T H A Y GIAO TRU''''O''''NG Q U 6 C TU" GIAM (TU" TH^ KY XI DfeN NLFA D A U THt K* XIX) TRINH THI HA Tdm tdt Thay giao trudng Quoc Tu Giam dugc ggi la Giao quan, Hgc quan (thdi Nguyta ggi Giam than), do hai[.]
T H A Y G I A O TRU'O'NG Q U C TU" GIAM (TU" TH^ KY XI DfeN NLFA D A U THt K* XIX) TRINH THI HA Tdm tdt: Thay giao trudng Quoc Tu Giam dugc ggi la Giao quan, Hgc quan (thdi Nguyta ggi Giam than), hai chuc quan Te tiru va Tu nghiep dung dau Mdi trieu dai, sd lugng cac vi Hgc quan co khac nhau, song deu kha nhat quta nhftng quy djnh cua nha nude ve tita cbi lua chgn, nhiem vu, trieu phuc, hinh thuc kiem tra dtah gia nang lyc eac Hgc quan ctag nhu cac che dp dai ngg cfla nha nude danh eho bg Nhirng viec Itai khdng chi the hipn su coi trgng cua nha nude doi vdi nhftng ngudi gift ttpng trach trdng nguoi, dao tao nhan tai cho dit nude, ma cdn khtag djnh cac trieu dai quta chu Viet Nam rat coi ttgng va de cao sy nghiep giao due Nho hgc Tir khda: Thiy giao; Quflc Ttt Giam; Hgc quan; trieu dai quta cbi; giao due Mddau Quflc Tu Gitai dugc vua Ly Nhan Tflng (1072 - 1127) xay dung vao nam 1076 Trai qua cae trilu dgi Ly, Trin, Hd, Le Sd, Mac va Le - Trjnh, Qudc Tu Giam lufln la trung tam giao due Nho hgc cia quflc gia Dgi Viet tgi kinh thtah Thtag Long Dta nam 1803 cflng vdi viec djnh dfl d Hul, trieu dinh nha Nguyen da lap trudng Quflc Tir Giam d day vdi tta ggi Qudc hgc Dudng Trudng Giam cd vai trd quan trgng viec dao tao va eung cip dgi ngfl tti thttc Nho hgc (c6 hpe vi) cho chfl dp quta chu tiling uong tap quyln Cac trilu dai quta chu Viet Nam rit cd y thttc viec myln chpn dpi ngu thay giao (Hpc quan) vtta cd tam vtta uyen thtai vl ttinh dp dl gitag dgy tgi Quflc Ttt Gitan Vgy dpi ngu thiy giao trudng Giam bao gflm nhiing thtah phin nta? tieu chi lya chpn chtte quan b6 lam thay giao trudng Giam sao? Nha nude cd nhung quy djnh gi eflng nhu che dai ngp nhu the nap ddi vdi hp? Bai viet se gdp phta lam rd dieu dd L Hg thSng chu-e Hgc quan tru-dng Quoc Tu- Giam Dudi thdi quan chi, nhflng chuc quan tham gia quan ly va gitog day d Qudc Ttt Giam thudng duge ggi la Hge quan, Hgc chinh, Giao quan (thdi Nguyen ggi la Giam thin, ttong bai viet gpi ehung la Hpc quan) He thflng Hgc quan bao gflm nhilu chuc quan gitt vi tri, vai ttd khac ttong trudng Quoc hgc va dd, d mdi trita dai se cd nhiing quy djnh rieng ttong tieu chi myen chgn ca vl phim trgt va dttc hgnh '*' Thac sT, Vipn Su hpe, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam 101 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, si 1(86) - 2015 Thdi Ly, sach ehinh su cho biet vao nam 1076, vua Ly Nhta Tong cho chgn quan vien vto chtte biflt chtt bfl vao Quflc Ttt Giam dl hau vua va thai ttt hgc, ma ehua ed ten chtte quan cy thfl Theo ghi chep cua Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, mai den nam Thieu Long thu 15 (1272), vua Tran Thanh Tflng xuflng chieu "tim ngudi tai gidi, dao due thflng hieu kinh sach lam Tu nghiep Qudc Ttt Giam""' Nhu vay, phai din thdi Trin nha nude mdi eho dgt chtte Tu nghiep lam ngudi ding dau Quflc Ttt Giam Tita chuan lya chgn dfl bfl chtte Tu nghiep la cac bae dgi than cia trilu dinh, hfli dfl ca hai yeu tfl tai cao va dttc trgng, tita chi vin dttgc cac trieu dgi quan chfl ve sau ke tuc Trong nam tfln tgi (1400 - 1407), nha Hfl tilp tyc xep dat chuc Tu nghiep de trflng eoi trudng Giam Nam 1400, Hd Quy Ly da cho Nguyin Phi Khanh (1355 - 1428) ngudi xa Nhi Khe, phfl Qudc Oai, trin Son Nam (nay thuflc huyen Thudng Tin, Ha Ndi) dam nhiem chtte vy Giup viec cho quan Ttt nghiep, nha Tran eho dat chtte Trg giao Quflc Ttt Giam Sang thdi Lfl sa, viec hgc tap va giao due Nho hpc dugc md rflng phat ttien vdi quy md Icin va dgt tdi dinh cao, dd tita chuan tuyen chpn thay giao trudng Qudc Ttt Giam dugc quy djnh mgt each cy the, viec xIp dat, phin cflng nhiem vu cua cae Hgc quan dugc td chtte kha hoan chinh Muc Quan chuc chi cia Lich trieu Hien chuang logi chi 102 cho bilt: thdi Lfl tai Quflc Ttt Giam da cd cac chtte quan T I tuu, Tu nghiep, Tryc giang, Bac si, Trg giao va Giao thy Den nam 1467, tgi trucmg Giam bit dau dat chuc Ngfl kinh Bac sT (sau ddi Ngfl kinh giao thu va Ngfl kinh hpc chinh), day la , chtte hpc quan chuyen nghien cira ve bd sach kinh dien cia Nho gia (Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Djch, Kinh Lfl, Kinh Xuan Thu) Cflng nam nay, Nha nude da cap ban in sach NgU kinh cho Qudc Tu Giam Den thdi Le trung himg (1592 1788), he thdng chtte Hpc quan trttdng Giam dttgc dat them kha nhieu, tdng sfl bien che cac vien giao quan tai trudng Giam dudi thdi Le la 15 ngudi'^', bao gflm: Tfl tttu (tdng Ttt phim) dttng diu trttdng Qude Tu Giam; Tu nghiep (Tdng ngfl pham); Ngfl kinh giao thy, Giao thy (ehtah Bat phim), Hpe chinh, Giam ba, Trg giao, Dien ba (tdng Bat phim) Dudi thdi Nguyen, trudng Qudc hgc mdi thtah lap (1803), trilu dinh Gia Long mdi chi dat vien Dfle hpc (chanh Tu pham) va vien Phd dfle hgc (tdng Ttt pham) vtta lo viec dilu hanh, vtta phy ttach viee giang dgy Dfln nam Minh Menh thtt (1821), Quflc hgc Dudng dfli ten Qudc Ttt Giam, '" (2004), Bgi Viit sir ky todn Ihu (Bdn khac ndm Chinh Hoa 18 - 1697), t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xahpi,HaNpi,tr.39 "' Vien Sil hpe (1977), Le triiu quan chi (tai lieu tham khao), Nxb Van hda Thong tin Ha Npi, tr.66 - 67 Thdy gido trudng Qudc Tir Gidm eung vdi viee xay dyng co sd vat chat nham lam cho Qudc Ttt Giam ttd trung tam giao dye Nho hgc cia ca nude, trieu dinh da cho bd chuc Dfle hgc, dat lgi chtte Te tim va Ttt nghiep lam chuc quan cao nhat cia trudng Nam 1822, vua Minh Menh cho dat them d ngfli trudng Quflc hgc cac chtte Hgc chinh, Giam thtta, Diln bg, Difln tjch, 10 vj nhgp luu thu Igi vtta la chtte quan giang day, phy giup Te tin, Tu nghiep Cac trieu dgi quta chfl Viet Nam cdn cho dat them vifln dai than kiem Hnh cflng viec d Quflc Tu Giam de dfle thuc Hgc quan trudng Giam lam tdt chtte trach, nhiem vy cua minh, dflng thdi "de cho hgc trd kinh theo khudn phep, khflng dugc gta nhdn nhu quan d Giam, pham hgc trd phuang deu duge den Giam hgc tap, hing thtog khda tap vto"'^' Chtte quan nay, thdi Lfl sa ggi la D I digu, sang din thdi Le - Trjnh va Nguyin gpi la Tri Quflc Ttt Giam Nhu vay, he thflng Hpc quan trudng Quflc Ttt Giam thdi quta chu bao gdm nhilu chtte quan khac nhau, duge co cau thtah ba bd phan: quan ly, giang day va chuc quan giup viec cho giao quan dgy hgc d mfli mgt trilu dai, sd lugng cac chuc Hge quan d trudng Giam cd sy tiiay doi theo hudng cang hoan thien hon, song diu kha tiiflng nhit viec phai lya chgn nhiing ngudi uyta thtai, dire dl nim gitt nhflng chtte vy quan ttpng Mgt so quy djnh cua nha nude dfli vol Hgc quan trirdng Giam 2.1 Tiiu chi lira chgn Hpc quan trudng Giam gift ttpng trach rat Idn viec dao tgo bfli dudng nhta tai quflc gia, vay tieu chuan lya chgn cac chtte nay, dac biet la hai chtte Te tttu va Tu nghiflp ddi hdi rat chat che ve dttc va tai ntog Do dd, cac Hpc quan dimg dau trudng Giam phai la nhtmg ngudi cao tudi dugc trgng vgng sfl cae quan dai than, la ngudi thdng hieu Nho giao, thay giao dfl Tien si ed trinh dp uyen tham va dttc dp Thdi Ly, ttieu dinh mdi chi chpn nhitng vita quan chtte biet chtt bfl vao Quoc Ttt Giam ma chua cd chtte quan cu the Den thdi Trta, chinh quyen da cho dgt chtte Tu nghiep dimg dau trudng Giam, va chtte quan dugc giao cho dai thin cfla triflu dinh, nhttng ngudi dttc trgng, tai cao, uyen tham kinh sach dam nhiem, song sfl lugng cy the nhu thi nao khong thay tu lieu ghi chep rd Ttt thdi Le sd trd di, viee tuyin chgn Hgc quan trudng Giam dugc quy djnh mgt each rd rtag ea vfl sfl lugng va phim ttat Cy the nhu sau: Ti lieu: la chtte quan dttng dau trudng Quoc Ttt Giam, ttat Tdng Ttt phim, cd chuc ntag nhiem vy tuong ducmg vdi Hieu trudng cua mflt tirudng Dgi hpc '^' QuIc su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc li/e, t.3, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, tr.39 103 Tgp chi Khog hgc xd hdi Viil Ngm sd 1(86) -2015 Tu nghiep: ttt thdi Lfl sa trd di, day la chuc quan dttng thtt hai d trudng Giam, ttat Tdng ngfl pham (thdi Trta, Tu nghiep dttng dau Quflc Tu Giam) cd nhiem vu giup viee cho quan Te tuu ca quta Iy va hogt ddng dgy hpc d trudng Quflc Tu Giam Thdng thudng nha nude thudng dung vien dgi than trieu dinh kiem lanh gitt chuc vu Te tuu va Tu nghiep, chi yeu dat mdi chtte mdt vien nhung eflng ed lie dgt hai vita de kiem lanh mflt hai chtte vy Su sach cho biet vao nam 1463, danh sach eac quan Iai lam cflng viec thi Dinh cd Te tttu la Le Niem va Nguyta Ba Ky, nam 1496 stt cflng ghi tta hai vj Te tuu la Han lam vien Thtta chi Dflng cac Dgi hpe sT kiem Quflc Ttt Giam Tl tttu Than Nhta Trung va Lgi bg Thugng thu kiem Quflc Ttt Giam Te tin Le Nhuan Ttt ntta sau thfl ky XVIII, chat lugng gitag day va hgc tgp trd nen sa sit, van chuong trudng Giam khdng cdn la mau myc ntta, dl khac phyc tinh ttgng nay, chinh quyln Lfl - Trjnh cho tang them quan TS Tin, Tu nghiep dl cung trflng coi, quan Iy viec giang tap Nam 1756, chfla Trjnh Doanh cho Nhft Dinh Toan eflng kiem chuc Tl turn vdi Nguyin Ba Lan; nam 1767 chua Trjnh Sam lenh cho T I tudng Nguyen Nghiim lam chtte Trung Thtt giam, Vfl Mita gio chtte T I tuu, Le Quy Ddn va Phan Le Phien lam Tu nghiep Triflu dinh Nguyin vin tiep tyc kl thtta va tri he thflng chtte Hgc quan 104 nhu thdi Le sa va Le trung Qudc sic qudn triiu Nguyen cho biet ttt ddi vua Minh Menh den gitta ddi vua Ty Due, trilu dinh eho dat vien Te tiiu, vifln Tu nghiep cflng quan Iy dita hanh va giang day d ttudng Giam, nhtmg ti nua sau ddi vua Ty Dttc trd di, chi tri vifln Tu nghiep So vdi thdi Le, pham trgt cua chtte quan gift chuc Tl tuu va Tu nghiep thdi cao hon: chic Te tim cd ham Chanh ttt phim, chtte Tu nghiep cd ham Tdng tii pham"'''' True gidng: la chuc quan dttng dudi hang Tu nghiep, tuong duong hang Giao thy, trat Chanh bat phim Day la chtte quan lam nhiem vy gitag dgy Kinh thu va phu giup cho quan Te tuu (3 thdi Le so, Giam sat Ngy stt Nguyen Cu Dao (Tiln sT khoa thi nam 1442) da timg gift chtte Bdc sT: la chftc quan ngudi thflng hilu kinh nghia dam nhta, duge dgt t i thdi Le so, cd nhiem vy truyln day kiln thttc Nho hgc cho hgc trd, dflng thdi cdn cd the la cfl vin chinh trj va dien le cho trilu dinh quan chfl Thdi Le sa, vao khoa thi nam 1442, Quflc Ttt Gitai Bac si Nguyin Ttt Tan da gitt viec dgc quyen thi cho vua nghe va xet djnh dfl cao thap cho thi sinh Nam 1448, An phfl Phd stt Thien Trudng (Nam Djnh) la Phan Phu Tien dugc ctt gitt chuc Quflc Ttt Giam Bac sT Dfln thdi Le ttung cho bd chtte quan "' Npi cac trieu Nguyen (2005), Khdm dinh Bgi Ngm hgi diin su li, t.4, quyln 102, Nxb Thujn Hoa, Thira Thien Hue, tr.476 Thdy gido trudng Qudc Tu Gidm Trg gido: la chuc hgc quan giflp Quflc Tu Giam Bae sT truyen thy Nho hpc, chtte quan thuflc ham Tdng bat pham Gido Ihu: ban vj thip ban Quflc Tu Giam Bac si va Trg giao, trat ham Tdng bat phim (ngay tuong duong vdi tfln ggi Giao su d trudng Dgi hpc), cd nhiem vy phu giflp quan Te tttu va Tu nghiep vfl xay dyng ehucmg ttinh hpc, xep dgt ljch hpe Ngu kinh hoc chinh: la ten gpi khac cia chuc quan Ngfl kinh bac si dudi ddi Le Thtah Tflng Sach Dal Viet sic ky todn thu eho biet: vao nam 1467 Vua Le Thanh Tflng eho dgt chtte Ngu kinh bac sT, chuyfln nghien ciru ve bg sach kinh dita cia nho gia Tuy nhien, lam cupc cai each hanh chinh, flng da cho bd chuc danh ay, dat Ngu kinh giao thy (ham Chanh bat pham) va Ngu kinh hpc chinh (ham Tdng bat pham) Nha Le trung himg cho bd chuc Ngfl kmh giao thy, chi de Iai Ngu kinh hpc chinh lam nhiem vy gitag dgy hpc trd Hgc chinh: la chtte hgc quan dttgc dat dttdi thdi Le - Trjnh, lam nhiem vu dgy bao hpc trd Quan che ddi Bao Thai eho dat chuc quto trgt Tdng bat pham Day la nhung chuc quan tryc tiep tham gia giang day dao sach Thanh hiln, ren tap van bai cho hpc trd trudng Giam Hd trg chp cae Hpc quan nay, trilu dinh cdn eho dgt them cac chtte quan khac nhu: Giam ba la chtte quan phy trach cae loai so sach trudng, cd ham Tdng bat pham; chtte Diln bg (trat Tdng bat pham), cd nhiem vy gift viec van ddc, van thu trudng Giam; Diln nghia (la chuc quan cd nhiem vy tra ettu kinh dien, kinh nghia dl phy giip viec day hpc cho cae giang quan) Dau triflu Nguyin mac dfl vua Gia Long cflng ed y thttc xay dyng, tfl chtte nen giao due Nho hpe phat ttien, nhtmg phai den ddi vua Minh Menh, he thdng cae Hpc quan trudng Giam mdi dugc xep dat mgt each cy thi Vao nam 1822, vua Minh Menh eho dat vien Hgc chinh ham Tdng lyc pham (nam 1827 giam xuflng chi cdn ngudi) chuyfln phu trach viec gitag tap cho cae Tdn sinh Nam 1827, Minh Menh eho dat thflm vifln Giam thtta ham Chanh that pham, • ien Dien ba ham Tdng that pham, vien Dita tjch ham Tdng citu phim va 10 Vj nhap luu thu lai"' Trong do, Hgc chinh cd nhiem vy theo vien Giam dudng ehuyta gitt viec gitag dgy hpc tap Giam thtta cd nhiem vy dem eac thuflc vifln dfl lam mpi sy vy Quflc hpc; Dien ba va Diln tjch deu eoi gift kinh sach, sd bg, cdn nhflng Vj nhap luu thu lai thi le thupc vta Giam dl sai phai lam viec cdng'" Cflng nhu chuc quan Te tira, Tu nghiep, cae Hpc quan phai dugc bfl dyng ttt nhflng ngttdi thflng hieu Nho giao, cd due hgnh, kinh nghiem lam viec '^* Nam 1850, vua Ty Dire rut bdt si quan xuong moi churc mpt ngudi va chi Vi nhap luu thu lai '•*' (julc sir quan trilu Nguyen (2004), t.2, sdd, tr.919 105 Tgp chi Khog hgc xd hdi Viil Nam, sd 1(86) -2015 lau nam song ve trinh dp thi khflng yeu ciu cao nhu Te tiru va Ttt nghiep Theo le bfl dung chtte quan nam Dttc Nguyen thu (1674) dudi thdi Le - Trjnh, cac chuc Giao thy, Hpe chinh Giam bg, Diln bg dugc bd dyng tu Nho sinh trung thttc va Giam sinh lam viec d Quflc Ttt Giam lau nam va nhieu lan thi tring nhilu truong (thudng 15 nam la lau nam, tiling 10 trucmg) quan Qudc Tu Giam bao ctt Trong dd, chtte Te tttu va Tu nghiep chfl yflu dugc tuyen chgn tu nhiing vj quan cao tufli, la eae dgi thin dugc ttgng vgng trieu, kien thue Nho hgc uyen tham Tham gia quan ly va giam sat hogt dflng trudng Giam cdn cd chtte De dieu va Tri Qudc Ttt Giam sy Myc Quan chirc chi Lich trieu hien chuang logt chi cho biflt Dfl dieu la chuc quan cao hon chtte Tl tttu, Ttt nghiflp, chuyfln dflng dai than khflng ctt vta hay vd de kiem nhiem chtte quan Stt sach cho biflt: vao nam 1448 cd Tu Khau Lfl Khic Phuc dugc gift chtte De Dieu; nam 1469 cd dng Le Niem dugc thang len lam Thai bao Binh chuang quan qudc ttpng su (Te tudng) da dugc vua Le giao kiem them chuc De dieu Quflc Ttt Giam, sau khflng thay stt sach ghi them nhan vat nao gift chuc vu nua, dieu dd chttng td ttt ddi Hflng Due ttd di, trita dinh da cho bai bd chuc quan Tuy nhien, den thdi Le - Trjnh va thdi Nguyin Igi tiep tuc stt dung chuc quan ca hai trieu dgi cho dgt chtte Tri Quoc Tu Giam sy - mpt chuc 106 kiflm nhiem giao cho cae dgi thta lam cflng viee tuong ty nhu D I dieu Qudc Ttt Giam bufli diu Le so"' Nam 1838, vua Minh Menh quylt djnh chpn hai dai thto kiem Hnh eflng viec cia Quflc Tu Giam, giao cho Thai bao Van minh dien Dgi hpc si Trucmg Dtog Qui va Hiep bien Dgi hpc si Le Van Dttc thay lam, theo dd thtog chin Le Van Due phy trach, thang le Truang Dang Que phy trach (din nam 1841, vua Thieu Trj cu Ddng cae Dgi hpc sT Vfl Xuta Can thay thi dgi than Lfl Van Dttc) 2.2 Nhiim vu ciia cdc Hpc quan Sach Lich trieu hien chuang logi ehl cfla Phan Huy Chu viet kha rd ve nhiem vy cfla chuc quan dung dau trudng Giam: "(Cae vita Tri giam sy, Tfl tuu, Tu nghiep) phung menh trdng coi nhi Van Mieu, rta luyen si tu, phai ehita chi truyln nam truoc, hing thang theo dung ky eho tap lam vto, de gay dung nhan tai, giup viec thuc dung cho nude"'*' Nhu vay, nhung ngudi dttng dau Quflc Ttt Giam cd hai nhiem vu co ban: trflng coi Van Mieu thd Chu Cdng, Khflng Tu, cac vj A Thanh, Tien hien tien nho va ren tap si ttt, dao tao nhto tai ''' Sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viit Nam Ngo Dire Thp chil biSn ghi: vao nam 1761 Nguy6n Nghiim giir chirc Thupng thu bp Cong Nhap thj B6i tyng dae trach dung dau QuIe Tu Giam Co 15 day la chiic Tri QuIc Tir Giam Nguyin Quang (Huy) Nhuan (1678 - 1758), Nguyin Hoan (1713 -1792) cung timg dam nhan chic vy '" Phan Huy Chu (2007), Ljch triiu hiin chuang logi chi, Myc Quan chiic chi, t.l, Nxb Giao dyc,HaNpi,tr.586 Thdy gido trudng Qudc Tir Gidm cho dat n u a c Viec dao tao nhan tai Tu nghiep, Giao thu, Ngu kinh bac sT a dira tren quan niem: "Hien tai la nguyen luon truang Giam de thuang cua quoc gia, nguyen thinh thi huang din Giam sinh hgc tap the nude manh roi len cao, nguyen suy thi the nuac yeu roi xuong thap"*^' Trich "Bai ky de danh Tien s f nam Nham Trong do, voi tu each la nguai dung dSu Tuat, nien hi^u Dai Bao thii (1442), Than Quoc Tijr Giam, Te tuu khong chi la Nhan Trung soan nam 1484 dcri Le Thanh Tong, dan X.\x: (1978), Tuyen tgp vdn bia Hd Ngi, quyen chuc quan chju trach nhiem toan tnrong 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi Ha Noi, tr.65 Giam thuc hien dung chii truong chinh "*" Le Quy Don Kien vdn tieu luc co ghi sach vua va trieu dinh ban xu6ng ma chep ve sach hoc truang Quoc TCr Giam nhu sau: Tir thir (Luan Ngir, Manh Tii, Dai hpc, true tiep giang day hpc tro cac bO Trung dung); Ngu kinh (Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Ngu kinh, Tu" thu cung cac sach Thanh Kinh Dich, Kinh Ll, Kinh Xuan Thu), Ngpc van pham, Van hien thong khao (sach hien khac*'"* Cac Hgc quan khac: Tu ducmg dai Nguyin g6m 348 quyln), Van tuyin (sach nghiep, True giang, NgO kinh hoc chinh, dai Luong gom 602 quyen), Cuong muc (sach Hoc chinh, Trg giao, Giao thu vua giup dcri Tong gom 592 quyen), Tinh Iy dai toan (sach dai Minh g6m 70 quyln), Thieu vi thong viec cho quan Te tiiu, vira lam nhiem vu giam (sach doi Tong, tiet yeu bp "Tir trj thong dao tao va tuyen lira nhan tai thong qua giam" cua Ty: Ma Quang, 20 quyen), Sach hpc viec giang bai, ren tap van bai cho Giam de cuang (Sach thoi Nguyen), Noc trai thap khoa sach luprc (sach dai Minh), Ta Thi Xuan sinh theo chuang trinh giang t|ip nha Thu, Chu ll quang nghTa (sach thai Thanh gom 66 quyen) Nhu vay, giao trinh chinh thuc cua nuac quy dinh*' * Khong nh&ng vay, Hgc quan truong Giam co trach nhiem lira chgn, bao cu nhihig Giam sinh xuat sac de trieu dinh xet duyet b6 lam quan nhu chi du sau day ciia vua Minh Menh thu (1825): "Qu6c Til Giam la noi chijra nhan tai, gan day dat sinh vien cho an luong h^u, b6i duong gay dung cung da chu dao lam; cac Giam sinh Toa giam tru6c sau, dSn tham nhuan an trach giao hoa, cung d^u da c6 tai Vay lenh T^ tiiu, Tu nghiep liy cong bang ken chgn 30 nguai hgc van rpng van chuang hay co thi dung dugc ma tau len"*'^^ Vi vay vao nam 1693, de thuan ti?n cho viec giang day, chinh quyln Le Trjnh ban hanh chi du cho cac vi T6 tuu, trucmg Qu6c Tu Giam la Tu thu, Ngu kinh *"' Chuong trinh hpc tap bao gom: miing mpt va muai lam hang thang, Hpc quan din Giam de giang cac Kinh truyen ky Ngoai ra, hang thang hpc tro phai trai qua mpt ki tieu tap (thi cac hpc tro) viec Giao thu va Hpc chinh phu trach Vap bon thang trpng cua nam (trpng xuan - thang 2; trpng h^ - thang 5; trpng thu - thang 8; trpng dong - thang 11), hpc tro co mpt ki dgi tgp Giam quan phu trach Bai t|p giap cho cac Giam sinh co the lam tai lap phai xong, hogc co the dem ve lam, mSy hom sau npp de thay cham Bai lam cua cac tro dupe thSy cham theo loi phan loai loai: uu (bai hang gioi), binh (bai hang binh) va thur (bai hgng thuang); loai binh chia loai: thu mac (bai co dogn hay), thu coc (bai thupc loai xoang), bai kem bj phe liet Trong so nhun§ bai doat logi uu, th5y giao chpn mpt so bai xuat sSc nhat de dpc buoi binh van ciia ca trucmg _ "^' Qu6c su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd, tr.397 107 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 1(86) - 2015 Nbu vay Hoc quan truong Giam khong cbi co nhiem vu dao tao nban tai cho dat nuoc, ma bo co trach nbiem lira ebon, bao cir nhitng Giam sinh xudt s5c de trieu dinh xet duyet bo lam quan 2.3 Sal hach gido chiec Hpc quan tnrong Giam phai trai qua mot ki khao bach (thoi Nguyin gpi la sat bach giao cbiic) vita de danb gia nang lire bpc quan tot xau, vira la co so de nba nuac co hinh tbirc thirong phat phii hpp Sach sit cho biet, vao nSm 1435 truac hien tupng cac giao quan hay noi xau lan nhau, vua Le Thai T6ng da sai cac giao chirc a Quoc Tir Giam va cac Lp ciing vol nhOng quan va dan co bpc van deu tap bap de thi a Van Tap Duang, rfii can cir vao day de xet ky de b6 dung hoac sa thai, cban giao chiic nao khuylt sS lay nhiJng quan va dan da thi ma bo dung vao"" Tiep vao nam 1467, vua Le Thanh Tong da cho khao thi va sa thai Dong cung Thj giang Vu Nguyin Tiem va Ta Buu o Phung Nghi ducmg*'"'' Den tbcti Nguyin, viec danh gia nSng lire Hpc quan trucmg Giam, nhat la quan Te tim, Tu nghiep duac cac vua Nguyen rat quan tam, chu yeu dita vao ket qua ki khao bach hpc tro, dua vao so ngach d6 hoac so ngucri vi pham trucmg quy ky thi Huang dl co hinh thiic thuong phat phii hpp (tang hoac cit, giam trir luong, bong, thang giang cdp bac) Theo quy djnh nam Minh Menh thir (1825) vl viec khao khoa hoc tro Kinh thi; 108 "Nlu van ly khong thong va bo giSy trSng viet khong du quyln thi giao huan phai chieu luat bSt img xet nhe ma nghi xii Ngay vao trucmg co nhitng te ay thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep ciing bj chieu luat vi lenh, tiiy so quyen nhieu hay it ma nghi xur Hoac co nguoi khong chiu yen phan lam on ao, thi Te tiru, Tu nghiep va cac giao huan co trach nhiem bj giang phjit theo tbii bac"*"' Nam Minh Menh thii 10 (1829), trilu dinh quy dinh: doi voi d6 hjng Cii nhan neu triing ngutri thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep dupe thuang ky Iuc thii, neu triing 16 ngudi thi T I tim va Tu nghiep duoc gia cap; dpi voi h?ng Tii tai neu triing 20 nguoi thi Te tiiu, Tu nghiep dupe ky Iuc thii, neu briing 80 ngutti thi T I tftu va Tu nghiep duac gia mpt cdp Nlu si nhan khpng triing mpt nguoi nao thi hpc quan tai chiic nam bi phat b6ng thang, t^i chiic nam ru9i bj pbjit bong ' ' Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyin (1998), Khdm dfnh Viil sir thdng gidm cuang muc, t.l, Nxb Giao dye, HaNpi, tr.872 '''" V6 sir ki?n nay, Bgi Viet sir ky todn thu (Bdn khdc ndm Chinh Hda 18 -1697), t.2, sdd, tr.423 ehep nhu sau: bay gicr Nguyin Tilm cung Buu hau Dong cung hpe Vua ngir den Dong eung hoi ehu nghTa hom truac the nao Thai tir dem nhitng lai Nguyen Tiem da day dl tra loi Vua liln sai ba de che, chieu, bilu bat bpn Tilm va Buu thi d Phung Nghi dircmg Bpn Tilm diu quen I6i lam, ca ba bai deu kh6ng van ly Vua xem xong, phe rang: dang torn! va qud trach Lji bo Thucmg thu Nguyin Nhu Do, Dong Cung quan Tr4n Phong va Do Ngir sii dai TrSn Xac vl tgi bao cir bjy " " Qudc sir quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd tr.451 Thdy gido trudng Qudc Tir Gidm thang, tai chftc nam bi phat bong nam, tai chirc nam thi bi giang cSp Trong truang hap sT nhan lam bai khong van ly, hay bo trdng khong dii bai thi quan Te tiiu, Tu nghiep bi xii nang hon cac chirc giao quan khac: neu co nguoi thi Giao thu bi phat bong thang, nlu CO nguoi thi giam mot bac; tpi chi giang den cap luu la thoi; Te tuu, Tu nghiep thi giam bac, tpi giang den cap thi d6i di"" Sach Dgi Nam thiec luc cho biet: vao nam Thidu Trj thii (1842) danh sach Tii tai trucmg Thira Thien co nguoi ten la Nguyin Phiic Tuang, vi tpi mao dting hp nha vua nen bi sai each bo ten so Tu tai doi lam Nguyin Van Tuong, bj xu tpi dp nam'"', cac giap quan tit cap tinh, huySn, cac quan truong Giam, Bo Ll va vien Do sat bi phan biet giang, phat Nha Nguyen ciing dac biet nghiem cam hanh vi gian lan cua Giam quan Nam 1853 vua T\r Diic quy djnh Hoc quan nao nhan ctta dilt lot, giii gam rieng se chilu theo le phdm hanh kem xii each chiic, khong duac bl dung nita Nlu so tham tang nhieu, thi tinh theo so tang theo mirc nang xur tpi Chi dai ngS diinh cho Hoc quan trutmg Giam Cac trilu dai quan chii Viet Nam rat quan tam den van de khuyen khich giao due Nho hpc phat triin, vi the nha nuac da thuc hien nhieu che dp dai ngp khac nhau, co Hpe quan trucmg Giam 3.1 Cap lirffng Duoi thoi Ly, cac quan ngoai kinh deu khong dupe cdp luang bong, bat than nha vua moi thudng cho cac quan kinh thanh, cac quan ngoai thi giao eho dan mpt mien de dat ngutri thupc vien thu thue rupng dat ao ho danh vao dan cay, dan ca ma ldy lpi*"* Thoi Tran, vao nam Thien l/ng Cbinh Binh thii (1236), moi djnh le cap bong eho cac quan van vo ngoai va cac quan a cung dien (tuy nhien quy chd chua ro) Den thdi Le so, dinh che ve lucmg bong ciia quan vien mdi duoc quy dinh mpt each cu thi va ro rang, ngoai dupe cap tien hp cdn dupe cap ca dat the nghiep*'" Theo Quan che thai Hong Buc thi quan Te tiiu cd luong ca nam la 44 quan (mdi thang la quan tiln, 40 ddng), dupe cap mau ddt the nghiep, 15 mdu rupng vua ban, 10 mdu rudng te; quan Tu nghiep luong ca nam la 36 quan (1 thang la quan); chitc quan Ngu kinh "" Qu6c su quan trilu Nguyin (2004), t.2, sdd, tr.895 - 896 '^* Tdi dd la Ngu hinh phat thoi xira, g6m: xuy (danh bang roi), trugng (danh bang gay), dd (vira bj danh vira phuc djch), iuu (luu day noi xa) Hi (gilt chet) "*> Phan Huy Chu (2007), U.sdd, tr.642