DOI MOI CnaONG TRINH GIAO DUO N H Q N G K H O KHAN TRONG VIEC XAC DjNH NOI DUNG DAY HOC VA MOI QUAN TAM TOI MUC TIEU PHAT TRIEN CA NHAN NGUOI HOC ^ GS TS Nguyin Hiu Chau Trudng Dai hpc Gido due, Dai h[.]
DOI MOI CnaONG TRINH GIAO DUO: N H Q N G K H O KHAN TRONG VIEC XAC DjNH NOI DUNG DAY HOC VA MOI QUAN T A M TOI MUC TIEU PHAT TRIEN CA NHAN NGUOI HOC ^ GS.TS Nguyin Hiu Chau Trudng Dai hpc Gido due, Dai hpc Qudc gia Hd Npi I TOM T A T Co rat nhieu khd khdn ddi mdi mol chuong trinh gido due, bdi ddu lit viec phdi ddnh gid diing nhu cdu vd dieu kien gido due ciia xd hpi, xdc dinh dupe mpi cdc rd rdng hinh dnh cita nhifng ngudi dupe ddo lao irong bdi cdnh mdi, xdc dinh dupe nhitng npi dung gido due pliii hpp vdi xu the chung ciia the gidi ddng Ihdi ddp ifng difpc muc lieu gido due cita ddi nudc, cdu trite dupe mol chuong Irinh gido due phit hap vdi mpi ngudi hpc nhimg vdn lao co hpi vd dieu kien de phdi Irien mdi ngifdi hpc Bdt viet ndy de cap Idi hai Irong sd nhitng llidch ihifc nhu vay, Id viec xdc dinh npi dung day hpc Irong bdi cdnh biing nd tri Ihifc vd vdn de hifdng de'n su phdi Irien ciia mdi cd nhdn nguifi hpc Tir khoa: Chuang irinh gido due: Npi dung day hoc: Cd nhdn ngudi hpc Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25/11/2014; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi- 25/12/2014 NhOng khd khan viec xac dinh npi dung day hpc Nhung ngudi thie't ke' chuang trinh giao due thudng phai ddi dien vdi nhing khd khan ldn lua chpn cac ndi dung day hpc de dua vao chuong trinh trudc xu the bung nd tri thic va yeu ciu giai quyet hang loat mau thuin Idn giao due 1.1 Subung no tri thde Nhing thay ddi cua xa hdi da cd tac ddng rat Idn de'n viee xae dinh tri thic xay dung chuong trinh day hpe khdng chi vi tri thic da trd nen cing nhidu hon va dupe phd bidn rdng rai hon bdi nhiing tien bd eua khoa hpc va cdng nghe ma eon vi xa hdi dang doi hdi viee xac dinh lai su s i dung tri thic ddi sdng bang C^c tri thic chi trd cac kie'n thic ed gia TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (190), - 2015 21 tri cua ngudi hpc dupe ing dung vao thuc tidn cua cupc sdng Ngudi dan rat quan tam den viee nha trucmg day nhiJng gi va tri thic cin dupe truydn dat ddn ngudi hpe nhu thd nao Nhiing ngudi xay dung chuang trinh day hpc nhing nam 90 ciia the ki trudc da phai trai qua rit nhidu tranh luan gay git viec lua chpn, td chic, xac dinh, trinh bay va danh gia tri thic nha trudng NhiJng ngudi xay dung ehuang trinh day hpc cua the' ky XXI se eon gap nhieu khd khan hon dd'i vdi vin de x i ly tri thic Amo Bellack |I] da vie't ve tinh trang khd khan cua nhing ngucri xay dung chuong trinh nhu sau: "Nhing cau hdi vd va'n dd cai gi cin dupe day nhi trudng, quan niem ve sir thdng thai giao due va vai trd cua tri thic chuong trinh hpc dang dupe dat Ke thu eua "su thdng thai cd didn" chinh la su ddn dap cia cac su kien Nhing tu theo Id'i cu da trd nen ldi thdi chung ddi dien vdi nhing didu kien via van de mdi Su xuit hien ddn dap cua cac sir kien mdi va su bung nd cua thdng tin dang doi hdi nha trudng phai xem xet lai ban chit cua tri thic va vai trd cua ching cae chuong trinh giao due" Quy md cua thdng tin ma eac giao vien va hpc sinh ed the tie'p cin da tang len rat nhidu vdng 50 nam qua Vao nhiing nam 60 cua the ki XX, tri thic dupe tang len gap dpi vdng bay nam, nhung den giua nhing nam 70 thi chi cdn hai nam Trong giai doan diu cua the ky XXI nay, thdi gian dd eon ngin ban rat nhidu Con sd nam trieu trang web mdi xua't hien vdng sau thing dau nam 2000 cho thiy mot didu la da ddn lic tri thic khdng edn cd thd dupe kiem soat hay tinh loan dupe nia Nhing cong viec phd bie'n trudc day nhu cap nhit thdng tm eho cac ehuang trinh hpe da trd nen khdng the thue hien dupe Su phit trien cua tri thic dang trd van de Idn d ta't ca cac nudc Tmh trang phd bie'n ve su qua tai tri thic dang dat yeu ciu ve tim nhin cua cae qude gia O My, ngudi ta da ndi ve didu nhu sau: "Su khung hoang cua nhidu nude, cu thd la d nha trudng chi'nh la tinh trang khdng cd khii nang hinh ddng Didu dd khdng cd nghia ching ta khdng hanh ddng ma la khdng cd kha nang dd hanh ddng, khdng cd kha nang td chic tri thic hoac dua tri thic vao s i diing Gudng may tri thic cua xa hdi ehung ta rdi se khdng hoat dpng nia hoac la ching ta se khdng bidt each lam cho nd hoat ddng" Ndi chung, cac nha hoaeh dinh giao due truydn thdng thudng bd qua su ddi dao cua thdng tin lien quan den cac mdn hpc, hoae khdng eoi trpng nd xay dung eac chuong trinh Hp da cd nhing cd gang nghiem tic dd dd'i dien vin de qua tai tri thic bing each xem xet de'n ciu true thdng tin thay vi ehinh nhiJng thdng tin dd Vao nhiing nam 70 cua the ki XX mpt hudng nghien ciu khie ve td chic ngudn tri thic cho chuong trinh hpc da phit trien, dd la viec tao nhimg ITnh vile tri thic "mdi" bing cich tfch hap nhiJng mdn hpe ehuin da cd Tri thic eac nganh khoa hpc tu nhien, ehang ban nhu Iwa sinh va ITnh 22 TAP CHITAM Vi HOC, Sd (190), I - 2015 vye khoa hpc xii hdi nhu nhdn khdu hpc da md cac cau trie mdi cho chuong trinh hpc Su hinh va quan ly cic ITnh vuc mdi nhu viy dat nhiing khd khan eho nhimg ngudi lam kd hoaeh lau chi quen vdi viec sip xdp cae mdn hpc truydn thdng vdi ndi dung hep thd ki XXI yeu ciu tfch hpp cang trd nen thdi thue hon (Dung vdi su gia tang mau chdng cua tri thic va vin dd td chic tri thic, cau hdi quan trpng dupe dat la mue dich cia tri thic boat ddng hpc la gl Mac du nhing thich thic dd'i vdi quan niem chuong trinh day hpc dua tren nen tang kie'n thic khdng phai la mdi nhung nhing vin de ma cae nha giio due dit cho md hinh giao dtic truydn thdng cua cae nha truiimg nhiing nam 80 va 90 d thd ki XX li ding ngac nhien Mpt dinh nghTa mdi vd giao due din de'n phai cd mCit dinh nghTa mdi ve hpc tap Vao nhing nam 60 thd ky XX, Earl Kelly [4] da vie't: "Ngudi duoc giao due la ngudi dupe hpc each thic dl hpc, bie't lim thd nao de thich nghi va thay ddi, nhan thic dupe khdng cd tri thic nao la vTnh cim va la ngudi hieu dupe ring nim dupe each thic tim tri thic la nim dupe ehia khda cua sir cdng" Nha nghien ciu Alvin Toffer [7] da nhin xet vd mdi lien he giua su bung nd tri thic va chudng trinh giio due nhu sau: "Thay vi quan niem ring mdn hpc dupe dua vao day la vi muc dich tdn trpng hoae thia ke lich s i ching ta phai suy nghT khae: mdt dieu gi dd chi dupe dua vao chuong trinh hpc mdt nd dupe ching minh la cin thie't cho tuong lai Ndu didu lim phi vd ciu trie eua chuang trinh hpc thi dd cung khdng cd gi dang ngac nhien" Vao diu nhitng nam 90 the ki XX su truyen dat tri thic tnre tie'p cho ngudi hpc tang len ding kd Sau dd la su thinh hanh cua cic he thdng video va may tinh ca nhan dupe trang bi cae phin mem ehuyen dung Cho de'n cud'i nhiing nam 90 cua thd ki trudc, intemet da mang lai ngudn tri thic vd tan ddn eac gia dinh Nhidu hpc sinh hpc nhac, nghe thuat, ngoai ngi, dia ly vi cie ehu de chpn lua khae tai nhi va vi thd su ddc quydn cua nha trudng vd truydn dat tri thic da bi pha vd Su canh tranh ve ngudn hpc sinh giia cac trudng ao va trudng truydn thdng dang tang len dang kd He thdng giao due truydn thdng dang dd'i dien vdi nguy cd bi thu hep lai Phan ing eua cac nha hoaeh dinh giao due dd'i vdi vin de td chic tri thic la yeu eiu xae dinh lai cac muc dieh vi muc tieu eua giao due de t i dd dd nhing hudng din eho viec lua chpn noi dung, sau dd la cac bien phap danh gii mic dd tiSp nhan tri thic vi ky ning cua ngudi hpc Mdt thuat ngi kha phd bidn vao nhimg nam 90 eua the ky XX va cang trd nen quan trpng d thd ki XXI li "chudn" va khii niem da dat tri thic vao rapt vai trd mdi va khac viec xae dinh kd hoaeh giao due, td chic, quy md vi cic vin dd cd lien quan TAP CH( TAM LV HOC, Sd I (190), I - 2015 23 Mdt vin de cin quan tam nia dd'i vdi cae nha hoaeh dinh chuang trinh giio dtic la su the hien eua ngudi hpc tie'p nhan tri thic Dae biet la cac ye'u td nhu anh hudng cua thai dp, cam xue dd'i vdi viec hpc; qui trinh mi thdng tin dupe thao tac, luu giu, phuc hdi; mdi quan he giua kha nang tie'p nhan, ghi nhd thdng tin vdi kha nang dpc va thai dp dd'i vdi hpc tap Didu eudi cung anh hudng ddn chien lupe su dung tri thic nhi trudng la nhirng du bao nghiem tic ve tuong lai Khi danh gii lai viec s i dung tri thic trudc day va nghien eun ve su bung nd tri thic hien tai, cic nha giao due da dat van dd la lieu mdt chuang trinh hpe ning vd npi dung cd cdn phu hpp nua khong Ngudi ta tin ring lim tri d i kien li cai thudc vd qui va hien tai chi khdng phai la tuang lai Can khuyen khich Id'i tu sing tao va khdng bi gd ep Interact va eac cdng eu tim kidm thdng tin cua nd da giup giai quye't cho vin de neu tren Vdi su cho phep kdt ndi tri thic cia intemet, kha nang sing tao cua hpc sinh cd ca hpi dupe ning len dang ke Viec hpc tip khdng theo trinh lu tuydn tinh (nonlinear leaming) li mpt vin de ma ti't ea nhing ngudi lara ehuang trinh day hpe phai quan tam nhiJng nara diu cua thd ky mdi Cdng nghe dang dupe phat tridn vi dupe coi la ndn tang dd'i vdi hoat ddng xay dung kd hoaeh thd ky XXI Xa hdi cua chung ta dang bj raiy tfnh lam thay ddi Tri thic bung nd vi trd nen khdng thd quan ly duoc nhi trudng Hpc sinh dang phit trien trf tue theo nhidu dudng khac Ly thuye't vd hpc tap da phai xem ddn nhidu vin dd mdi ma hpc sinh ngiy nay, nhd ed su hd up eua cdng nghe thdng tin, dang s i dung ti't ea cac giie quan hpc tap Tie ddng cua cdng nghe ddn eiu trie trudng hpc, den viec s i dung eon ngudi Uong dd cd eac giao vien, den cic ly thuydt vd chuong trinh day hpc va hpe tap that mdi chi didn d rapt sd khi'a canh Trong thd ky XXI, nhung ngudi lira chuong trinh se cdn phai dd'i dien vdi nhing vin dd nhieu thi thaeh hon nua Tdm lai, cd nhing vin dd sau day la rit dang de suy nghT td chic cie ehuang trinh giio due Cdi gi cdn duac day? Vai Ird ciia Iri thiic Id gi? Tdm quan trpng cua trl thde sao? Td chuc ihong tin nhu the ndo cho diing? Cdch tdt nhdt de dua tri thde din hpc sinh Id gl? Vd td't cd cdc vd'n de ndy thay ddi nhu thi ndo md hpc sinh co the tiep can lite thi vdi nguon thong tin lodn cdu md khdng cdn din su giup da cua gido vien? Cae nha hoaeh djnh giao due cin phai quan tam de'n tit ea cie cau hdi nhu vay 1.2 Nhiing mdu thudn Mpt nhing khd khin Idn cua viee lua chpn npi dung day hpe va td chic ehuang trinh li phai thda man ddng thdi nhidu yeu eiu cd tinh raau thuin 24 TAPCHITAMLYHOC, SO' I (190), 1-2015 Chuong trinh phai la sy thdng nh^t cua nhidu mdi quan he phde tap NhOug ngudi thie't ke' chuong trinh phai tim dugc each thu'c hai hda cae mat dd Cd th^ ke de'n mdt sd quan he c^n duoc luu y xay dyng chuong trinh: - Quan he giita yeu cdu phdt trien toan dien, phd thong vdi yeu cdu chuyen mon hoa sdm nham thda man nhiing nang lye, thidn hudng, sd thich khac ciia hpe sinh Di^u eung la md'i quan he giQa yeu c^u dao tao trudc mat va vide chu^n bj lau dai cho hpe sinh, phuc vu cho mue tieu kep cua giao due phd thdng: vCra chudn bi eho mdt sd hpc sinh cd th^ di vao cudc sd'ng sau ke't thue e^p hpe, vira chuan bi cho mdt sd cd the tie'p tuc hoc len cac trinh dd cao hon - Quan he giita yeu cdu khoa hgc, hien dgi vdi yeu cdu suphgm Xet ve phuong dien khoa hpc, chuong trinh c i i phai cd tinh he thdng, Idgie, chat che: Tuy nhidn yeu c^u dae thu eua quy trinh day hpe thid't thue nhieu phai bd qua tinh hd thdng, Idgic eua kid'n thde d nhiing phan nhat dinh Ndi dung day hpc phai phan anh dugc nhiing quan di^m khoa hpe hien dai, phai vucfn len tie'p can dugc vdi nhung dug dung kT thuat, nhirng khdng dugc vugt xa khdi khudn khd cua nhiJng kid'n thde phd thdng, co ban, phu hgp vdi nang lye tie'p thu cua sd' ddng hpc sinh - Quan he giUa tinh "Ddn tde" vd tinh "Todn cdu'" Ngay bdi eanh toan cau hda, sd menh cua mpt chuong trinh giao due d mdi qud'c gia ichdng chi la dao tao nhflug cdng dan eua mdt dat nudc rieng le, ma cdn la dao tao nhung "cdng dan toan c^u" Sy hieu biet da van hda va su nam bat dugc tri thuc chung cua nhan loai phai la muc tidu cua mpi chuong trinh giao due Tuy nhien, chuong trinh giao due trudc he't phai phuc vu cho sy phat tri^n ciia mdt dan tde cu the va vi ly dd ndi dung cua nd phai gin chat va phu hgp vdi nhu cau cua dan tde va nhiJng didu kidn phat trien cu the cua xa hdi Se khdng the cd hidu qua ne'u mdt qude gia *'nhap cang" hoan toan mdt chuong trinh eiia mdt nudc khac - Quan he giifa "Todn thi' vd "Cd the" Mdt chuong trinh giao due la cd •hidu qua ne'u viec thye hidn phu hgp vdi dieu kien trudng ldp, trang thie't bi, thdi gian vat cha't danh cho viee hpc va phii hgp vdi kha nang, sy eha'p nhan eiia ngudi day va ngudi hge nhi^u nude dang phat trien, dd cd Viet Nam, hien xua't hien mdt mau thuin la mdt chuong trinh qudc gia la kha thi va phij hgp vdi cac trudng d viing dd thi, nhung khdng phu hgp, tham chi la sdc ep nang ne d eae trudng ndng thdn, nha't la cac viing khd khan Do dd cd mdt va'n d^ ldn cin phai giai quyd't la phai cd mgt chuang trinh khung mang tmh qude gia va nhiing chuong trinh cu the phu hgp vdi trinh dp phat trien ciia cac vijng va cac dan tde khac Tinh than hudng den ca nhan ngudi hoc qua trinh x^y dyng chuong trinh giao due TAP CHfTAM ly HOC, Sd (190), - 2015 25 2.1 Sitphdt trien cua ngu&i vd chuang trinh day hpc va'n de quan trpng dd'i vdi cie nha hoaeh dinh chuong trinh giao due la md'i quan he giua su bung nd tri thic va su phat tridn cua ngudi Vin dd niy ed y nghia quan trpng dd'i vdi nhing boat ddng cua nhi trudng cdng tie td chic, tu van, xiy dung npi dung va thidt ke boat dpng cho cac ehuoiig trinh hpc Kidn thic vd su phit tridn ngudi ed the thuc diy viec phit trien cic chuong trinh hpc mdi nha trudng nhu: giio due co ban, giio due dae biet, giio due eho ngudi kliuyet tat Didu quan trpng nhit cd le li sir hieu bidt ve cic md hinh tang truitag va phit trien da giip eac nha giao due nhan thic dupe ring viee xay dung chuong trinh giao due cin bat diu t i ngudi hpc Trong the ki XXI, hidu bidt vd su phat trien khic cia eon ngudi se la didu miu chd't dd hinh nhttng kd hoaeh hpc tap cho mdi hpc sinh Nd cung giip hinh ndn tang cho eac boat ddng day va hpc, cung nhu sti lira chpn kT thuat day hpc thieh hpp Nhing ddng gdp eho su hidu bidt vd ngudi da dupe tfch luy din sud't thd ky XX CSng vdi su phit trien thdng tin vd ngudi li su xui't hien cac trudng phii tu tucmg khic va mdi trudng phii cd mpt Iy thuydt vd su hpe tap rieng Dd cd thd hidu dupe su khae biet giia cic ly thuydt niy, cin nim dupe nhimg van dd co ban lien quan den su phit tridn cua ngudi Cd mdt vin dd dat li cai gi tao nen sij phit tridn binh thudng thdng qua nhiing nghien cin qua nhieu nam ve su trudng cua co the tre em Dieu giup cie nhi giao due cd the dua nhiing du doan ve su phat tridn tuong lai Ndi chung, tre em d nhidu nudc dat dUdc su trudng vd co the d dd tudi kha sdm Ly la he thdng cham sdc sic khde va dinh dudng cho tre em d nhieu nudc da cd nhidu tidn bd Kie'n thic eua ching ta vd su phat tridn cua tri thdng minh, eua xa hpi vi eua cam xic d lia tudi hpc tro la cdn chua day du Tuy nhien, cung da ed nhidu nghien eiu cd the cho phep dua nhiing quydt dinh vd eac nhan td phat tridn cac ITnh vtre Vd ITnh vtjc tri thdng minh da ed kha nhieu tai lieu ve dinh gii hpc sinh tren cie phep tri thdng minh Tuy nhien, lai cd qui It nghien ciu vd kha nang hieu bidt, vd tri tue Trong ching mile cua nhung nang hien nay, ching ta dang cd cic md hinh vd su phit tridn cua eon ngudi vdi eac giai doan phit trien Idiac Md hinh dugc thia nhan rdng rai nhat ITnh vuc dupe phit tridn bdi nha giao due Thuy ST Jean Piaget Trong md hinh nay, Piaget [5] da dua bdn giai doan ke tidp vd trf thdng mirh: 1) Cam nhan vi vin ddng; 2) Tidn hoat ddng; 3) Hoat ddng cti the; 4) Hoat ddng chi'nh quy Md hinh cua Piaget ve su thay ddi vi tie'n tridn lien tuc ciu trie hanh vi vi suy nghT cua tre em da giup cic nha giao dije xay dung cac hoat ddng phit tridn trf tue hpe sinh nhi trudng 26 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (190), - 2015 Mdt vin dd cd lien quan ddn su phit trien cua ngudi la cd nen kiem soil hoae day nhanh qui trinh phit tridn dd khdng Nghien ciu vd tre em eua B.F .Skinner da cho ring, su phit trien cia cie dd'i tupng cd thd dupe tang ldc thdng qua ea hai khia canh boat dpng va mdi trudng Cdng trinh nghien cin ve hinh vi cua B.F Skinner [6] da kdt luan ring hdnh vi co thi diiu chinh duac Hai ke't qua da giup cic nhi xay dung chuong Uinh giio due dua nhidu quydt dinh cd y nghTa vd muc tieu giao due va cic bien phap thilc hien Mdt vi'n de ntta vd sii phat trien ngudi cd lien quan ddn bin chit cua cac mdi quan tam cua cic nha phat tridn chuong trinh Thi nhit la sir phat trien cua ngudi cd the bi bidn ddi Ching han, cac nghien ciu y hpc nhing nam 80 va 90 thd ky XX da ching minh kha nang ki dieu vd su thay ddi bp gen ngudi, su thay ddi cic co quan cua ea thd ngudi vi kha nang ap dung hda chat dc thay ddi hinh vi Che dp an va sir kich thfch true tidp dudng nhu cd lim ndi bat mdt tinh cich nio dd d ngudi Nhttng nghien cin vd kidm soil tu va su nhay cam cing cho tfiiy kha nang cua ngudi viec kiem soat trf thdng minh thdng qua giio due Suy nghT cho ring miy tfnh ed the "lap tiinh" eho bd nao ngudi viee hpc khdng cdn li dieu vidn vdng nia Vin de thi hai la nhung hieu bie't vd sir phit tridn cua cam xie va tinh ciim ngudi Bang cich quan tam ddn ting ca thd hpc sinh cd Idi sd'ng vi sd thfch khic rihau, nha trudng cd thd chpn lua eac phuong phip day hpe phi hop vdi cam xic va nhan thic cua ngudi hpc Nhihig vin dd khic vd eon ngudi ching han nhu vd su phit tridn binh thudng, su thic diy cac loai hinh phit trien cd chpn Ipc, cic kieu phat trien nhan thic va tinh ciim dang dat nhimg mdi quan tam cho cdng tic xay dung chuong trinh hpc cua the ki XXI 2.2, To chiic qud trinh hpc vdi muc dich phdt trien mdi cd nhdn ngudi hpc Nhu viy la nhiing hidu biet mdi vd su phit tridn ngudi, vd vai trd cua tri thic dd'i vdi qui trinh hpc tap va ve cic cdng nghe mdi ed ich dd'i vdi giio diic dang tao cac phuong phip day hpc mdi cac nha trudng Cic nhi phat trien chuong trinh cin kdt hpp cae kdt luan sau diy thie't kd chuong trinh giao diic: 1) Nhimg ydu td sinh hpc cua su phit tridn cd thd dupe didu chinh; 2) Sil phat tridn cua eo thd cd the dupe lim ehim lai hoac dupe tang td'c thdng qua elid dd an udng va kich thich; 3) Su phit tridn trf tue cd thd dupe ki'ch thi'eh vi didu khidn vi tham chi dupe lap trinh; 4) Anh hudng cua van hda ddn viec hpc cd thd dupe kidm soil hoac tang cudng; 5) Cdng nghe cd the dupe ing dung de ning cao chit lupng giang day theo nhidu cich khie Nhing didu niy cd thd giip nha trudng da dang hda eac loai hinh hpc tip Idp vi vi the cd thd xay dung cic mdi trudng hpe tap khac Trong tuong lai khdng xa, ly thuydt hpc tap se trd mdt Iy thuyet quan trpng cua qua trinh g'io due TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd (190), - 2015 27 Cd ba each tiep can chi'nh hpe tap, la: 1) Tie'p can theo hanh vi; 2) Tie'p can dya tren nhu cau va ddng eo; 3) Tid'p can dya tren mdi trUdng Mdi each tie'p eSn nhu vay tuong ling vdi mgt sd' ly thuyd't khac day hge - Cdch tie'p can hdnh vi dugc dae trung bdi quan di^m danh gia qua trinh hpc til bdn ngoai, xem hpc tap nhu la kdt qua cua nhiing hoat ddng t\s ngudi thly Theo each tid'p can nay, eac nha hoaeh dinh giao due ciing nhu giao vien quan tam nghidn edu cae md hinh ve hinh vi va tif dd xay dyng cac hoat ddng hoc tap cu thi 6i ed th^ hudng ngudi hpc dd'n cac muc tidu hanh vi mong mud'n Vdi nhiJng hieu bie't v^ ly thuyd't phan dng ed dieu kien (sy dap iing ed tinh lap di lap lai), ly thuyd't cung cd (phat tri^n hanh vi thdng qua hoat ddng hd trg), ly thuyd't loai bd (loai bd ydu to cung cd') va ly thuyd't chuydn ddi (lien ket hanh vi vdi sy dap uug), cae nha nghien cuu ly thuyd't vd hanh vi tim kie'm cac giai phap nham dinh hudng hanh vi cua hgc sinh tljeo cac muc tidu da xac dinh trudc Th^ hien cua each lam la vide xay dyng nhUng chuong trinh hgc cd dinh, dng dung cac phuong phap day hpc nang tinh hdi - dap va ldi giang day tuan theo trinh ty da dinh sSn Co le dieu gay tranh cai nhieu nha't ve viee ap dung each tie'p can nha trudng hidn la eac hoat ddng nham di^u chinh hanh vi hpc sinh, Di^u chinh hanh vi la mdt chuong trinh don gian cd tinh nhan - qua ddi vdi cac hanh vi cd the quan sat dugc bao gdm bd'n bude: 1) Xac dinh vSh di; 2) Thu diap dii lieu; 3) Xay dyng eac dilu kien d^ dilu chinh hanh vi; 4) Danh gia hanh vi mdi Vl la mdt he thdng kiem soat hanh vi tCr bdn ngoai, cho nen each lam khdng quan tam de'n thai dd va ddng eo eua ngudi hoc ma chi quan tam de'n ke't qua hanh vi dat dugc Theo quan dilm thi nhiJng hanh vi nao duge mong dgi se tid'p tuc tdn tai, cdn nhiJng hanh vi nao khong dugc mong dgi se bi loai bo Cach tie'p can thd hai quan tam de'n nhu clu cua ngudi hgc Tii ch6 nam bat dugc nhu cdu vd dgng ca cua ngudi hgc, giao vien cd the xac dinh dugc cac hoat ddng nham phat huy nang luc hgc tap eua hp Tir dd, giao vidn phan tich va su dung sy thi'ch thu va nhu clu cua ngudi hgc nhu la co sd cho hoat ddng giang day Nhiing khai nidm co ban cua each tie'p can dya tren nhu clu/ddng eo la su sSn sang (readiness), sy xac dinh (identification), sy bat chudc (imitation), va md hinh hda (modeling) Dya trdn tam ly hgc cua Freud, ly thuyd't cho rang eac ehucfng trinh hpc can dugc t6 chdc cho co thi dap dug vdi su sin sang cua ngudi hgc Hpc sinh hgc la nham dap iing nhu cau dang cd cila hp va vi vay hanh vi cua hp cd thi dugc didu chinh theo hudng ed the nhin thly dugc Cac ly thuyd't vl ddng eo ehu ye'u dya tren cac phat hien vl sy tang trudng va phat triln cua ngudi thdng qua eac hoat ddng dao tao Cac ly thuyd't phu thudc vao sy phat triln cua hpe sinh thdng qua cac hoat ddng hge tap 28 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (190), 1-2015 - Cdch tie'p can dUa tren moi trUdng quan tam ddn viee xay dyng mdi trudng hge tap nhan thiic eua hpc sinh Khdng gid'ng nhu cac quan niem vl sy tang trudng cua hai each tid'p can tren, each tiep can dya tren mdi trudng cd ban chat tfch cue hon Nd thiia nhan sy khac biet giiia cae ca nhan, tin tudng vao tilm nang ciia mdi ca the va de cao tinh ddc dao va kha nang sang tao cua mdi ngudi Nln tang cua phuong phap dya trdn mdi trudng la tin tudng ring hanh vi phu thudc vao nhan thde va nhan thilc cua ngudi la kit qua cua ea kinh nghiem va sy hieu bie't Mdi hpe sinh ed duge nhiing kinh nghidm tich eye thi nhan thde va sy hilu bie't ciia hg vl ehinh hp va the' gidi ehung quanh se thay ddi Nhan thde mdi nay, dd'n lucft nd, lai cho phep hinh nen nhiing kinh nghiem mdi Theo each nhu vay, tilm nang eua ngudi hpc ve sy phat triln la khdng ed gidi han Ba each liep can neu tren ve xay dyng hoat dpng hpc tap nha trudng cd nhiing gia dinh khac ve ngudi va kha nang phat triln cua eon ngudi, ehang han nilm tin vao tilm nang, eac ydu td chi phd'i hpc tap (ben ngoai hoae ben trong) va niem tin vao ddng co hpc tap Mdi mdt each tie'p can nhu tdn gpi cua nd dat nhimg yeu clu dae thu vl thilt ke khdng gian hpc tap, vl lya chgn tai lidu va vl vai trd eua ngudi hpc Mdi each tiep can ddi hdi ngudi lam ehucfng trinh dua cae quylt dinh va each lam khac vdi muc dfch chung laphdt Irien mdi cd nhdn ngudi hgc Tai lieu tham khao Bellack Amo.A ,"Selection and Organisation ofciiriculum content", Asociation for Supervision and Curiculum Development (ASCD), 1956 Nguyin Hiiu Chau, "Moi quan he giifa gido due vd phdt trien" Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hpc Giao due, Vien Khoa hoc Giao due, Sd 74, 1997 Nguyin Huu Chau, "Nhimg vdn de ca bdn ve chuang trinh vd qua trinh day hgc" NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2005 Kelly Earl, "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction", Fearon, San Francisco, Caiiff, 1962 Piajet Jean, "The psychology of intelligence", Taylor & Francis, 1999 Skinner B.F., "Selection of Behavior", Cambridge University Press, 1988 Toffer Alvil, "Creating a New Civilization: The politics of the third wave" Turner Publishing, 1995 TAP CH! TAM ly HOC, Sd (190), 1-2015 29 ... hpc dupe ing dung vao thuc tidn cua cupc sdng Ngudi dan rat quan tam den viee nha trucmg day nhiJng gi va tri thic cin dupe truydn dat ddn ngudi hpe nhu thd nao Nhiing ngudi xay dung chuang trinh... thue hon (Dung vdi su gia tang mau chdng cua tri thic va vin dd td chic tri thic, cau hdi quan trpng dupe dat la mue dich cia tri thic boat ddng hpc la gl Mac du nhing thich thic dd''i vdi quan niem... nhd ed su hd up eua cdng nghe thdng tin, dang s i dung ti''t ea cac giie quan hpc tap Tie ddng cua cdng nghe ddn eiu trie trudng hpc, den viec s i dung eon ngudi Uong dd cd eac giao vien, den cic