 Tdi niim 1894, dng idi Mithigim de ltd Ihanh giao stf trill hoc, chfl nhiem phan khoa t n i t hoc, lam Ii hoc, gido due hot iiii dai hot Chicago Trong khoang thbi gian nay, ong cung vdi vg lap trtfbng Thtfc nghiem ciia dai hoc Chicago (1896) song bat ddng gay gat vdi hieu Irtfdng v l each quan If trtfdng, mim 1904, dng rdi Chicago den day tai khoa triet cfla trtfbng dai hgc Columbia, New York va lam vice tai day t h o idi ve hifu Nam 1905, dng dtfde biu lam Chff Uch Hiep hgi Tam If h o t MT Ti ong quang ihbi gian ong da dtfde chffng kiln stf Ian loa trill If giao due ciia minh tren i h l gidi btli tiic htic ud cua iing ^ Ngoai cdng viec chinh la gidng day va nghien cffu khoa hoc, J Dewey cdn lich ctfe tham gia vao cdc hoat dgng cai tao xa hdi: diu tranh ddi quyen blnh djlng t h o phu ntf cai thien ddi song Ngaynhanbai 15/11/2015 Ngay nhan dang 10/2/2016 Uen he: Nguyen Thi Toan e-mail, toandhspl @gmail.com r Triet li gido dut ddn chu Ihifc dung cua John Dewey ngUdi nhap cu Vdi vai trd mgt nha boat ddng xa hdi va Itf vin giao due, dng da di tham quan va thamgiagiangday d mdt sd nffde nhu Nhat, Trung Qudc (1919- 192i), nghien cffu, td chflc cac bao cao giao due tai Thd NhT Ki (1924), Nam Phi Mexico, Lien Xd (1928) Thtfc tien giang day, quan If giao due va tham gia hoat ddng xa hgi da bd trd cho John Dewey nhflng hieu bilt phong phu ve giao due Mat khac, viec nghien cffu sau sac, de xuat trill hgc Ihtfe dung da dat nin tang eho triet ll giao due dan chfl, thtfc dung cua John Dewey Bang qua trinh Iao ddng khoa hgc miet mill va ngbiern tuc, J Dewey da cho dbi mgi khdi Itfdng edng trinh khoa hoc dd so vdi gid tri If luan va thuc tien sau sic Cac tac pham tieu bieu cua J Dewey la nhflng tac pham ban vl trill hoc, tam li, giao due, dan ehu, dao dflc, tdn giao va nghe thuat nhtf: Tieu Iuan ve quan niem ngffdi trill hgc Leibniz (Leibnizs New Essays Concerning the Human Unerslanding, 1886), Tam li hgc (Psychology, 1887), Trtfbng hgc va xa hgi (The School anh Society, 1899), Tre em vii chtfdng trinh (The Child and the Curriculum), Chflng ta tu nhu ihl nao (How We Think, 1910), Dan chu va giao due (Democracy and Education, 1916) Tdi cau trflc trie! hgc (Reconstruction in Philosophy, 1920), Nban tfnh va each flng xff (Human Namre and Conduct, 1922), Logic hgc Lf thuylt tham tra (Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, 1938); Kinh nghiem va gido due (Experience and Education, 1938) Trong phan Idn cac tdc pham nay, J.Dewey deu chu irUdng xay dtfng mdt nen gido due dan chu gan If thuyet vdi thtfc hanh 2.2 Nhihig dieu kien, tien de hinh triet li giao diJC cua John Dewey Tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi: J Dewey song Irong thdi dai ntfdc MT chffng kien nhffng stf dol thay dang kinh ngac Trong khdng day mgt ihl ki ke tfl G Washington trd tdng thdng diu lien cua MT vao nam 1789, sau cugc not chien 1861 - 1865, nen kinh tecua qudc gia non Ire da di tfl manh ghep cua nhieu nganh nghe da dang vdi san xuat nong nghiep lii chu yeu sang nen kinh te cdng nghiep hien dai dd thi hda, thffdng mai hda vdi sfl phdt irien manh me cua dfldng sat, diu md va dien nang Thifc te ddi hdi phai co mgt ngudn nhan Itfc mdi vdi trinh kT thuat eao, nang dgng, sang tao, dap ffng yeu cau cang cao eua stf phdt Irien kinh te - xa hdi MT Nen giao due truyin tbdng kinh vien, giao dilu, xa rdi thuc tiln cua xa hdi ndng nghiep khep kin, bao thu khdng edn du sffc dap ffng yeu cau Nim bat dtfde yeu ciu mdi dd, J Dewey la ngffbi da di nen phong viec khdi xffdng trao Iffu Tan giao due, md dtfbng cho If luan giao due hien dai, de cao tinh thin dan chu, thtfc dung giao due Tinh hinh chinh tri - xa hoi: Tmh than diin chu la dac diem chfnh iri - xa hoi ndi bat cua ntfdc MT the ki XIX - XX Sau chiln tranh gianb ddc lap ihing ldi, nhan dan MT da lien tuc diu tranh debao ve va md rgng quyen dan ehfl ma edch mang da dem Iai Cudc ngi chien giffa hai mien Nam - Bic keo dai sudt bdn nam (1861 - 1865) vdi sff kit thfle thing ldi efla dang Cdng hda da xda bd chl nd le Viee xay dflng chl dd ttf ban chu nghTa khdng qua chl phong kiln bao thu cung khien cho sff tff dan chu, Idn trgng ca tfnh va y thflc ca nhan dtfde phdt huy tdi da MT Tinh thin dan chfl cdn bieu hien ro rang eae chfnh sach va boat ddng chfnh tri eua ntfdc MT MT la mdt ntfdc Cgng boa lien bang gdm nhieu bang, mdi bang cd mdt lual phap neng va cd quyln life ddc lap vdi cbinh pbu lien bang Dtf luat ve Quyln ngtfbi (1789) dam bao cbo ngffdi MT quyen tff ngon Iuan, bieu tlnh, ni ton gido va bao chf Stf dan ehu cdn bieu hien stf phan cdng cbinh tri 'Tam quyen phan lap", dam bao cho sffc manh chfnh trj khdng bj tap trung tuyet ddi vao "trong cung mgt ban lay", de dan tdi hien Ifldng ddc quyln Viec xuat hien nhii cai each Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826) la luat gia, chfnh trj gia, Tong thdng thfl ba eua MT da md dtfbng cho viec xay dtfng bau khdng dan chu loan nffdc MT Diiy Iii mdi trtfdng thuan ldi ""cho viec tach gido due khdi nha thb, xay dtfng mdt nin giao due thtfc stf dan ehu Tinh thin each tan eiao due, triet Ii giao due dan chu, ihtfc dung efla J Dewey da dtftlc mam iff manh dat dan chu mau md dd nen nhanh chdng dflde hien thtfc hda, trd mdt trao ltfu giao due tien bd cua nudc MT 115 Nguyen Thi Toan Van hoa, giao due va nguW Mi: MT Iii mdt qudc gia da chung toe, da van hoa, xuat phat tff bdi eanh di dan va xam ehiem thude dja Dd la dit ntfdc ddn nhan nhilu ngtfdi di ctf hdn bit ki mgt qudc gia nao khac Bdi vay, ngtfdi MT la "sff pha Irgii la lung cua tat ddng mdu", "trong dong mau ngtfdi MT khdng Ihe khong ed ddng mau cua ea the gidi" |7, 6] De rdi bd que huong din sdng d miln dil xa la, phai td ldng dung cam va stf linh hoat Ngtfdi MT la nhflng ngtfdi dam chip nhan rfli ro, thff thach, ddc lap Iff ltfc cdnh sinh va y thflc manh me ve stf binh dang Kil qua cua xa hgi dan chu va blnh dang la nhffng eon ngtfdi tdn trgng ttf ta nhan Khi xa hoi da iao dilu kien cho ngtfbi binh ding hdn, ngtfdi MT se cd edm giac "chang ml mdt cai gi" Tit "ho nudi mdt thdi quen coi ban than minh la ke dtfng tach mdi minh vii ho cd xu htfdng lUting ttfdng la ban tay hg da nim ggn tat cd sd phan cua chfnh minh" [7; 88-89] Nhffng dac trUng lfnh each cfla ngtfbi MT la mdt tiong nhflng cd sd de J Dewey xay dUng triel li gido due dan chd, thtfc dung Ion trgng ttf ca nhan cua ngtfbi hoc Bdi vay, triet If dd de tiimg dtfdt liep nhan hdn d nhilu mien dat khac, dan tgc khdc MT eung la mot nhflng ntfdc cd he thdng giao due da dang Mdi bang cd mot luat giao due rieng, cd the gidng hoac khae cae bang khdc Chtfdng trinb hoe vfla mang ifnh bit buoc vfta mang tinh Itf chon Nhd dac trffng ma J Dewey cd the dtfa quan diem giao due vao thtfc lien ma khdng sd lam xao iron chffdng trinb va tien trinh hge tap Nen giiio due MT cung mdt liong nhffng ITnh vffc the hien ro ret ti'nh dan chfl eua ngtfbi MT Ngtfdi MT hieu liing ttfdng lai phu thuoc vao Iri tue cfla chfnh hg ehfl khong phai mgt khae Vi vay, ho danh mdi quan lam sau sac ldi giao due Nhflng cau hdl ve mue dfch, phtfdng phdp hge tap trd nhffng van de ed ban cac cugc tranh Iuan vl giao due iai MT Nhffng ngtfdi di tien phong cdng cudc cai id giao due da nd Itfe xay dtfng cac lieu chuan vl dao tao giao vien, ve viec nhan manh u'nh hieu qua giao due Dien hinh, luat stf, chinh tri gia, nha giao due Horace Mann (1796 - 1859) dii dtfa thudng trinh gido due tfch ctft vdi cac dac diem: dai thflng, mien phf (ehfnh quyen diu tho), hieu qua, coi trgng giao due dao dflc, tach khdi ton giao, phtfdng phdp stf pham thtfc dung, ddi ngu giao vien chuyen nghiep, nhiet thanh, yeu nghl, dtfde dao tao bai bdn J Dewey da iiep thu cd chon loc unh thin de xay dtfng tnit If gido due dan ehfl, thtfc dung eho ntfdc Mi Triet hgc thuc dung: Tnll If giao due cua J Dewey dbi tren nen tirng met hgc thtfc dung ma dng vit C Pelrce, W James day cdng xay difng Trilt hgc la stf ke thffa met hoc iruyen thdng vdi tinh thin cua Socrate "Hay nhan thfle chinh minh", F Bacon ctii "tri thffc la sffc manh", G Hegel vdi tinh thin bien chffng ve stf phdt Irien Iich sfl va mdi lien he gifla cdt the be ngtfdi , trtfc tilp la ttf ttfdng efla hai nha trill hgc Ihtfc dung C Peiree vaW James C Pence (1839 - 1914) la cha de eua ehu nghTa Ihtfc dung vdi tham vgng xay dtfng thtfc dung huin ihiinh phtfdng phiip Iuan khoa hgc de phan tich y nghla cua khdi niem trflu ttfdng, tff dd hinh ihiinh niem tin cho ngtfbi Theo dng, niem tin khdng the dtfde xay dtfng bing phfldng phap cd chap, ctfdng bffc hay tien nghiem ma phai bang phtfdng phdp khoa hge vdi sffc manh la kinh nghiem thtfc te Cung viii dd, li thuylt vl chan li cua C Peiree ed anh htfdng sau sac tdi trilt hot tua J Dewey ndi chung, trietif giiio due cua dng ndi rieng Ben eanh dd, W.James (1842- 1910) tung cd anh htfdng Irftc tilp tdi J Dewey Iren phtfdng dien tam If hge cd nang W James giai thith ve ddng y ihffc vdi cac dac trtfng: Iff ttfdng la cua mdi ca nhan, Iudn van dgng va bien ddi lien iiic cd Ifnh Itfa chon, gan vdi Idi feh va htfng thu eua ngtfdi W James cung dtfa quan niem vl thiin If chan If la ihuoc tfnh cua ttf ttfdng, ttfdng ffng vdi kinh nghiem dang bien ddi cua ngtfbi, lii quan niem xac dmh nilm tin cua ngtfbi, thoa man nhu ciu, nguyen vgng cd feh cua ngtfbi, mang tinh cu ihe va hffu dung Ttf ttfdng cua W, James da khai md manh me cho J Dewey xay dtfng trill li giao due hien dai, nhin manh vai Ird eiia kmh nghiem, hanh ddng, thdi qucii vii tinh hieu qua titing qua trinh giao due Thuyet tien hda: Tieu bieu eho tuu khoa hgc thdi ki lit ihuycl u6n hda cua Chai les Darwin Quan niem stf sdng la ket qua cua qua trinh lien hda Iau dai qua tiua uinh dau uanh smh 116 r Triii li gido due ddn chu thuc dung cua John Dewey ton va cbgn lgc lU nhien da lam lung lay sieu hinh hoc truyen thdng, dac biel la nen tang cd gidi luan cua triet bgc pha v6 quyen uy cua chu nghTa tam trill hoc cd dien Dflc, md dflbng cho stf phat trien cua phtfdng phap thtfc nghiem J Dewey da ke thffa thiinh ttfu khoa hgc de xay dung mdn tam If hge chflc nang va trill If giao due hien dai Nhu vay, triet If giao due hien dai cua J Dewey da dtfde hinh tff nhffng dieu kien kinh tl, chfnh tri, van hda, giao due dac thu cua ntfdc MT cudi the ki XIX, diu thi ki XX Dilu Iam nen sffc hap dan, tinh thuyet phue cua tnet If cdn bdi dd Iii stf ke thfla cd chgn lgc nm wilt hgc va khoa bgc tu nhien dffdng thdi 2.3 Noi dung co ban triet h' giao due cua J.Dewey 2.3.1 Triet li giao due la gi? Trong tac pham "Dan chu va giiio due", J Dewey da dtfa dinh nghTa ve triet If giiio due Theo dng, Iriel If giao due la sff the hien rd nhat mdi quan he mat thiet giffa tnet hgc va giao due: "Nlu chung la sin sang quan niem giao due nhtf la qud trinh dao tao cdc xu htfdng can ban, xu hffdng tinb than va xu htfdng tinh cam thi Iriel hge cd the dtfde dinh nghTa nhtf la If Iuan chung eua giao due" [I; 386], "Giao due la phong thf nghiem d dd sU doe dao tua trill hgc trd nen eu the va dUdc chflng minh" [1; 388] Tren cd sd phe phan ba trilt If gido due dien hinh trdng Iich sff: Irilt ll gido due cua Rousseau qua ehfl trgng ca nhan cdn triet If giao due Platon qua ehu Irgng Idi xa hgi dd ea nhan sinh boat, triel If gido due tam the ki XIX thu hep khdi mem muc tieu xa hoi, khiln cd nhan phai phu thudc vao thiet che, J Dewey quan niem trf tue va stf hinh Iri tue la mdt tiln trinh chung, ca nhan chi la mgt khai niem ed y nghTa tham gia vao tiln trinh xa hgi va trd mdt bd phan khdng the tdch rdi cua xa hgi, cdn xa hgi ehi ed vai trd hien thtfc hda stf tdn tai cua cac ca nban Tfl dd, ong cho rang: "Trill If gido due chi ddn gian la stf phat bieu rd rang ve eac vin de cua stf dao tao cac thdi quen tinh Ihin va dao dffc dflng dan mdi lien quan den nhflng trd ngai nam ddi song xa hgi dtfdng thdi Vay thi, co the djnh nghTa 'triet If mdt each sau sac nhat nhU sau: triet If la If luan gido due xet tren ede phtfdng dien phd bien nhat" [I; 389] Ong khing dinh rang, viec tai kien tao he thdng trilt If, nen giao due If ttfdng xa hgi va cac phUdng phap phai song hiinh vdi SU thay ddi triet de ddi sdng xa hgi xay ddng thbi vdi tien bg khoa hgc, each mang cdng nghiep va sff phat trien efla nen dan ehfl ddi hdi phai cd sff cai each nin giao due, dd viec cd mgt he trilt If gido due dung din la dilu vd cung quan trgng "Giao due khong the tdn tai ddn thuan nhtf mgt gia thuyet ve dieu nd khao khat" ma phai la qua trinh dem Iai stf ddi thay ein thilt theo djnh htfdng cua trilt If giao due Ong kit Iuan: "Triet Ii la If luan giao due xet nhff mtit thtfc lien dtftlc thtfc hien mdt each co chu tam" [1; 390] Nhtf vay, trilt If giao due la nhffng in thffc cd tfnh md dtfbng, la cong cu If thuyet de trien khai toiin bo nen giao due ve muc lieu, dgi ngu giao vien ndi dung, chffdng trinh sdch giao khoa, phtfdng phap giang day Dieu dtfde dng phan tich kha sau sie, Ii mi eae edng trinh nghien cflu, dac biet la tac pham "Dan chu va giao due" 2.3.2 Dan chu va thUc dung - tinh than cot loi triet li giao due ciia J.Dewey Sfl quan lam tdi giao due cua J Dewey bit dau tff dng nhan thiy mau Ihuan sau sic giffa nha trtfbng va xa hgi Trong kbi ntfdc MT dang chflng kiln nhflng dd'i thay to ldn chffa tffng thay dbi sdng xa hgi cung nhfl dbi sdng tinh than va van hda flng xff cua ngffdi thi nhii trUbng MT van di iheo Iruyen thdng efl kT, "tTnh vl ndi dung, dgc doan ve phtfdng phap", ngtfbi day nhdi nhet, ap dat cdn ngtfdi bgc Ihl gbi nhd thu ddng, may mde Giao due lang tranh nhffng yeu ciu thitc tiln, khong dilu cbinb theo nhflng kham pha mdi nhat vl tam If Ire em va nhu ciu cua mot xa hdi dan chii dang thay ddi Bing tinh than dan chu, J Dewey coi nha Irflbng va xa bgi dan chu la hai td nen lang ein dUdc xay dung Iai nham khuyin khfch trf thdng minh trai nghiem Nguyin Tht Toan (experimental intelligence) Theo dng, xa hdi diin chu lii xa lit'ii lat) clu> mtii ngtfbi quyen binh tiang va de dang ed c6 hdi tiep can tri thffc, phdt trien kha nang, xii lidi mil quyen ltfc nam khuynh htfdng ben cua nhan each va htfng thu Itf nguyen Chi cd giao due mdi tao quyln luc song nen gido due truyin thdng lai khdng Ihtfc hien dtfde dieu dd, Bdi vay, pbai cap thilt cai each giao due ma viec trgng tarn la thay ddi Uilt li giao due, thay ddi quan niem vl vi tri, chtfc nang, mue lieu, ngi dung, phtfdng phap giao dut Viec tim kiem mol inel li gido due mdi cd the khjc phuc ban che trd mdi quan tiim chfnh cfla J Dewey Bang phtfdng phap luan cua tnet hgc Ihtfc dung, J Dewey da xay dtfng triet If giao due dan clui ihtfc dung liim lmh htm cho cuoc each tan gido due cua ntfdc MT Tinb than dan chu va thifc tlung llie liicn loiui dien uong quan mem cua J Dewey vl mue tieu, noi dung, phtfdng phap gido due Ve muc lieu giao due Theo J, Dewey, khdng ed muc lieu chung ehung, tach khdi boi canh cu the Muc Ueu phai dtfde dat dtfa tren dieu kien vat thiil ciia xii hdi dtfdng thbi, dtfde sap x8p theo Irinh ttf va mang linh lien tuc chff kbdng phai la mgi phiip tdng nhtfng ket qud rbi rac Muc lieu hdp If phai xuit phiil tfl nhffng mong mudn tua tac hinh lliai tdng ddng dang ton tai, phai can cff tren hoat ddng va nhu ciu ben cua ta nhan cu the vii thuyen thimh phtfdng phap hdp tac vdi cac boat ddng eua ngtfbi hgc Mue lieu giao dut, theo [|uan mem tua J Dewey la "stf phal irien ttf nhien vahieu qua xa hgi" [I; 139] Dd la qua Irinh Idi kien :ao lien iuc xa hdi, lam cho xa hoi eang tdt dep hdn dan chu hdn Hieu qua xa hdi la stf phai ti icn nang itfe efla ngffcli, la stf ehu ddng sff dung nang Itfc cd nhan vao nhffng viec lam mang y nghia xa hdi, la kha nang hieu biel, cam thdng, kha nang sang tao, cam thu nghe thuat giai uf "Hieu qua xa hdi hoan loan nghTe la qua trinh Iam cho Itf Ird nen phu hdp ve mai xii hdi, de cho nd tham gia thtfc stf vao qud trinh biln eac kinh nghiem trd ed the truyen dm nhicu htin nffa, tham gia viio qua Irinh pha vd cdc rao can eua stf phan tang xa hdi khien cho cac cii nhiin khdng liep thu dtfde nhtfng moi hffng thu cua ngtfbi khae" [1; 149] Dedal tdi bieu qud xii lit'ii, giiio due tan gnip cd nhan: I Ifinh Ihanh va ren luyen niing ltfc nghe nghiep; Giao due ttf cich cntig diin ldl, Diio luyen van hoa, hieu theo nghia stf phat trien trgn ven cfla nhan each Qua uinli giao due la qud Irinh hoai dong cua ngtfbi Irong mot xa hgi cua nhflng ca nhan ttf bang lao dt'ing ciia minh ddng gdp cho sit khai phdng vii lam phong phu cuge sdng xa bdi Giao dut phai phiil ti ien ltf phan bien, sang tao va cd trdch nhiem, phdt tnen tdi da nhtfng tilm nang ta nhan Ntii ngan gtin, muc tieu caoca nhat la nha trtfbng dao tao dtfde nhffng edng dan ttf eho nu'il cbe dd dim thu Ve ndi dung gido due: J Dewey nhan manh, phai \cm xtii ndi tiung tren ca quan diem cua ngtfdi day va ngUdi hgc Vdi ngUdi thay, sU hie'u bill vl ndi dung phai vtfdl len tren stf hieu biel hien tai cfla ngffdi hoc Tuy nhien, ngtfdi thiy qud tiinh gido due khdng nen qua ban liim l6i ban than ndi dung ma nen quan tam tdi mdi ttfdng giao giffa ndi dung vdi cac nhu cau vii nang khilu efla ngtfbi hge: "Van de eua day hgc la gifl eho kinh nghiem ciia ngtfdi hoc di Iheo dittlng ma nha chuyen mdn da trdi qua Vi thi, ngtfbi tbiy cin phai hieu bill ca noi dung lan cat nhu ck dae trtfng va cae nang khilu cua ngtfdi hoc" [1, 221] Giao tiuc nhan manh vao hanh dong tft ca nhan, bdi vay, mgi bien phap giao due deu phai can ctf viio kinh nghiem cudc sdng va nhu cau phdt tnen tua ngtfbi hgc, cung cip nhflng dilu kien, tai lieu tan lliiel tho ngtfdi hoc lU hoai dgng Chtfdng trinh hge phai tfnh din viee lam cho cac mdn hoc phii htip vdi tudc song hien lai, nham muc dfch eai thien dbi sdng, htfdng tdi ttfdng lai tdi dep hdn Ndi dung gido due phai phan anh sff phdt trien cua Ioai ngtfbi Vi thi ndi dung phai mang linh uing lien Tffc la chtfdng trinh hoc phai hien dai Ien eung vdi stf phat trien cfla loai ngtfbi Tuy iihit^n, ndi dung giao due dft phong phu, hien tJai Ihl nao di ehang nfla Ihi nude hit phdi cdt o y nghia ma nd dem lai cho ddi sting xa hgi hien htfu Xa hgi eang phflc tap, ngi dung kiln thffc L.IIII^phong phii ihi ciing din hdi ngftcii day phai tranh bit hge sinh ".sao chep lai ndi dung dtfdi dang phai hicu cd sin" (231) miiphiiuhnh htfdng bgt sinh bilt ciich thgn loc nhffng kiln thfle hffu duiig Vl phuong phap gido due Phe phdn lot day hgt thien vt licli liiy, J Dewey nhan manh hieu 118 r Trtel ligido due ddn chii thUe dung cua John Dewey qua van dung trf thong minh vao mdt hoat ddng eu the Day la ttf ttfdng cdi Idi eua giao due thtfc dung Day va hoc theo quan diem dan chu la chia se boat dong gifla ihay va trd Phai danh thflc tff cfla ngtfdi hge, hinh va phat trien kinh nghiem, gin vdi gid In cua cugc sdng Day va hgc khdng ddn thuin la qud trinh trao Iruyen thdng tin ma phai eung eip cho ngtfbi hge hanh trang vao dbi, phut vu cude sdng Nba trtfbng diiy hoc sinh kT nang, in thffc, ttf duy, gin bill va Iam Pbdi dat giao due quan he mat thilt vdi ddi sdng, gan li thuyet vdi Ihtfc hanh Trill hoc thffc dung la tnet hgc de cao stf hflu ich va tfnh hieu qua Van dung trill hoc thtfc dung vao xay dffng triet If gido due, J Dewey eho rang, can xay dtfng mdt nen giao due gin If thuyet vdi thtfc tien Gido due khdng edn la qua trinh truyin day tri thtfc hay khai sdng trf tue, "gido due chfnh la ban than eugc sdng" (Edueatitm is life ilselO- Vi giao due la bdn than eude sdng nen nha trtfdng khdng the tach khdi xa hdi nhtf mgt dc diio cd ddn ma phai gan lien, hda lam mgt vbi cuoc sdng Trtfdng hge khdng phai la ndi de ngUdi Idn day chd tre em eac bai hoc ve kiln thffc va dao dffc mil la mot hinh ihdi cfla dbi sdng cdng ddng Giao due la ban than qua trinb sdng cua tre em chfl khdng phai la mdt stf chuan bj eho mot cuge sdng ttfdng Iai md hd nao dd Tri ihffc khdng the la stf dp dat tfl ben ngoai, mot chieu tfl phfa ngtfbi day Tri thffc phai dat dffdc bang stf chu dgng, nd ltfc vtfdn Ien, tim kiem va chinh phuc cua ngtfdi hge Phe phan cdch day hoc truyin thdng chi ehu Ugng vao If thuyet, J Dewey eho rang day hgt phal tao mdi trtfdng cho ngtfdi hoc tilp xuc vdi mdt vin de cd thtfc, gan vdi mol thtfc tai xa hdi, phai hflu dung Theo John Dewey, dieu quan trgng song cua giao due khdng phai la stf tmyen day nhffng sU kien da chet ma la nhflng kien thffc va kT nang da hda trgn lam mgt vdi dbi song Y ttfdng cd ban nhit cua John Dewey ve giao due la: thay vi ehi hoc thugc Idng, can phai ehu trgng hdn nfla viee md rdng tri thffc va phal trien cac ki nang giai quyet vin dl, hi phe phan Cae tien trinh day hoe dtfde id chffc hai hoa, tap trung vao viec tao nhffng thoi quen ttf cho ngffdi hgc Ttf la phtfting phap trai nghiem mang tfnh gido due (educative experience) Nhffng phtfdng dien cd ban cua phtfdng phdp day hge dd cung ddng nhat vdi nhflng phtfdng dien cd bdn cua phtfdng phap ttf Nha trtfdng cd nhiem vu chuan bi nhffng dieu kien cho ngtfbi hoc ttf minh tao dtfng kiln thfft cho chfnh minh bang loan bg cdc giac quan va ttf cfla chflng Trtfdc hit ngtfbi hgc cin phdi co mdt linh hudng dich ihUc de trai nghiem; tilp dd, phai dtfde dai trtfdc mdt vin de dich thtfc sinh iff ehinh tinh hudng dd nhtf mgt stf kfch thfch cho ttf duy; tfl do, cd nhflng Ihdng iin can thiet gdi y cho ngtfbi hoc eac giai phap giai quyet vin dl, nhflng dilu kien ap dung chffng eho dai dtfde hieu qua cao nhat Va J Dewey ggi dd la nin stf pham thtfc dung Vi giao due chinh la cudc sdng nen J, Dewey cho rang, khdng ed mgt thff giao due chung cho tat ca mgi ngtfdi Giao due phdi tdn sff khae biet cua ngtfbi bgc Giao due lii qua trinb efla ngflbi hgc chfl khdng phai efla ngtfdi day Ngtfbi hgc phai la trung tam Phtfdng phdp la phtfdng phdp cua nang ltfc va hffng thu cua ngffdi hgc - nhflng ea nhan dang trfldng thanh, chff khdng pliai la phtfdng phap cua ngtfbi I6n da trtfdng Ihanh, Ngtfdi thiy khdng phdi la mdt vi quan Ida nim quyen uy ddc doan ma cung chi la mot vien cua ldp hge, ed vai trd dinh htfdng eho ngffbi hoe Vl thi phtfdng phap se khong can trd sff phat trien ttf nhien d ngtfbi hgc "Trong nha trtfbng, stf sdt rudi mudn cd dffdc tinh thdng nhat vl phtfdng phdp va viec mudn ed nhffng ket qua bl ngoai la ke thfl ldn nhit cua tinh cdi md Ngtfdi tbay ndd khdng tho phep va khdng khuyen khfch Ifnh d'a dang giai quyli van de thi ngtfbi thiy dd dang "bit mil" htie sinh, xet tren phtfdng dien trf tue - tffc lii gidi han tam nhin eua ehung vao mdt dtfbng ma trf tie eua ngtfdi thiy vfla hay cho phep Ep budc va thue ep thai qud deu cd cbung nguyen nhan, vd gay he qua nhfl cbo hffng thfl tri tue Iinh boat va da dang" [I; 213] 119 Nguyen Thi Toan Ket Iuan ^ s^' Giao due chfnh la cuge sdng, nha trtfbng la mdt xa hgi thu nhd, kien ihfft lii su tich hop lien mdn ngtfdi hgc la trung tam, hgc tap la qua trinh ngtfbi hgc tiJ kien iao in ihflt iren cci so thflc nghiem khoa hoc va kmh nghiem dtfdi stf giup dd cua ngffbi day, kit qua gido due la nhiing cdng dan ed tn thflc, kT nang sdng, nang ltfc lam viec Trill If giao due dan thii, thtfc dung ciia J Dewey thtfc stf da tao stf bung no ITnh vtfc gido due cua ntfdc MT va chau Au ihl ki XX Bai hoc ve viec tdn trong, phat huy tfnh chu ddng, tfch etfc eua ngUdi hgc, linh gian kien thftc iich hdp, gin kit li thuyet va thtfc hanh, chu trgng Iinh hieu qua eua gido d u e trting triel If vin co y nghia sau s i c , dac biet ddi vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi can ban va loan dien nen gido due Viel Nam TL'T ruQi hien TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Quach Hoang Cong, Ha Le Dung, 2014, Triit li gido due cda John Dewey nong tde phdm "Kinh nghiem vd gido due" Tap chf Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe, TrUdng Dai hot Khua htic Hul, 1(2), 118-126 John Dewey Pham Anh Tuan dieh 2008 Ddn chu vd gida due: nwi dcin nhdp vdo iriel li '' gido due Nxb Tri thfle a John Dewey Pham Anh Tiian djch 2012 John Dewey ve gido due Nxb Tie ; \Mw John Dewey VflDflc Anh dich.'2013 Cdch ta nghi Nxb Tn thflc i'' "f' "^' Pham Minh Hac 2012 Triii li gido due thi gidi vd Viet Nam Nxb Giiioduc VietNam, Bui Minh Hien (ehu bien), Nguyen Qude Tri 2013 Lich sU gido due ihi gidi Nxb Dai hoc Sfl pham Nguyen Ai Hge, 2014, Vdn dung triet ligido due cua John Dewey vdo vice clay Iwc mch Ngu vdn boi cdnh ddi mdi todn dien gido due phd thong d Viel Nam hien Tap thf Khoa hoc - Trudng Dai hoc Stf pham Ha Ndi, So 59(2), Tr.25-33 Trin Kiel Hung, Pham The Chau 2007 Xd hoi vd nen vdn hda Mi Nxb Viin hda ihdng lin Nhilu tae gia 2004 Chdn dung nhitng nhd cdi cdch gido due lieu hieu iren ihe gic'n Nxb The gidi Le Van Tung Triit li gido due cua John Dewey Tap chi Gido dut st"i dac bici 01/2011, htIp://www.sachhayorg/thoi-su-sach/ChiTiet/173/triet-hoc-giao-duc-cua-john-dewey [ I I ] Thdi Duy Tuyen 2012 Triit hgc gido due Viet Nam N x b Dai hgc Stf pham [12] Nong Duy Trtfbng 2012 Chu nghia thuc dung gido due - Phucmg thifc tu chiy lcm dien - Hgc vien cong ddn http://www ieevn.org/vi/print/393 ABSTRACT The democratic and pragmatic philosophy on education of John DcMcy John Dewey was one of the founders of functional psychology and also ihe person who developed pragmatic philosophy His ideology profoundly influenced the spuiiual life of ihe United Stales during the twentieth cenmry, particularly when it comes to education This article presents an overview of John Dewey's life and career and his most prominenl contribution to education, which is the democratic and pragmatic philosophy on education Keywords: John Dewey educational philosophy, democratic, pragmatic ... due: nwi dcin nhdp vdo iriel li '''' gido due Nxb Tri thfle a John Dewey Pham Anh Tiian djch 2012 John Dewey ve gido due Nxb Tie ; \Mw John Dewey VflDflc Anh dich.''2013 Cdch ta nghi Nxb Tn thflc i''''... nay, J .Dewey deu chu irUdng xay dtfng mdt nen gido due dan chu gan If thuyet vdi thtfc hanh 2.2 Nhihig dieu kien, tien de hinh triet li giao diJC cua John Dewey Tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi: J Dewey. .. Dung, 2014, Triit li gido due cda John Dewey nong tde phdm "Kinh nghiem vd gido due" Tap chf Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe, TrUdng Dai hot Khua htic Hul, 1(2), 118-126 John Dewey Pham Anh Tuan dieh 2008