JOURNAL OF SCIENCF OF HNUE Educational Sci , 20!6, Vol 61, No 3, pp, 10 19 This paper is available online al hup //stdb,hnue edu vn DOL 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0022 DAO TAO THEO HOC CHE TIN CHI TAI T[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCF OF HNUE Educational Sci., 20!6, Vol 61, No 3, pp, 10-19 This paper is available online al hup //stdb,hnue.edu.vn DOL 10.18173/2354-1075 2016-0022 DAO TAO THEO HOC CHE TIN CHI TAI T R U O N G DAI HOC SU PHAM HA NO! - THUC TRANG VA GIAI P H A P Nguyen Hoai Nam Khoa Suphgm Ki thudt, Trudng Dai hgc Supham Hd Ngi Tdm tat Phan iich cac yeu id anh hudng ldi dao lao theo hpc che lin chi tren quan diem he ihong, cd sU doi chieu vdi dao tao iheo hoc che nien chl va hpc che hoc phdn Tren cd sd khao cflu tnen khai dao lao iheo tin chi lai Trung Qudc va thflc te Viel Nam, de xual mot sfi bien phap nang cao chdl lifdng dao tao iheo hpc chl tfn chi Tif khda: dao tao theo hoc che tin chi, phal irien nang tUc, hpc che tfn chi Md dau Dao tao theo hpc che tin chi (ddo tao theo tin chi) dfldc khdi ngudn tfl My tfl cudi the ki XTX va sau dd dUdc phat irien d chau Au va nhieu nflde khac tren the gidi Muc tieu ciia ddo tao theo hpc che tin ebi nhdm (i) tao mdt he thong hgc tap mem deo gom cac md-dun, giup ngfldi hgc ed the lfla chgn de dang de hgc tap ehuyen nganh va hUdng tdi IUdng tai, (ii) cd the lien thdng hoat ddng hgc tap cua ngfldi hgc gifla cac trfldng, khu vflc [13]; (iii) dap flng nhu cdu hge tap dai ehung ma vdn gifl dUdc lieu chua'n hgc thuat; (iv) thich flng dUde sU ddi hdi khat khe ciia thi trfldng tao dpng - can cd ddn vj chat Ifldng day hpc tfldng minh hdn [ 15] Nhan thay xu the lfch cflc cua dao lao theo tfn chi, Bd Giao due va Dao tao da cd nhflng bude chuan bj cho viec ban hanh dp dung hinh thflc dao tao theo tin chi tren pham vi ca nudc doi vdi cdc tnidng dai hoc Tfl viec van dung tu tudng ciia dao tao theo tin ehi la tieh luy dan kien thflc theo cac md-dun qua trinb hge tap (hpe ehe hpc phan/dao lao theo men chl) - thflc hien tfl ndm 1988, va bfldc dau dp dung md hinh dao tao theo tin chi tai trUbng DHBK phfi Ho Chi Minh - ndm 1993 [ 13] tdi viec yeu cau cac trfldng dai hpe tfl nam 2008 tflng bfldc ehuyen doi sang mo hinh dao lao theo tin chi [3] Nhu nhieu trfldng dai hoc khae, trfldng DHSP Ha Ngi bdt ddu thflc hien dao tao Iheo tin chi tfl 2010 Trong qua trinh ehuyen dd'i tfl dao tao theo men che sang dao lao theo lin ehi, kbdng tranh khdi nhflng bd ngd, nhflng khd khan, bat cap sinh can thao gd Vi the can thiet phai cd nhflng nghien cflu de de xuat nhflng bifn phap kha thi cho ddo tao theo tin chi Trong bai vilt nay, chung tdi tdng quan nhflng nghien cflu vl dao tao theo tin ehi, so sanh nhflng flu nhfldc diem cua dao tao theo tin ehi vdi dao lao Ihco nien che trfldc day, mdt so kmh nghiem tnen khai dao tao theo tin ehi d Trung Quoc ket bdp vdi kel qua tnen khai dao tao theo tin chi d mdt so trflbng dai hgc, dd cd DHSP Hii Ngi, de tfl dd de xuat mdt so bifn phap cho dao tao theo tin chi Ngay llhan bai, l(}/K/201S Nga> nhan dang' lS/l/2016, Lien he' Nguyen Hoai Nam e-mail, namnh^'hnue.edu.vn Ddo tgo theo hgc che lin thi lai iruimg Dgi hgc Su phgm Hd Nen thtfc irann va gidi phdp Noi dung nghien cihi 2.1 Quan diem v@ dao tao nhiT mot he thong/Quan diem he thong dao tao Dao tao xet theo quan diem he thdng theo tac gia gom cd cac td sau; (I)- Tfl tfldng, triet If, muc dich, muc lieu va chuan dau (2)- Chu the tham gia: ngflbi hgc (SV), ngfldi day ngfldi quan tf, ngUdi pbuc vu (3)- To chflc (ngfl eanh, bdi canh): hinh thflc, thdi gian, phfldng phap dao tao, kiem ira ddnh gia, phan hdi (4)- Nguon tri thflc (ndi dung): (i) chfnh thdng: chfldng irinh gido trinh, tai lieu tham khao, tap bai giang; (ii) khdng ehinh thdng: tfl nguon internet, tri thflc thu dfldc tfl xa hdi (5)- Cd sd vat chat: kT thuat edng nghe, phfldng tien, vat ehdt phuc vu dao tao Boi canh chinb trj, kinh te, xa hgi, khoa hgc ki tbuat anh hfldng tdi tdm nhin cua td ehflc, tfl dd tao nen tfl tudng, triet If, muc dfch, muc tieu cua mdt td chflc dao tao, va dan tdi he thong dao tao mang tinh ddc thii Chua'n dau ta cam ket cua td cbflc giao due ve nang Iflc eua ngfldi hgc dat dfldc hoan thdnh chfldng trinh hgc tap va cd the kiem djnh dfldc Ti'nh ddc thu dd the hien tren quan diem xem xet den vai trd cua tflng chu the tham gia he thong dao tao; tfl dd ed each thflc td ehfle dao tao gdn vdi md hinh dao tao cu the Tuy theo ddc diem, dac thii cua he thong ma linh Iinh boat thich nghi theo ngfl canh la khde Ngudn tri thflc va cd sd vat chat la de phuc vu cho md hinh dao tao dd 2.1.1 Md hinh dao tao theo hgc che nien che Md hinh dao lao theo hge che nien che - thdi ki nen kinh te ke hoach tap trung, bao edp trfldc day - theo md hinh cua Lien Xd cu, dfldc thflc hien tfl nam 1988 trd ve tmdc [ 13] Phdn tich md hinh khdi quat vdi khung cae td nhu sau: (1) Tfl tfldng va trill Ii la dao tao nhflng eon ngfldi cdng cu - dap flng theo chi tieu dfldc phan bd, dal hang ciia nha nfldc; Khdng ed cam kel ve chua'n dau (2) Nha nfldc se phan cdng cdng viee cho ngUdi hpc sau hoan chUdng trinh dao tao Thdm chi giai doan tmdc, nha nflde cdn phan bd ngfldi hgc vao eac nganh theo nhu cau cua nha nflde Mae du sau nay, ngUdi hgc cd the thi tuyen vao cdc ngdnh theo sd thfch, song hoan loan phu thudc theo chfldng trinh Vai Ird chu ddng, tU chu, tfl quyet cua ngudi hpc vdi qud trinh hgc tap cua minh Id khdng cd Ngfldi day gifl vai trd trung tam, quan trgng cua qua trinh day hge Vai trd cua ngflbi quan Ii, phuc vu ddo tao cung rat quan trgng, dfldc ne trgng bdi sinh vien; (3) Vi the chfldng trinh dfldc thiet ke ddng cflng, ehung cho ngfldi hoc mgi khda, tdp hoc drfdc xep theo khda tuyen sinh Chfldng trinh ehu dao tao theo ndi dung, truyin dat tri thflc; sfl tich cflc hoat ddng cua ngfldi hgc cdn han ehe; Viee kiem tra, danh gia khoi tfldng hoan edng viec eua ngudi hoc dUde tinh theo nam hgc: ngUbi ndo dat ket qua hgc tap theo quy dtnh drfdc Ien Idp, ngrfdi khdng dat phai Iflu ban {hgc them nam nfla vdi ngrfdi khda sau); Tuy mflc quan trgng cua mdn hgc viec ddnh gia kit qua hgc tdp ihfldng theo hai each: Ihi cd cho diem, va kiem tra chi xac dinh dat hay khdng dat, khdng dat phai kiem tra tai Khdng ti'nh diem trung binh chung, hgc ba chi Iiel ke diem eua ciic mdn thi (dfldc cho theo bac), Td chflc sinh hoat tap the, phong trao thudn Idi che dd hgc tap tap Irung theo Idp hanh chfnh; (4), (5): Ndi dung chii yeu tfl ngudn ldi lieu chinh thong, cd sd vdt chat, kT ihuat cdng nghe cdn Iac hau Nguyen Hoai Nam 2.1.2 Mo hinh dao tao theo hgc che hoc phan Mo hinh dao tao theo hoc che hoc phan dfldc thflc hien boi cdnh thflc hien cdng cupc dfii mdi d Viet Nam, tfl nam 1988 [13] Ve thflc chat, ddy la md hinh chuan bi - mdt bfldc dem cho viee chuye'n ddi thdnh md hinh ddo tgo theo hgc che tin chi hien Phan tich md hinh khai quat vdi khung cdc thanb id nhfl sau (1) Tu tfldng va triel li la dao tao nhflng ngflbi cd the ddp flng cdng cupc ddi mdi Phan Idn cae ngdnh dao iao lflc trfdng lao dpng theo nhu cau cua dia phrfdng chi cdn mdt so noanh dac thu chiu sfl phan cdng cua nha nrfdc nhrf sfl pham, y te cdng an, quan ddi; Cd sfl ehuan bj tiep can xay dflng chfldng trinh dao tao Iheo ehuan dau (2) Ngrfbi hoe dfldc quan tam hdn bang each ngoai viec tham gia hoe ngdnh dao tao chi'nh, cd the iham gia hpc nganh ddo tao phu hoac Ihem vdn bang thfl hai vdi dieu kien phai thda man mdt so yeu eau vl kiln ihfle tieh luy [4], Ngflbi day qud trinh hpe van ddng vai trd trung tam, mac du phai thrfc hien yeu cau cdng khai thdng tin ve ngi dung, chrfdng irinh hgc tap vdl ngfldi hoc Ngrfbi quan ti, phuc vu dao lao cung gifl vai Ird quan trong, dd phai ke den vai trd eua gido vien chu nhiem tdp gdn vdi viec td chflc cac boat ddng tap the Idp; (3) Chfldng trinh dao tao dfldc thiet ke mem deo hdn so vdi nien che, gdm toai hpe phan: hgc phan bdt bude phai hgc, hgc phan lfla chgn theo hrfdng ddn cfla nhd trflbng va hpe phan tfl chgn y Neu ngrfbi hgc khdng Irfa chgn thi bat budc phai hoc tap theo srf sdp xep cua nhd irflbng Tuy vay, chrfdng trinh van ehu trgng dao tao theo ndi dung, truyen dat in thflc, sfl lich cflc cua ngrfdi hoc vi the ciing bi han che; Viec kiem ira, ddnh gia khdi Ifldng hoan cdng viee theo kieu lich liiy dan kiln thflc Moi hgc phan drfdc danb gia bdng mgt die'm (iheo tbang mrfdi bac) la ket qua td'ng hdp cua cae danh gia bo phan va eiia mdt ki thi kei thuc Cd quy djnh diem toi thieu can dal drfdc (thrfbng la die'm 5) de xem nhrf hgc phan drfdc ticb liiy Kel qua hgc tap chung cua hoc ki, ndm hgc hogc khda hoc dfldc danh gia bang diem trung binh chung' dd la diem trung binh cua cdc hoc phan da tfch luy vdi trgng sd Id sd ddn vj hgc trinh (DVHT) cua lflng hoe phan (ddn vi hgc trinh de khdi Ifldng hoan cdng viec cua ngrfbi hgc Theo quy djnh, t DVHT bdng I5liel giang If thuyet hoac thao ludn (moi tiel hgc 45 phut): bang 30-> 45 gid thrfc hanh thi nghiem, bdng 45->90 gid thrfc tap tai cd sd, vii bdng 45->80 gib chua'n bj tieu tuan hoac luan van De cd bang cfl nhdn ndm, ngflbi hgc phai hoiin 210 DVHT) [5] Dfla vao quy che khung cua Bd GD&DT ma lflng trflbng ban hanh quy djnh rieng ve dao tao, danh gia ket qua hoc tap, thdng tin lien quan tdi van bang hai Tuy nhien ngrfbi hoc phai Ihi tot nghiep Men quan tdi npi dung kien thflc ma ho dd tfch luy [4| Dieu dd la mau thuan vdi ban chdt Clia hoc che hoc phan Td chflc sinh boat tap the, phong trdo khd thudn ldi che hoc tdp phan Idn tap trung theo ldp banh ehfnh; (4) Kien thflc dfldc md-dun hda cac hoc phan Hgc phan la mdt md-dun kien thflc tfldng doi Iron ven va khdng qua ldn (ngfldi hpe cd the tich liiy dan qua irinh hpc tap) (5) Cd sd vdt chat, theo thbi gian, tot hdn cua dao tao theo nien ehe 2.1.3 Mo hinh dao tao theo hoc che tin chi (1) Trf trfdng va triet If la dao tao nhflng ngrfdi ed nang Irfc co the dap flng nhu cdu cua thj trflbng lao dpng, vi thi, ngrfdi hgc drfdc quan tam hiing ddu Chud'n dau drfdc xdc dinh rd rang va ed the kie'm djnh dfldc Trich ddn tfl cdc cdng trinh cua Dewey (1916) va Trexlcr (2008), Tran Thanh Ai [1] cho rdng dao tao theo lin chi Ihda man nguyen li la nguyen li dan chu, nguyen If dai chiing hda va nguyen li day hge tfch cflc - deu nhdm tdi chii the hgc tup la ngfldi hgc Ddo tao theo hoL che lin chi tai trife'fng Dgi hoe Sif pham He) Ne~>i - ihifc trgng vd gidi phdp Nguyen If dan chii gido due dfldc the hien bdng viec ngfldi hoc drfdc quan tdm tdi dieu kien hgc tap, tdi nhu cdu va sd thich hoc tap Ngfldi hoe cd quyen ehu ddng Ifla chgn nganh nghe, thiet ke Id trinh, ndi dung ddo tao va iham gia xay dflng va tfch lOy kien tbflc irong chflng mrfc drfdc phep Nguyen If dai chung hda drfdc the hien bdng viec ngfldi hgc dfldc trao nhieu cd hdi de vdo giang dfldng dai hgc (khi cd dilu kien, khdng ke tudi lac), dfldc tao dilu kien hgc tap nhb qui che ddo tao dap flng drfdc quy thdi gian, dfldc tot nghiep dfla tren sd tin chi dd drfgc iich luy chfl khdng bj bd cflng khung dao tao cflng nhdc Nguyen tf day hoc ti'ch cflc nhdm lao cho ngfldi hpe ed phfldng phap lam viec khoa hoc dd la each thflc suy nghT, phan anh, giai quyet van de va hieu biet ihrfc te Nhflng nguyen If deu nham muc lieu thu hut nhieu ngfldi hgc idi giang dfldng dai hgc bang each dap flng tdi da nguyen vong, nhu eau hgc tap cua hg khudn khd cho phep va ren luyen eho ngflbi hgc nang Iflc can thiet dap flng vdi yeu cau thay doi, bien cbuyen nhanh chdng cua thj trfldng Iao ddng Cac nguyen Ii niiy eung tao dieu kien cho ngfldi hoc cd ed hdi dflde hoc tap suot ddi va thay ddi nganb nghe nham thich flng vdi ddi hdi nhflng dieu kien mdi Tu trfdng ve mpl he thdng dao tao mem deo, Iinh hoai, dap flng nhu cau ngfldi hgc va ddi hdi eua xa hdi da cho dbi he tbdng dao tao theo tin chi, dd nhflng nguyen If tren drfdc dap flng Dd la mdt nen giao due dai hgc cbuyen tfl dao tao tinh hoa sang dao tao dai cbiing Theo quan diem cua giao due dai hgc My, dfldc cac tac gia Eli Mazur va Pham Tbj l.y tdng kit [7]: ngfldi hgc dfldc Irao cd hgi Ifla chgn chuyen nganb chon linh vflc quan ldm chii yeu, Irrfbng dai hoc cung cdp mdt nen giao due long qudt, dd cbu trgng bien nhrfng kien thflc long quat va phat trien ndng Irfc tri lue ndi ehung Ngrfbi hgc cung cd the chuyen trrfbng thdng qua sfl trd giup cua he thdng ehuyen dd'i tin chi Tfldng Ifl, d chdu Au, he thong dao tao theo tfn chi dfldc xdy drfng eung nhdm tao dieu kien cho ngfldi hgc viec chuyen dicb hgc tap gifla cac ttfldng dai hpc khu vflc [13, 14], Tfl tfldng ve he thong tin chi ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) dfldc thdng qua bdi tuyen bd Boglona nam 1999 vdi 29 nflde vien nham tao khdng gian giao due dai hge chau Au nam 2010 Cho tdi 2015, da cd 47 nrfdc vdi hdn 4000 cd sd ddo tao dai hgc tham gia vao he thdng ECTS [6] Muc dich ma ECTS bfldng tdi edn nham tao Irfc Irfdng lao ddng cd trinh dd cao, cd tinh cd ddng, Iao ddng hieu qua, binh dang gidi, vd cd kha ndng trf hoc sudt dbi khdi cac qudc gia chau Au He thong dao tao theo tin chi cung lan Ifldt drfdc dp dung d nhieu khu vflc, nhieu nrfdc khde tren thi gidi, cd Vift Nam Viec tnen khai dp dung cdn gap nhieu trd ngai, khd khan, xuat phdt tfl ddc diem vdn hda, xa hdi dac thu nen can phai cd nhflng nghien eflu kl Irfdng (2) Ngfldi hgc phai chu dgng vdi lien trinh hgc tap bang viec pbai dang ki cac hoc phan dfl dinh se theo hgc trfldc moi hge ki Ngoiu viec Iham gia hoc ngdnh dao tao chfnh, ngfldi hoc cdn cd the tham gia hgc nganh dao tao phu hode ihem vdn bang thfl hai vdi dieu kien phai ihda man mpt so yeu cau ve kiln thflc tich luy [3]; Ngflbi hoc ddng vai trd irung ldm qua trinh day hpc Ngfldi day ddng vai ird hfldng dan, id chflc day hpc, va cfing khai thdng tin ve ndi dung, chfldng ttinh hge tap vdi ngrfdi hoc Ngfldi quan Ii, phue vu diio lao ddng vai frd hd trg Ddc biet phai ke den vai trd cua cd van hoc tap - la ngflbi tfl van, hrfdng dan ngrfbi hgc qua trinh hgc tap, nhat la viec dang ki tin chi Khai niem lap the Idp cd sfl thay ddi khdc vdi irfldc ddy vao each to' chflc cua ddn vj dao tao Vf du: mdt Idp hinh thflc cd the tri tfl SV nhdp hgc lfl nam thfl nhat cho ldi trflbng hoac drfdc td chflc iheo chuyen nganh Giao vien chu nhiem ldp vi the thfldng dam dfldng ludn vai trd cua co van hoc lap; (3) Chfldng trinh dao lao dfldc thiet ke mem deo, gdm loai hoc phdn: hgc phan bdi budc phai boc nhdm ddm bao ndi dung tfch luy cua chrfdng trinh, hgc phan Irfa chon theo hrfdng dan 13 Nguyen Hoai Nam eua nhd irrfbng va hoc phan trf chon tiiy y Neu ngrfdi hgc khdng lfla chon thi bdi budc phai hpc tdp Iheo sfl sap xip cua nba trflbng Chfldng trinh dfldc chu Irgng dao tao phat tnen nang Irfc ngrfbi hoe, kha nang van dung va Ihieh flng khuyen khieh sfl cbu ddng ti'ch cflc cua ngrfbi hoc Vice kiem tta, ddnh gia khoi Irfbng hoan Ihanh cdng viec iheo kieu tich lOy dan kien thflc Moi hgc phan drfdc danh gid bdng mdt diem (Iheo Ihang mrfdi bdc) la kit qua tdng hdp A i cdc danh gid bd phan vii cua mdi ki thi ket Ihuc va dfldc quy doi ihang diem chfl, Cd quyllinh dicm idi ihieu can dat drfdc (thfldng ia diem D) de xem nhfl hpc phan drfdc tich luy Kit qua hoc lap chung cua hoc ki, nam hoc hoac khda hgc drfdc danh gia bang die'm trung blnh chung: dd la diem trung binh cua cac hpe phan da Ifch luy Iheo thang nam bac vdi trgng sd la sd tin chi ciia tflnj; hoc phan (tin chi de khdi Ifldng hoan cdng viec cua ngflbi hpe) Theo quy djnh, mgt iin chi drfdc quy dmh bang 15 tilt hpe If thuyet (mpl tiet keo ddi 50 phut); 30 - 45 liet thflc banh, ihi nghiem hoac thao ludn; 45 - 90 gid thflc tap tai cd sd; 45 - 60 gid lam tieu ludn, bdi tdp ldn hoac dd an, khoa luan tot nghiep De chud'n bi eho I gid tin chi tren ldp, SV drfdc yeu eau bdt budc phai cd gid irf hoc, SV drfdc xep hang theo nam dfla vao khoi Ifldng tfn ehi dflbc tieh liiy De cd bang ci( nhan trfdng dfldng nam, ngflbi hpc phai hoan Ihanh ft nhat 120 tfn chi) [3] Dfla vao quy che khung cua Bg GD&DT ma tflng trflbng ban himh qu\ dinh neng ve diio tao, danh gia ket qud hgc tap, thdng tin lien quan tdi van bdng hai Ngrfdi hoc -.e hojii khda hgc nlu tfch luy du khoi Irfdng hgc tap theo yeu cau To ehfle sinh hoat tap the, phong trdo khd khan thdi gian bieu cua ngrfdi hoc khdc nhau, khdng cdn khdi niem Idp hanh chinh nhfl dao tao Iheo nien che hay dao lao ihco hoc phan (4) Kiln thfle drfdc md-dun hda cac hgc phan Hgc phdn la mgt mo-dun kicn thflc trfdng ddi trgn ven va khdng qud Idn (ngrfdi hpc cd the lich luy dan qua irinh hoc tapi (5) Cd sd vdt chat, theo thbi gian, lot hbn cua dao lao theo nien che Dac biei dd\ manh siT hfi trb cua cdng nghe thdng lin viec to chflc ddng ki va hd trd SV dang ki tin chi chu dong de ngfldi hgc tfl quan If ho sd hoe tap va chii ddng tien trinh hge tap cd nhan NhOng rfu va nhrfdc die'm eua dao tao theo tin chi: * Verfudiem: - Cd hieu qua dao tao cao, cd sfl giao Iflu Idn, hgc hdi kinh nghiem gifla cac smh \ien cac nganh, khda mdt ldp hgc phan - Cd tinh mem deo va kha ndng thich flng cao: SV ehu dgng ghi [(:n vao cac nganh lioc vii lfla chgn ngdnh nghe dfla tren khoi Ifldng tin chi lieh luy ma khdng phai hoc lai tfl diu SV cd the ehuyen trfldng va ngoai nfldc neu cd sfl lien thdng va trfdng drfdng chrfdng trinh dao tao; Trrfdng hpe de dang md them nganh dao lao mdi neu i>am bat drfdL nhu cau ihi irrfbng va siJ quan lam eua SV - Dal hieu qua cao ve quan Ii va giam gid dao tao: SV khdng bi buoc phai hoc lai tii dau khda hgc khdng dat yeu eau mgt mdn hoc nao dd; Trrfdng dao uio cd the td chflc ldp hoc phan chung cho SV nhieu ngdnh, khoa Neu trflbng cd the chap nhan nhflng tin chi iich liiy dfldc qua frinh tfl hoe cua SV ngoai gib len Idp, ngoai trfldng thi cd the giam gia thiinh dao Uio dac biet vdi sfl phdt trie'n eiia cdc khda hoc md dai ehung trflc tuyen MOOC [ 17] * Ve han ehe - Cat vun kien thflc thdi Ifldng danh cho giang day cua mdt hgc phan ft hdn so vdi md hinh ddo tao nien che, ma tdng cfldng thbi gian tfl hpe, tfl nghien eflu cua SV nen cd cam giac kien thflc bi eat vun va khdng dfl de SV dao sau kien thflc - Sfl gan ket SV: ldp hoe theo cdc hoc phdn khdng c6 dinh nen khuyen khich chu nghia ca nhdn, viec sinh hoat tap the ird nen khd khdn so vdi cac ldp hgc kieu men che Ddo Igo theo heK chi tin chi tgi truilng Dai hetc Su pham Hd Ne}i - thifc Irgng vd gidi phdp 2.2 Kinh nghiem ve trien khai dao tao theo tin chi 2.2.1 Tai Trung Quoe Trung Quoc Id nfldc ldng gieng, cd dde diem vl chi'nh trj, kinh Ie xd bdi, van hda khd trfdng dong vdi Vift Nam Trung Qude cung la nrfdc bdt dau he Ihdng tin chi tfl khd sdm, tan dau ndm 1917, va trd lai tfl nam 1978 Hien nay, hau nhfl tat cd cac trrfdng deu ap dung dao tao theo tin chi drfdi cdc hinh thflc khdc Khao sdt cdc trrfbng dai hgc Trung Qude, eu the la dai hoc Shenzhen, tac gia Pham Thj Ly [10] eho biel dao lao theo tin chi d Trung Qudc trai qua giai doan Giai doan dau cua thap ki 80, cdc mdn bat bude van chiem hau hit chrfdng trinh, 20-25% thbi Irfbng la danh cho cdc mon chinh tri, ngdn ngfl, va gido due the chat, chi khoang 7-10% la danh cho cac mdn tfl chon SV khdng dfldc phep tdt nghiep irfldc thbi han, Giai doan 2, ti Ie cac mfin bdt bude/trf chgn la 7:3 Sfl khde gifla cau true cdc mdn bat bude va cac mon chuyen mdn cung tihd phd bien d cdc Irflbng dai hpc Trung Qudc 15% so mdn hpc Id thudc chuyen nganh chi'nb, 10% la cac mdn phu, 35% sd mdn la pham vi cua khoa SV cd the trf chon khoang 19% tdng sd tin ehi cua ho Cae tin ehi khdng tfldng dflbng vdi vl sd gib hpe So gib dugc quy djnh tren ed sd mflc khd hay de cua mdi mdn, va thbi gian can thiet de thrfc hien cac bai tap Khi tfch luy du so tfn chi va drfbc srf chap thudn cua trfldng khoa va cac GV, SV cd the tdt nghiep trfldc thbi han; Giai doan 3: tfl nam 1990-1993 Tfl tfldng dao tao theo tin chi bi bd rdi Sinh vien khdng cbn dfldc phep thay dd'i chuyen nganh, hoac chuyen tfl khna sang khoa khae, cung khdng dfldc phep lay hai bang cung lue Sd dl cd sfl thut lui ve dao tao theo ifn ehi bdi sfl phe phan cua gidi giao chflc Dd Id moi quan ngai ngfldi hgc khdng dfldc ddo lao day du Nhieu SV chi tich luy tin chi de lay bang sdm chfl khong quan tdm tdi ngi dung hgc tap, vi the hg chgn nhflng mon de hoac theo hdi chflng dam ddng, col de tieh liiy drfdc sd tin chi vd diem du tdi thieu SV cd the Ifldt qua nhieu mdn, nhrfng khdng hinh drfdc ndng Irfc vi khdng hieu thau ddo va vdn dung drfdc kien thrfc tinh huong cu the Sfl trfdng lac gifla ngrfdi day va ngrfbi hoc trd nen Idng teo Ngrfdi day gap khd khdn xac dinh diing nhu cau hgc tap cua ngflbi hgc va thflc hien td ehflc day hoc de dap flng nhu eau dd Vice quan Ii gap nhieu bat ldi lien quan den viec qudn If gib lfl hgc cua SV, sfl chuye'n dd'i gifla cac nganh hgc cua SV Cude cai each giao due tai Trung Quoc nam 1993 khien dao tao iheo tin chi quay trd lai nhflng cd nhieu thay dd'i: kbdng eho phep tfl hoc vi SV iron hoe edng khai va khdng eho phep SV Ihi cung Iuc vdi so tin chi khdng gidi han Va theo nhfl ddnh gia bdi tac gid Pbam Thj Ly, he thdng mdi thflc hifn dflde viec tao srf chu dpng cho ngrfdi hoc vdi muc dich hgc tap tfl than, va cdn thieu nhilu yeu td khdc nhfl to' chflc qudn Ii, tfl van, danh gia ddi vdi viec day vd hgc Kel qua Id he thong dao lao theo tin chi khdng thflc hien drfdc y nghia dich thrfc cua nd md chi cdn Id mgt hf thong tinh dim tin chi nhdm quan Ii thdi gian hgc cua sinh vien va khdng the cd tac dung tfch cflc ve ndi dung dao tao 2.2.2 Tai Viet Nam Trong qua trinh trie'n khai dao tao theo tin chi tai Viet Nam, irfdng trf nhrf Trung Qudc, nhflng van de sinh cd the thdy la: (1) Ve Irf Ifldng, triel li cua dad tao Iheo tin chi chfla dfldc thdng sudt dan den each thflc thi cdn nhieu lung lung va chap va Chang ban, tfl van ban phap quy la Quyel djnh 43/2007/QD-BGD&DT [3] va Thdng tfl 57/2012 sfla dd'i bo sung quy che dao tao lin chi [2] cd mdt so van de can lflu y: quy djnh budc thdi hoc d dieu 16 cua quylt dinh khdng phu hdp vdi Nguyen Hoai Nam nguyen If tich luy kien thflc cua dao tao theo hpe che tin chi; quy dinh thdi gian loi da cd the hoan chfldng trinh dao lao khdng dfla iren cb sd khoa hgc (iheo dicu muL ciia quyet dinh 43/2007/BGD&DT, cfl nhan la ndm + hpc ki), la di ngrfdc lai tinh than dan chu hod va dai chung hoa giao due dai hgc De khdng che Ihbi gian hoan tdt chrfdng trinh dao tao cua sinh vien phai drfa tren chu ki Ihay dd'i ciia chrfdng trinh dan lao chfl khdng the drfa iren cac quy dinh cam lfnh, tien [1], (2) Gidi gido chflc chrfa drfdc quan triet va boi dfldng ve tnet h giao due va cac hinh ihiic to chflc, phfldng phap day hoc thed phfldng chdm "lay ngflbi hoc lam irung uim" Ngrfbi hoc chrfa drfdc dao tao, bdi drfdng quan triel trf tfldng chu dpng hgc tap, irf i|iian, irf chm trach nhicm ed nhan; Vai trd ciia co vdn hpc tap va gido vien chu nhiem cbn mb nhat (3) To'ehfle qudn If hgc lap cdn nhieu bdt edp Viec ehuyen ddi chrfdng trinh dao tao, ve ihcJl Ifldng, nfii dung tfl md hinh dao tao nien che/hpc phan sang li'n chi ipcin ihrfc hicn phan nhicu drfa tren chu thuyet kmh nghiem va cat xen cd hgc ma khdng theo phfldng phap thici kl chrfdng trinh khoa hoc[l, 9] Viec quy djnh ddng loat sd tin chi cho mpi nganh nghe can cd nhflng khao cflu them de chflng td dfldc tfnh thuylt phuc Viee xac dinh eac dieu kien rang budc, tien quyet cho hpc phan can drfdc thiet ke hdp If Bdt cap gifla muc dich ddnh gid va cdng cu danh gia Ddi vdi dao tao ihco iin chi, can lo chflc ddnh gia ihflbng xuyen theo qud irinh Vifc sfl dung cdng cu danh gia, chuyen doi girfa thang die'm chfl va so gay khd khdn cho cdng tdc quan If Quy che hien tao thuan ldi cho ngrfbi hoc nhflng dp phan biet thang nang tflc chrfa thdt rd rang [16], Quy dinh cung lao srf lang phf tdn td chflc kiem tra danh gia cuoi mdn hoe vdi viec "hdi chflng" gach bin, de drfdc hqc ciii thien Vdi nhflng nganh nghe dao tao cd ddng hgc phf, viec thi lai, hoc lai danh vao qu\en ldi ngrfbi hgc nhrfng doi vdi ngdnh srf pham khdng mat hgc phf thi viee td chflc tin lai la mot srf lang phi rSt Idn vd lao thdi vd trach nhiem cua ngrfbi hgc (4) Viec thilt ke eae hgc phan tfl chgn khdng dflbc thflc hien (hrfdng \u\en Cae hoc plian tfl chpn qud ft nen y nghia cua viec tfl chon vdi ngflbi hgc la khdng kiu tin Mdt so lioc phan tir chpn mang tinh hinh thflc, vi vdi so irfdng SV khdng du ddng kf theo ,si sd drfdc quy dmh tlii cung khdng the theo hpc drfdc mdn tfl chon, dae biet dung vdi eae nganh cd ii SV (5) Cd sd vat chat phuc vu tin chi cdn cd nhflng bai cap, ddc biei la ting CNTT phuc vu dang ki tin chi va quan li qua trinh dao tao, chii ddng cua ngfldi hpc Tmh trang mang xay gay bflc xuc va hoang mang vdi SV, vat va vdi co van hpc tdp nhflng ki ddng kf tin chi, Phdng Dao tao trflbng DHSP Ha Npi da thflc hien giai phdp phan tai Iren may chu, cd lich phan chia ddng ki tin ehi theo nganh, khoa, phan niio da gidm bdt sfl tac iruy van 2.2.3 Thao Iuan va de xuat Nhrf da phan tfchd tren de dao tao theo tin chi phdt huy drfdc Unh hieu qua vii diing ihilc ehat, mdt so bien phap cdn Iflu y nhrf sau; - Ve mat quan li (vT md): kien nghj vdi edp quan li Id Bd GD&DT dieu chmh la: Quy die dao tao theo tin ehi (Quyet dinh 43) cho phu hdp diing vdi tinh than cua dao iao tin dn va tinh hinh ihrfc te - Can ddng bg cac giai phap de he thdng dao tao Iheo tin cbi dflbc thong sudt, cu the (1) Quan ttiet ttong cdn bd, giang vien quan If va phue vu nha iirfdngve trf trfdng, trict If cua ddo tao tbeo tfn ehi va sfl mang, tam nhin ciia nha trrfdng (ed sd giao due) Xac dinh chua'n dau cho chrfdng trinb dao tao, nganb hgc, mfin hpc Chua'n ddu phai drfdc xay drfng mot each khoa hpc, cd srf tham van cua cdc ben: cd sd tiep nhan lao ddng sau tot nghiep, nha khoa hoe cb sd dao lao Chuan dau cd the kie'm djnh drfdc, va cd the dilu chinh then chu ki co srf phii hdp toi da vbi ebuan ngbe nghiep Can thiet phai Iham khao cac each liep can luen dai iren the gibi dang J Ddo Igo theo hoc che lin chi tgi iriti'lng Dgi hgc Su pham Hd Ne}i - ihitc Irang vd gidi phdp sfl dung de xay dflng chua'n dau ra, dd each tiep can CDTO la mdt vi du dien hinh (ConcelveDesign-lmplemenl-Operate) [8] (2) Xdc djnh ro vai trd, nhiem vu eua tflng doi tfldng he thong: cd quy djnh va hfldng dan thflc hien nhiem vu Ngodi so tay hien cd cho SV, nhd trflbng nen ban hanh nhflng sd tay hfldng dan cho giang vien, can bd quan If va phuc vu Giao cho eae ddn vi cd sd (khoa, phdng ban) thfle hien viec bdi dfldng can bd va SV khoa minh theo djnh ki, hoac theo ddt de thdng suot ve trdch nhiem, quyen han, va kT tbuat thflc hifn he thong (3) Td chflc thfle hien: thrfbng xuyen va djnh ki td chflc cac hdi thao/xe-mi-na cap bd mdn va cap khoa cho cac doi tflbng: (i) giang vien vl thiet ke chfldng trinh, ndi dung mon "hoc, phrfdng phdp day hgc iheo hgc ehe tin chi, nham dam bao drfbc sfl chu ddng, tfl giac, tfl quan va danh gia dung SV The hifn rd net vai trd hfldng dan hoc tap: giam bdt hinh thflc thuylt irinh, tang boat ddng tfldng tac, gdi y, giai dap nhflng van de SV khdng trf tim hieu dfldc Cd binh thflc thich hdp de danh gia dfldc sfl trf hgc cfla SV, thay vi kie'm sddt cbuyen can bang viec diem danh tren Idp nhrf hien Thiet ke hoat ddng hpe tap iheo cau true: yeu cdu eua md-dun -* cae hoat ddng hgc tap -> kiem tra ddnh gid, thu nbdn phan hdi; (ii) vdi can bd qudn It, phue vu ndm vflng quy ehe, quy trinh nghifp vu de trf vdn cho SV, danb gid chinh xac qua trinb ren luyfn, tu drfdng cua SV, td chflc cac hoat ddng tap the phu hdp va dat hieu qua; (iii) vdi SV: biet va van dung phrfdng phap hgc tap thich hdp, chu ddng nghien cflu va vdn dung, phat huy nhflng gib tfl hoc Thdng qua trf hoc, NCKH de tang hflng thu vdi mdn hgc vd van dung dflbc kiln thflc flng dung vao thflc te [ 12] Tang cfldng thu nhan phan hdi tfl phfa ngflbi hpe va tfl ihj trfldng de thilt ke chrfdng frinh, mdn hgc, ngi dung mdn hgc ddp flng Iinh hoat dfldc yeu cau To chflc Idp hgc hge phan vdi si so vfla phai (khoang 30 SV) de cd the thfle hifn cdc phfldng phdp day hoc tfch cflc cd hieu qua Can ddi mdi phfldng phap ddnh gia Ve ban chat, ddnh gia ta mdt khau ca qua trinh nhan thflc: can dfldc dien thrfbng xuyen, lien tue va ludn tudn drfbc dilu chinh cho phu hbp vdi quy lual nhan thflc Muc dfch cua ddnh gia chu yeu la nhdm de giup SV dieu chinh hoat ddng hgc tap cua minh, sau dd la muc dich phuc vu cho edng tdc quan If (ddnh gid, phan hang, xep loai ), ke ca phuc vu cho giang day Vi vay, can id chflc de SV trf kiem tra kien thflc eiia minh Ihdng qua nhieu hinh thflc khdc nhau: danh gia qud Irinh, ddnh gia ddng ddng, danh gia ngoai va ddnh gia tfl giang vien [11] Ddnh gia can dfldc dieu chinh ddng thbi ve ndi dung, ve cdch thflc, ve quy md va ca each xac dinh diem sd (4) Ddi mdi chrfbng trinh, ndi dung kien thflc theo quan diem thiet ke he thdng' xae dinh chuan nang Iflc dau ra: ehuan chung, chua'n theo nhdm nganh, chud'n theo nganh chuyen bift -> xde dinh cac nhom hgc phan irfdng flng vdi cdc chua'n: hoe phan cdt tdi va hgc phan md rgng -^ cu the hda chua'n cho tflng hgc phan —> xae djnh md-dun kien thfle cd ban —> xdc djnh hinh thflc kiem tra, ddnh gid, thu nhan phan hoi -> hfldng dan phrfdng phdp hgc tap, nghien eflu Viec xdc dinh nhfl tren se giam thieu toi da sfl chdng cheo gifla eae hgc phan, eac chfldng trinh hge lien nganh, nhdm nganh, giam bdt chi phi va tdng ti'nh lien thdng, tao dilu kifn thuan Idi cho ngfldi hgc viec lfla chgn cac hoc phan de hpe tap Thiet ke cung dam bao ndi dung cot Idi cua chrfdng trinh, dong thbi cho phep linh boat xay drfng va bd bdt cac hgc phan ddp flng yeu cau xd hdi Nghien cflu thiet ke chfldng trinh theo hflbng liep can CDTO theo ddc thu cua nganh hgc/mdn hpc [8] Giao trinh va tai lieu tham khao phai ddm bao tfnh he thong, cap nhal kiln thflc va phuc vu dac Iflc cho muc tieu dao lao, muc tieu nghe nghiep cua SV Giao trinh Id srf cu the hda d mflc nhat djnh cua chrfdng trinli dao tao, cd ket hdp hfldng dan hgc tap ddi vdi SV Gidd trinh can lap trung vao nhflng van de chung, mang tinh khai quat, dinh hfldng, yeu cau doi vbi SV chfl khdng nen trinh bay, chflng minh nhflng quan niem rieng cua tdc gia Giao trinh dfldc ket cau theo chfldng, muc, bao gom nhflng kiln thflc cd ban, nhflng thao luan, nhflng gdi y tim hieu them ve 17 Nguyen Hoai Nam van df nghien cflu, thdng qua danh muc cac lai lieu tham khao cuoi chfldng, muc Bd mdn Phrfdng phdp day hgc can cd nhflng gido trinh hfldng dan ve tbiet ke mdn hgc, dd ndi hdm lien quan ldi viec chon chu de va hfldng dan to chflc day hoc theo chu de cho day hgc tt'eh hdp d thdng; hfldng ddn to chflc va dgy hgc theo md-dun d eae trfldng nghe (5) Dau tfl cb sd vat chat, tang cfldng lang va cac flng dung ve CNTT de phuc vu dang ki va ddo tao theo lin chi Tang cflbng bdi dfldng kT nang ve CNTT cho mgi doi tfldng tham gia he thong dao tao Ket luan Dao tao Iheo hgc che tin chi Id xu the tat yeu eua mdt nen giao due dai chung, hfldng tdi ngflbi hgc Mac du cdn cd nhflng diem can nghien cflu ki them, song nhflng flu viel ve tfnh linh hoat, mfm deo, thi'cb flng vdl nhu cau cua nen kinh te tri thflc Id dieu khong can phai ban cai De thflc hien ddo tao theo tin chi cd hieu qud, can thiet phdi tiep can theo quan diem he thong, tfl cd nhflng bien phdp Ihfle thi, dieu ehinh va rut kinh nghiem nhdm ndng cao chat Iflbng dao tao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Tran Thanh Ai, 2010 Ddo tao theo hi Ihong tin chi cdc nguyen li, thuc trang vd gidi phdp Ki yeu hdi thao khoa hgc toan quoc: dd'i mdi phfldng phap gidng day dai hgc theo he thong tin chi, S6 5, tr.42 - 53 (Hpi thaP lai irflbng DH Sai Gdn, 5/2010) [2] Bg Gido due va Dao tao, 2012 Thong lU siia ddi, bo sung mat sd dieu ciia Quy che dao tao dgi hgc, cao ddng hi chinh quy theo hi thong tin chi (ban hdnh 57/201 l/TT-BGD&DT ngdy27/l2/20l2) [3] Bd Gido due va Dao tao, 2007 Quy chi ddo tgo dai hgc, cao ddng he chinh quy theo he thdng tin chi (ban hdnh kem theo Quyet dinh 43/2007/QD-BGD&DT ngdy 15/8/2007) [4] Bd Giao due va Dao tao, 2006 Quy che ddo tgo dgi hgc, cao ddng he chinh quy (ban hdnh kem theo Quyit djnh 25/2006/QD-BGDDT 26/06/2006) [5] Bd Gido due va Ddo tao, 1993 Khung chutfng trinh ddo lao (ban hdnh kem theo Quyit dmh 2677/GD-DT ngdy 3/12/1993) [6] European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2015 The European Higher Education Area m 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Nguon: http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice, truy cap 20/7/2015 [7] Eli Mazur va Pham Thj Ly, 2008 He ihong dao tgo theo tin chi My va nhifng gOi y cho cdi cdch gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam Ngudn: http://pdt.hcmuaf.edu.vn/pdt-2069-1 /vn/he-thong-dao-tao-theo-tin-chi-my-va-nhung -goi-y-cho-eai-cach-giao-duc-dai-hoe-viel-nam-eli-mazur-pham-thi-Iy.html, truy cap 19/7/2015 [8] VdThi Nggc Lan, 2014 Mol s6 kinh nghiem xdy dUng chUOng trinh dao Igo 150 tin chi theo hudng ttep cdn CDIO tntdng DHSP Ki thudt Tp Ho Chi Minh Tap chi khoa hpe, Tnidng DHSP Tp Ho Chl Minh ISSN: 1859-3100, 62, 103-113 [9] Pham Thj Loan, 2014 Bdi hgc kinh nghiim qua ndm thuc hten ddo tgo iheo hi Ihong tin chi fgi khoa Gido due Mdm non trudng Dai hoc Hdi Phong Tap chi khoa hgc, Trfldng DHSP Tp Ho Chf Minh ISSN: 1859-3100, 57, 60-65 [ 10] Pham Thj Ly, 2006 Chuyen doi sang he thong ddo lao theo tin chi • Kinh nghiem cUa Trung Quoc Ngudn: htip;//pdi.hcmuaf edu.vn/pdt-2070-I/vn/chuyen-doi-sang-he-ihong-dao-iao-theo-tinchi-kinh-nghiem-cua-trung-quoc-pham-thi-lyhtml, truy cap 19/7/2015 Ddo tgo theo hgc chi tin cht lai irUdng Dgi hoc Su phgm Hd Noi - thuc trang vd gidi phdp [11] Nguyen Hoai Nam, 2014 Utilizing the Active and Collaborative Leaming Model in the Introductory Physics Cfntrse Journal of Education and Learning ISSN 1927-5250 (Print) ISSN 1927-5269 (Online), 3, 108-124 [12] Le Xuan Quang, Le Huy Hoang, Vu Dinh Chuan, Nguyen Hoai Nam Nguyen Thi Tu Anh and Vu Thi Hong Nhung, 2015 Integrated Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education through Active Experience of Designing Technical Toys in Vietnamese Schools British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science ISSN: 2278-0998, 11 (2), 1-12 [13] Lam Quang Thiep, 2006 Ve viec dp dung hoc che lin chi tren the gidi va d Viit Nam Kiylu Hdi thao "Xay dflng Chflbng trinh dao tao theo tin chi cd sfl dung Internet" (Vien Nghien cflu Gido due, 26/05/2006) Ngudn: hltp://www.ier.edu.vn/conlenl/view/I65/I6I/, truy cap 20/7/2015 [14] Ha Dfldng Tfldng, 2005 Vdi net vi hi Ihong fin cht dgi hge chdu Au Ngudn: htlp://upes3.edu.vn/assels/VainelhelhongtinchiDHChauAu.pdf, truy cap 20/7/2015 [15] Hoang Van Van, 2008 Phuong thitc ddo tao theo iin chi: lich sti bdn chdl vd nhihig ham y cho phUeJng phdp gidng dgy - hgc d bgc dai hgc Nguon: http://pdl.hcmuafedu.vn/pdt-2066-l/vn/phuong-thuc-dao-lao-theo-tin-chi4ieh-suban-chal-va-nhung-ham-y-cho-phuong-phap-giang-day-hoc-o-bac-dai-hoe-hoang-van-van html, truy cap 20/7/2015 [16] Thuy Vinh, 2012 Bdo lao tin chi: Vdn lo chat lUOng ddu Ngudn: hllp://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong-nuoc/dao-tao-tin-chi-van-lo-chal-luong-dau-ra-20l2 1214102925903.htm, truy cap 20/7/2015 [17] W\k\,2m5 Gido due md Nguon: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_due_md, truy cap 20/7/15 ABSTRACT Credit-based training system at Hanoi National University of Education current situation and solutions Factors affecting the training credit system are analysed according to systematic view and are compared with the yearly training system and the module training system A number of measures to improve the quality of the training credit system are proposed based on research in China and Vietnam Keywords: Credit-based training system, capacity development, credit training ... 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